NASH Globally- Pathways to combination therapies...
Transcript of NASH Globally- Pathways to combination therapies...
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Arun J. Sanyal M.B.B.S., M.D.Professor of Medicine, Physiology and Molecular Pathology
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
NASH Globally- Pathways to combination therapies, biomarkers
and outcomes
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Conflicts of Interest
• President, Sanyal Biotechnologies• Stock options: Genfit, Akarna, Tiziana, Indalo, Durect,
Exhalenz, Hemoshear• Advisor with compensation: Lilly, Pfizer, Novartis,
Ardelyx, Salix, Hemoshear• Advisor without compensation: Galectin, Intercept,
Merck, Bristol Myers, Immuron, Gilead, Chemomab, Affimmune, Protalix, Nitto Denko, Novo Nordisk, Cirius, Boehringer Ingelhiem
• Grants to institution: Gilead, Tobira, Allergan, Merck, Bristol Myers, Astra Zeneca, Immuron, Intercept, Novo Nordisk, Shire, Boehringer Ingelhiem, Cirius
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NAFLD: a silent killer in our midst
OBESITY
HEART DISEASE
TYPE 2 DIABETES
NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
fatty liver or steatohepatitis
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NAFLD is driving the national increase in liver cancer
- 6 - 4 - 2 0 2 4
a l l
b r e a s t
c o l o r e c t a l
l i v e r
( % c h a n g e a n n u a l l y b e t w e e n 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 1 4 )
Steele et al, MMWR, October 2017
liver cancer rate related to obesity is increasing at 3% annually
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The consequences of inaction will be serious:- number of those with cirrhosis will triple- over 300,000 people will have end-stage liver disease- many of these will be “todays” children
c i r r h o s i s d e c o m p e n s a t e d
0
1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0
l i v e r o u t c o m e s
n
2 0 1 5
2 0 3 0
Estes et al, Epub Hepatology, 2017
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Making the case for combination therapies
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NASH is a disease of metabolic substrate poisoning
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Pathogenesis of NASH and targets of therapy
Coutesy Brent Tetri 8/8
NASH
Fibrosis
HCC
Hepatocellular free fatty acids
Triglyceride
VLDL Hypertriglyceridemia
Fructose,glucose
Acetyl CoAAdipose tissue
Fatty acids released from adipose tissue into
the blood
Chylomicron triglyceride
Hepatocellular injury
Inflammation/repair
Lipotoxic lipids
Dietary fat
Dietary sugars,
Amino acid
Modifying factors:• OSA/hypoxia• Uric acid• Gut microbiome products• Cholesterol/oxysterols• Circadian control of metabolism
Adipose insulin resistance
Fatty acids madein the liver
(de novo lipogenesis)
SREBP1c• ACC• FAS• SCDs
Minor sources:• Autophagy• Lipoprotein
remnant uptake
Oxidative disposal:• Mitochondria• Peroxisomes• CYPs
Lipiddroplets
PNPLA3?
• DAGs?• Ceramides?• LPCs?• Others?
“DNL”
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Disease activity versus disease stage
Disease Onset
cirrhosis
Disease Activity
Stag
e
Liver-related outcomeDeath
SteatohepatitisNAFLD activity score
Fibrosis
- Metabolic overload- Cell stress- Inflammation- Activity drives Stage- Stage is a marker of
disease progression
Generally accepted surrogate
Clinically meaningful outcome
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The progression of NASH is affected by many pathways
BehaviorGut/Microbiome
MetabolicInflammation
ApoptoticFibrotic
Stem cell activationRegeneration
Cell-matrix cross talkMicrocirculation
Metabolic reprogramming
Progression < healing(disease resolution)
Progression = healing(non-progressive NAFLD)
Progression > healing(disease progression)
Phenotype
Perpetuatingmechanisms
Restorative mechanisms
Predisposition
Disease initiator
Ratziu V, Goodman Z, Sanyal A. Journal of Hepatology 2015;62;S65–S75.
