NASA STI Program Seminar · NASA STI Program Seminar September 29, ... Gary Marchionini ... Willis...
Transcript of NASA STI Program Seminar · NASA STI Program Seminar September 29, ... Gary Marchionini ... Willis...
NASA Technical Memorandum 109928
NASA STI ProgramSeminar
September 29, 1994
Electronic Documents
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationScientific and Technical Information ProgramWashington, DC 1994
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950005970 2018-07-13T19:48:45+00:00Z
This publication was prepared by the NASA Center for AeroSpace Information,
800 Elkridge Landing Road, Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934, (301) 621-0390.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Speakers .......................................................... i
Welcome and Introductions ............................................. 1
Terese Ohnsorg
Electronic Documents Management at the CASI .............................. 1
Roy Stiltner
The Impact of Electronic Publishing on User Expectations and Searching ............ 15
Gary Marchionini
Image Record Management ............................................ 27Don Willis
Secondary Publisher Considerations for Electronic Journal Literature ............... 63Andrea DiDonato
The Technical Manual Publishing On Demand System ......................... 95Steve Sherman
NASA STI PROGRAMNASA STI PROGRAM SEMINAR
Electronic Documents
September 29, 1994
10:30 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.
NASA Headquarters
Welcome and IntroductionsTerese Ohnsorg
NASA STI Program
Electronic Documents Management at the CASIRoy Stiltner
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information
The Impact of Electronic Publishing on User Expectations andSearching
Gary Marchionini
College of Library and Information Services
University of Maryland
Image Record ManagementDon Willis
I-NET
Secondary Publisher Considerations for Electronic JournalLiterature
Andrea DiDonato
BIOSIS
The Technical Manual Publishing On Demand SystemSteve Sherman
Defense Printing Service
ii
Welcome and Introductions
Terese Ohnsorg
NASA STI Program
Washington, DC
Electronic Documents Management at theCASI
Roy StiltnerNASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
Linthicum Heights, MD
Roy Stiltner provided a comprehensive look at the multifaceted program
underway at the CASI to implement electronic documents management -- where
it is and where it's going. Stiltner emphasized that CASI efforts extend far
beyond simply modernizing automatic data processing (ADP) capabilities and, in
fact, include technological and workflow upgrades at the infrastructure level. All
of these initiatives complement other modernization efforts underway at the
facility.
The program's objectives include improving NASA researcher access to STI,
minimizing waste and trimming costs, and eliminating or at least drastically
reducing environmental hazards caused by the use of processing chemicals andrelated materials.
All of these efforts are unfolding in conjunction with similar activities at NASA
Centers and across a broad range of NASA STI exchange partners.
Stiltner's presentation included a discussion of steps in capturing information for
a bibliographic record in paper and microfiche (current and proposed), and both
a general and a detailed conceptual look at electronic documents management at
the CASI in terms of STI acquisition, processing, and dissemination. Closing
visuals highlighted the NASA STI Program's ongoing migration to an electronic
document management system rooted in state-of-the-art communications
technology.
CZ
E
c_¢Zc_
e_
Er_or_r_
mm
C0s._
m
W
C0
im
EL_0
CZm
r_
c3.r_0L_
s._0
C
r_
Eto_ J z I
"1-C_3
_3
CO
Im
Es_
Or_
C
r_ _Z
O _
r_ r_
C3. O
.E®._>_o_
O
"Or_ CL_
:3 O3'_3 C
O :3L _3C3. O
L.
C
O
_o _'_
I I
iim
L.
O"
_ Bm
_'C_
0
0
C0
Em
NEm
C
J
0II
0L_
0
m
WI
CD
EE cgm
i
imm
q4m
Im
O
_JC_I m _
5
_51-,.._ m
I_ i"'_ m
_ t_' m
It,ll
i_:
i F
) )) )-- I
I
II!
II
1
6
m_ ...i
"_nz
v
!
"7
_q
r__ zl
c_
0
0r_
¢00 AI
I/
:_i_L>::::.:..:-i._>•,
LO
A &
I ° I °
1
9
t;0
f,J I.L-_ <_
u_
C
EG)Ib,,
Elm
0"(D
m
(OC0
ilmm
C
U.
C0
Bm
Ilmm
u_Ilamm
O"
<C0
Im
EIm
0q,,,C
m
!.-
0
U)
C0
IIm
u_Ib,,
>C0
0
C0
iim
E!.--0
q,,,u_C
Im
C0
iim
E0
q,,,C
m
C0
Ilmmm
CImm
E(11v)u)
Im
m
>
iim
k,,
rr.C0
Im
(OEIm
0q,-
m
E _-Jz
]]
c_
0C0
m
iim
ZO
12
_zP
C_
14
The Impact of Electronic Publishing on User
Expectations and Searching
Gary MarchioniniCollege of Library and Information Services
University of Maryland
Gary Marchionini offered a look at the world of electronic documents. He
recounted trends in electronic publishing, especially the tremendous growth in
end users and such related developments as listservs and news groups; electronic
journals; such for profit services as America Online, Opus Global, and Dialog;
and the delivery of government data via the Internet.
After examining an array of interfaces for electronic text and the special
challenges and opportunities of electronic publishing (including the as yet
unresolved issue of how to handle chargebacks for copyrighted material),
Marchionini suggested new roles information specialists must adopt to survive in
this brave new world of the information age.
His envisioned roles require that information specialists develop greater facility
with a range of specialized skills; enlarge their roles as teachers, information
consultants, evaluators, and validators; and hone their expertise as entrepreneurs
for new information products and services.
He suggested that the forte of information specialists is services, not products.
In the coming years, Marchionini predicted an as yet unrecognized array of new
markets that will likely emerge for these services.
