Name _______________Test Date _______ Hour ___ Group # ___

Physics #3 – Simple Machines Notebook

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Physics #3 - Vocabulary Simple Machines - A device that has only one movement.

Pulley - A device made from a grooved wheel with a rope or chain wrapped around the groove.

Wedge - A device made from an inclined plane that moves; can have one or two sloping sides.

Lever - A device made from a rigid bar that turns around a fixed point.

Screw - The device made from an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.

Inclined Plane - A device with a flat, sloped surface.

Wheel and Axle - A device made from two different-sized, circular objects that are connected and

rotate together.

Compound Machine - A device made from two or more simple machines.

Physics #3 - Learning Targets I can list and give examples of simple machines.

I can explain why simple machines make the job easier.

I can balance a first class lever.

I can identify what type of pulley will require less force.

I can describe how a wedge works.

I can describe why compound machines make jobs easier.

When you use a machine, you exert a __________ over some ___________.

You exert a __________ to lift the handles of

a wheelbarrow. You lift the wheelbarrow handles up a

certain ________________.

The force that are applying to the wheelbarrow

handles (or any machine) is called the _________ force (also

called “effort”). Remember: Input = ___ do.

The machine does ________ by exerting a ________ to move an object over

some ______________.

The wheelbarrow exerts a ______________ lifting the load up a

certain _________________.

The force of the wheelbarrow lifting the load (or any machine moving an object) is

called the ______________ force (also called “load”). Remember: Output = Object.

there is a trade off of _____________ for _________________.

To get a greater output force from the machine you have to put in a greater

______________ distance. And, to get a greater output distance from the

machine you have to put in a greater _______________ _____________.

Machines can make work ________ by:

You put in a smaller amount of force and the machine puts out a _____________

amount of force. (You will have move the machine a greater _____________.)

For example a ________________.

You exert a force on the machine over a certain distance and the machine exerts

a force on the object over a __________________ distance. (You will have to

put in a greater _____________.) For example a ________________.

You exert a force on the machine in one direction and the machine exerts a force on

the object in _____________________ direction. If you pull __________ the

machine pulls _____. For example a __________________.

There are 3 different types of levers. They differ in where the _____________

and _______________ forces are located in relation to the _______________.

_________ force _________ force ___________

Type of

Lever

Where is the fulcrum?

and Examples

How does it make my

life better?

Can It be any better?

1st class

The_________ force is at one

end of the lever and the _____

force is at the other end. This

means the ___________ is in

the middle.

Ex: ______, _______, _______

Change the

_____________ of

the input force

and

____________ the

output force

Move the

____________

closer to the

____________

2nd class

The__________ is at one end

of the lever and the ________

force is at the other end. This

means the__________ force is

between the fulcrum and input

force.

Ex: __________, _____, _____

_____________

the output force

Move the

____________

force closer to

the

____________.

3rd class

The ________ is at one end,

and the ___________ force is

at the other end. This means

that the ___________ force is

between the fulcrum and the

output force.

Ex: ________, ____________,

____________, __________

Increase the

_______________

that the output

force moves

You ________

because third-

class levers add

____________

not

___________.

Question: Can I figure out how to balance a lever? Can I figure out the mathematical formula to balance a lever?

Materials: centimeter ruler, binder clip, masses (5-1g, 1-5g, 2-10g)

Procedure:

Your goal is to get the lever to balance while placing different amount of masses at different distances from the binder clip (fulcrum). Then, you should determine the formula used to balance a lever. Be patient this will take some time.

1. Start by making sure your lever is balanced (level) when there are NO masses on it.

2. Have one person hold the lever level and steady using both hands.

3. On the left side of the lever, a second person should place the amount of mass at the distance indicated in the data table.

4. On the right side of the lever, a third person should place the amount of mass indicated at a distance you figure out to balance the lever.

5. Make sure you are measuring the distance FROM the fulcrum {for example if your data table says 12 cm, then you will place the mass 12 cm from the fulcrum at the 27 cm mark (12 + 15 = 27)}.

