Namhansanseong ICOFORT

NAMHANSANSEONG

Republic of Korea, Doo-Won Cho

Description of Property

Proposed Criteria

Integrity & Authenticity

OUV Components- Military Landscape Components- Governing Landscape Components- Folk Landscape Components

Conservation Management

Contents

31. Description of the Property

17th Century World map

Source: Lasie, Nicolas Sanson, 1652

17th Century Joseon (Korea)

Source: dtv-Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, 2007

Silla(BC57-935AD)

Baekje(BC37-660AD)

Goguryo(BC18-668AD)

Unified Silla(668-935AD)

Goryo(918-1392AD)

Joseon(1392-1910AD)

History of Korea

Location of Namhansanseong & Second Manchu Invasion of Korea

Location of Namhansanseong

First and Second Manchu Invasion of KoreaIn 17th Century

Old map of magistrate Gwangju, Paldogunhyeonjido, 1770(source: Kyujanggak Institite for Korean Studies)

Geographical Situation of Namhansanseong as an Emergency Capital

Silla(BC57-935AD)

Baekje(BC37-660AD)

Goguryo(BC18-668AD)

Unified Silla(668-935AD)

Goryo(918-1392AD)

Joseon(1392-1910AD)

History of Korea

Old map of the Namhansanseong from Records of magistrate Gwangju, Gwangjubueupji, 1899(source: The Academy of Korean Studies)

Namhansanseong (Historic Site No. 57)

Bird Eye View of Namhansanseong

Source: Basic Plan on Comprehensive Improvement of Namhansanseong, 2012

Main Fortress

Main Fortress

ExtendedDefensive Wall


South Outworks South Outworks

Mountain Fortress City


OutworkOutwork

Beolbong Peak

Mt. Geomdansan

Mt. Cheongrayngsan

9

Bird Eye View of Namhansanseong

Source: Basic Plan on Comprehensive Improvement of Namhansanseong, 2012

Main Fortress

Main Fortress



South Outworks South Outworks



OutworkOutwork10

Scale and building age of Namhansanseong

Area Length(m) Area(m2) RemarksFortress Body 7,545 2,126,637 Constructed in 1624

1st South Outwork 426 2,381 Assumed to be 1638, Expanded and renovated in 1638 and 17792nd South Outwork 318 3,583 Assumed to be 16383rd South Outwork 125 839Janggyeongsa-sinji

Outwork 159 1,447

Yeonjubong Outwork 315 865 Constructed in 1624 when the Fortress Body was built.Bongam Extended

Defensive Wall 2,120 7,137 Constructed in 1686, expanded battery in 1705

Hanbong ExtendedDefensive Wall 1,093 - Constructed in 1693

Sinnam OutworkEast Observation

Tower134 1,381 Constructed Sinnam Outwork in 1719

Sinnam OutworkWest Observation

Tower121 998 2 Observation Posts were constructed in SinnamOutwork in 1753

Total 12,356 2,145,268 -

Classification No. Subject Date of designation

National

Historic Site No.57 Namhansanseong 1963. 1. 21

Historic Site No.480 NamhansanseongEmergency Palace 2007. 6. 8

Provincial

Tangible Cultural Heritage of

Gyeonggi-do Province

No.1No.2No.3No.4No.5No.6

Sueojangdae PostSungryeoljeon Shrine

Cheongryangdang ShrineHyeonjeolsa Shrine

Chimgwaejeong ArsenalYeonmugwan Pavilion

1972. 5. 4

Gyeonggi-do Province Intangible

CulturalProperty

No.13 Namhansanseong Soju 1994.12.24

Cultural Heritage Material of


No.14No.15

Jisudang Pondside PavilionJanggyeongsa Temple 1983. 9. 19

Monument of Gyeonggi-do

ProvinceNo.111No.119

Site of Mangwolsa TempleSite of Gaewonsa Temple

1988. 12. 121989. 12. 29

Local

Local Intangible cultural heritageof Gwangju City

No.1 Rite at Sungryeoljeon Shrine 2008.4.21


No.2 Rite at Hyeonjeolsa Shrine 2008.4.21

List of designated Cultural Heritage

PhotoPhoto

12


National



Provincial







1972. 5. 4


CulturalProperty




No.14No.15





1988. 12. 121989. 12. 29

Local






PhotoPhoto

13


National



Provincial







1972. 5. 4


CulturalProperty




No.14No.15





1988. 12. 121989. 12. 29

Local






PhotoPhoto

14

View of Namhansanseong, 1909

Namhansanseong Emergency PalaceRoyal Ancestral Shrine Administrations

& VillageFortress Wall

View of Namhansanseong, 1909

2. Proposed Criteria

17

Criteria (ii)

Xanadu(1256), China(2012)

Capital construction plan of Gaogonggi

Namhanjido (Map of Namhansanseong)Early 17th Century | Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University

Criteria (ii)

Criteria (ii) exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments inarchitecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design.

