NANOTECHNOLOGY

Introduction• The term Nano comes from the Latin word for dwarf. In scientific terminology

refers to nanometre. One nanometre is millionth of a millimetre.

• The nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something. It is not until

we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.

• The term nanotechnology was coined by Norio Taniguchi.

• Nanotechnology is a branch of science that deals with the minute particles in

the range of 1 to 100 nanometres in size.

• Nanoscience involves manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular,

macromolecular scales, where properties significantly differ from those at

larger scale.

• Nanotechnology mainly consists of processing of, separation, consolidation,

and deformation of materials by one atom or by 1 molecule.

• Nanoparticles exploit the fact that, at this scale, materials can

behave very differently from when they are in larger form.

• Quantum mechanics plays a role in the study of nanoscales.

• Changes that can be observed at nanoscale-

➢Substances that are insulators in bulk form might become semiconductors

when reduced to nanoscale.

➢Melting Point can change due to an increase in surface area.

Nanomaterials can be stronger or lighter, or conduct heat or electricity in

different way.

➢Particles of gold can appear red or blue depending on their size. Opaque

substances become transparent.

History

Scanning Tunnelling Microscope

• The scanning tunnelling microscope works by scanning a very sharpmetal wire tip over a surface.

• By bringing the tip very close to the surface, and by applying anelectrical voltage to the tip or sample, we can image the surface at anextremely small scale – down to resolving individual atoms.

• It is based on several principles. One is the quantum mechanical effect oftunnelling. It is this effect that allows us to “see” the surface.

• Another principle is the piezoelectric effect. It is this effect that allows usto precisely scan the tip.

• Lastly, a feedback loop is required, which monitors the tunnelling currentand coordinates the current and the positioning of the tip.

Fullerenes• A fullerene is a third form of carbon along with graphite and diamond that

features unique properties that make it ideal for photo-resists, organic

photovoltaics, spin-on carbon hard masks and organic photo detectors. Their

discovery in 1985 was rewarded with a Nobel prize in chemistry 10-years later.

Fullerenes unique properties enable a range of application from electronics to

medicine because they:

• Can behave as superconductors through to semi-conductors

• Are exceptional radical scavengers

• Feature extreme durability

• Can be easily modified to tailor properties as a Derivative, enabling modification

to their electronic structure, solubility and physical properties

Carbon Nanotubes

• A carbon nanotube is a nano-size cylinder of carbon atoms.

Advantages of Carbon Nanotubes

• High thermal and electrical conductivity

• Optical properties

• Flexibility

• Increased Stiffness

• High tensile strength (100 times stronger than steel per unit of weight)

• Light weight

• Ability to be manipulated yet remain strong

• When applied to products, these properties provide tremendous

advantages. For example, when used in polymers, bulk carbon

nanotubes can improve the electrical, thermal, and electrical properties

of the products.

Applications and Uses

• Bicycle components

• Wind turbines

• Marine paints

• Sports equipment, such as skis, baseball bats, hockey sticks, archery arrows, and surfboards

• Electrical circuitry

• Batteries with longer lifetime

• Electronics

Future uses of carbon nanotubes may include:• Clothing (stab-proof and bulletproof)

• Semiconductor materials

• Spacecraft

• Space elevators

• Solar panels

• Cancer treatment

• Touch screens

• Energy storage

• Optics

• Radar

• Biofuel

• LCDs

Nanowires

• Nanowires are wires with a very small diameter, sometimes

as small as one nanometer.

• Scientist hope to use them to build tiny transistors for

computer chips and other electronic devices.

• Nanowires have remarkable optical, electronic and

magnetic properties, so it is hoped they will prove useful in

storing computer data.

Graphene

Graphene

• Allotrope of Carbon, arranged in form of single layer two

dimensional hexagonal lattice (also called honeycomb

lattice).

• Known as “Miracle material” –

➢Best conductor of electricity.

➢Best conductor of heat at room temperature.

➢Strongest compound discovered

➢Thinnest compound known at one atom thickness.

Graphene

• Application

➢To enhance strength of other materials

➢To make LED lighting more efficient and long lasting

➢Acts as heat sink in electronic devices.

➢Used in batteries and supercapacitors to store more energy and charge

fast.

➢Can be used as corossion barrier between oxygen and water diffusion.

➢Used in water purification

Quantum Dots

Quantum Dots• Semiconductor nano particles having all three dimensions under

100 nm.

• Due to quantum mechanics,their electrical and optical properties

differ from large particles.

• When UV light hits their surface,they emit light of various colours.

• Application

➢Photovoltaic devices

➢LEDs(QLED)

➢In medical field

➢Photocatalyst in light driven chemical conversion of water into hydrogen

Applications of Nanotechnology

Medicine

➢Drug delivery-Nano gold particles for Cancer treatment

➢Tissue Engineering

➢Disease Diagnostic

➢Nano carriers for Eye Surgery

➢Nano Robots used in Surgery

➢Nanoflares in breast cancer treatment

Applications of Nanotechnology

Energy

➢Address shortage of fossil fuels

➢Nano generators for wind energy production

➢Nanotech Solar cells

➢QLEDs(Quantum Light Emitting Diodes)

➢Nano Catalyst for hydrogen Production

Applications of Nanotechnology

Food and Agriculture

➢Silver Nano particles - Anti Bacterial properties

➢Antimicrobial nano emulsions

➢Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles– used as antimicrobial

agents

➢Nano Bio Indicators for pathogens and pesticides

➢Bio Conjugated Nano Particles to inhance Agriculutal

productivity.

