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Advanced Placement*

By Jerry Bentley

5th Edition, AP Edition, © 2011

ISBN 9780076594382

CORRELATION GUIDE Traditions & Encounters

Traditions & Encounters (Bentley), 5th Edition

2

Advanced Placement Correlation Guide – CHRONOLOGICAL

Traditions & Encounters, 5th Edition, AP Edition by Jerry Bentley

Period Chapters/Pages

Period 1: Technological and Environmental

Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E.

Key Concept 1.1. Big Geography and the Peopling of the

Earth

I. Archeological evidence indicates that during the

Paleolithic era, hunting-foraging bands of humans

gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to

Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their

technology and cultures to new climate regions.

Chapter 1

A. Humans used fire in new ways: to aid hunting

and foraging, to protect against predators, and to

adapt to cold environments.

pp 2-3, 7

B. Humans developed a wider range of tools

specially adapted to different environments from

tropics to tundra.

pp 2-3, 12-14

C. Economic structures focused on small kinship

groups of hunting-foraging bands that could

make what they needed to survive. However, not

all groups were self-sufficient; they exchanged

people, ideas, and goods.

pp 2-3, 10-11

Key Concept 1.2. The Neolithic Revolution and Early

Agricultural Societies

I. Beginning about 10,000 years ago, the Neolithic

Revolution led to the development of new and more

complex economic and social systems.

Chapters 1, 3

A. Possibly as a response to climatic change,

permanent agricultural villages emerged first in

the lands of the eastern Mediterranean.

Agriculture emerged at different times in

Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley and Sub-

Saharan Africa, the Indus River Valley, the

Yellow River or Huang He Valley, Papua New

Guinea, Mesoamerica, and the Andes.

pp 2-3, 16-17

B. Pastoralism developed at various sites in the

grasslands of Afro-Eurasia. pp 2-3, 53

C. Different crops or animals were domesticated in

the various core regions, depending on available

local flora and fauna.

pp 2-3, 16-19

D. Agricultural communities had to work

cooperatively to clear land and create the water

control systems needed for crop production.

pp 2-3, 22-23

E. These agricultural practices drastically impacted

environmental diversity. Pastoralists also

affected the environment by grazing large

numbers of animals on fragile grasslands, leading

to erosion when overgrazed.

pp 2-3

II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human

societies. Chapter 1


3

A. Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable

and abundant food supplies, which increased the

population.

pp 2-3, 17

B. Surpluses of food and other goods led to

specialization of labor, including new classes of

artisans and warriors, and the development of

elites.

pp 2-3, 18-20

C. Technological innovations led to improvements in

agricultural production, trade, and transportation.

(Required examples of improvements in

agricultural production, trade, and transportation:

Pottery; Plows; Woven textiles; Metallurgy; Wheels

and wheeled vehicles)

pp 2-3, 18-20

D. In both pastoralist and agrarian societies, elite

groups accumulated wealth, creating more

hierarchical social structures and promoting

patriarchal forms of social organization.

pp 2-3, 20-22

Key Concept 1.3. The Development and Interactions of

Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies

I. Core and foundational civilizations developed in a

variety of geographical and environmental settings

where agriculture flourished.

Chapters 2–6

Required examples of core and foundational

civilizations: Mesopotamia in the Tigris and

Euphrates River Valleys

pp 2-3, 25-27

Egypt in the Nile River Valley pp 2-3, 49-65 Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River

Valley pp 2-3, 72-76

Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley pp 2-3, 87-104 Olmecs in Mesoamerica pp 2-3, 109-111 Chavín in Andean South America pp 2-3, 116-118

II. The first states emerged within core civilizations. Chapters 2–6 A. States were powerful new systems of rule that

mobilized surplus labor and resources over large

areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose

source of power was believed to be divine or had

divine support and/or who was supported by the

military.

pp 2-3; Chapters 2–6

B. As states grew and competed for land and

resources, the more favorably situated — including

the Hittites, who had access to iron — had greater

access to resources, produced more surplus food,

and experienced growing populations. These states

were able to undertake territorial expansion and

conquer surrounding states.

pp 2-3, 43-45

C. Early regions of state expansion or empire building

were Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley. pp 2-3, 26-37, 49-65

D. Pastoralists were often the developers and

disseminators of new weapons and modes of

transportation that transformed warfare in

agrarian civilizations.

pp 2-3, 43-44, 102

III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states Chapters 2–6


4

through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and

monumental art.

A. Early civilizations developed monumental

architecture and urban planning. pp 27-28, 53, 55, 73-74, 97, 109

B. Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts

and artisanship. pp 29, 32, 39-40, 61

C. Systems of record keeping arose independently in

all early civilizations and subsequently were

diffused.

pp 2-3, 35, 40-41, 62-63, 74, 99-

101, 110-111

D. States developed legal codes, including the Code of

Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and

facilitated the rule of governments over people.

pp 27, 28, 29-30, 36, 38, 58-59

E. New religious beliefs developed in this period

continued to have strong influences in later

periods. (Required examples of new religious

beliefs: The Vedic religion; Hebrew monotheism;

Zoroastrianism)

pp 2-3, 37-39, 77-84, 128-129,

142-145

F. Trade expanded throughout this period from local

to regional and transregional, with civilizations

exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology.

(Required examples of trade expansion from local

to regional and transregional: Between Egypt and

Nubia; Between Mesopotamia and the Indus

Valley)

pp 2-3, 32-33, 40, 43, 57-62, 73-74,

101-102

G. Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states

expanded and cities multiplied. pp 33-35, 59, 78-80, 97-99

H. Literature was also a reflection of culture. pp 25-26, 37, 64-65, 76, 79, 100-

101

Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human

Societies, c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.