Marchionini then focused on the capabilities offered by one particular search
engine, the Wide Area Information Server (WAIS). He alluded to research he
and several colleagues have conducted which identified both WAIS advantages
and disadvantages.
Marchionini concluded, perhaps providentially, that this is the golden age of
opportunity for information specialists. If the current opportunities are handled
properly, information specialists will flourish in the coming decades. If not, they
will disappear.
15
IIU
U
I
0
16
Am
m
17
m
J]8
Jm
m/
C_
m
C_
a.._cL_
"OC_U
O
Cm
Om
.C
L.
CQ
19
llm
m
A
2O
21
Ill
• CJ
o _L_.. _
22
"0
23
0
24
25
26
Image Record Management
Don WillisI-NET
Don Willis offered a wide-ranging look at image databases and online document
delivery. He noted that the explosion of information has created a need for tools
to facilitate the access and processing of these exponentially increasing levels of
information. Similarly, there is a need for electronic document delivery through
a variety of means.
After looking at document delivery today, tomorrow, and further into the future,
Willis focused on the image component of the document delivery system, saying
there simply is no other technology available now, or in the near future, that can
provide this capability as cost-effectively. Imaging, for instance, can represent
chemical and mathematical formulas and symbols, graphics and line drawings,
halftone pictures, foreign languages, and built-in editorial intelligence.
Willis said that putting the image database on CD-ROM, with its wide array of
capabilities, is a logical outgrowth of this reality. A detailed look at the many
facets of CD-ROM technology and its potential followed, proceeding from this
premise: CD-ROMs are an emerging technology that can support the creation,
storage, and network dissemination of large volumes of digital data ... a
capability that is essential for the successful implementation of information and
imaging distribution management concepts.
Willis referred to the tremendous storage capacity of digitized page images on
CD-ROMs. For instance, a one-year stack of all the journals indexed by
medicine would rise to more than 800 ft, compared with a dramatically smaller
pile of only 960 CD-ROMs holding the same quantity of information. From
another perspective, CD-ROM strengths are reflected in their improved economy
(stated in cost per megabyte) compared with a variety of media, including
removable hard disk, paper, floppy disk, and mag tape.
Looking to the future, Willis discussed such diverse storage possibilities as
three-dimensional storage, storage at the atomic level, and optical computing.
IPAGJ_ IIILANK _ FIMElP
27
e_
0
m m []
n
29
<
_lmll
=
t.
0I
.9 {J _u
II II II [] II
3O
0
.Q
0!
0
!
3!
0
_._
0
0
00
00
_._
0
;-_
_._
I
0Z
0
0
$2
0°_
E©
o_-_c_0
c_n_
©
!
n_
00
0
__Z
0
00
n_
0
33
0
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
34
... ...+;.:<<+:
i"+ +_":,_i
']?'i:
.i _
,. f_!
"i..+;.:;!..,+.: ,,
_. +>,++
.+ +....+...4-.+._..+.+o.,.<
..,+'_
,,+<m'_
"-..........il i
J
35
j,.
i|
i
|
I|
|i
36
o_
m
r °
_._ O
•-. O _
O_
tt
ORIrJINAL PAGII_37
i
39
Z om 00000 "_...-- o a
4O
I
NI
I@)
m_Q
41
!
i
d
0I
I
42
|m
0
0
u t_im
Q- "0Ata
°-"m
0
um
43
qlt
qlp
l/1
¢D
¢)
qlW
qlJ
Illl
s_.
qlO
OIll
C3
O
llll
Os_
O
Ill
(g2O
C3
Ill
I1
C3
"Olil
"OIZm
Ill
E00mG)x0.QG)
_2.-j
OC
ill
.Dm
I1
O3:
4_
qlwem
Ii
iim
"OCO
im
4-mmo
iim
/
Q.
O
¢)Im
s_
IlU
m
m
OE1OILI-
Or_
Ii
o
m
ol
a.
Fog
o
0
s_
0I.I..._
i--
_E0n_
_Eg
45 ,_
c_r_
L _oi _XO x
o
|m
0 0I,I.
46i
m
Ill
o. o. _. o. u!., , ¢_ I/'/P.
_° _
, , , _ _e2._.,
0 0
o=___ __= _ _-" ___ E
_1 _..; u- 0 a 0
4?
C_
E_
_o=
u.,_ u.
<
0 "
0i--
0I.I.
10
A0
U
m
48 ,I_
>,
4,,,;
0 "_(/) _ co
IZ u_D')
0 s. c:0 |l
>Elm
,.--
U
ii
IZ
0
L.
aE0U
OQ
0i
E_O4)
"_ L_
4) Os...m_
E'oO,,.-Uo
mLI.
i
>
0
0i
"0
0I.-
mo
O):30
111
(/)mLI.
Us_.0
U.
I--=E0n-
mm
,<49
4)m
.Q
0
4)
(n
I.,,
0
.< ;[ <C
Z 0Z
L.
m
o_
0
&0
118
m
>.
0
m
,D
0
0L_
0u_
m
I-
10
60
1mm
50
im
0
,,,I,-O
loll
e_
01
"oL_
U!,_
0
0Un._0
in_
i-
0aT-
iiiiin
lUll
51 ,<
q,.,.
II
in
i
0"0
UO_
.I=
(g
O)
mum
_L
XG)
0C:0
mum
C4)
m
mU
Olim
O)0
0Ollil
"00
"0Ilim
"00Ulie0a_
1
0
"0O_
OHm
"0
'00IE0UU
0
0O_
e_
am(U
a0
C
D,.E0(.:)
0
"0
COHm
m
U0
I
0I
OgRe
0
"0
O)
Onim
dineR
In
II ili_
4)
::1
I:
am
(.)