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NAS vs Fibrosis Exclusivity in NASH Pathways
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The exclusivity probability is the probability that the pathway is significant in one contrast and not in the other
Inflammationapoptosis
InflammasomeECM
PEA = PA * ( 1 – PB )
Sanyal lab, unpublished data
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K. Human NASH (NAS 5)
Cazanave et al, Scientific Reports, Epub Dec 2017
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4
8 wks
8 wks
24 wks
24 wks
52 wks
52 wks
52 wks
CD NW
WD SW
CD NW
WD SW
CD NW
WD SW
WD SW tumor
TLR signaling - 24 wks
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Pathways with super-additive effects on disease activity and fibrosis stage
Cell cycle
TCA cycle
ECM
ROS detox & RA
Sanyal Lab (unpublished data)
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CIRRHOSIS
Metabolism (insulin
resistance) Cell stressapoptosis
inflammationFibrogenicremodeling
Insulin resistance modifiers
Cell stress modifiers
Anti-inflammatory agents
Anti-fibrotics
DISEASE BIOLOGY PROVIDES TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTICS
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If everyone took the drug, why did only some individuals improve?
Vit E placebo Pio0
10
20
30
40
50
treatment groups
Prop
ortio
n of
sub
ject
s (%
) P=0.001 P=0.04
36/84NNT=4.4
27/80NNT= 6.6
16/83
Sanyal et al, NEJM 2010, Neuschwander-Tetri, Lancet 2015
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Disease activity burns out with progression in to cirrhosis
Siddiqui et al, Clin Gastro Hep 2015
normal cirrhosis
Disease activity
F0-2 F3-4
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Tracking the molecular evolution of NASH provides a comprehensive list of potential targets for therapy
Diet
/ Ba
selin
e
8 wks 22 wks 52 wks
Sterol / Fatty AcidMetabolism
PPARα Signaling
Inflammation
ECM / Fibrosis
Proliferation / Tumor
NAFL NASH F0-2 NASH F3 + HCC
Concordance with humans with NAFL/early NASH- Transcriptome (GSEA, PCR)- Western blots- Immunohistochemistry
GSEA concordance withHumans with cirrhosisNASH HCC
Cazanave et al, Scientific Reports, Dec 2017
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Lipidomic signature of NASH
18Puri et al, Hepatology 2009
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Matching the right patient to the right drug/s
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Rational approach to therapeutics for NASH
20
40 8
1
2
3
4
Mainly anti-fibrotic
Targets:- Metabolic- Inflammation- Fibrosis
LifestyleMetabolic targets
Mainly metabolic +Inflammatory
Disease activity (NAS)
Dise
ase
stag
e
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Hypothetical patient stratification
September 12, 2017 Courtesy: Dr. Brent Tetri 21/19
Impaired satiety mechanismsImpaired thermogenesisPeriph adipogenesis/lipolysisAdipose inflammationAugmented DNLImpaired TG formationInappropriate TG lipolysisActive lipotoxic lipid synthesisLiver inflammatory pathwaysImpaired wound responseAugmented fibrogenesis
Pathway category: Pt A Pt B Pt CLikelihood of
contributing to NASH
phenotype
Low
High
PNPLA3?
“lean NASH”
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Network analysis reveal vitamin E specific pathways that are relevant for its effects on NASH
Sookoian and Pirola, Clin Liv Dis, 2012
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Baseline metabolites predict response to future treatment with vitamin E
Metabolites OR 95% CI
gamma-CEHC 0.11 0.01-0.995
2-palmitoylglycerophosphoethanolamine 0.08 0.01 - 0.56
myristoleate (14:1n5) 0.04 0.002-0.64
3-phenylpropionate 29.4 1.23-707.0
Asparagines 20.2 1.2-338.6
indolepropionate 16.2 1.45-180.7
Only those that were significant are listed
Cheng et al, PlosONE, 2012
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Stratification targeted treatment“Personalized medicine”
September 12, 2017 NASH CRN External Scientific Consultants Meeting 24/19
Impaired satiety mechanismsImpaired thermogenesisPeriph adipogenesis/lipolysisAdipose inflammationAugmented DNLImpaired TG formationInappropriate TG lipolysisActive lipotoxic lipid synthesisLiver inflammatory pathwaysImpaired wound responseAugmented fibrogenesis
Pathway category: Pt A Pt B Pt C
PNPLA3?
“lean NASH”
ACC1, SCD inhib.
JNK inhib?
PPARγ ligands
PGC1α activators
Central modulation
?
CYP4 inhibitors
iPLA2 inhibitors
Hedgehog inhib
Galectin inhib?
