NASA Frontier Development Lab 2016 - Asteroids 101
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Transcript of NASA Frontier Development Lab 2016 - Asteroids 101
Asteroids 101
J.L. GalacheIAU Minor Planet Center
The nerve center of asteroid detection in the Solar System
Smithsonian Astrophysical ObservatoryCambridge, MA (USA)
@JLGalache @MinorPlanetCtr
J.L. Galache@JLGalache
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ASTEROIDS – CLIFF’S NOTES
J.L. Galache@JLGalache
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J.L. Galache@JLGalache
What’s an Asteroid?
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Credit: Jack Cook (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)
J.L. Galache@JLGalache
What’s an Asteroid?
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J.L. Galache@JLGalache
What’s an Asteroid?
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Credit: NASA, JAXA and ESA (montage by Emily Lakdawalla)
J.L. Galache@JLGalache
Where Do They Live?
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Credit: NASA
J.L. Galache@JLGalache
Why study asteroids?
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• Pristine samples of Solar nebula 4.5 billion years ago
• Composition of Solar nebula at varying distance from Sun
• Insight into dynamical history of the Solar System
• Were life or its precursors delivered to Earth on an asteroid?
• Sources of fuel, water and building materials for future space explorers
• Self preservation! (Don’t be a dinosaur)
J.L. Galache@JLGalache
Near Earth Asteroids
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Credit: Planetary Resources
J.L. Galache@JLGalache
How Many NEAs Are There?
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NEOWISE/JPL
20,500 ± 3,000
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Discovery Rate of NEAs
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J.L. Galache@JLGalache
Discovery Rate of NEAs
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J.L. Galache@JLGalache
NEA discoveries 1985-2015
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1800
1600
1400
1200
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The NEA Hunters
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J.L. Galache@JLGalache
Minor Planet Center (MPC)The nerve center of asteroid detection
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Surveys
NEO Confirmation Page
Pro/Amateur Observers2013 SS!
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THE CHALLENGES OF FINDING NEAR EARTH ASTEROIDS
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Challenge #1
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Credit: NASA
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Solution #1
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Asteroid 2013 MZ5 2013/06/18.50804 19 59 51.999 | -26 33 32.19 20.6
2013/06/18.52113 19 59 51.644 | -26 34 10.91 21.0
2013/06/18.53428 19 59 51.278 | -26 34 49.9820.7
2013/06/18.5473919 59 50.905 | -26 35 28.7520.8
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Challenge #2
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Credit: NASACredit: Touchstone PicturesArmageddon (1998)
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Solution #2
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Challenge #3
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J.L. Galache@JLGalache
Solution #3
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Credit: NASA JPL
NEOCam
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Challenge #4
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Credit: yaxu via FlickrCredit: yaxu via Flickr
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Solution #4
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Credit: NASA JPL
NEOCam
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Solution #4
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Credit: NASA JPL
J.L. Galache@JLGalache
TYPES OF OBSERVATIONAL DATA FROM ASTEROIDS
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J.L. Galache@JLGalache
AstrometryOrbit, abs. magnitude (rough size)
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Asteroid 2013 MZ5 2013/06/18.50804 19 59 51.999 | -26 33 32.19 20.6
2013/06/18.52113 19 59 51.644 | -26 34 10.91 21.0
2013/06/18.53428 19 59 51.278 | -26 34 49.9820.7
2013/06/18.5473919 59 50.905 | -26 35 28.7520.8
152 million obs715,000 asteroids
14,500 NEAs
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Coverage Data
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10,000 fields
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LightcurvesSpin period, binarity, maybe shape and spin axis
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11,500 objects
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Lightcurves
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Credit: MANOS
D < 300m
~2.2 h~4 h
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SpectroscopyComposition, aprox. albedo
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1,100 NEA spectra
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Multi Band Photometry
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105,000 ID’d asteroids200 NEOs
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Infrared Space-Based ObservationsSize, albedo (if have optical), composition (if have albedo)
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18,000 objects500 NEOs
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RadarSize, shape, spin axis, surface properties , binarity, aprox. albedo
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750 asteroids600 NEOs
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Asteroid Shape Models
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930 asteroids
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APPLICATIONS TO
PLANETARY DEFENSE
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J.L. Galache@JLGalache
Most Important to Planetary Defense: Asteroid Mass
𝐸 =1
2𝑚𝑣2
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦: before entering Earth’s atmosphere𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
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composition + structure
spectroscopy (optical+NIR) +thermal modelling (space MIR)
size
radar, space MIR
orbit
astrometry
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Let’s think big about this…But not “dinosaur” big
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How to Deflect an Asteroid
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How to Deflect an Asteroid
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WHAT ELSE CAN WE
DO WITH NEAs?
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Let’s Mine the Asteroids
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Deep Space Industries
Planetary Resources
• For water H2 for fuel O2 to breathe
• For building materials
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Or Build an AsteroidInterplanetary Network
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Credit: Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Comet Hitchhiker
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THE END
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THE BEGINNING!