Key Concept 2.1. The Development and Codification of

Religious and Cultural Traditions

I. Codifications and further developments of existing

religious traditions provided a bond among the people

and an ethical code to live by.

Chapters 4, 8, 9, 11

A. The association of monotheism with Judaism was

further developed with the codification of the

Hebrew Scriptures, which also reflected the

influence of Mesopotamian cultural and legal

traditions. The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Roman

empires, conquered various Jewish states at

different points in time. These conquests

contributed to the growth of Jewish diasporic

communities around the Mediterranean and

Middle East.

pp 128-129, 144-145, 226-227

B. The core beliefs outlined in the Sanskrit scriptures

formed the basis of the Vedic religions — later

known as Hinduism — which contributed to the

development of the social and political roles of a

caste system and in the importance of multiple

manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings

about reincarnation.

pp 77-84, 128-129, 182-185


5

II. New belief systems and cultural traditions emerged and

spread, often asserting universal truths. Chapters 8–11

A. The core beliefs about desire, suffering, and the

search for enlightenment preached by the historic

Buddha and recorded by his followers into sutras

and other scriptures were, in part, a reaction to the

Vedic beliefs and rituals dominant in South Asia.

Buddhism changed over time as it spread

throughout Asia — first through the support of the

Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, and then through the

efforts of missionaries and merchants, and the

establishment of educational institutions to

promote its core teachings.

pp 128-129, 179-182

B. Confucianism’s core beliefs and writings originated

in the writings and lessons of Confucius and were

elaborated by key disciples who sought to promote

social harmony by outlining proper rituals and

social relationships for all people in China,

including the rulers.

pp 128-129, 150-153

C. In the major Daoist writings, the core belief of

balance between humans and nature assumed that

the Chinese political system would be altered

indirectly. Daoism also influenced the development

of Chinese culture.

pp 128-129, 153-154

D. Christianity, based on core beliefs about the

teachings and divinity of Jesus of Nazareth as

recorded by his disciples, drew on Judaism, and

initially rejected Roman and Hellenistic influences.

Despite initial Roman imperial hostility,

Christianity spread through the efforts of

missionaries and merchants through many parts of

Afro-Eurasia, and eventually gained Roman

imperial support by the time of Emperor

Constantine.

pp 128-129, 226-229

E. The core ideas in Greco-Roman philosophy and

science emphasized logic, empirical observation,

and the nature of political power and hierarchy.

pp 204-208, 225

III. Belief systems affected gender roles. Buddhism and

Christianity encouraged monastic life and Confucianism

emphasized filial piety.

pp 162,229; Chapters 8, 11

IV. Other religious and cultural traditions continued

parallel to the codified, written belief systems in core

civilizations.

Chapters 3, 5

A. Shamanism and animism continued to shape the

lives of people within and outside of core

civilizations because of their daily reliance on the

natural world.

pp 67-68,128-129

B. Ancestor veneration persisted in many regions. pp 97-98, 128-129 V. Artistic expressions, including literature and drama,

architecture, and sculpture, show distinctive cultural

developments.

Chapters 6, 9–11

A. Literature and drama acquired distinctive forms

that influenced artistic developments in pp 182-185, 194, 207


6

neighboring regions and in later time periods.

B. Distinctive architectural styles developed in many

regions in this period. pp 111-112, 115, 197, 222-223

C. The convergence of Greco-Roman culture and

Buddhist beliefs affected the development of

unique sculptural developments.

pp 128-129

Key Concept 2.2. The Development of States and Empires I. The number and size of key states and empires grew

dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where

previously there had been competing states.

Chapters 6–11

Required examples of key states and empires:

Southwest Asia: Persian Empires pp 128-129,132-138

East Asia: Qin and Han Empire pp 128-129,156-162 South Asia: Maurya and Gupta Empires pp 128-129,170-174 Mediterranean region: Phoenicia and its colonies,

Greek city-states and colonies, and Hellenistic and

Roman Empires

pp 128-129,194-201, 215-220

Mesoamerica: Teotihuacan, Maya city-states pp 111-116, 128-129 Andean South America: Moche pp 118, 128-129

II. Empires and states developed new techniques of

imperial administration based, in part, on the success of

earlier political forms.

Chapters 6–11

A. In order to organize their subjects, the rulers

created administrative institutions in many

regions. (Required examples of administrative

institutions: Centralized governments; Elaborate

legal systems and bureaucracies)

pp 128-129, 134, 138-139, 156-

160, 171, 219-220

B. Imperial governments projected military power

over larger areas using a variety of techniques.

(Required examples of such techniques: Diplomacy;

Developing supply lines; Building fortifications,

defensive walls, and roads; Drawing new groups of

military officers and soldiers from the local

populations or conquered peoples)

pp 128-129, 134-135, 156-157,

215-218

C. Much of the success of the empires rested on their

promotion of trade and economic integration by

building and maintaining roads and issuing

currencies.

pp 135, 141-142, 157-159, 172,

218-219

III. Unique social and economic dimensions developed in

imperial societies in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas. Chapters 6–11, 16

A. Cities served as centers of trade, public

performance of religious rituals, and political

administration for states and empires.

pp 115-116, 134, 159, 171-172,

193, 201, 214 222-223, 329-330

B. The social structures of empires displayed

hierarchies that included cultivators, laborers,

slaves, artisans, merchants, elites, or caste groups.

pp 112, 128-129, 139, 164-165,

176-177, 193

C. Imperial societies relied on a range of methods to

maintain the production of food and provide

rewards for the loyalty of the elites.

pp 128-129, 139, 203-204, 224-225

D. Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family

relations in all imperial societies of this period. pp 128-129, 162, 175-176, 203,

223-224 IV. The Roman, Han, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created Chapters 8, 9, 12


7

political, cultural and administrative difficulties that

they could not manage, which eventually led to their

decline, collapse, and transformation into successor

empires or states.