Namhansanseong is a result of interchange between Korea, China and Japan during 16th~18th centuries in its fortresslayout and architecture.It is utilizing natural topography for the layout of city to signify the authority of the King, even following basicprinciples of city construction in East Asian region.

It is evidence of application the fortress system of China into the Korean geographical features.

Criteria (ii)Criteria (iv)Criteria (iv) be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a)significant stage(s) in human history.

Namhansanseong preserves the long standing technical history of fortress building in the region.

It preserves the distinct features of walls constructed since the 7th century down to the 19th century especially so inthe development of warfare.

It preserves administrative, military facilities and domestic urban infrastructure laid out during the 17th century in thefunction of the city.

Unified Silla Period 7th Century- Corn kernel shaped stone

1624 Coursed bond walls shaped like

1638- irregular broken stones

1686- uncut rectangular stones 1709 Rectangular stones 1753-uncut large rectangular stones

3. Integrity & Authenticity

20

Integrity

All components comprising the Outstanding Universal Value of Namhansanseong are included in the property in its entirety with adequate conservation measures.

The buffer zone extends to include the entire surrounding area which is a provincial park designated around the mountain.

The protection measures for the entire property are all executed by a single entity, the Namhansanseong Culture and Tourism Initiatives.

All components comprising the Outstanding Universal Value of Namhansanseong are included in the property in its entirety with adequate conservation measures.

The buffer zone extends to include the entire surrounding area which is a provincial park designated around the mountain.

The protection measures for the entire property are all executed by a single entity, the Namhansanseong Culture and Tourism Initiatives.

Old map of the Namhansanseong from Records of magistrate Gwangju, Gwangjubueupji, 1899(source: The Academy of Korean Studies)

Namhansanseong maintains its authenticity as a natural barrier, an architecturalstructure, and as a township.Namhansanseong maintains its authenticity as a natural barrier, an architecturalstructure, and as a township.

The fortress and the fortress town still maintain its historic components in most of theaspects of authenticity.The fortress and the fortress town still maintain its historic components in most of theaspects of authenticity.

Authenticity

Authenticity

23

Form and DesignThe terrain intact is an important part of the fortress rampart.Namhansanseong underwent a number of additions and reinforcements to the original walls to increase its defensive functions up until the early 20th century.

Materials and SubstanceStones are from gneiss in the surroundings, with some granite stones originated from 7th centuryParapets made of grey bricks, assembled by thick mortars which are composed of granite soil, quicklime in addition with tung oil.

Use and functionThe fortress intended to defend the capital city of Joseon, and still maintains its military functions in the national defense system. The town inside the fortress is inhabited and the city functions are self-supported.The fortress walls are still utilized as the borders that divide the municipality of Seongnam City, Gwangju City and Hanam City.

Traditions, techniques and Management System

Periodical differences are portrayed in each part of the walls.1624-1626: rectangular shaped stones slightly leaning inwards to the top of the wallAfter 1636: introduction of artillery in the warfare and larger rocks were used for stronger platform18th century: large stones in a more irregular manner so as to firmly support the wall structureNamhansanseong has been managed by monk soldiers temples.

It was a seat of special government administrative unit in charge of military defense called Sueoyeong.