0
0LL
0
0
mumim
A mZ
"_ .a .o
QI--
J
EE
¢W
0
54
55
0
56
U.
57
58
I
59
6O
_olOl
[_
.o ._
; i
o.
i.
L
6!
62
Secondary Publisher Considerations forElectronic Journal Literature
Andrea DiDonatoBIOSIS
As access to networks by end users increases, more and more information,
including journals, is being published in electronic form.
Andrea DiDonato examined key considerations for secondary publishers in this
modern publishing environment.
Offering a case study from BIOSIS dealing with the Online Journal of Current
Clinical Trials, DiDonato recounted her organization's experience with this
online literature as its initial venture with the secondary publishing of electronic
journal literature. BIOSIS soon discovered the tremendous unevenness of this
medium, offering as it does quick access -- but unsteady availability -- to
information.
DiDonato provided a variety of relevant issues for secondary publishers of
electronic journals to consider, including inconsistency in format and delivery.
She also noted the need to standardize the processing system and address
questions of copyright and liability.
DiDonato concluded that electronic journals are becoming commonplace and,
therefore, important sources of information that responsible secondary publishers
cannot ignore.
63
BIOSIS"• -¢.-..c._..:.....-_....,_ .............. _......... :._.._c_¢_.:,_,_...._ ....... _"_'_""":'" ========================================================================:: " .'.: _,'.:_:_:_.'.'_:!_ .': :! .'."_ ff:__""." _ ff :i
i_Eiiiii!i i_!_E_!!!_!i!iii!EiiEiE.:._E_!_i_:i!i!!:_E_E_!:_::_::::i::i: i_ _ ii :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-::::-:-:.::::_:::_.'..:_::_:_-:.:.:.:.:.:.-:..:-:.:-...:-...-...................-.................
Secondary PublisherConsiderations forElectronic JournalLiterature
!_!_iiiili!¸¸iil_i!ii!iiiiii!!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiili_
_iii_'ii_ili_,_,_!_!_ii_iii_iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iii!iiiiiiiii!ili!i_,,__i_,,_,_._ii__ii_!!ii_i_iiii!i!i!i!iiiiiii!i!iiiiii!!i!iiiii!iiiii!i!iiiii_....
_ _iiiiii_'_.i_i_iii_i
Secondary Publisher Considerationsfor Electronic Journal Literature
I. "Online Journal of Current ClinicalTrials" (OJCCT)
--BIOSIS experience
I!. Future Coverage of ElectronicJournals
--issues to be aware of
--generalizations
II!. Summary of Issues
--quality
--processing
--copyright
65
I. "Online Journal of Current ClinicalTrials" (OJCCT)
Selection I Coverage Considerations
Post-Selection Processing Considerations
Processing Considerations
--BIOSlS experience--vehicle for discussing :broader issues
--elementary example--not the future mechanism
--adapted to BIOSlS requirements
" 66
Selection I Covera e Considerations
1. Selection & Retrieval
-OCLC direct hookup via Guidon software
-monitor output--daily
-download & print out appropriate articles
-selectively cover contents: original research
-don't cover: articles of editorial orphilosophical nature; letters; articles fromMorbidity & Mortality WeeklyReports (MMWR) (cover original)
-dual publication of some articles in Lancet
67
Selection ICovera e Considerations
B Bibliographic Citation
-based on National Library of Medicine form
-adapted for our processing and productrequirements
-some Information unique to electronicpublications
-cross-reference to Lancet abridged version
-standards only in Infancy
68
BIBLO
&UTH8ADDR
WORDS
CODES
TEXT
MEDIA
ISSN
PROD
97095917 V97 PR II0 MAR PR009 GE001 ON33040 ZOV
OJCTE / ONLINE JOURNAL OF CURRENT CLINICAL TRIALS 0
(JAN. 14). 1994. DOC NO 113, ii0 PARAGRAPHS, 7906WORDS. * EN *
Silagy C/ Mant D/ Fowler G/ Lodge M/DEP. GENERAL PRACTICE, FLINDE_S UNIV. SOUTH AUSTRALIA,
SCH. MED., GPO BOX 2100, ADELAIDE, SA 5001, AUL.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NICOTINE REPLACEMENT TEERAPIE8 IN
SMOKING CESSATION ABRIDGED VERSION OF THIS PAPER
PUBLISHED IN LANCET 343 8889 1994 PAGE 139-142/META-ANALYSIS SERIAL ONLINE HUMAN NICOTINEANTIADDICTIVE-DRUG GUM TRANSDERMAL PATCH INTRANASAL
SPRAY INHALED PREPARATION EFFICACY
C21004" C07004- C10060 C12512- C14001- C16001-C18501-C22005- C22024- C22026- C22100- C22501- S86215ABST
1059-2725
BA
69
10895917 BIOSIS Number: 97095917
The effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking
cessation:(Abridged version of this paper published in Lancet 343
(8889): 1994 page139-142)
Silagy C; Mant D; Fowler G; Lodge M
Dep. General Practice, Flinders Univ. South Australia, Sch. Med.,GPO Box2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, AUL
Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials 0 (JAN. 14). 1994.
NO 113,110 PARAGRAPHS, 7906 WORDS.
DOC
Full Journal Title: Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials
ISSN: 1059-2725
Language: ENGLISH
Print Number: Biological Abstracts Vol. 097 Iss. 005 Ref. 063422
To determine the effectiveness of nicotine replacement
therapies (NRTs)(including gum, transdermal patch,
intranasal spray, and inhaledpreparations) in facilltatingsmoking cessation, and to determine whetherthe effect was
influenced by the clinical setting in which the smoker
wasrecruited and treated, the level of nicotine dependency, the
dosage of NRTused, or the intensity of additional advice andsupport offered to thesmoker. Data Sources: Published trials
of NRT were identified by asystematic search of 7electronic databases, published reviews, reference llsts from
clinical trials, conference abstracts, smoking and
healthbulletins, and a bibliography on smoking and health.