6. The first person needs to carefully let go. Does it balance?

Tria

l

Left Side of Lever Right Side of Lever

Mass Distance from binder

clip (fulcrum) Mass

Distance from binder clip (fulcrum)

1 5g 12 cm 5g

2 5g 12 cm 10g

3 5g 12 cm 15g

4 5g 12 cm 20g

7. Can you see a pattern/formula on the data table above?

Hint: The formula will show that the left side = the right side when the lever is balanced.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 1 8 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

100

Distance from binder clip

8. Repeat steps 1-6 for the data table below. Use the formula you came up with to predict the distance before you actually try to balance the lever.

Tria

l

Left Side of Lever Right Side of Lever

Mass Distance from

binder clip (fulcrum)

Mass Distance from binder

clip (fulcrum)

5 5g 6 cm 3g

6 6g 8 cm 4g

7 12g 6 cm 8g

8 20g 4 cm 8g

Apply Your Knowledge

1. If my dad weighs twice as much as me, he needs to sit half the distance from the fulcrum as I would. Draw and label a picture of you and your dad on a see-saw.

2. If my little sister weighs half as much as I do, where would she need to sit in relation to the fulcrum compared to me? ________________________________________________

Draw and label a picture of you and your little sister on a see-saw.

3. The larger the mass of the person the ________________ (closer/farther) they need to sit to the fulcrum and the smaller the mass of the person the ________________ (closer/farther) they need to sit to the fulcrum in order for a 1st class lever to balance.

We know that this is a first-class lever because the fulcrum is in between the

__________ force and the __________ force.

The numbers on the lever, help us identify the __________________ the force is

being applied from the fulcrum.

To _______________ a see saw (first class lever), you might need to move the

output force closer to or farther from the _______________. Think about if a

toddler and a teenager wanted to balance on the seesaw. Let the toddler be the

___________ force and the teenager be the ____________ force. You place the

toddler at a distance of 4 from the fulcrum. Would the teenager need to sit

closer or father from the fulcrum for the two of them to balance? ________

We can use math to help us with balancing a seesaw (1st class lever). In order to

balance a seesaw, the input ___________ times the input _____________ must

EQUAL the output ____________ times the output ____________.

Input Force X Input Distance = Output Force X Output Distance

The toddler sits with a force of 10N (_________ force).

The teenager sits with a force of 40N (___________ force).

The toddler sits at a distance of 4 from the fulcrum (__________ distance).

The teenager needs to sit at a distance of ____ from the fulcrum (_________ distance).

6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

?

Input = Output F x d = F x d

____ x ____ = ____ x ____

6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

Elmo sits with a force of 20N (input force).

Big Bird sits with a force of 30N (____________ force).

Elmo is sitting at a distance of 6 from the fulcrum (____________ distance).

Big Bird needs to sit at a distance of _____ from the fulcrum (output distance).

Input = Output F x d = F x d

____ x ____ = ____ x ____

6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4

6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

A pulley makes work easier by: changing the _____________ of the

force OR ________________ output ___________.

There are two types of pulleys - based on how the pulleys are

_________________ to an object.

Fixed pulley

A fixed pulley ______________ increase the output force.

A fixed pulley only changes the _______________ of the force.

When you use a fixed pulley, you pull in one _____________

and the pulley moves the object in the _______________

direction. This makes the work more _______________ or

convenient because you can use your body weight.

Since the fixed pulley ______________ increase the output force

there is no trade-off between force and distance, you will move the rope

the same ________________ the

object will move.

Examples of Fixed Pulleys are

_______________, ______________

and ____________________.

Movable pulley

The movable pulley makes work easier by ______________ the output

force.

When you use a movable pulley, the fixed structure ______________

the force that is necessary to hold up the object. This means you don’t

have to apply as much ______________ force.

Movable pulleys cut the input force needed in __________.

A movable pulley does not change the _____________ of

the force. The object moves in the ___________

direction as you pull.

Due to the trade-off between force and distance, you will have to move

the rope a much ___________ distance. Movable pulleys require you to

pull the rope ___________ as far as the object will lift. Examples of

movable pulleys are ___________ and _________________.

