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Susana LoureiroDept. de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro

sloureiro@ua.pthttp://www.cesam.ua.pt/susanaloureiro

Nanoparticles and the environment: behaviour, ecotoxicity and fate

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March 2014

�collects information on scientific-technical issues that should be considered when reviewing the current EC nanomaterial definition;

�to identify where the EC definition diverges from other definitions;

�how and in which context the EC nanomaterial definition is currently used.

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characteristicsof nanomaterialsand nanoparticles that can be

changed by industry in order to produce

SAFE SUSTAINABLE

NANO

ENVIRONMENT

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skincare.allwomenstalk.com

nanoall.blogspot.com

www.choice.com.au

www.nanoparticles-microspheres.com

ww

w.niveaform

en.pt

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dangerous or PBT

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4Some physico-chemical properties requested by REACH

Melting PointBoiling PointRelative DensityVapour PressureSurface TensionWater SolubilityOctanol:Water Partition Coefficient (logP) Flash PointDissociation Constant (pKa)

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++

+

++

Concentration Shape

Size

Size Distribution

CompositionStructure / Crystallinity

Porosity / Surface Area

Surface Functionality

Surface Speciation

Surface Charge

Agglomeration State

Hassellöv and Kaegi, 2009

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Hassellöv and von der Kammer, SETAC short course 2009

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4Dissolution

Science of The Total Environment 438, 225–232.

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4Environmental factors

• pH

– Surface charge (aggregation), ligands;

• Ionic strength

– Aggregation

• Dissolved organic matter

– Soil pore water and surface waters

– Surface changes

– Transmit negative charges

– Can work as natural stabilizer of nanoparticles against aggregation.

Oxford Nano Summer School 9/7/10 – Claus Svendsen: csv@ceh.ac.uk

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�Class 1&2- represent low ionicstrength, low divalent ions, lowcarbonate: (high stability)

�Class 5&6- represent high ionicstrength, high divalent ions, highcarbonate: (low stability)

Diversity of the aquatic ecosystems in Europe

Martin Hasselhov

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� What are NM/NP characteristics that are important and should be part of

legislation?

� How to explain differences in toxicity regarding the NP studied (type and

characteristics)?

� How/ in what direction should knowledge be produced and how to

develop?

R&D vs Industry

Safe and Sustainable NM/NP

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4Ag NP

COATING

CONSIDER THE TOXICITY OF THE COATING ALONE

DISSOLUTION

Consider Ag NP, Ag+, Ag complexes

AGGLOMERATIONAGGREGATION

Consider the behaviour in the exposure media

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MBL ASTM Reconstituted water

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AgNP in tap water (Aveiro, Portugal)

Fresh

After 48h

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4Soil matrix- more complex matrix

TEM images of unspiked (A) and Ag NP spiked (nominal concentration 800 mg Ag/kg) (B, C and D) Lufa 2.2 soil. It was possible to detect Ag NP clusters (B), aggregates of 20-50 nm

(C), and single particles of 5-8 nm (D).

Unspiked soilAg NP clusters

Aggregates

20-50 nm

single particles

5-8 nm

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Raphidocelis subcapitata: Media Fractionation

50ml

MBL media

with Ag

Algae cells

Total Ag (Agtot

)

Filtered with 0.45μm: Dissolved Ag (Agdis

)

Ultracentrifuged with 3kDa filters:

Ionic Ag (Agionic

)

Relate effects to exposure

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Species Endpoint(s) EC50 (μg/L)

Growth Inhibition

Immobilisation

Feeding inhibition

Reproduction

Mortality

AgNP AgNO3

32.4 33.8

11.0 1.0

13.7 2.0

1.0 0.4

256 78

Ribeiro et al (2014) Science of the Total Environment, 466-467(C), 232–241.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.101

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Concentration-response relationship for the combination of Ag-NPs and AgNO3 showing a dose ratio dependence for the survival of

Daphnia magna.

… with time… …increase of dissolution… increase of toxicity

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4Deriving PNECs for Risk Assessment

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4PREDICTED ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATION

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i

i

PNEC

PECRQ =

Mapping risk

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Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical substances

Emerging substances

EU Water Framework Directive

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European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme. Theme 4:NMP – Nanosciences, Nanotechnologies, Material and new ProductionTechnologies and Theme 6 – Environment (including Climate Change).GrantAgreement no. CP-FP 247739 NanoFATE

http://www.nanofate.eu

Financiamento pelo FEDER através do COMPETE- Programa Operacional Factores deCompetitividade, e financiamento nacional através da FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia(FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-00008600).