Unpublished trialswere identified by approaching manufactures
of NRT. Study Selections: A total of 53 trials (42 gum, 9patch, 1 intranasal spray, and i inhaler),with data from 17,703
patients, were included An the analyses. Only trialsthatassessed abstinence at least 6 months after the
commencement of therapy were included. Data Extraction: Data
were extracted from the trial reports by 2 authors
independently. Where the methodology was unclear or the resultswere not expressed in a form which allowed extraction of key
data we wrote to the investigators for the required
information. Data Synthesis: Use of NRT increased the oddsratio (OR) of abstinence of 1.71 (95% confidence interval
(CI), 1.56 to 1.87) compared with those who had been allocated tothe control interventions. The OR for the different forms of NRT
were 1.61 for nicotine gum (95% CI, 1.46 to 1.78), 2.07 (95%
CI,1.62 to 2.62) for transdermal patch, 2.92 (95% CI, 1.49 to
5.74) for nasal spray, and 3.05 for inhaled nicotine (95% CI,
1.42 to 6.57). These odds were not significantly higher in
patients with higher levels of nicotine
7O
dependence (Fagerstrom score gtoe 7; -0.06), but they
were largely independent of the intensity of additional support
provided or the setting in which the NRT was offered.
Conclusion: We conclude that the currently available forms of _RT
are effective therapies to aid smoking cessation.Descriptors/Keywords: META-ANALYSIS; SERIAL ONLINE; HUMAN;NICOTINE; ANTIADDICTIVE-DRUG; GUM; TRANSDERMAL PATCH; INTRANASAL
SPRAY; INHALED PREPARATION; EFFICACY
Concept Codes:*07004 Behavioral Biology-Human Behavior
*12512 Pathology, General and Miscellaneous-Therapy (1971-)*14001 Digestive System-General; Methods
*16001 Respiratory System-General; Methods
*18501 Integumentary System-General; Methods
*21004 Psychiatry-Addiction-Alcohol, Drugs, Smoking, etc
*22005 Pharmacology-Clinical Pharmacology (1972-)
*22024 Pharmacology-Neuropharmacology
*22026 Pharmacology-Psychopharmacology*22100 Routes of Immunization, Infection and Therapy
*22501 Toxicology-General; Methods and Experimental10060 Biochemical Studies-General
Biosystematic Codes:86215 Hominidae
Super Taxa:
Animals; Chordates; Vertebrates; Mammals; Primates; Humans
?I
10928907 BIOSIS Number: 97128907
Meta-analysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in
smoking cessation (Full version of this paper publishedelectronically in Online Journal of Current C1inlcal Trials
(January 14): 1994 Doctunent No. 113.}
Silagy C; Mant D; Fowler G; Lodge M
Dep. Gen. Practice, Flinders Univ. South Aust., Sch. Med., GPOBox 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, AUL
Lancet (North American Edition) 343 (8890). 1994. 139-142.
Full Journal Title: Lancet (North American Edition}
ISSN: 0099-5355
Language: ENGLISH
Print Number: Biological Abstracts Vol. 097 Iss. 006 Ref. 078768
Nicotine-replacement therapy (NRT| by g_un, transdermal patch,
intranasal spray, or inhalation is expensive but how effectiveis it? We have done a meta-analysis of controlled trials to see
how effects on abstinence rates are influenced by the clinical
setting, the level of nicotine dependency, the dosage of NRT,
and the intensity of addltional advice and support offered.Published or unpublished randomized controlled trials of NRT thathave assessed abstinence at least 6 months after the start
of NRT were identified and 53 trials (42 gum, 9 patch, 1
intranasal spray, 1 inhaler}, with data from 17 703 subjects,were included in the analyses. Use of NRT increased the oddsratio (OR) of abstinence to 1.71 (95% confidence interval
1.56-1.87) compared with those allocated to the controlinterventions. The ORs for the different forms of NRT were
1.61 for gum, 2.07 for transdermal patch, 2.92 for nasal
spray, and 3.05 for inhaled nicotine. These odds were
non-significantly higher in subjects with higher levels ofnicotine dependence but they were largely independent of the
intensity of additional support provided or the setting in
which NRT was offered. We conclude that the currently
available forms of NRT are effective therapies to aid smokingcessation.
Descriptors/Keywords: META-ANALYSIS; HUMAN; NICOTINE DEPENDENCY;THERAPEUTIC METHOD; METHOD EFFICACY
Concept Codes:*07004 Behavioral Biology-Human Behavior
*20506 Nervous System-Pathology
*21004 Psychiatry-Addiction-Alcohol, Drugs,
*22024 Pharmacology-Neuropharmacology
Smoking, etc
72
10060 Biochemical Studies-General12512 Pathology, General and Miscellaneous-Therapy (1971-)
Biosystematic Codes:86215 Hominidae
Super Taxa:Animals; Chordates; Vertebrates; Mammals; Primates; Humans
73
Post-Selection ProcessinConsiderations
I
• Log-In/Receipt History
.adapted to system designed for routineprocessing of print Journals
-log-in of downloaded paper copy
-each article Included in receipt history
-each download receives "accession #" andlabel
74
VIEW LOG-IN HISTORY (HISTORY)
TITLE: ONLINE Journal of CURRent CLINical TRIALS
CODEN: OJCTEI JCODE: ON33040
GEO: 001 UNITED STATES
PROC: 009 WHITE
FREQ: IFISSN: 1059-2725
C M R ACC NO MAILDT D VOLUME ISSUE PUBYR
15588P 060794 0 JUNE 4
15868U 060994 0 JUNE 9
16240R 061494 0 JUNE 14
16380D 061594 0 JUNE 1517318B 062394 0 JUNE 23
17920P 062994 0 JUNE 29
18144B 070194 0 JULY 1
19434N 071594 0 JULY 15
1994
1994
1994
19941994
1994
1994
1994
VIEW LOG-IN HISTORY (HISTORY)
TITLE: ONLINE Journal of CURRent CLINical TRIAL8CODEN: OJCTEI JCODE: ON33040
GEO: 001 UNITED STATES
PROC: 009 WHITE
FREQ: IFISSN: 1059-2725
C M R ACC NO MAILDT D VOLUME ISSUE PUBYR
10540A 041994 011064X 042594 0
11456K 042894 0
11745R 050294 0
11455J 042894 0
12285N 050594 014047J 052394 0
15221J 060294 0
APRIL 16
APRIL 23
APRIL 27
APRIL 26
APRIL 28
MAY 5MAY 21
MAY 27
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
19941994
75
Post-Selection ProcessinConsiderations cont.