A. Through excessive mobilization of resources,

imperial governments caused environmental

damage and generated social tensions and

economic difficulties by concentrating too much

wealth in the hands of elites.

pp 128-129, 163-165, 174, 244-

245, 247-248

B. External problems resulted from security issues

along their frontiers, including the threat of

invasions.

pp 128-129, 161-162, 174, 248-250

Key Concept 2.3. Emergence of Transregional Networks

of Communication and Exchange

I. Land and water routes created transregional trade,

communication, and exchange networks in the Eastern

Hemisphere.

Chapters 6, 10, 12, 18

A. Many factors, including the climate and location of

the routes, the typical trade goods, and the

ethnicity of people involved, shaped the distinctive

features of a variety of trade routes.

pp 128-129

Required examples of trade routes: Eurasian Silk

Roads pp 128-129, 236-239

Trans-Saharan caravan routes pp 128-129, 374-377 Indian Ocean sea lanes pp 119-123, 128-129, 235 Mediterranean sea lanes pp 128-129, 194-195

II. New technologies facilitated long-distance

communication and exchange. Chapters 12, 13, 15

A. New technologies permitted the use of

domesticated pack animals to transport goods

across longer routes.

pp 128-129, 270

B. Innovations in maritime technologies, as well as

advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds,

stimulated exchanges along maritime routes from

East Africa to East Asia.

pp 128-129, 235, 270-271, 312-314

III. Alongside the trade in goods, the exchange of people,

technology, religious and cultural beliefs, food crops,

domesticated animals, and disease pathogens developed

across far-flung networks of communication and

exchange.

Chapters 7, 9, 11, 12

A. The spread of crops, including rice and cotton from

South Asia to the Middle East, encouraged changes

in farming and irrigation techniques.

pp 128-129, 135, 140

B. The spread of disease pathogens diminished urban

populations and contributed to the decline of some

empires.

pp 128-129, 243-244

C. Religious and cultural traditions were transformed

as they spread. (Required examples of transformed

religious and cultural traditions: Christianity,

Hinduism, Buddhism)

pp 128-129, 182, 229, 239-242

Period 3: Regional and Transregional Interactions, c.

600 C.E. to c. 1450


8

Key Concept 3.1. Expansion and Intensification of

Communication and Exchange Networks

I. Improved transportation technologies and commercial

practices led to an increased volume of trade, and

expanded the geographical range of existing and newly

active trade networks.

Chapters 13–15, 17–19

A. Existing trade routes flourished and promoted the

growth of powerful new trading cities. (Required

examples of existing trade routes: The Silk Roads;

The Mediterranean Sea; The Trans-Saharan; The

Indian Ocean basins).

pp 256-257, 267-270, 289, 311-

313, 323-324, 379-380, 397-401

B. New trade routes centering on Mesoamerica and

the Andes developed. pp 256-257, 415-418, 423

C. The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods

was encouraged by significant innovations in

previously existing transportation and commercial

technologies, including more sophisticated caravan

organization; use of the compass, astrolabe, and

larger ship designs in sea travel; and new forms of

credit and monetization.

pp 256-257, 270-272, 292, 374-

375, 400-401

D. Commercial growth was also facilitated by state

practices, trading organizations, and state-

sponsored commercial infrastructures like the

Grand Canal in China.

pp 256-257, 282-284, 292-293,

350-351, 400

E. The expansion of empires facilitated Trans-

Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples

were drawn into their conquerors’ economies and

trade networks. (Required examples of empires:

China; The Byzantine Empire; The Caliphates; The

Mongols)

pp 256-257, 270-271, 285-286,

298-299, 350-351, 364-365

II. The movement of peoples caused environmental and

linguistic effects. Chapters 6, 13, 16, 18

A. The expansion and intensification of long-distance

trade routes often depended on environmental

knowledge and technological adaptations to it.

pp 256-257, 270, 334-336, 350-

351, 374-375

B. Some migrations had a significant environmental

impact. (Required examples of migration and their

environmental impact: The migration of Bantu-

speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of

iron technologies and agricultural techniques in

Sub-Saharan Africa; The maritime migrations of

the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted

foods and domesticated animals as they moved to

new islands)

pp 121-123, 256-257, 350-351,

372-373

C. Some migrations and commercial contacts led to

the diffusion of languages throughout a new region

or the emergence of new languages.

pp 256-257, 350-351, 354, 372-

373, 379

III. Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the

intensification of existing, or the creation of new,

networks of trade and communication.

Chapters 13–15, 17, 18, 20

A. Islam, based on the revelations of the prophet

Muhammad, developed in the Arabian peninsula.

The beliefs and practices of Islam reflected

pp 256-257, 264-266, 376-382


9

interactions among Jews, Christians, and

Zoroastrians with the local Arabian peoples.

Muslim rule expanded to many parts of Afro-

Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam

subsequently expanded through the activities of

merchants and missionaries.