DGAT2 activators
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Combination therapy: targeting multiple organs simultaneously
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Janikiewicz, et al; Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 460, Issue 3, 2015, 491–496
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.153
Pathogenesis of beta cell failure in type 2 diabetes
Hepatocyte
NASH
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The Liver-Heart connection
Ectopic fat
Injury/inflammation
fibrosis
time
NAFL NASH CIRRHOSIS
Increased CVS risk Subclinical diseaseAcute MI
Heart failure
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Disease Severity in NAFLD Drives Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
Siddiqui et al. Gastroenterology. 2013 Siddiqui et al. Clin Gastro & Hep 2014
Small Dense LDL-Cholesterol Small Dense LDL-Cholesterol
Bril et al. J Clin Endo Metabol 2016
LDL-Particle Size
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The more advanced the NASH, the greater the risk of cardiac events
Age, Sex-adjusted Multivariable-adjustedn Hazard ratio (95% CI) Hazard ratio (95% CI)
All cause 778Minimal 251 1 1Intermediate 404 1.50 (1.20-1.88) 1.40 (1.09-1.81)Advanced 123 2.26 (1.59-3.21) 1.80 (1.23-2.64)
Cardiovascular disease 296Minimal 81 1 1Intermediate 167 2.43 (1.69-3.50) 2.49 (1.71-3.64)Advanced 48 3.34 (2.00-5.60) 3.22 (1.92-5.42)
Kim et al, Hepatology, 2013
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Fibrosis Stage is Linked To Diastolic Dysfunction and Exercise Capacity
Exercise Time
Fibrosis Stage
0 1 2 3
Siddiqui et al. AASLD 2017
P<0.05
Peak VO2
Fibrosis Stage
0 1 2 3
P<0.05
Exercise E/E’
Fibrosis Stage
0 1 2 3
P<0.05
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Finding the patients- an urgent need to develop noninvasive methods for assessment
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Targeting the population at risk
CirrhosisHCC
Liver FailureDeath
High-riskNASH
NASH and fibrosis type 2 diabetes,
high BMI
6 –10m affected5
At greatest risk of progression to cirrhosis
or other serious liver conditions1
NAFLDHealthy NASHNAFLD + inflammation
86 – 108min USA2,3
9 –15min USA4
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Liver biopsy is an inadequate tool for routine assessment
• Invasive, painful• Risks- morbidity and mortality• Sampling variability• Observer variability• Limited workforce capacity
With a mortality risk of 1:1000 and population at risk of 60 million, the total number ofDiagnostics-associated mortality would be 60000
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Biomarker development process
Biomarker Qualification
Program
Drug Approval Process
Scientific Community Consensus
Facilitating Biomarker Development: Strategies for Scientific Communication, Pathway Prioritization, Data-Sharing, and Stakeholder Collaboration; Published June 2016, Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy
• Data Driven• Subject to regulatory scrutiny• More than one process can go on• Liver Forum integrates biomarker
development process across FDA andEMA
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Disease activity versus disease stage
Disease Onset
cirrhosis
Disease Activity
Stag
e
Liver-related outcomeDeath
SteatohepatitisNAFLD activity score
Fibrosis
Generally accepted surrogate
Clinically meaningful outcome
Metabolic perturbation
Microbiome products
Systemic inflammation
Cell stress
Hepatic inflammation
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“Fit for Purpose” biomarkers
“Normal” Physiology
Susceptibility/Risk
Pathologic Changes
DescriptiveTime progressionKey factors / events
Altered Physiology
DescriptiveThreshold of concern
Clinical Disease
DiagnosticMonitoringPrognostic
Change in Physiology
PharmacodynamicPredictiveSafety
Non-Progression Or Reversal
Response
Improved Clinical Benefit
Surrogate Endpoint
Change
TherapeuticIntervention
Adapted from Chris Leptak…Liver Forum Biomarker Workshop 2017
Companion vs Complementary diagnostic
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Trans-atlantic initiatives for NASH biomarker development
Liver Forum
LITMUSIMI
FDA
NIMBLEFNIH-BC
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The path to approval
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Evidence burden to have therapy approved for NASH
NASH
Pre-cirrhotic stages Cirrhosis
Resolution of steatohepatitis Improvement/no worseningin NAS and/orImprovement in fibrosisWith at least no worsening of activity
Subpart H
Post-subpart HProgression to cirrhosis
Improvement in stageReduction in MELD progression
Post- subpart HImproved outcomes
Subpart H
Sanyal et al, Hepatology 2015
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CIRRHOSIS
Metabolism (steatosis)
Cell stressapoptosis
inflammationFibrogenicremodeling
PPARsFXRGLP-1FABACFGF21
Vitamin EASK1
CCR2-CCR5 (Cencriviroc blocks this target)
Anti-fibrotics
PPAR α/γ, PPAR α/δ, mTOT
Thyroxine analog Mean 42% fat reduction in 75% of subjects
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Endpoints: disease activity vs stage
Disease Onset
Cirrhosis
Disease Activity
Stag
e
• Liver-related outcome• Death
• Activity drives Stage• Stage is a marker of disease
progression
SteatohepatitisNAFLD activity
score
Fibrosis
Clinically meaningful outcome
Generally accepted surrogate
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In pre-cirrhotic stages, fibrosis is relevant mainly as a marker of disease progression towards cirrhosis
PREDICTABLEWORSENING OF
OUTCOMES
Disease progression includes metabolic reprogramming, cell death, stem cell recruitment, regenerative activity, cell differentiation, changes in microcirculation, matrix, bile flow.
