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Transcript of Nanochemistry in the New Leaving Certificate Chemistry Syllabus Dr Justin D. Holmes 30 th Annual...
![Page 1: Nanochemistry in the New Leaving Certificate Chemistry Syllabus Dr Justin D. Holmes 30 th Annual ChemEd Conference, UCC22 Oct 2011 1.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062619/551767db5503460e6e8b4c5a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nanochemistry in the New Leaving Certificate
Chemistry Syllabus
Dr Justin D. Holmes
30th Annual ChemEd Conference, UCC 22 Oct 2011
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Draft Chemistry Syllabus (Leaving Certificate)Draft Chemistry Syllabus (Leaving Certificate)
2
Unit 2: Properties, Structure and Bonding
Students learn about Student should be able to
2.6 Technological applications ofchemistry
Discuss the terms : nanoscience, nanochemistry and nanotechnology
Describe and discuss how incorporation of carbon nanotubes into polymer composites can alter the mechanical properties of these composites
Describe/discuss the electronic properties and potential applications ofcarbon nanotubes
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What is Nanoscience, Nanochemistry and What is Nanoscience, Nanochemistry and Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology?
Nanoscience - the study of matter at very small length scales: 100 nanometres and below.
Nanochemistry – the synthesis of nanoscale building blocks of different size, shape, composition, surface structure, charge and functionality.
Nanotechnology - the products that are derived from this knowledge
So what is the big deal? 1.Novel and sometimes unexpected properties…..
2.Can design materials to have specific properties
3.Small matter is constantly moving…can arranges itself to form interesting and useful objects, e,g. part of a computer chip, or cure for cancer…but you need to know the rules!
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What is a Nanometre?What is a Nanometre?
Nanos [Greek]: the dwarf
A Nanometre is a millionth fraction of a millimetre
1mm
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1 nanometre lengthcorresponds to five atoms side-by-side
Atom Apple Earth
04/10/23© CRANN 095
How big: Atom compared to an apple?How big: Atom compared to an apple?
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Nano: The Middle GroundNano: The Middle Ground
?
Gal
acti
c
“Mac
rosc
op
ic”
“Mic
rosc
op
ic”
“Nan
osc
op
ic”
Mo
lecu
lar/
Ato
mic
Sca
leS
ub
ato
mic
/Nu
clea
rP
arti
cle? ?
10 20 m
10 10 m10 1 m
10 -6 m10 -9 m
10 -15 m10 -10 m
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Why the Hype about NanotechologyWhy the Hype about Nanotechology??
Internet search engine ~ 10 Million hits
Nanotechnology is on the way to becoming the FIRST $Trillion Market
Nanotechnology affects almostevery aspect of daily life, e.g. security or medicine
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Nanotechology: Research to ApplicationsNanotechology: Research to Applications
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Electron tube Transistor
Integrated circuits
Notebook
Mobile Phone
Internet
Remember the TransistorRemember the Transistor
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Electronics & MoleculesElectronics & Molecules
5 cm
0.05 m
Tube Transistor Chip Molecule ?
5 mm
0.005 m
5 m
0.000,005 m
< 5 nm
< 0.000,000,005 m
$$
Getting smaller and smaller
More transistors per laptop than people on planet Earth
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Nelumbo nucifera, the sacred Lotus flower.
New Materials: Lotus EffectNew Materials: Lotus Effect
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Stain Resistant FabricsStain Resistant Fabrics
No More Restaurant Disasters!