B. In key places along important trade routes,

merchants set up diasporic communities where

they introduced their own cultural traditions into

the indigenous culture.

pp 256-257, 381-382

C. The writings of certain interregional travelers

illustrate both the extent and the limitations of

intercultural knowledge and understanding.

pp 256-257, 281-282, 296,350-351,

361-362, 381, 435-440

D. Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in

the diffusion of literary, artistic and cultural

traditions.

pp 256-257, 297-298, 320-324,

350-351, 416-417

E. Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted

in the diffusion of scientific and technological

traditions.

pp 256-257, 277-278, 291-292,

350-351

IV. There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens

throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade

routes.

Chapters 6, 13–21

A. New foods and agricultural techniques were

adopted in populated areas. pp 256-257, 268-269, 288, 372

B. The spread of epidemic diseases, including the

Black Death, followed the well established paths of

trade and military conquest.

pp 256-257, 366, 445-447

Key Concept 3.2. Continuity and Innovation of State

Forms and Their Interactions

I. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some

regions new state forms emerged. Chapters 13, 14, 16, 19

A. Following the collapse of empires, most

reconstituted governments, including the

Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties —

Sui, Tang and Song — combined traditional

sources of power and legitimacy with innovations

better suited to the current circumstances.

pp 256-257, 283-285, 328-332

B. In some places, new forms of governance emerged,

including those developed in various Islamic states,

the Mongol Khanates, city-states, and

decentralized government (feudalism) in Europe

and Japan.

pp 256-257, 267-268, 300-302,

308-309, 340, 366, 397, 403

C. Some states synthesized local and borrowed

traditions. pp 275-277, 299-301

D. In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems

expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-

states flourished in the Maya region and, at the

end of this period, imperial systems were created

by the Mexica (“Aztecs”) and Inca.

pp 111-112, 256-257, 418, 425

II. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and

empires encouraged significant technological and

cultural transfers. (Required examples of technological

and cultural transfers: Between Tang China and the

pp 256-257, 293-294, 350-351,364-

365, 412


10

Abbasids; Across the Mongol empires; During the

Crusades)

Key Concept 3.3. Increased Economic Productive

Capacity and Its Consequences

I. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial

production in many regions. Chapters 13–15, 19–21

A. Agricultural production increased significantly due

to technological innovations. pp 256-257, 288, 350-351, 397,

418 B. In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia

for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported

from their indigenous homelands to equivalent

climates in other regions.

pp 268-269, 350-351, 412, 443

C. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and

merchants expanded their production of textiles

and porcelains for export; industrial production of

iron and steel expanded in China.

pp 290-291, 313-314, 350-351

II. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of

significant decline, and with periods of increased

urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and

expanding trade networks.

Chapters 14, 17, 19, 21

A. Multiple factors contributed to the declines of

urban areas in this period. (Required examples of

these factors: Invasions; Disease; The decline of

agricultural productivity; The Little Ice Age)

pp 256-257, 350-351, 366, 445-447

B. Multiple factors contributed to urban revival.

(Required examples of these factors: The end of

invasions; The availability of safe and reliable

transport; The rise of commerce and the warmer

temperatures between 800 and 1300; Increased

agricultural productivity and subsequent rising

population; Greater availability of labor also

contributed to urban growth)

pp 256-257, 289-290, 350-351,

398-399, 436-437

C. While cities in general continued to play the roles

they had played in the past as governmental,

religious, and commercial centers, many older

cities declined at the same time that numerous new

cities emerged to take on these established roles.

pp 256-257, 350-351, 399, 436-437

III. Despite significant continuities in social structures and

in methods of production, there were also some

important changes in labor management and in the

effect of religious conversion on gender relations and

family life.

Chapters 13, 14, 17–20, 22, 25

A. As in the previous period, there were many forms

of labor organization. (Required examples of forms

of labor organization: Free peasant agriculture;

Nomadic pastoralism; Craft production and guild

organization; Various forms of coerced and unfree

labor; Government-imposed labor taxes; Military

obligations)

pp 354-355, 427

B. As in the previous period, social structures were

shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies.

Patriarchy persisted; however, in some areas,

pp 256-257, 290, 299, 350-

351,355-356, 382-384, 400-404


11

women exercised more power and influence, most

notably among the Mongols and in West Africa,

Japan and Southeast Asia.

C. New forms of coerced labor appeared, including

serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration

of the mit’a in the Inca Empire. Free peasants

resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by

staging revolts. The demand for slaves for both

military and domestic purposes increased,

particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa and

the eastern Mediterranean.

pp 256-257, 285-286, 350-351,

384-385, 427

D. The diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam,

and Neo-Confucianism often led to significant

changes in gender relations and family structure.

pp 256-257, 272-273, 298, 343-

344, 350-351

Period 4: Global Interactions, c. 1450 to c. 1750

Key Concept 4.1. Globalizing Networks of

Communication and Exchange

I. In the context of the new global circulation of goods,

there was an intensification of all existing regional

trade networks that brought prosperity and economic

disruption to the merchants and governments in the

trading regions of the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean,

Sahara, and overland Eurasia.

pp 462-463,465-468, 477-478, 550-

551

II. European technological developments in cartography

and navigation built on previous knowledge developed

in the classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds, and included

the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs,

and an improved understanding of global wind and

currents patterns — all of which made transoceanic

travel and trade possible.

pp 462-463, 468-469

III. Remarkable new transoceanic maritime reconnaissance

occurred in this period. Chapters 22, 24, 26

A. Official Chinese maritime activity expanded into

the Indian Ocean region with the naval voyages led

by Ming Admiral Zheng He, which enhanced

Chinese prestige.

pp 462-463, 580

B. Portuguese development of a school for navigation

led to increased travel to and trade with West

Africa, and resulted in the construction of a global

trading-post empire.

pp 462-463, 470

C. Spanish sponsorship of the first Columbian and

subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific

dramatically increased European interest in

transoceanic travel and trade.

pp 462-463,471-474

D. Northern Atlantic crossings for fishing and

settlements continued and spurred European

searches for multiple routes to Asia.

pp 462-463,537

E. In Oceania and Polynesia, established exchange

and communication networks were not

dramatically affected because of infrequent

European reconnaissance in the Pacific Ocean.

pp 462-463,475, 541-545

IV. The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by Chapters 22–24


12

royal chartered European monopoly companies that

took silver from Spanish colonies in the Americas to

purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets, but

regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia

by using established commercial practices and new

transoceanic shipping services developed by European

merchants.

