Nanotechnology for Environment and Health: Risks and Promises Nanotechnology Basics BioE298/Module 1...

Nanotechnology for Environment and Health: Risks and Promises Nanotechnology Basics BioE298/Module 1 Prof. Dipanjan Pan

E MERGENCY R ESPONSE R ECOMMENDATIONS In an emergency in this building, well have three choices: RUN (get out), HIDE (find a safe place to stay inside), or FIGHT (with anything available to increase our odds for survival). First, take a few minutes this week and learn the different ways to leave this building. If theres ever a fire alarm or something like that, youll know how to get out, and youll be able to help others get out too. Second, if theres severe weather and leaving isnt a good option, go to a low level in the middle of the building, away from windows. If theres a security threat, such as an active shooter, well RUN out of the building if we can do it safely or we will HIDE by finding a safe place where the threat cannot see us. We will lock or barricade the door and we will be as quiet as possible, which includes placing our cell phones on silent. We will not leave our area of safety until we receive an Illini-Alert that advises us it is safe to do so. If we cannot run out of the building safely or we cannot find a place to hide, we must be prepared to fight with anything we have available in order to survive. Remember, RUN away or HIDE if you can, FIGHT if you have no other option. Finally, if you sign up for emergency text messages at emergency.illinois.edu, youll receive information from the police and administration during these types of situations. If you have any questions, go to police.illinois.edu, or call 217-333-1216.

NoWeekMondayWednesdayHomework 108/25Introduction: Course overviewLecture: Nanotechnology basics 209/01Holiday Lecture: Nanotechnology for agriculture, food and nutrition HW #1 Due 9/15 309/8 Discussion: Primary paper, group presentation (Group 1) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Lecture: Nanotechnology for electronics 409/15 Discussion: Primary paper, group presentation (Group 2) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Research Project Introduction Lecture: Nanotechnology for energy and environment HW #2 Due 9/29 HW #1 Solutions 509/22 Discussion: Primary paper, group presentation (Group 3) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Lecture: Nanotechnology for health: Imaging 609/29 Discussion: Primary paper, group presentation (Group 4) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Lecture: Nanotechnology for health: Therapy HW #3 Due 10/13 HW #2 Solutions 710/6 Discussion: Primary paper, group presentation (Group 5) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Lecture: Potential risks with nanotechnology 810/13 Discussion: Primary paper, group presentation (Group 6) Paper: - Additional Review Reading Research Project: Carle Foundation Hospital HW #4 Due 10/27 HW #3 Solutions 10/27Research Project: Carle Foundation HospitalExam Break HW #4 Solutions Exam WeekExamProject Presentation (Group 1-6)

4 CONTENTS Introduction The origin and history of nanotechnology Theory Vision Applications Health and Environment The Future of Nanotechnology

5 Definition of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this length scale. -National Nanotechnology Initiative

What is Nanotech? NanoTechnology Art and science of manipulating atoms and molecules to create new systems, materials, and devices. Nanomeasurement Size Nanomanipulation Building from the bottom up.

7 Why Nanotechnology? At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules or bulk matter. Nanotechnology R&D is directed toward understanding and creating improved materials, devices, and systems that exploit these new properties.

8 What Exactly is Nano? Tata-Nano The worlds cheapest car $2000 Arguably worlds most popular music player iPod-Nano

A nanometre (Greek: , nanos, "dwarf"; , metrn) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a meter (i.e., 10 -9 m or one millionth of a millimeter). Real world scenario: Humans are 10,000,000 times smaller than the earth. A 100 nm sized particle, is 10,000,000 times smaller than a human. The World of Nano At scales on the order of 100s of nm, novel materials properties emerge, enabling the development of new class of materials. It can create opportunities for paradigm shifting results, creating new preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cancer

11 The Importance of Size

University of Illinois

Whats the BIG deal about something so SMALL ? Materials behave differently at this size scale. Its not just about miniaturization. At this scale---its all about INTERFACES Color depends on particle size Quantum dots 3.2 nm in diameter have blue emission Quantum dots 5 nm in diameter have red emission

14 Working at the atomic, molecular and supra-molecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 100 nm range, through the control and manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular level in order to design, create and use materials, devices and systems with fundamentally new properties and functions because of their small structure.