➢Nano-fertilisers

Applications of Nanotechnology

Environment

➢Nano technology in Water Purification.

➢Nano material to reduce CO2 .

➢Pollution control by using Metal oxide Nano crystals.

➢Improving Air Quality

➢Nano Sensers for detection of pathogens

Applications of Nanotechnology

Electronics

➢Nano Circuits

➢Mrams (Magnetic Random Access Memory)

➢Use of Carbon Nanotubes

➢Potential use in foldable displays

➢Single electron transistors

➢Reducing Energy consumption

Applications of Nanotechnology

Industry

➢Aircraft manufacturing

➢Self cleaning surfaces

➢In Construction Industry

➢Textiles

➢Triple layer COVID-19 masks

Applications of Nanotechnology

Space

➢To reduce Space craft weight

➢Space elevators

➢Nano sensors to trace water and other chemicals

➢Solar Cells to propel satellites and aircrafts

➢Spacecraft thrusters

➢To protect against Radiation posioning

➢Counter measure system using quantum dots to protect space assets

Applications of Nanotechnology

Military

➢Intelligence gathering.

➢Military Vests

➢Nano enhanced sensors

➢Wound Care

Indian Initiatives In Nano Technology

• The 9th five year plan first time promoted research in Nano material.

• The thrust came with the launch of “Programme on Nanomaterials:Science and Devices” in 2000 by the Department of Science andTechnology (DST).

• In 2007, “Nano Mission: A Mission on Nano Science and Technology”was launched.

• The 11th Five-Year Plan (2007-2012) categorically mentioned projects tocreate high value and large impact on socio-economic deliveryinvolving nano material and nano devices in health and disease.

• The 12th Five Year Plan Continued with the phase two of Nano Missionstill 2017.

Nano Mission

The Nano Mission is an umbrella programme for capacity building which envisages the overall

development of this field of research in the country and to tap some of its applied potential for

nation’s development. In brief, the objectives of the Nano-Mission are:

• Basic Research Promotion – Funding of basic research by individual scientists and/or groups of

scientists and creation of centres of excellence for pursuing studies leading to fundamental

understanding of matter that enables control and manipulation at the nanoscale.

• Infrastructure Development for Nano Science & Technology Research – Investigations on the

nano scale require expensive equipments like Optical Tweezer, Scanning Tunneling

Microscope (STM) etc. For optimal use of expensive and sophisticated facilities, it is proposed

to establish a chain of shared facilities across the country.

• Nano Applications and Technology Development Programmes- To catalyze Applications and

Technology Development Programmes leading to products and devices, the Mission

proposes to promote application-oriented R&D Projects. Special effort will be made to involve

the industrial sector into nanotechnology R&D directly or through Public Private Partnership

(PPP) ventures.

• Human Resource Development – The Mission shall focus on providing effective education and

training to researchers and professionals in diversified fields so that a genuine interdisciplinary

culture for nanoscale science, engineering and technology can emerge.

• International Collaborations – Apart from exploratory visits of scientists, organization of joint

workshops and conferences and joint research projects, it is also planned to facilitate access

to sophisticated research facilities abroad, establish joint centres of excellence and forge

academia-industry partnerships at the international level wherever required and desirable.

New Projects by Nano Mission 2018-19

• Development of a vesicular stomatitis virus glycorprotein based

viruse-like nanoparticies palteform for targeted drug devliver-

under Dr. Debasis Nayak, IIT Indore

• Mitochondrial Central Dogma by Chimeric Nanoparticle in

Cancer- under Dr. Sudipta Basu, IIT-Gandhinagar

• Downshifting compatible nano materials for Improving the

spectral response of present and future generation solar cells.-

under Dr. Sanjay Dhoble, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur

Indian Achievements

• Arsenic and metal removal by Indian technology-IIT Madras

• Nano technology based drug delivery platform- IIT Delhi

• Inorganic and organic inorganic hybrid nanocomposite coatings

generated by sol-gel process-ARCI, Hydrabad

• India’s first Graphene CVD Reactor- IISC, Bengaluru

• Bhabha Kavach- Indigenious Bullet proof Jacket –by ordinance

Factory Board and Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI).

Challenges of Nanotechnology Innovation in India

• Improvement of efficiency, reliability, safety.

• High nanotechnology costs for acquisitions of intellectual propertyrights, nanotechnology infrastructure.

• Safety, health and environment risks to consumers and the publicneed to be addressed while commercializing nanotechnologies .

• Poor lab firm integration

• Interdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology and the scope of itsapplications is one of the biggest challenges

• regulatory capacity, information asymmetry and absence of inter-agency coordination.

Advantages of Nanotechnology

• Advances in disease treatments- Such as Cancer

• Better imaging and diagnostic equipment

• Energy-efficient products such as fuel and solar cells

• Improved electronic devices, including transistors, LED and

plasma displays and quantum computers

• Nanostructured ceramic coatings exhibit much greater

toughness than conventional wear-resistant coatings for

machine parts.

• Nano-engineered materials make superior household products

Concerns About Nano Technology

• Nano Pollution -Hazardous to human health.

• Nano arms Race-Potential misuse in weaponry.

• May become expensive and increase Class divide.

• BulkyBalls in fishes.

• Titanium dioxide in Sunscreen.

• Environmental Issues - lung problems.

• Cadmium selenide nanoparticles-cadmium poisoning.

• Lack of risk analysis and Regulator

• Gray goo