A. European merchants’ role in Asian trade was

characterized mostly by transporting goods from

one Asian country to another market in Asia or the

Indian Ocean region.

pp 462-463, 475-477

B. Commercialization and the creation of a global

economy were intimately connected to new global

circulation of silver from the Americas.

pp 462-463, 488, 534-535

C. Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies

were new methods used by European rulers to

control their domestic and colonial economies and

by European merchants to compete against one

another in global trade.

pp 462-463, 510-511

D. The Atlantic system involved the movement of

goods, wealth, and free and unfree laborers, and

the mixing of African, American, and European

cultures and peoples.

pp 462-463, 488-489, 533-534

V. The new connections between the Eastern and Western

hemispheres resulted in the Columbian Exchange. Chapter 22

A. European colonization of the Americas led to the

spread of diseases — including smallpox, measles,

and influenza — that were endemic in the Eastern

Hemisphere among Amerindian populations and

the unintentional transfer of vermin, including

mosquitoes and rats.

pp 462-463, 486-487

B. American foods became staple crops in various

parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were

grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor

and were exported mostly to Europe and the

Middle East in this period.

pp 462-463, 486-487

C. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and

domesticated animals were brought by Europeans

to the Americas, while other foods were brought by

African slaves.

pp 462-463, 486-487

D. Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefited nutritionally

from the increased diversity of American food

crops.

pp 462-463, 487-488

E. European colonization and the introduction of

European agriculture and settlements practices in

the Americas often affected the physical

environment through deforestation and soil

depletion.

pp 462-463, 488-489

VI. The increase in interactions between newly connected

hemispheres and intensification of connections within

hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of

existing religions and created syncretic belief systems

and practices.

Chapters 23, 26, 27


13

A. As Islam spread to new settings in Afro-Eurasia,

believers adapted it to local cultural practices. The

split between the Sunni and Shi’a traditions of

Islam intensified, and Sufi practices became more

widespread.

pp 462-463,556, 603

B. The practice of Christianity continued to spread

throughout the world and was increasingly

diversified by the process of diffusion and the

Reformation.

pp 462-463,494-495

C. Buddhism spread within Asia. pp 462-463, 588 D. Syncretic and new forms of religion developed. pp 462-463,539-541, 605-606

VII. As merchants’ profits increased and governments

collected more taxes, funding for the visual and

performing arts, even for popular audiences, increased.

Chapters 21, 23, 26, 27

A. Innovations in visual and performing arts were

seen all over the world. 450-452, 588, 600, 604

B. Literacy expanded and was accompanied by the

proliferation of popular authors, literary forms, and

works of literature in Afro-Eurasia.

497, 584, 589-590

Key Concept 4.2. New Forms of Social Organization and

Modes of Production

I. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed,

plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased.

These changes both fed and responded to growing global

demand for raw materials and finished products.

Chapters 22–26

A. Peasant labor intensified in many regions. pp 462-463, 482-483, 582 B. Slavery in Africa continued both the traditional

incorporation of slaves into households and the

export of slaves to the Mediterranean and the

Indian Ocean.

pp 462-463, 558-559

C. The growth of the plantation economy increased

the demand for slaves in the Americas. pp 462-463, 559-568

D. Colonial economies in the Americas depended on a

range of coerced labor. pp 462-463, 534-536, 539-540

II. As new social and political elites changed, they also

restructured new ethnic, racial and gender hierarchies.

A. Both imperial conquests and widening global

economic opportunities contributed to the

formation of new political and economic elites.

pp 462-463, 511-512, 533-534,

574-575, 582

B. The power of existing political and economic elites

fluctuated as they confronted new challenges to

their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly

powerful monarchs and leaders.

pp 503-504, 586-587

C. Some notable gender and family restructuring

occurred, including the demographic changes in

Africa that resulted from the slave trades.

pp 462-463, 512, 562-563

D. The massive demographic changes in the Americas

resulted in new ethnic and racial classifications. pp 462-463, 533

Key Concept 4.3. State Consolidation and Imperial

Expansion

I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and

consolidate their power. Chapters 20, 22, 23, 25–27


14

A. Rulers used the arts to display political power and

to legitimize their rule. pp 462-463, 503-505, 607-608

B. Rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimize

their rule. pp 421,462-463, 503, 551, 576,

598-600 C. States treated different ethnic and religious groups

in ways that utilized their economic contributions

while limiting their ability to challenge the

authority of the state.

pp 547-575, 605-606

D. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well

as the development of military professionals,

became more common among rulers who wanted to

maintain centralized control over their populations

and resources.

pp 462-463, 576-578, 587-588, 597

E. Rulers used tribute collection and tax farming to

generate revenue for territorial expansion. pp 462-463

II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of

gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large

empires in both hemispheres.