Ways pulleys make work easier

______________ the output force

______________ the direction of the force

Pulley systems

When we combine the two types of pulleys it is called a pulley

______________. With pulley systems we get the _____________ of

both types of pulleys.

____________ pulleys increase the amount of output force lifting an

object.

____________ pulleys change the direction of the force.

A pulley system makes work easier by ______________ the output

force and changing the __________________ of the force.

Due to the trade-off between force and distance, you will have to pull

the rope a ___________ distance than the pulley will lift the object.

Each section of rope provides additional support to the

________________ force of the object. For every added section of

rope, ________ input force is needed to lift the object. However, for

each added section of rope, the rope must be pulled a much farther

_____________ to lift the object the same distance.

To make pulley systems easier to use, add more _________________ pulleys.

Question: Can you design a pulley system that increases the output force?

1 2 3 4 5

One way the inclined plane makes work easier by ____________ the output force.

When you use an inclined plane, you push the object __________________ on the

inclined plane (input force), and the inclined plane pushes the object __________

(output force) lifting the object.

Therefore, the inclined plane is also changing the _______________ of the force.

Due to the trade-off between force and distance, you will have to move the object

a ________________ distance than the inclined plane will lift the object.

To make an inclined plane easier to use: Increase the ________________ of the

inclined plane.

Suppose you want to lift a 1,000 N box 1 meter high. You have three options.

Options Input Force Input Distance Total Work

No inclined plane 1,000 N 1 m 1,000

Steeper Inclined Plane

2m 1,000

Flatter Inclined Plane

5m 1,000

Which option requires the least amount of input force for you? _______________

Examples of inclined planes are a ________________,

_____________________ and a winding ________________ road.

A wedge may have _____ or _____ sloping sides.

The wedge makes work easier by __________________ the output force.

When you use a wedge (a knife), you push the wedge ____________ (input force),

but the sides of the wedge push

_____________________________ (output force)

pushing the object apart.

Therefore, the wedge is also changing the

___________________ of the force.

Due to the trade-off between force and distance, to have greater output force you

will have to push the wedge a greater _____________ than it will split the object.

To make a wedge easier to use: Increase the _________________ of the wedge.

Examples of Wedges are: _____________, ______________, _____________,

____________________________ and _________________.

knife

apple

The screw makes work easier by ______________ the output force.

When you use a screw, you turn the screw (________ force) _______________,

and the screw will go _________ into the object (_____________ force).

Therefore, the screw is also changing the _________________ of the force.

Due to the trade-off between force and distance, to have greater output force you

will have to turn the screw a ___________ distance than the screw will move into

the object.

To make a screw easier to use: ______________ the number of threads making

them ____________ together. This increases the ____________ of the inclined

plane wrapped around the post.

Examples of Screws are: ________________, jar _______, ____________,

bottom of a _________________________, bottle ________, swivel

_________________ stool, submarine _________________.

&

OR

When you apply the force to the wheel, the wheel & axle makes work easier

by _________________ the output force.

When you turn the _____________ (input force), the wheel turns the axle with a

greater output _______________.

A wheel & axle does not change the __________________ of the

force. The axle moves in the _______________ direction as you move the wheel.

Due to the trade-off between force and distance, to have greater output force you

will have to turn the wheel a greater _____________ than the axle will move.

To make a wheel & axle easier to use: Increase the size of the ______________.

Examples are: ______________ wheels, ___________, fishing _____________

and bike ________________.

When you apply the force to the axle, the wheel & axle does not make work

easier.

When you turn the _______________ (input force), the axle turns

the wheel (output force) a greater output __________________.

A wheel & axle does not change the _________________ of the force.

The wheel moves in the ________________ direction as you move the axle.

Due to the trade-off between force and distance, to have a greater output

distance you will have to turn the axle with a greater___________ than the axle

will move the wheel.

To make a wheel & axle easier to use: Decrease the size of the _____________.

Examples are a __________ and a ________________ wheel.

Compound machines make work easier, by combining all of the _______________

of each of the individual simple machines included.

Examples of compound machines are ______________________ and

___________________.

You are now done with the Physics #3 Notebook.

Go back and check your Learning Targets.

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