Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more...

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Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these are only minor mutations that will affect the organism only slightly or not at all Substitution Inversion Frameshift mutations: these lead to major changes as large portions of DNA are misread Insertion Deletion

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Transcript of Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more...

Page 1: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

Name the four different types of gene mutation.Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why.

Point mutations: these are only minor mutations that will affect the organism only slightly or not at all

Substitution Inversion

Frameshift mutations: these lead to major changes as large portions of DNA are misread

Insertion Deletion

Page 2: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

HomeworkLP 18 due in todayNo homework = detention

New homework – Due Thursday 28th November

Page 3: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

25 November 2015

Aims: (h) explain genetic control of

protein production in a prokaryote using the lac operon;

Today’s Title: The lac operon

RWCM: write notes to describe how protein synthesis can be controlled

Key phrases/words• Regulator gene• Lactose permease• Structural gene• Promoter region• Operator gene• Repressor protein• Operon• Control sites• ß-galactosidase

Page 4: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

How is protein synthesis controlled?

Page 5: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

What you need to knowExplain the genetic control of protein

production – using the lac operon as an example

Key terms you need to know.......Operon – length of DNA made from structural

genes and control sites Structural genes – code for proteinControl sites – operator and promoter region

of the DNA

Page 6: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

The lac operonWe know that.......

• mRNA – codes for a particular protein

• The code on the mRNA is complementary to the base sequence on the DNA template strand

• Therefore that code on the mRNA is a copy of the base sequence on the DNA coding strand

Proteins are specified by mRNA

Page 7: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

Background informationBacteria can synthesise different enzymes

(proteins) depending on what food substrate they are growing on

E.Coli can synthesise over 3000 different enzymes

Enzymes involved in basic cell functions are synthesised at a constant rate

Inducible enzymes are synthesised as and when they are needed

Page 8: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

What is enzyme induction?Discuss what you think this means and why it

is important – you have 2 minutes

Share your thoughts with the class.

Page 9: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

Background informationE.Coli can adapt to its environment by producing

enzymes to metabolise certain nutrients..........

but only when those particular nutrients are present

E.Coli normally respires using glucose but can also respire using lactose (sugar found in milk/disaccharide)

Needs to synthesise ß-galactosidase & lactose permease

Page 10: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

Background informationß-galactosidase – hydrolyses lactose into

glucose & galactose

lactose permease – transport protein that becomes embedded in the e.coli membrane – helps transport more lactose into the cell

When placed in a lactose substrate, e.coli increases the synthesis of these two proteins by 1000x

Lactose triggers the enzymes production – inducer molecule

Page 11: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

Task 1Make flash cards of the following words with definitions on

the back.• Regulator gene• Lactose permease• Structural gene• Promoter region• Operator gene• Repressor protein• Operon• Control sites• ß-galactosidase

Learning objectives • explain genetic control of

protein production in a prokaryote using the lac operon;

Page 12: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

Mini PlenaryMatch the components with the functions

Component Function

A. Structural Gene 1. Produces repressor protein

B. Regulatory gene 2. Binds to repressor

C. Promoter 3. Codes for lac enzymes

D. Operator 4. Binds to RNA polymerase

Page 13: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

The lac operonLac system genes (in the bacterial DNA) form the operon –

consists of structural genes and control genes.

Z - ß-galactosidase Y - lactose permease O – operator region – switches Z & Y on and offP – Binding site for RNA polymerase for transcription of Z

& Y

Page 14: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

If lactose is absent• Regulator gene is expressed and produces repressor

protein

• Repressor protein binds to the operator region (P & O)• Partially covers the promoter region (P)• RNA polymerase can’t bind – Z & Y genes can’t be

translated• Z & Y are switched off

Page 15: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

If lactose is present• Inducer molecule (lactose) binds to the repressor protein

• Repressor protein dissociates from the operator region• Promoter is now unblocked• RNA polymerase can now bind promoter region• Z &Y can now be transcribed – mRNA produced• ß-galactosidase /lactose permease can now be

synthesised

Page 16: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

The lac operon• As a result of the 2 enzymes being made, e.coli can

now.....

• Take up lactose from its environment because lactose permease acts a transport protein.

• Using ß-galactosidase, lactose (disaccharide) can hydrolysed into glucose & galactose

• E.coli can use these sugars for respiration

• E.coli is gaining energy from the lactose

Page 17: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

Mini PlenaryWhat are the functions of:• Repressor protein• RNA polymerase• Regulatory gene

http://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=GB&v=oBwtxdI1zvk

Page 18: Name the four different types of gene mutation. Identify the ones that can potentially be more harmful and give a reason for why. Point mutations: these.

Task 2• Get into groups of 3 or more

• Use the large A2 paper as a story board

• Each person is to cut out the parts of the lac operating system on the handout provided

• Arrange the cut out parts to show the story of how the lac operon works in both the absence and presence of lactose


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