Chapters 22, 27

A. Europeans established new trading-post empires in

Africa and Asia, which proved profitable for the

rulers and merchants involved in new global trade

networks, but these empires also affected the

power of the states in interior West and Central

Africa.

pp 462-463, 476-478

B. Land empires expanded dramatically in size.

(Required examples of land empires: Manchus;

Mughals; Ottomans; Russians)

pp 462-463, 481-483, 574-576,

596-598, 600-603

C. European states established new maritime empires

in the Americas. (Required examples of maritime

empires: Portuguese; Spanish; Dutch; French;

British)

pp 462-463, 529-532

III. Competition over trade routes, state rivalries, and local

resistance all provided significant challenges to state

consolidation and expansion.

pp 462-463, 483, 497-498

Period 5: Industrialization and Global Interaction, c.

1750 to c. 1900

Key Concept 5.1. Industrialization and Global Capitalism I. Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods

were produced. Chapters 29, 31

A. A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial

production. (Required examples of factors leading

to the rise of industrial production: Europe’s

location on the Atlantic Ocean; The geographical

distribution of coal, iron and timber; European

demographic changes; Urbanization; Improved

agricultural productivity; Legal protection of

private property; An abundance of rivers and

canals; Access to foreign resources; The

accumulation of capital)

pp 618-619, 652-653

B. The development of machines, including steam

engines and the internal combustion engine, made

it possible to exploit vast new resources of energy

pp 654


15

stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil. The

“fossil fuels” revolution greatly increased the

energy available to human societies.

C. The development of the factory system

concentrated labor in a single location and led to an

increasing degree of specialization of labor.

pp 655-656

D. As the new methods of industrial production

became more common in parts of northwestern

Europe, they spread to other parts of Europe and

the United States, Russia, and Japan.

pp 656-659, 714-715, 726-727

E. The “second industrial revolution” led to new

methods in the production of steel, chemicals,

electricity and precision machinery during the

second half of the 19th century.

pp 659

II. New patterns of global trade and production developed

that further integrated the global economy as

industrialists sought raw materials and new markets

for the increasing amount of goods produced in their

factories.

Chapters 29–32

A. The need for raw materials for the factories and

increased food supplies for the growing population

in urban centers led to the growth of export

economies around the world that specialized in

mass producing single natural resources. The

profits from these raw materials were used to

purchase finished goods.

pp 618-619, 671-673, 691

B. The rapid development of industrial production

contributed to the decline of economically

productive, agriculturally based economies.

pp 618-619, 673

C. The rapid increases in productivity caused by

industrial production encouraged industrialized

states to seek out new consumer markets for their

finished goods.

pp 618-619, 717-719

D. The need for specialized and limited metals for

industrial production, as well as the global demand

for gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth,

led to the development of extensive mining centers.

pp 693-694, 741

III. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial

production, financiers developed and expanded various

financial institutions.

Chapters 23, 28, 29

A. The ideological inspiration for economic changes

lies in the development of capitalism and classical

liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John

Stuart Mill.

pp 512-513, 637

B. Financial instruments expanded. pp 659 C. The global nature of trade and production

contributed to the proliferation of large-scale

transnational businesses.

pp 659

IV. There were major developments in transportation and

communication. (Required examples of developments in

transportation and communication: Railroads;

Steamships; Telegraphs; Canals)

pp 655, 659


16

V. The development and spread of global capitalism led to

a variety of responses. Chapters 29, 31, 33

A. In industrialized states, many workers organized

themselves to improve working conditions, limit

hours, and gain higher wages, while others opposed

capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting

alternative visions of society.

667-671

B. In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some

members of the government resisted economic

change and attempted to maintain preindustrial

forms of economic production.

pp 618-619, 710-711, 722-724

C. In a small number of states, governments promoted

their own state-sponsored visions of

industrialization.

pp 618-619, 707, 714, 722-723,

725-727

D. In response to criticisms of industrial global

capitalism, some governments mitigated the

negative effects of industrial capitalism by

promoting various types of reforms.

pp 670-671, 773

VI. The ways in which people organized themselves into

societies also underwent significant transformations in

industrialized states due to the fundamental

restructuring of the global economy.

Chapter 29

A. New social classes, including the middle class and

the industrial working class, developed. pp 618-619, 665-667

B. Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics

changed in response to industrialization. pp 618-619, 660-667

C. Rapid urbanization that accompanied global

capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions, as

well as to new forms of community.

pp 618-619, 663

Key Concept 5.2. Imperialism and Nation-State

Formation

I. Industrializing powers established transoceanic

empires. Chapters 30–32

A. States with existing colonies strengthened their

control over those colonies. pp 736-739

B. European states, as well as the Americans and the

Japanese, established empires throughout Asia and

the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese

influence declined.

pp 738-740, 743-746

C. Many European states used both warfare and

diplomacy to establish empires in Africa. pp 740-743

D. In some parts of their empires, Europeans

established settler colonies. pp 740, 743-745

E. In other parts of the world, industrialized states

practiced economic imperialism. pp 693-695, 717-719

II. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction

around the world. Chapters 22, 28, 29, 31, 32

A. The expansion of U.S. and European influence over

Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji

Japan.

pp 724-727

B. The United States and Russia emulated European

transoceanic imperialism by expanding their land pp 481-483, 678-682


17

borders and conquering neighboring territories.