2. Coverage Statistics
-tracks coverage "profile" for the journal
-also adapted to journal processing system
-the"number available" - Includes allappropriate articles Including: orig. research& MMWR articles
-the "number taken" Includes productdestination
?6
00o00000_
0o00000
_gggggg _moooooooo
_ °°°°°°°°
_ ° o o_
t/l
Z0
^
:>o0000000 U
oooooooo_
oooooooo_
A
00000000
_mmmmm_m
00000000
O0 O00 O00 ¢_I
^
UUUUUUUU_,
0___
IIIIIIIIU
00000000
00000000_IIIIIIIIU
0 ___^
_0__0_
77
0000000_
m N
_ ^
oooooooo M
gggg_gg_ ! oooooooo^00000000_
^
m i-1_,1 0mt_
U,.400 O0000_O_
00000000U
00000000/
^
00000000
HU
^UUUUUUU_
0Z
UU
___ 0
IIIIIIII
00000000_00000000U
IIIIIIIIA
78
Processing Considerations
1. Format of Article
-downloaded verston processed after log.in:cite/text Input, indexing
-must "clean-up" the abstract before dataentry: headings, numbering, OCLCconventions
-arrangement of article is specialized:abstract, introduction, objective, materials,methods, results, discussion, conclusion,appendices, references, tables
-CORRECTIONS -. OJCCT has published--notcovered by us since didn't affect our material
79
<article><front><cite>Silagy C, Mant D, Fowler G, Lodge M. Theeffectiveness
of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation [article].Online J
Curr Clln Trials [serial online] 1994 Jan
14;<voln>1994</voln>(Doc No
<docn>l13</docn>):[7906 words; 110 paragraphs]. 5 figures; 8tables.</cite>
<ti>THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPIES IN
SMOKINGCESSATION</ti>
<aublk><au><fnm>Christopher</fnm> <snm>Silagy</snm>, </au>
<au><fnm>David</fnm> <snm>Mant</snm>, </au>
<au><fnm>Godfrey</fnm><snm>Fowler</snm>, </au> <au><fnm>Mark</fnm>
<snm>Lodge</snm></au>
<all>Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Radcliffe
Infirmary,
Oxford University, Oxford OX2 6HE, United Kingdom</aff> </aublk><class>Metaanalysis</class>
<keyword><phrase>metaanalysis</phrase>,<phrase>nicotine</phrase>,
<phrase>smoking cessation</phrase><dcode>MET</dcode></keyword><pubdate>19940114</pubdate> </front>
<sec><p><pid>l</pid> <b>Parallel Publication:</b> The abridgedversion of
this paper appeared as follows: Silagy C, Mant D, Fowler G, LodgeM,
Meta-analysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies insmoking
cessation. Lancet 1994 Jan 15:343(8889):139-142.</p></sec><abstract> <st>ABSTRACT</st>
<p><pid>2</pid> <b>Objective:</b> To determine the effectivenessof nicotine
replacement therapies (NRTs) (including gum, transdermal patch,intranasal
spray, and inhaled preparations) in facilitating smokingcessation, and to
determine whether the effect was influenced by the clinicalsetting in which
the smoker was recruited and treated, the level of nicotine
dependency, the
dosage of NRT used, or the intensity of additional advice andsupport
offered to the smoker.</p>
<p><pid>3</pid> <b>Data Sources:</b>Published trials of NRT wereidentified
by a systematic search of 7 electronic databases, publishedreviews,
reference lists from clinical trials, conference abstracts,
smoking and
health bulletins, and a bibliography on smoking and health.
8O
Silagy C, Ment D, Fowler G, Lndgo M. The effectiveness of nicotinereplacement _orapiss in smoking cessation [a,licis]. Online J Curt C|n Trials [sedal online] 1994 Jan14;1994(Doc No 113):[7906 words; 110 paragraphs]. S Igures; 8 tables.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPIES IN SMOKING CESSATION
Christopher Siisgy, David Mant, Godfrey Fowler, Mark Lodge Department of Pubic Haa_ andPrimary Care, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford University, Oxford OX2 6HE, Un_ed KIngdom
Metunalysismetaanalys_s, nicotine, smoking cessationMET
1g940114(1) -Parallel Publication:" The abridged version of this paper appeared as follows: 81isgy C,Mant D, Fowler G, Lodge M, Meta4nalyeis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies insmoking cessation. Lancet 1994 Jan 16:343(8889):139-142.