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Nanoparticles/Nanospheres in CosmeticsNanoparticles/Nanospheres in Cosmetics
Small crystal size and controlled particle size: - give excellent dispersibility, - make skin feel attractive, - transparent on the skin
May increase protection against both UVA and UVB rays
Helps increase penetration of active material into skin
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Scratch Resistant MaterialsScratch Resistant Materials
NanoTek® Aluminium OxideNanoparticles
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Therapies Based on NanoparticlesTherapies Based on Nanoparticles
Antibody that recognisescancer cell
Drugs forrelease
“Magic Bullets”…specifically designed to target cancer cells15
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But that’s not all - Small Stuff is Always MovingBut that’s not all - Small Stuff is Always Moving
Diffusion of oxygen vacancies on TiO2(110) surfaces
Prof. F. Besenbacher, iNano Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
Aggregation of Nano-Au
Materials Chemistry & Analysis Group, UCC
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Various Forms of CarbonVarious Forms of Carbon
Allotropes of carbon have different covalent bonding arrangements
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++++++
+
No
+++++
No
Conducts Electricity
++++++++++Buckyballs
++++++++++++++++Carbon Nanotubes
+++Not Known+++++Diamond
+++++++++Graphite
+++Coal
Conducts Heat
Tensile StrengthHardnessAllotrope
Properties of Carbon AllotropesProperties of Carbon Allotropes
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200× stronger than steel - 1/16th weight First synthetic material to have greater strength than spider silk Excellent conductors of electricity and heat - similar to Cu Have huge potential for product development
Unique Properties of Carbon NanotubesUnique Properties of Carbon Nanotubes
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Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs)
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs)
Structures of Carbon NanotubesStructures of Carbon Nanotubes
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Nanotube Composites: Electronic Paper Nanotube Composites: Electronic Paper
CRANN- HP Project
Flexible substrate Light weight High transparency Good conductivity
Prototype HP e-skins device
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Nanotube Composites: Sporting EquipmentNanotube Composites: Sporting Equipment
• Badminton racquet manufacturer Yonex incorporates carbon nanotubes into their cup stack carbon nanotubes racquets (www.yonex.com)
• American baseball bat manufacturer Easton Sports has formed an alliance with a nanotechnology company Zyvex to develop baseball bats incorporating carbon nanotubes
• Tennis racquets also incorporate carbon nanotubes (www.babolat.com)
Light weight Strength Bigger ‘sweet spot’
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800 g
Super Light and Strong MaterialsSuper Light and Strong Materials
BMC designs high-tech bicycle frame with carbon nanotubes
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Metallic vs Semiconducting SWNTsMetallic vs Semiconducting SWNTs
(0,0)Ch = (10,0)
a1a2
x
y
MetallicMetallic24
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(0,0)Ch = (10,5)
a1a2
x
y
Chirality - twist of the nanotube
Metallic vs Semiconducting SWNTsMetallic vs Semiconducting SWNTs
SemiconductingSemiconducting
Atomically resolved STM measurement of a carbon nanotube
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Electronic Properties of SWNTsElectronic Properties of SWNTs
Diffusive Transport in Ordinary Materials
Ballistic Transport in Nanotubes
Carriers are scattered in new directions by electrons, phonons, impurities and interfaces
Carriers cannot be scattered in new directions because no other directions are available
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Electronic Applications of Carbon NanotubesElectronic Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
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Next Generation of Nanotube TechnologiesNext Generation of Nanotube Technologies
• Carbon nanotubes are being used to develop flat screen televisions with higher resolution than the human eye can detect
• Your next TV screen could be thin, ultra-light and foldable…
• Branching and switching of signals at electronic junctions is similar to what happens in nerves
• A carbon nanotube ‘neural tree’ can be trained to perform complex switching and computing functions
• Could be used to detect/respond to electronic, acoustic, chemical, biological or thermal signals.
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Potential Health Risks of NanomaterialsPotential Health Risks of Nanomaterials
Critical factors:–Surface Area–Surface Chemistry–Size - deposition probability and translocation–Shape
Carbon Nanotubes Engineered Nanoparticles
Quantum Dots©Felice Frankel
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Nanoscience – International ContextNanoscience – International Context
Worldwide investment in nanotechnology research and development has increased over 20-fold in the last 12 years – from $432 million in 1997 to about $9,200 million in 2009.
Over 35 countries have now initiated national based activities in this space and the levels of investment are increasing.
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Who is Winning the Nanoscience Race?Who is Winning the Nanoscience Race?
Top 10 NationsRanked by Impact
1. Switzerland2. Netherlands3. United States4. Canada5. Belgium6. Ireland7. United Kingdom8. Denmark 9. France 10. Japan
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Nanoscience – Materials ResearchNanoscience – Materials Research
Ireland now ranked 8th in the world in Materials Science!
- Chemistry- Physics- Biology
Source: Times Higher Education, August 26th 2010http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=413239&c=1
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The FutureThe Future
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SummarySummary
Nanotechnology is the next wave!
Will impact all sectors: from health care to next generation computers and communications- presently 10% of Irish exports are enabled by nanotechnology
Anticipated €1.5 trillion market by 2015
Ireland has critical mass of research excellence and world-class facilities
Ireland is well positioned to catch the nanotech wave! Ireland is well positioned to catch the nanotech wave!
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsProf John Boland (TCD, CRANN)Prof Georg Duesberg (CRANN / Infineon Technologies AG)
National Nanotechnology Secondary School ResourceAn Australian Government Initiative (www.accessnano.org)