C. Anti-imperial resistance led to the contraction of

the Ottoman Empire. pp 618-619, 707-709

D. New states developed on the edges of existing

empires. pp 679-680, 741, 747

E. The development and spread of nationalism as an

ideology fostered new communal identities. pp 645-646 741-742

III. New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism,

facilitated and justified imperialism. pp 752

Key Concept 5.3. Nationalism, Revolution and Reform I. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that

questioned established traditions in all areas of life

often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against

existing governments.

Chapters 23, 28

A. Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the

natural world to human relationships, encouraging

observation and inference in all spheres of life.

pp 618-619, 622-624

B. Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played

in public life, insisting on the importance of reason

as opposed to revelation.

pp 517-518, 618-619

C. Enlightenment thinkers developed new political

ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the

social contract.

pp 618-619, 623

D. The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced

resistance to existing political authority, as

reflected in revolutionary documents. (Required

examples of revolutionary documents: The

American Declaration of Independence; The French

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen;

Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter)

pp 618-619, 624-629, 631-637

E. These ideas influenced many people to challenge

existing notions of social relations, which led to the

expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage,

the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom, as

their ideas were implemented.

pp 618-619, 623-624

II. Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the

world developed a new sense of commonality based on

language, religion, social customs and territory. These

newly imagined national communities linked this

identity with the borders of the state, while

governments used this idea to unite diverse

populations.

pp 641-642

III. Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled

reformist and revolutionary movements. Chapters 25, 28, 30–32

A. Subjects challenged the centralized imperial

governments. pp 618-619, 712

B. American colonial subjects led a series of

rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of

independent states in the United States, Haiti, and

mainland Latin America. French subjects rebelled

against their monarchy. (Required examples of

rebellions: American Revolution; French

pp 618-619, 624-629, 631-637


18

Revolution; Haitian Revolution; Latin American

independence movements)

C. Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in

the Americas. pp 565, 618-619, 633

D. Increasing questions about political authority and

growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial

movements.

pp 618-619, 723-724, 737

E. Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious

ideas and millenarianism. pp 618-619, 680, 719-722

F. Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to

reforms in imperial policies. pp 618-619, 670-671, 710, 722-723

IV. The global spread of European political and social

thought and the increasing number of rebellions

stimulated new transnational ideologies and

solidarities.

Chapters 28, 29

A. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule

encouraged the development of political ideologies,

including liberalism, socialism, and communism.

pp 618-619, 637, 668-670

B. Demands for women’s suffrage and an emergent

feminism challenged political and gender

hierarchies.

pp 618-619, 638-640, 696

Key Concept 5.4. Global Migration I. Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in

demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized

societies that presented challenges to existing patterns

of living.

Chapter 29

A. Changes in food production and improved medical

conditions contributed to a significant global rise in

population.

pp 618-619, 661-662

B. Because of the nature of the new modes of

transportation, both internal and external

migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This

pattern contributed to the significant global

urbanization of the nineteenth century.

pp 618-619, 663

II. Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons. Chapters 29, 30 A. Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in

search of work. pp 618-619, 663-664, 689-691

B. The new global capitalist economy continued to rely

on coerced and semicoerced labor migration.

(Required examples of coerced and semicoerced

labor migration: Slavery; Chinese and Indian

indentured servitude; Convict labor)

pp 618-619, 689-691

C. While many migrants permanently relocated, a

significant number of temporary and seasonal

migrants returned to their home societies.

pp 618-619, 691

III. The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the

19th century, produced a variety of consequences and

reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the

part of migrants and the existing populations.

Chapter 30

A. Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand,

migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take

on new roles in the home society that had been

pp 618-619, 691


19

formerly occupied by men.

B. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different

parts of the world, which helped transplant their

culture into new environments and facilitated the

development of migrant support networks.

pp 618-619, 690-691, 697

C. Receiving societies did not always embrace

immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of

ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states

attempted to regulate the increased flow of people

across their borders.

pp 618-619, 697

Period 6: Accelerating Global Change and

Realignments, c. 1900 to the Present

Key Concept 6.1. Science and the Environment I. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread

throughout the world, assisted by the development of

new technology.

Chapters 34, 37, 38

A. New modes of communication and transportation

virtually eliminated the problem of geographic

distance.

pp 760-761,892, 902-903, 920-921

B. New scientific paradigms transformed human

understanding of the world. pp 760-761,794-795

C. The Green Revolution produced food for the earth’s

growing population as it spread chemically and

genetically enhanced forms of agriculture.

pp 760-761,881

D. Medical innovations increased the ability of

humans to survive. pp 760-761,

E. Energy technologies including the use of oil and

nuclear power raised productivity and increased

the production of material goods.

pp 760-761,898

II. As the global population expanded at an unprecedented

rate, humans fundamentally changed their relationship

with the environment.

Chapter 38

A. Humans exploited and competed over the earth’s

finite resources more intensely than ever before in

human history.

pp 760-761, 903-905

B. Global warming was a major consequence of the

release of greenhouse gases and other pollutants

into the atmosphere.

pp 760-761, 905

C. Pollution threatened the world’s supply of water

and clean air. Deforestation and desertification

were continuing consequences of the human impact

on the environment. Rates of extinction of other

species accelerated sharply.

pp 760-761, 905

III. Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to

demographic shifts. Chapters 29, 33, 36, 38

A. Diseases associated with poverty persisted, while

other diseases emerged as new epidemics and

threats to human survival. In addition, changing

lifestyles and increased longevity led to higher

incidence of certain diseases.

pp 760-761,908-910

B. More effective forms of birth control gave women

greater control over fertility and transformed pp 662-663, 905


20

sexual practices.