15 Richard Feynmans famous presentation Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom was in the 1959 at the American Physical Society. Here he asked: Why cant we manipulate materials atom by atom? Why cant we control the synthesis of individual molecules? Why cant we write all of human knowledge on the head of a pin? Why cant we build machines to accomplish these things? Nobel Prize in Physics 1965

16 Nanotechnology: A Blast from Past? How old is nanotechnology in human history? Lead sulfide crystals (5 nm) Blonde hair It's over 4000 years old. Goes back in ancient Egyptian and Persian times The astounding qualities of nano-gold were understood by the ancients, who devoted massive amounts of time and energy to alchemy and labeled a primitive form of Nanogold the Elixir of Life. Silver nano-colloids were used by Persians, Babylonian and Greek civilizations as antiobiotics

17 History of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology Through History: Carbon-based Nanoparticles from Prehistory to Today 17,000-year old cave paintings from the Lascaux caves in southwestern France. The pigments resemblance of soot is no accident.

Since our early ancestors first learned to make fires, humans have been producing carbon-based nanoparticles. The smoke and soot from their campfires contained nanoparticles known as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, along with many other combustion by- products. They must have thought the very crude nanoparticle preparations they created were a bit of a nuisance (depending on how concerned they were about cleanliness), until they decided they could use them in art. Little did they realize that some of the structures in the smudgy black stuff they made would some day help solve our energy problems. The Oldest Nanoparticle in History

Thousands of years later, in the 11th to 13th centuries C.E., the Crusaders encountered unusually strong and sharp sword blades when then fought against Muslims. Part of the reason for the exceptional strength, remarkable sharpness, and beautiful patterns on the surface of the Damascus steel sword blades used by Saladins troops may have been the presence of carbon nanotubes in the steel used. Scientists looking at such sword blades under the electron microscope have seen evidence of carbon nanotubes (and other nanomaterials) in Damascus steel.

21 New tools for atomic-scale characterization New capabilities for single atom/molecule manipulation Computational access to large systems of atoms and long time scales Convergence of scientific-disciplines at the nanoscale Why Now?

22 Technology Momentum Reminders "There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home." (Ken Olsen, Digital Equipment Corp, 1977) "Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons." (Popular Mechanics, 1949) "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers." (IBM's Thomas Watson, 1943)

23 Nanotechnology: Applications

24 Nanotechnology Applications

Benefits of Nanotechnology The power of nanotechnology is rooted in its potential to transform and revolutionize multiple technology and industry sectors, including aerospace, agriculture, biotechnology, homeland security and national defense, energy, environmental improvement, information technology, medicine, and transportation. Discovery in some of these areas has advanced to the point where it is now possible to identify applications that will impact the world we live in. -National Nanotechnology Initiative

Understanding the Challenges of the Nanoscale There are many length and time scales that are important in nanotechnology. Length scale goes from 10 to 10 4 ---- this corresponds to 10 2 to 10 11 particles Time scales ranging from 10 -15 s to several seconds The temporal scale goes linearly in the number of particles N, the spatial scale goes as (NlogN), yet the accuracy scale can go as high as N 7 to N! with a significant pre-factor.

Challenges of this Size Scale A critical issue for nanotechnology is that components, structures, and systems are in a size regime about whose fundamental behavior we have little understanding. They are: too small for direct measurements too large to be described by current rigorous first principle theoretical and computational methods exhibit too many fluctuations to be treated monolithically in time and space too few to be described by a statistical ensemble.

National Science and Technology Council, 2000 Nanoscience will change the nature of almost every human-made object in the next century.

Economic Impact of Nanotechnology Market Size Predictions (within a decade)* $340B/yrMaterials $300B/yr Electronics $180B/yr Pharmaceuticals $100B/yr Chemical manufacture $ 70B/yr Aerospace $ 20B/yr Tools $ 30B/yr Improved healthcare $ 45B/yr Sustainability $1 Trillion per year by 2015 *2007 Estimates by industry groups, source: NSF

Economic Impact of Nanotechnology According to The Nanotechnology Opportunity Report (NOR), 3rd Edition Cientifica Ltd., published in June 2008 The market for products enabled by nanotechnologies will reach US$ 263 billion by 2012. The highest growth rates will be in the convergence between bio- and nanotechnologies in the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors.

National Investment The 2010 Budget provides $1.6 billion, reflecting steady growth in the NNI investment. Fiscal YearNNI 2000$270M 2001$464M 2002$697M 2003$862M 2004$989M 2005$1,200M 2006$1,303M 2007$1,425M 2008$1,491M 2009$1,527M The US investment in nanotechnology represents about of the world R&D investment.