Fibrosis is an easily visible and quantifiable surrogate for this process.
Progression to cirrhosis is a generally accepted surrogate endpoint for approval
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Implications of decreased fibrosis in pre-cirrhotic stages of NASH is linked to drug mechanism of action
NASH
Decreased NASH activity
Primary anti-fibrotic effect
Decreased disease activity withSome direct anti-fibrotic effects
FIBROSIS
FIBROSIS
FIBROSIS
(high biological plausibility)
(uncertainty over impact of unrestrained upstream drivers)(may position drug for combination therapy)
(depends on which effect predominates)
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Impact of Fibrosis on Clinical Events
• Increased risk of clinical events with:• Higher baseline hepatic collagen content and ELF• Worsening of fibrosis (by Ishak stage, collagen content, ELF)
* Separate multivariate models run with baseline and change from baseline for each variable.
Hazard Ratio * 95% CI p-valueIshak stage 5 vs 6 (baseline) 1.25 0.68, 2.29 0.48
No improvement vs improvement 9.63 1.33, 69.81 0.025
Hepatic collagen (baseline), per 5% 1.39 1.15, 1.69 <0.001
Change from baseline, per 5% 1.20 1.03, 1.39 0.017
ELF (baseline) 2.37 1.69, 3.31 <0.001
Change from baseline 1.54 1.10, 2.15 0.002
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
44
Sanyal et al, EASL 2017
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How cirrhosis leads to clinically meaningful outcomes
CIRRHOSIS
CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANTPORTAL HYPERTENSION
VARICEAL BLEEDASCITES/SBP/HRSENCEPHALOPATHY
DECLINE IN FUNCTION LIVER FAILURE
Reversal
Need to show for a specific MOA decrease in HVPGReduces clinical outcomes
Decreased progression to MELD ≥ 15Composite clinical outcomes
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MELD as an endpoint
Pros Cons• Relates to mortality• Well known to clinicians• Widely available• Easy to measure• Threshold value of 10 or 14 identifies
a important stage in clinical course
• Inter-lab variability• Related to 3 month mortality• Rate of progression of MELD score
not linear• Most patients with compensated
cirrhosis have a MELD < 10
Increase in MELD to ≥ 15 represents a point in course of disease whereTransplant should be considered
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Take home messages
• NASH is a clinical syndrome driven my metabolic substrate overload to the liver.
• The biology of NASH has significant collinearity with the biology of HFPEF and type 2 diabetes
• Integrated approaches to noninvasive assessments that provide a read out of disease activity and stage in key end organs is needed.
• Therapeutics should go after nodal targets that are key for disease development and progression. Combinations should be rational and based on proper step wise clinical development.
• Trial design innovations are under way to allow accelerated assessment of combination therapies to improve clinical outcomes
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Huang Dee: Nai-Ching (2600 BC, First Medical Text)
Translation: Superior doctors prevent the disease
Mediocre doctors treat the disease before evidentInferior doctors treat the full-blown disease
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Acknowledgements
VCU• AJS Lab:
• Farid Mirshahi• Sophie Cazanave• Divya P. kumar• Abdul Oseini• Bubu Banini• Robert Vincent
• AJS clinical:• Rebecca Collen• Mohammed Siddiqui• Sherry Boyett• Joel Steinberg• Robert Cadrain
• VCU cardiology:• Justin Canada• Stefano Toldo• Eleanora Toldo
Non-VCU• Oxford Univ:
• Oliver Rider• Ines Abdesalaam• Stefan Nebauer
• Perspectum• Keri Hildick
• Vedic Science Analytics• Sri Koduru
• Hemoshear:• Ryan Feaver• Brian Wamhoff• Bhanu Cole• Steve Hoang• Mark Lawson