ABSTRACT
(2) "Objective:" To determine the effectiveness of nicotine repiscement therapies (NRTs) (includinggum, tram;dermal patch, intranacal spray, and inhaled preparations) in facilteting smoking coasal_on,and to determine whether the effect was influenced by the clinical seffing in which the tmoker w_recruited end treated, the level of nicotine depandanry, the dotage of NRT used, or the interm_ ofadd_onel advice and support offered to the smoker.
(3) "Data Sourcas:"Pubished tdale of NRT were iden_ed by •systematic search of 7 electronic databases, pubished reviews, reference lists from clnical trials,conference abstracts, smoking end health bulletins, and a bibliography on smoking and health.Unpublished _ale were identified by approaching manufacturers of NRT.
(4) -Study Selection:" A total of 53 _ale (42 gum, 9 latch, 1 inlbranacalsway, and 1 Inhaler), withdata kom 17,703 patients, were included in the analyses. Only t_le that assessed abstinence st bast 6months offer the commencement of therapy were included.
($) "Data Extra.on:" Data were extracted tram the trial reports by 2 authors independently. Wherethe methodology was unclear or the results were not expressed in a form which allowed a_ ofkey data we wrote to the investigators for the required information.
(6) "DAM Synthesis:" Usa of NRT Increased the odds ratio (OR) of abstinence to 1.71 (95%confidence intenlal [CI], 1.56 to 1.87) compared with those who had been olk)cated
8!
to the control interventions. The OR for the Qfferent forms of NRT were 1.81 for nicotine gum (95% CI,1.46 to 1.78), 2.07 (95% CI, 1.62 to 2.62) for tranedarmai patch, 2.92 (95% el, 1.49 to 5.74) for nasalspray, and 3.05 for inhaled nicotine (95% CI, 1.42 to 6.57). These odds were not signiflcanUy higher inpa_ents with higher levels of nicene dependence (Fagerstrom score Oto+ 7; --P- - 0.06), butthey were largely Independent of the intemdty of additional support wovided or the seWng in which theNRT was offered.
(7) "Con_:" We conclude that the currently available fon_ of NRT are effectivo thoraples to_d smoking cessation.
INTRODUCTION
(8) Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is frequentb used Is an Important component of smokingceseeUon strategies. It minimizes many of the physk)lngloal end pm/chornotor withdrawal symptomsusual/experienced following smoking coesation and, therefore, may Inuem the Ikelhood ofremaining abstinent. 1
(9) The 1at type of NRT to become widely available was chewing gum. The nicotine resin complex ispresented in • buffered chewing gum base to enable the nicotine to be absorbed directly through thebuccll rnucosl, resulting in plasma concentmUons which am aplxoximately half that produced bysmoking a cigarette. 2 Nicotine chewing gum is available either as 1 2 mo or 4 mo preparation, and inmany countries the lower dose is sold over-the-counter, without a prescription from a medicalpractitioner. Several factors imit the usefuL-tessof nicotine chewing gum in some smokers, incimlingoral and gastric side effects, 3 impaired absorption when taken with coffee or eddicbeverages, 4 and a nsk that some smokers may transfer their dependency from clgaratles to the gum.4
(10) More recently, other forms of NRT, aimed to Ivoid maw of the problems associated with nicotinegum, have bean developed, Including trsnsdermal nicotine patches, intmnesal nicotine spray, andnicotine inhaler devices. The last 2 are stll undergoing research and have not been Icensad for generalclinical use.
(11) Transdermal patches were aplxoved for use as an saidto smoking cessation by the Food and DrugAdminLstm_on in tho United States in 1992. Available in moral different sizes, the patches deivorbetween 7 mg and 22 rng of nicotine over a 24..hour period and resuR in plasma levels similar to thetrough levels seen in heavy smokers. 5
(12) The introdu_on of transdermal patches has been accompanied by strong marketing campaignsover the past 12 months in a number of countries,
$2
targetedbothst smokers and phyaiclans, encouraging use of the patch as • "Woven and effective"smoking caasation strategy. 6 This has caused much debate about the role of NRT in smokingcessation; including wNch group(s)of smokers should be offered NRT, which preparations should be used, in what dose regimen, endwhether NRT le offso_ve when used alone or only together with some form of sddl_onal supportstrategy.
(13) There have been several previous attempts to systematically review the effectiveness of nicotinegum 7-8 and tmnedormai patches. 6, g In 1987, a motaanalys_ of 14 trials of nicotine chewing gumconcluded that this formof NRT was most offecINa when used in specidzed smoking-caasation cinica, and was of questionablevalue when used in general medical prac_ca. 8 These findings were reinforced in a more recent reviewofpharmacological aids to Smokingcessation. 1 However, since both of these reviews, them have beenover 20 new mndomlzed controlled Mab examining the effect of nicotine gum In MdltaUng smoldngcessation.
(14) Two systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials of tmnsdermal nicotine patches werepublished in 1992. 5, 9 The results suggest that this form of NRT is also highly effecUve but neither ofthe reviews used comprehensive methods to identify all the relevant published and unpublished trials,nor did they use quantilative techniques to synthesize the data and test for homogeneity or sta_Istical_niflcanca.
(15) Since NRT is widely available and costly, It is Important to establish the offeclivonass of thedifferent forms of NRT when offered to smokers who have varying levels of dependency and moSvationto quit, in a range of clinical settings, and with or without additional support progmrns.
OBJECTIVE
(16) To determine the effec_eness of NRT (including gum, tmnsdermal patch, intranasal spray, andinhaled preparations) in achieving long-term smoldng cessation, we wished to test the fogowinghypotheses (see AppendixA):
(17) 1. use of NRT is more effective than placebo or "no NRT" intervention in promoting smokingcessation (Comparison 1);
(18) 2. NRT is more effecUve when offered to smokers who am motivated to quit and will, lherefom, bemore effective in clinical seffings which selectively recruit moUvated smokers (Comparison 2);
(19) 3. NRT is more effective in highly dependent smokers compared with those who m onlymoderately dependent (Comparison 3); lind
83
(20)4. theprovleionof high-inteneitysupport,Inadditionto theuseof NRT,willbemoreeffecUve inIxoclu_o abstinence tiwn eckgtlonoflow-intensity Suplpa_ programs (Comparison 4).