C. Improved military technology and new tactics led

to increased levels of wartime casualties. pp 760-761, 770-771, 845, 847-

848, 853 Key Concept 6.2. Global Conflicts and Their

Consequences

I. Europe dominated the global political order at the

beginning of the twentieth century, but both land-based

and transoceanic empires gave way to new forms of

transregional political organization by the century’s

end.

Chapters 31, 33, 35, 37

A. The older land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing

empires collapsed due to a combination of internal

and external factors.

pp 717-724, 760-761, 778-779,

781-785

B. Some colonies negotiated their independence. pp 760-761,814-816, 874-876 C. Some colonies achieved independence through

armed struggle. pp 760-761,868-871, 874

II. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to

the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of

states.

Chapters 35, 37

A. Nationalist leaders in Asia and Africa challenged

imperial rule. pp 815, 868-871, 876

B. Regional, religious and ethnic movements

challenged both colonial rule and inherited

imperial boundaries.

pp 816, 867-868

C. Transnational movements sought to unite people

across national boundaries. pp 824-825, 877, 882

D. Within to redistribute land and resources

developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin

America, sometimes advocating communism and

socialism.

pp 879-880, 886

III. Political changes were accompanied by major

demographic and social consequences. Chapters 33, 36–38

A. The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to

population resettlements. pp 760-761,783-785, 867-868

B. The migration of former colonial subjects to

imperial metropoles maintained cultural and

economic ties between the colony and the metropole

even after the dissolution of empires.

pp 760-761,919-921

C. The proliferation of conflicts led to various forms of

ethnic violence and the displacement of peoples

resulting in refugee populations.

pp 777, 850-853, 919-921

IV. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global

scale. Chapters 33, 36, 38

A. World War I and World War II were the first “total

wars.” Governments used ideologies, including

fascism, nationalism and communism, to mobilize

all of their state’s resources, including peoples, both

in the home countries and the colonies or former

colonies, for the purpose of waging war.

Governments also used a variety of strategies,

including political speeches, art, media, and

intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize these

pp 760-761,765, 773-775, 838-842


21

populations.

B. The sources of global conflict in the first half of the

century varied. (Required examples of the sources

of global conflict: Imperialist expansion by

European powers and Japan; Competition for

resources; Ethnic conflict; Great power rivalries

between Great Britain and Germany; Nationalist

ideologies; The economic crisis engendered by the

Great Depression)

pp 760-761,765-767, 776-777, 836-

737

C. The global balance of economic and political power

shifted after the end of World War II and rapidly

evolved into the Cold War. The United States and

the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which

led to ideological struggles between capitalism and

communism throughout the globe.

pp 760-761,853-855

D. The Cold War produced new military alliances,

including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and

promoted proxy wars in Latin America, Africa and

Asia.

pp 760-761,856-860

E. The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively

ended the Cold War. pp 894-896

V. Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century,

many individuals and groups — including states —

opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups,

however, intensified the conflicts.

Chapters 35, 37, 38

A. Groups and individuals challenged the many wars

of the century, and some promoted the practice of

nonviolence as a way to bring about political

change.

pp 760-761,815

B. Groups and individuals opposed and promoted

alternatives to the existing economic, political and

social orders.

pp 760-761,868, 878-879

C. Militaries and militarized states often responded to

the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further

intensified conflict.

pp 885-886

D. More movements used violence against civilians to

achieve political aims. pp 882, 910-911

E. Global conflicts had a profound influence on

popular culture. pp 794-797

Key Concept 6.3. New Conceptualizations of Global

Economy, Society and Culture

I. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic

challenges of the twentieth century. Chapters 34, 35, 37, 38

A. In the Communist states of the Soviet Union and

China, governments controlled their national

economies.

pp 802-805, 879-880

B. At the beginning of the century in the United

States and parts of Europe, governments played a

minimal role in their national economies. With the

onset of the Great Depression, governments began

to take a more active role in economic life.

pp 798-799, 801-802, 804-808

C. In newly independent states after World War II,

governments often took on a strong role in guiding pp 825-828, 873-879, 884-886


22

economic life to promote development.

D. At the end of the twentieth century, many

governments encouraged free market economic

policies and promoted economic liberalization.

pp 881, 894, 898

II. States, communities, and individuals became

increasingly interdependent, a process facilitated by the

growth of institutions of global governance.

Chapters 33, 36, 38

A. New international organizations formed to

maintain world peace and to facilitate

international cooperation.

pp 760-761,783, 854, 913

B. New economic institutions sought to spread the

principles and practices associated with free

market economics throughout the world.

p 896

C. Humanitarian organizations developed to respond

to humanitarian crises throughout the world. pp 912-913

D. Regional trade agreements created regional trading

blocs designed to promote the movement of capital

and goods across national borders.

pp 899-900

E. Multinational corporations began to challenge state

authority and autonomy. pp 760-761,896-897, 901

F. Movements throughout the world protested the

inequality of environmental and economic

consequences of global integration.

p 900

III. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways;

some challenged old assumptions about race, class,

gender and religion, often using new technologies to

spread reconfigured traditions.

Chapters 37, 38

A. The notion of human rights gained traction

throughout the world. pp 760-761,913-914

B. Increased interactions among diverse peoples

sometimes led to the formation of new cultural

identities and exclusionary reactions.

pp 760-761,874

C. Believers developed new forms of spirituality and

chose to emphasize particular aspects of practice

within existing faiths and apply them to political

issues.

pp 760-761

IV. Popular and consumer culture became global. n/a A. Sports were more widely practiced and reflected

national and social aspirations. n/a

B. Changes in communication and transportation

technology enabled the widespread diffusion of

music and film.

n/a

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