Location and SettingsIt has strategic location in 25 km distance to southeast of Seoul.The Hangang River, Gyeongancheon Stream and Tancheon Stream functioned as a natural moat.Namhansanseong was an important traffic intersection connecting the capital to the southern provinces.After the 18th century, Namhansanseong had remained as the largest city in the southeast region of Gyeonggi ProvinceLanguage and Other Forms of Intangible

HeritageThe fortress was not only for the emergency use of the nobility but was the actual daily living ground for the commoners, thus resulting in a wide mixture of

beliefs and thoughts. Spirit, Feeling and Other Internal and

External FactorsNamhansanseong is a historic place which played a pivotal role in resisting foreign powers and displaying the spirit of independence.Namhansanseong become symbol of resistance from the Korean people. It is not remembered by the victories won here but rather by the humiliation and lessons learnt from the painful history

4. Components related to OUV

24

4-1. Military Landscape Components

25

Location of Main Gates

Namhanjido (Map of Namhansanseong)Early 17th Century | Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies at Seoul National

University

Main Gate

Location of Auxiliary Gates


University

Location of Auxiliary Gates

29

Auxiliary Gate

Location of Outworks

Namhanjido (Map of Namhansanseong)Early 17th Century | Painted on Paper | 13283.5 | Housed in the KyujanggakInstitute for Korean Studies at Seoul National University

Illustration of an outwork from the chinese book Mubiji, 1621

Ongseong (, Outwork)

Outworks

Yeongjubong Outwork 3rd South Outwork 1st South Outwork Janggyeongsa Sinji Outwork

Ongseong (), 2. South Outwork

Defining Terminology with ICOFORT Experts

35

2012 Namhansanseong International Symposium

2013 Namhansanseong International Symposium

Detail of Outwork

Various Elements

Pohyeol(), Casemated embrasure for gun-firing

Poru(), Redoubt

Sugu(), Water Drain Hole

Sumun(), Water Gate

Seongbyeok(), Fortress Wall Yeojang (), parapet

Seongbyeok(), Fortress Wall

Yeojang (), parapetChongan(), Short-range gun-firing embrasure, Long-range gun-firing embrasure

Firearms of Namhansanseong

Jochong(Matchlock, 16~19C)Length 90~120cmRange 100~150m Amount 6,364 piece

Cheonbochong(Matchlock, 18C) Length 140~200cmRange 200~300mAmount 100 piece

Manufacture of Bullang-gi 200 piece in 1692 Manufacture of Bullang-gi 160, Byeoljapo 480, Hyeonjachongtong 3piece in 1713 Possession of Bow 14,665, Spear 2,793, Sword 10,240, Firearms 45,161 piece in

1846

Manufacture of Bullang-gi 200 piece in 1692 Manufacture of Bullang-gi 160, Byeoljapo 480, Hyeonjachongtong 3piece in 1713 Possession of Bow 14,665, Spear 2,793, Sword 10,240, Firearms 45,161 piece in

1846

39

Hojunpo(Small Sized Cannon, 17C)Length 60~70cmRange 400~500mAmount 400 Piece

Bullang-gi(Breech-loading Cannon, 16~17C)Length 81.3 ~ 97cmRange 500~600mAmount 466 Piece

Hyeonjachongtong(Cannon, 18~19C)Length 95cmRange 1,500mAmount 34 Piece

South Outwork

They had Redoubts for shooting Bullang-gi(breech-loading cannon), faced the enemy of their front and side , and allowed cross-shooting with adjacent Redoubts.

It was to build up Killing Zone in the front and side of Redoubts.

They had Redoubts for shooting Bullang-gi(breech-loading cannon), faced the enemy of their front and side , and allowed cross-shooting with adjacent Redoubts.

It was to build up Killing Zone in the front and side of Redoubts.

Killing Zone

500~600m

380m

270m

40

South Outworks

1909 2012

(Gyeonggi-do Province Tangible Cultural Property No. 1)

Sueojangdae Post, West Command Post

41

1958 2012


Yeonmugwan, Pavilion for Command and Military training

42

Early 20th Century 2012


Chimgwaejeong Arsenal

43

Location of Military Buddhist Temples


University

Location of Military Buddhist Temples

Military Buddhist Temples

Gaewonsa Temple Janggyeongsa Temple Mangwolsa Temple Site of Hanheungsa Temple

4-2. Governing Landscape Components

47

Location of Namhansanseong Emergency Palace


University

Royal Ancestral Shrines

Altar for State Deities of Earth and Grain

Government Office Complex

Market

Namhansanseong Emergency Palace, Historic Site No. 480

Namhansanseong Emergency Palace, Historic Site No. 480

Royal Ancestral Shrines

Kings living Qurter

Kings Office Qurter

Service Area

1937 2010


Sungryeoljeon Shrine

51

1959 2012


Hyeonjeolsa Shrine

52

4-3. Folk Landscape Components

53

Sacrificial Rite

at Sungryeoljeon Shrine

(Gwangju City Local Intangible Cultural Property No. 1)