MATERIALS
Critode for Coneidodng Trials for This Review
Types of Intervention
(21) bullet All rmxlonVzed controlled compedsons of NRT (Including nicotine chewing gum, tnmederrnalnicotine petches, nicotine nasal spray,end nicotine Inhalers) versus placebo or no NRT control
(22) bullet Randomized trials of different doses of NRT.
Types of Patients
(23) Smokers of either gender wore Inc_lnd irrespeclNo of the uffing from which they wore recruitedend/or their initial level of nicotine
dependency. Studies which randomized therapists, rather then smokers, to offer NRT or • control wereincluded providing that the specific aim of the study was to examine the effect of NRT on smokingcessation. Tdals which randomized physidene or other therapists to receive an educMIonei Intervention,which included encouraging their patients to use NRT, were not Included but ere being handled as pertof a separate review.
Types of Outcome Measures
(24) We confined the review to a comparison of the effects of NRT versus control on smokingcessation, rather then withdrawal symptoms. Trials in which foBow.4Jpwas of short duretion (less then 6months), or which did not include measurement of smokiog ceasdon, were idBoexcluded. Tdals forwhich no data were available were excluded (Table 1).
(25) In each study the strictest available cdtede to define abstinence were used. For example, instudies where biochemical vddation of cessation was xvldleble, only those pertidpentz who met thecriteria for biochemicelly confirmed abstinence were regarded as being mbetlnent.
VVhereverpossible• sust1.,inedceesmtionfete,ratherthanpointIxevelence,M.m used.Intrialswhere
patients were lost to fogow-up they were regarded is being continuing smokem.
Search Strategy for Identification of Trials
(26) A computerized literature search w_ conducted wlth DxtaStar
84
Elwood M, Cox B, Richardson A. The effectiveness of breast cancer screening by
mammography in younger women: Correction petter]. Online J Curr Clin Trials [serialonline] 1994 Mar 31;3(Doc No 121)[385 words; 4 paragraphs] 5 tables.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BREAST CANCER SCREENING BY MAMMOGRAPHY IN
YOUNGER WOMEN: CORRECTION
age factors, breast neoplasms, mammogrephy, mass screening, oncology,radiography, randomized trialsERR
19940331
(1) When updating the analysis in the original article 1, we detected a small error inTable 10, in the line referring to Malmo. As a result of the correction of that error, thelast line (Total) of the table also changed. Corrections to Table 10 appear in boldface.
(2) Associated alterations of the text occur in paragraph 62, quoted below. Thecorrections appear in boldface.
.
Corrected Paragraph 62, Doc No 32
(3) The breast cancer mortality experience of older women was analyzed identically
to that of younger women. Table 10 presents the effect of screening older womenfrom 5 of the 6 published studies at 7 years of follow-up. -Overall, a reduction inbreast cancer mortality of 31% was achieved, with 95% Cl, from a 17% to a 42%reduction.** The reductions ranged from 20% in Edinburgh to 43% in Stockholm,
being significant overall and in the HIP and $2C trials. Inclusion of the results of theCanadian study produced little change in the effect and only resulted in a slightincrease in the --overall relative risk to 0.72 (95% Cl, 0.61 to 0.82)', although it maynot be entirely appropriate to add the Canadian data as that trial compares 2 differentmodalities of screening. Table 8a, Table 8b, and Table 8c show the ratio ofcumulative breast cancer mortality rates in the intervention compared to the controlgroups for older women in the RCTs. A small excess mortality is seen in the 1st year,but a sustained reduction in mortality occurred from the 2nd year of follow-up whichwas confirmed by the mortality rate ratios for the individual years of follow-up (Table11). The mortality rate ratios did not vary significantly, and showed no evidence of atrend, with increasing years of follow-up. This pattem of relative risk with successiveyears of follow-up is different from that seen among younger women.
(4) These changes do not alter the conclusions reached in the article.Mark Elwood Brian Cox Ann Richardson Hugh Adam Cancer Epidemiology Unit,
85
Processin Considerations cont.
1 Indexing
-like any other article for database
-use downloaded copy
-add keyword: "serial.online"(hyphenated for retrieval)
• 86
Processin Considerations cont.
e Document Delivery
-available for document delivery fromdownloaded version (articles are usuallylong)
-store articles from single release together--like any other issue of journal (sometimesonly one)
-OJCCT available on Internet: could probablydownload--no need for document delivery
87
II. Future Coverage of ElectronicJournals
-coverage of individual electronic Journals aproblem: variation in formats, deliverymechanisms, etc. for each
-most likely scenario: from large publisher totransmit a number of journals
-trial proposal of tapes in SGML format
-feasibility greater now: either tape or electronictransmission
88
_o Future Coverage of Electronicurnals (cont.)
-drawbacks Identified in study still true:
-hard copy of article
-critical mass to be cost-effective
-inconsistencies & variations in content
-dual processing (most of material processedis still print journal form
-variation with multiple providers
-"header" information more cost-effective
-several publishers now offering
89
II. Future Coverage of ElectronicJournals (cont.)
.most considerations faced with OJCCT but on
larger scale:
-qualityiconsistency of distribution & content
-selection: e.g., select parts of the Journal,unless taking everything
-log-in/acquisitions/receipt history (for bothelectronic & hard copy subscriptions)
-variable receipt timing
-coverage statistics
9O
I!. Future coverage of ElectronicJournals (cont.)