Source: The Fredonia Group 32 U.S Market Nanomaterials Projections

33 Examples of Current Research and Applications Materials Science Powders, Coatings, Carbon Nano-Materials, C-NanoFabrics EnergySolar Power and PhotoVoltaics, Hydrogen Fuel Cells, LED White Light Medicine/BiotechGenomics, Proteomics, Lab on a Chip, C-Nanotubes, BuckyBalls ElectronicsMRAM, NRAM, Q-Dots, Q-Bits DevicesLithography, Dip Pen Lithography, AFM, MEMS

Modeling, Characterization and Fabrication are Inseparable for Nanoscale DevicesCharacterization Simulation Fabrication Applications Courtesy: NASA

Sporting Goods

Cosmetics, Clothes and Food

Clean and Cheap Energy Solid oxide fuel cell Courtesy: Steve McIntosh, UVA Laser-textured silicon for solar cells Courtesy: Mool Gupta, UVA Computational catalysis Courtesy: Matthew Neurock, UVA

Courtesy of NASA

39 Disruptive Apps - Materials Fiber that is stronger than spider web Metal 100 xs stronger than steel, 1/6 weight Catalysts that respond more quickly and to more agents Plastics that conduct electricity Coatings that are nearly frictionless (Shipping Industry) Materials that change color and transparency on demand. Materials that are self repairing, self cleaning, and never need repainting. Nanoscale powders that are five times as light as plastic but provide the same radiation protection as metal.

40 Disruptive Apps - Energy Fuel cell technology becomes cost effective within 3 years. Batteries that store more energy and are much more efficient Plastics and paints that will store solar power and convert to energy for $1 per watt.

41 Disruptive Apps - Computing Silicon is hitting its size limit, Moores law reaches maximum in 2007 SuperChips Combination of Silicon and Galium Arsenide create wireless chips Plastic semiconductors manufactured by regular printing devices cheaply produced. Electronic Paper

42 Disruptive Apps Bio Medicine Cosmetics that can penetrate the skin Cures for Aids, Cancers, Alzheimer's, Diabetes Ability to view cells In vivo - Fast Drug Creation Nanomaterials that can see inside vessels for plaque buildup Technology that can re-grow bone and organs NanoSensors for disease detection 10xs faster and 100,000 xs more accurate Nano filters will help create impurity free drugs

Definition A particle having one or more dimensions of the order of 100nm (10 -7 m) or less From http://www.malvern.com.cn/LabChi/industry/nanot echnology/nanoparticle_defiition.htm 96nm 154nm 101nm 116nm 101nm 201nm

Gecko feet are covered with nano-size hairs that use intermolecular forces, allowing the lizards to stick firmly to surfaces. By replicating this scientists have developed an adhesive that can seal wounds or patch a hole caused by a stomach ulcer. The adhesive is elastic, waterproof and made of material that breaks down as the injury heals. Taking Inspiration from Mother Nature

45 Key Terms You Need to Know BuckyBalls Carbon Nanotubes MEMS Quantum Dots Molecular Self Repair/Assembly MRAM/Spintronics Lithography Metal nanoparticles Imaging Therapy

46 Carbon Nanotubes 4 nm width (smaller diameter than DNA) 100xs stronger than steel 1/6 weight Thermal/electrically conductive Metallic and Semi- Conductive

47 BuckyBalls C 60 Roundest and most symmetrical molecule known to man Compressed becomes stronger than diamond Third major form of pure carbon Heat resistance and electrical conductivity

48 MEMS and Quantum Dots Micro Sized Motor Quantum Dot

49 Obstacles and Hurdles Mass Production/Throughput and Cost Constraints Safety- Unknown Regulatory Issues Funding Requires Long-Term Investments Intellectual Property Issues - Patent Office that is Overwhelmed and Under-Qualified

50 Resources Must Read Books As the Future Catches You Juan Enriquez Investors Guide to Nanotechnology and Micromachines Glenn Fishbine Next Big Thing Is Really Small: How Nanotechnology Will Change the Future of Your Business Jack Uldrich, Deb Newberry Hacking Matter Will McCarthey Periodicals Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Report MIT Technology Review Science Nature Web www.nanotechgroup.org

References http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer /http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer / An inventory of nanotechnology-based consumer products currently on the market. Productive Nanosystems A Technology Roadmap, 2007, Battelle Memorial Institute and Foresight Nanotech Institute. IWGN Workshop Report: Nanotechnology Research Directions: Vision for Nanotechnology in the Next Decade, 2000, Edited by M.C. Roco, R.S. Williams, and P. Alivisatos, Springer. www.nano.gov www.science.doe.gov/nano www.nnin.org

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