Intangible Cultural heritages

Sacrificial Rite

at Sungryeoljeon Shrine

(Gwangju City Local Intangible Cultural Property No. 2)

54

Suryukjae,

the Buddhist ritual held

at Janggyeongsa temple


Shamanic Ritual

in Cheongryangdang Shrine (2011)

55

Haedonghwa Game (Burning Torch) Totem Poles Festival


56

Residential event of

Kimchi making & sharing

(UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage)

Culture & Life

57

Gardening

of Namhansan Elementary School

5. Conservation Management

58

Gyeonggi-do Province(Policy, Budget)

Gyeonggi-do Province(Policy, Budget)

Namhansanseong Management Committee

(Deliberation, Consultation)

Namhansanseong Management Committee

(Deliberation, Consultation)

Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea(Supervision, Approval)

Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea(Supervision, Approval)

Namhansanseong Executive Committee(Review, Adjustment)

Namhansanseong Executive Committee(Review, Adjustment)

Gwanju City, SeongnamCity, Hanam City

(Local Government for Management)

Gwanju City, SeongnamCity, Hanam City

(Local Government for Management)

Namhansanseong Provincial Park Management Office

(Provincial Park Management)

Namhansanseong Provincial Park Management Office

(Provincial Park Management)

Namhansanseong Cultural Heritage Guardians

(Monitoring, Suggestion)

Namhansanseong Cultural Heritage Guardians

(Monitoring, Suggestion)

Organization Chart of Management of Namhansanseong

NamhansanseongCulture & Tourism Initiatives(ConservationManagement)

Consignment & Entrustment of conservation management

59

Structure : 1 Director, 2 Teams(Cultural Program Team & Cultural Heritage Team)Total 38 Staffs

Operation separately of assistant manpower for world heritage nomination(2), Educator for cultural heritage exploration (2), Patrol for Namhansanseong cultural heritage, Emergency repair and daily maintenance(20)

1.

Cultural Program Team(8) Cultural Heritage Team(6)

Monitoring of World Heritage and international exchange Formulation, execution and management of budget and

establishment of a plan on funds receipts and disbursement Consultations with related institutions including

governments, Committee, related organizations and secretariat

Establishment and adjustment of mid-to-long-term plans and project plans

Pursuit and support for residents-collaborative projects (guardians, village events and etc.)

Research on historical material on Namhansanseong and establishment of archives

Development of specialties of Namhansanseong and improvement of restaurants in Namhansanseong

Development and operation of experience education programs on history and ecology

Implementation of residents-collaborative cultural property projects and special exploration programs

Conservation and management of NamhansanseongEmergency Palace (Employment and management of staff for Namhansanseong Emergency Palace)

Establishment of a comprehensive mid-to-long-term plan for Namhansanseong

Maintenance and management of information boards of cultural heritage

Establishment of repair and maintenance of province-designated cultural heritage and disaster prevention system

Namhansanseong fortress conservation management Basis research on Namhansanseong based on guidelines for

conservation and management of the fortress Inspection and regular patrol on cultural heritage in the

fortress Maintenance of Namhansanseong Emergency Palace areas

(Provision of subsidy for Traditional Korean houses)

Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives

60

Director . Jeon Jongdeokof Namhansanseong Culture & Torism Initiative

Chief Manager . Won Junhoof Cultural Programs Division

of Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiative

Manager . Noh HyeonKyunof Cultural Heritage Division

of Namhansanseong Culture & Initiative

Yoo NamgeonVice Manager

Volunteer management

Yi HyeonKyeongContract Management

Jeong JisunBusiness Plan Management

Park SangyongCurator

Cho DoowonWorld Heritage

Nomination

Jeong HeungtaekCulture & Education

Program

Seo HyunHistory Archive

Researcher

An SeminarWorld Heritage

NominationAssistant

Researcher

Kwon JihyeCulture & Education

Program Tutor

Yi KyeongmiCulture & Education

Program Tutor

Shin MyeonjongIn charge of

Namhansanseong Emergency Palace

Jung JaehunIn charge of

Namhansanseong designated Cultural

Heritage

Kim TaewanIn charge of

Namhansanseong Traditional Park Management

Jang YoonjinIn charge of sites of

Military Buddhist Temples

Kim YounghakIn charge of

Namhansanseong Fortress

Choi DongwookTreasurer

Organization Chart of Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives

Yim Deokbin

Organization Chart of Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives

Repair TeamRepair TeamSecurity TeamSecurity Team

Emergency Repair TeamEmergency

Repair TeamSpecial

Repair TeamSpecial

Repair Team

Chief Manager. Song Gwangheon

Gang Jonggu

Jeon Seungsoo

Jo Soohwan

Chief Manager. Kim Yeongseok

Kim Yangsub

Park Taegue

Yoon Sungbum

Hong Jongsub

An Homyeong

Song Minjong

Yoo Jaecheol

Lee Sinjae

Lee Cheolwoo

Joo Myeongyeol

Choi Changho

Heo Bongmoo

Son Seonsoo

Noh Chunsik

Ticket AgentTicket Agent

Kim Hyosuk Um Jinsun

Gang Changhee

Kim Hyeongran

Cultural Heritage Interpreter

Cultural Heritage Interpreter

1.

2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015

plan

Total 5,572 (5,256) 6,833 (6,446) 6,298 (5,941) 5,112 (4,822) 4,103 (3,870) 6,590 (6,053)

1 Operating expenses

of the NCTI 1,845 (1,740) 2,322 (2,190) 1,961 (1,850) 1,723 (1,625) 1,477 (1,393) 1,355 (1,243)

2 Expenses of World heritage nomination 2,887 (2,723) 260 (245) 870 (820) 630 (594) 300 (283) 300 (283)

3,

Expenses of conservation

management of cultural heritage

2,685 (2,533) 4,251 (4,010) 3,467 (3,270) 2,759 (2,602) 2,325 (2,193) 4,935 (4,527)

Annual Budget from 2010 to 2015 (Unit: million Won (thousand US$))

Namhansanseong Culture & Tourism Initiatives

63

Conservation Management in Namhansanseong

Pine tree Plantation Project in NamhansanseongProvincial Park

Fire surveillance on cultural heritage Namhansanseong Security Office

Signboard Improvement Project in NamhansanseongProvincial Park

Residents-collaborative projects

Par-ticipation

Par-ticipation

Co-operation

Co-operation

Edu-cationEdu-

cation

Rite at SungryeoljeonRite at Sungryeoljeon Archaeological CampArchaeological CampExploration of Cultural heritageExploration of

Cultural heritageCultural Heritage

KeeperCultural Heritage

Keeper

SolbaramBookstoreSolbaramBookstorePromotion Food Culture

Promotion Food Culture

Old Photo CollectionOld Photo CollectionVillage NewspaperVillage Newspaper

Interpreters Workshop

Interpreters Workshop

History AcademyHistory Academy Cultural Heritage MapCultural Heritage Map NewsletterNewsletter 65

Namhansanseong Provincial Park Management

66

Boundary of the nominated Property

67

Preparation of Nomination Dossier

Preparation of Nomination Dossier

World Heritage Nomination Process of Namhansanseong

Year Month Contents Note

20102. Nomination for the World Heritage tentative list CHA

9. Plan of a mid-to-long-term roadmap for conservation and managementNamhansanseong Culture & Tourism

Initiative(NCTI)

20111. Priority site to be nominated for the World heritage list Cultural Heritage Administration ofKorea(CHA)3. Preparation of Nomination Dossier NCTI

20125.

Reconstruction of Namhansanseong Emergency palace and Maintenance of surrounding Park area of Namhansanseong Emergency palace

NCTI

5. Establishment of Namhansanseong World Heritage Nomination Committee(33 members) Gyeonggi-do Province

20131. Submission of Nomination Dossier CHA9. Technical Evaluation on Site ICOMOS

2014 6. World Heritage Inscription during the 38th World Heritage Committee WHC

2010.2 2011. 1 2011. 3 2012. 5 2014. 6

Inscription on the World Heritage tentative list

Inscription on the World Heritage tentative list

Priority site to be nominated for the World Heritage list

Priority site to be nominated for the World Heritage list

Establishment of Namhansanseong World

Heritage nomination Committee

Establishment of Namhansanseong World

Heritage nomination Committee

World Heritage InscriptionWorld Heritage Inscription

68

Namhansanseong ICOFORT

Documents

Transcript of Namhansanseong ICOFORT