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NARFA NLD Pol

PolicyTracker ConferenceA military perspective on spectrum liberalisationPeter Bakker, CDR RNLN

NARFA NLD Pol

Introduction

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Introduction

• Peter Bakker

• Working as the national allied radio frequency agency (NARFA) for policy matters @ NLD MOD

• No background in telecommunication or transmission systems

• Presenting the NLD (occasionally personal) view, not necessarily shared by NATO partners

NARFA NLD Pol

Program

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Program

• Setting the scene

• Spectrum liberalisation aspects

• Preserving (national) security

NARFA NLD Pol

1. Setting the scene

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International arena

• NLD is a NATO nation• NLD forces will operate in a coalition (EU, NATO, UN

mission)• Since the 90’s mission area is defined as “anywhere in

the world”• Mission expansion – CRO, PK, HA, DR• Cooperation with NGOs or IOs• National security is dependent on global stability

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1. Setting the scene

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European & NATO cooperation structures

Kazakhstan1

Moldova1

Russia1

Ukraine

Andorra

Bosnia-Herzegovina

Croatia2

Cyprus

Holy SeeLiechtenstein

Malta

MonacoSan Marino

Tajikistan1 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATYORGANISATION (NATO) (26)

Canada

BelgiumGermanyGreece

Italy

Netherlands Spain

United Kingdom

DenmarkHungary Czech Rep Poland

Armenia1 Azerbaijan1

Belarus1

Georgia

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE) (56)

Serbia

1 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Member (9)

Albania2

AustriaFinland

FYROM*3

Kyrgyzstan1

Switzerland

Sweden

Uzbekistan1

Turkmenistan PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE (PfP) (24)

EURO-ATLANTIC PARTNERSHIP COUNCIL (EAPC) (50)

Ireland

United StatesNorway

EUROPEAN UNION (EU) (27)

France

Luxembourg

Portugal

Iceland Turkey

Romania

Slovakia

Bulgaria

Estonia Latvia Lithuania

Slovenia

EU Candidates (3)

As of 28 Sep 08

Mediterranean Dialogue (MD) (7)AlgeriaEgypt

IsraelJordan

MauritaniaMorocco

Tunisia

Istanbul Cooperation Initiative (ICI) (4)

KuwaitQatarUAE

Bahrain

* Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name

Montenegro

Contact Countries w/Tailored Co-op Pkgs

Australia New ZealandJapan South KoreaAfghanistan

3 Invitation to join NATO pending resolution of one issue2 Invited to join NATO

MAP (3)PARP (20)

Intensified Dialogue(4)

Special Relationship

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1. Setting the scene

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Communications Interoperability

• Three aspects; Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability• Flexibility through large tuning ranges• Procurement plans not synchronised• Equipment will be in the inventory for a long time• Legacy versus increasing commercial use of wireless

applications• Concept of operation is dependent on access to radio

spectrum• Future concept of operation even more

NARFA NLD Pol

1. Setting the scene

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Robustness of military radio services

• Confidentiality and availability requirements are incompatible with efficient use of radio spectrum

• Radio services are used for voice, data, multi media and radio determination transmissions

• Radio determination systems must work in adverse propagation conditions and must be able to locate small objects often travelling at high speeds

• Radio services must work in urban and rural environments all over the world

In the military effectiveness of radio services is the highest priority, efficiency comes second

Military radio services must cover spectrum from 9 KHz to 300 GHz

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1. Setting the scene

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Mobility

• Mobility of military communication systems versus commercial mobile users

• Mission areas

Desert

Jungle

Ocean

Polar

Urban

NARFA NLD Pol

2 Spectrum liberalisation aspects

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Radiospectrum occupancy part 1

A typical radio spectrum graph made in an urban area. Notice the empty space in the band commonly allocated to military use in Europe

Empty space here

NARFA NLD Pol

2. Spectrum liberalisation aspects

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Radiospectrum occupancy part 2

Another radio spectrum graph made somewhere in the Atlantic Ocean. Notice the empty space in non-military bands

200 – 400 MHz range

Guess where the non-military bands

are

NARFA NLD Pol

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Spectrum occupancy conclusion

• Both sectors (non-military and military) are unhappy with current frequency allocations

• Both sectors see benefit in spectrum liberalisation leading to a situation where there is radio service and technology neutrality

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The road to radio spectrum liberalisation part 1

• Aim for harmonisation of spectrum for non-military and military applications/ radio services (e.g. GSM),

• Aim for optimal spectrum efficiency within harmonised bands for each sector,

• Wherever possible and useful introduce service and technology neutrality within harmonised spectrum bands for each sector (e.g. WAPECS),

• Develop regulatory and legal framework to support these actions,

• Develop technology and implement the regulatory framework to support the final goal of spectrum liberalisation for all applications regardless of sector.

Tadaaaa - Cognitive Radio (CR)

NARFA NLD Pol

2. Spectrum liberalisation aspects

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Cognitive Radio and spectrum accessS

pect

rum

acc

ess

timeCR implementation

Downward trend for military

Upward trend for non-military

Upward trend for both sectors due to better spectrum occupancy

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The road to radio spectrum liberalisation part 2

• However,.. questions need to be answered, for example;

What role do EC, ITU-R have to play? Licences and CR? Management of infrastructure in a CR environment? Wireless versus wired/ fiber services (e.g. how does

public radio through the air (terrestrial or satellite), internet, cable or mobile phone compare to making optimal use of radio spectrum?)

Can all radio services actually be implemented in a technology and service neutral environment?

NARFA NLD Pol

3. Preserving (national) security

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Preserving (national) security part 1

• National security is dependent on global stability• Military will need access to radio spectrum to do their

job effectively in any mission area• Military must exercise in a realistic scenario near home

base before operational employment, however, under constraining peace time conditions

• Home base environment or peace time conditions are not the same as in the mission area

There is a limit to using commercial of the shelf products or non-military radio services

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Preserving (national) security part 2

• Military are aware of radio spectrum scarcity in the bands that are useful to non-military use

• Military are investigating and implementing equipment & procedures that lead to more efficient use of radio spectrum allocated to their forces

• Dialogue with non-military sector and regulators leaves room for improvement

It might take a considerable amount of time before spectrum liberalisation will or can be implemented by both military and non-military sector

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3. Preserving (national) security

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Preserving (national) security bottom line

• If there were only such things as “global availability of radio networks”, “bandwidth on demand”, “hackproof/ certified quality of service” in combination with sound implementations of Cognitive Radio for all kinds of radio services, the military would not need spectrum allocations on an exclusive basis

• But then again what other sector or radio service would need such an allocation?

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Thank you

For listening to a SMA

SpectrumManagementAmateur