-possible system adaptation:
.streaming of data into system-content for Iog-inlreceipt files ??-serials control for Journal information (title,
editor, profile changes, etc.) ??-procedures for coping with format variation
(particular procedures in A&rs based onproducts: e.g., tags, special sections,
special issues, meetings)-uploading for citation and abstract Input(clean up data for format compatibility)-uploading for indexing ??
-esp. for material with only abstracts(meetings)-esp. if parallel processing desirable
-uploading for translations ??-possible "mini-system": selection, cite &abstract Input, Indexing)
-uploading for post-processing analysis ??-for special products/projects done aftermainline processing
91
II!. Summary of Issues
-quality; resources; standards; property rights
Inconsistenc in formats
-experimental formats..meant to be "moremeaningfur'
-variety of formats: individual publications; largepublishers
Inconsistenc in delive
-large publishers dependable; still coordinatehard copy and electronic
-individual publications bigger problem:-predicting volume: affects resources,
production planning
III. Summary of Issues (cont.)
Ada tin rocessin s stem
-irregularity in schedules, content, formats-large effort for system development & dataprocessing
-dual processin¢!-rely on few publishers-critical mass-need hard copy for indexina, post Production-lack of standards
-formats & delivery mechanisms
Co ri ht / Liabilit
-copyright problems for infrequent publications-agreement with large publishers-probable encoding to assure notice ofownership-storage of electronic full text -- A&I orpublisher?-yiabili_ issues much as are now
-more problematic for individual, trulyelectronic publications
93
94
The Technical Manual Publishing
On Demand System (TMPODS)
Steve ShermanDefense Printing Service (DPS)
Steve Sherman offered a description of the DPS, beginning with its
establishment in April 1992. As the former Navy Publishing and Printing
Service, DPS is the consolidated organization for printing and duplicating in the
Department of Defense.
Sherman described the DPS corporate structure, mission, advantages, and major
automation initiatives, including the Technical Manual Publishing On Demand
System (TMPODS).
The basic system design for TMPODS involves technical manual entry,
scanning, storage, order processing, data management, and production. Under
TMPODS, Navy technical manuals are stored in a digital database in a raster
format on CD-ROMS configured in "jukeboxes."
This new digital approach has reduced a variety of costs associated with Navy
technical manuals, including printing, dissemination, and, especially, storage
since the paper-based documents were eliminated. Sherman explained how these
documents are produced on demand at hundreds of DOD facilities throughout
the world m even aboard ships at sea.
Other benefits of TMPODS include the delivery of fully updated technical
manuals, rapid order turnaround, delivery in either hardcopy or digital format,
the capability to bundle technical manual collections, and greatly reduced
distribution costs.
95
96
97
i!ii!!E!ii!i
i|98
!V!!F!Jii!if!ii!!!!i!iiii
ii!!iiiiii!iii
('_ _ iiiiiiii
_ iiiiiii!iii!_ii!
0 iiii_iii
iiiiiiii!ii!liiil!iiii_li_mm!
.,°_
99
100
E
II
II
lO1
102
W
103
104
-,,.
_Q
ILlI-.t,n>.
Z,<
tltl
Z0
1
___1
<
Z,<
___!
1
Z
Utill!.-
0"0
It...
0Illt-O
ll
>!....
D')t-
ll
ll
L.O.
Ill
105
a.a
m
C
• • •
106
2
n_
m
• 0 ®
107
o1"
a.0
• • • •
108
0
_Ex"
t'
iI
o ._.-=
s_=s
I.,-
! !
0
109
t_a.
v- ¢vl
.N "O
O3
¢..
:3.
m
t,JII
g:.CtJqD
I--
tJ_D
m
t_
I--m
OI--
u4tO
o0
tOr_
o0 ¢vl i_o ¢_
v
1
OI--
110
0.
r_
A
"0
u
_=
L_0 • • •
111
a
c_ u_ o.o. o_ o
112
a.r_
CILl
m
.CU
"EC
U0
mm
0
n_L_
0
C
E
C0
mm
4uU
"00
n_
• • • • • •
113
i
\
Z
U
_o _o. 0 ____
114
(NIGI!NN. PA_ III
_ _ qlwd.n,Y
a
C
• • • • • • • •
115
a= ""
m
n,.
SdtD=
116
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
1. AGENCY USE ONLY (leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE
October 1994
4, TITLE AND SUBTITLE
NASA STI Program Seminar: Electronic Documents
6. AUTHOR(S)
7. PERFORMINGORGANIZATIONNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)
NASA Headquarters
9. SPONSORING/ MONITORINGAGENCYNAME(S)ANDADDRESSfES)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, DC 20546
Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188
3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
Technical Memorandum
5. FUNDING NUMBERS
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
10. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY
REPORT NUMBER
TM- 109928
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12a. DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Unclassified - Unlimited
Subject category - 82
12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
13.ABSTRACT
The theme of this NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program Seminar was electronic
documents. Topics covered included Electronic Documents Management at the CASI, the Impact of
Electronic Publishing on User Expectations and Searching, Image Record Management, Secondary
Publisher Considerations for Electronic Journal Literature, and the Technical Manual Publishing OnDemand System (TMPODS).
14. SUBJECT TERMS
CD-ROM, conferences, electronic documents, electronic publishing, images,
information management
18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF THIS PAGE
Unclassified
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF REPORT
Unclassified
19, SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF ABSTRACT
Unclassified
15. NUMBER OF PAGES
113
16. PRICE CODE
HC-A06
20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
Available from NASA Center for AeroSpace Information
800 Elkridge Landing Road
Linthicum Heights, MD 21090-2934(301) 621-0390
Unlimited