Name:___________________________________________________ Period______________ Study Guide 17-1 and 17-2 17-1 The Fossil Record (pgs. 417-422)

1. What is the fossil record?_______________________________________________________________________________

2. What evidence does the fossil record provide?

1.___________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.___________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. List the 2 techniques paleontologists use to determine the age of rocks.

1. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The Law of Superposition is a general law stating that in any sequence of sediments or rocks that has not been overturned, the

youngest sediments or rocks are at the top of the sequence, and the oldest are at the bottom. Figure 17-3 is an illustration of this

concept.

Number the rock layers in the order they were formed. Use the diagram of the

rock layers to number the fossils in order.

5. Radioactive dating involves the use of half-lives. What is a half-life?________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the drawback of using relative dating? _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. What is the benefit of using radioactive decay as a dating technique? ________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Study Figure 17-4 on page 420. Over time, potassium – 40 (parent material) decays into Argon – 40 (daughter material). The

half- life is 1.25 billion years.

A. How long does it take for ½ of potassium – 40 to turn into argon – 40? _______________________________________________

B. This is called the __________________________ ______________________.

C. What fraction of potassium – 40 will be present after five half-lives?____________________________.

Name:___________________________________________________ Period______________ Study Guide 17-1 and 17-2 17-2 Earth’s Early History (pgs. 423-428)

1. According to geologic evidence, how old is the Earth?______________________________________________________

2. Was early Earth a friendly environment to living things? __________________________ Explain (hint: Figure 17-7)

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why did the early Earth not have oceans?___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What process added oxygen to Earth’s atmosphere?

5. Which type of organism began changing the Earth’s atmosphere?_______________________________________________

6. How long ago did photosynthetic bacteria arrive on the evolutionary scene?______________________________________

MILLER AND UREY EXPERIMENT

7. What were Miller and Urey attempting to do by using gases, water, and electrical charges?

Name____________________________________________________________ Period______________________

Study Guide Chapter 15

Study Guide 15-1 The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity (pgs. 369-372)

1. What is biological diversity?___________________________________________________________________________

2. While doing research, which 2 questions do scientists ask that relate biological diversity and evolution?

a.___________________________________________________________________________________________________

b.___________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain the theory of evolution.__________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What was the significance of Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle for the world of science?______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Study Guide 15-2 Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking (pgs. 373-377)

1. CIRCLE the correct choice from each statement below about ideas and theories of the world PRIOR to Darwin’s

influence (17th

-18th

century).

a. The fossil record showed (little or significant) change.

b. Mass extinctions came about by (slow or catastrophic) changes, leading to several “creation” events.

c. Organisms were (unchanged or changed) over time.

d. Life forms were believed to have lived for several (thousands or millions) of years.

2. During the 18th

-19th

centuries several scientists were gathering information suggesting that the Earth was very old, and had

changed slowly over time. For each scientist below, identify what information they contributed that Darwin considered while

developing his Theory of Natural Selection. The Biology and History timeline on pages 374-375 will be helpful.

Hutton:______________________________________________________________________________________________

Lyell:_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Lamarck – 3 key elements of his theory of evolution

a.___________________________________________________________________________________________________

b.___________________________________________________________________________________________________

c.___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Malthus:_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Wallace:_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Name____________________________________________________________ Period______________________

Study Guide Chapter 15

Study Guide 15-3 Darwin Presents His Case (pgs. 378-386)

1. Darwin termed the phrase “artificial selection.” Use the following words in one sentence to explain artificial selection:

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION, USEFUL, HUMANS, NATURE, VARIATION._____________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Darwin’s theory of Evolution by Natural Selection had 2 main points. “Struggle for existence” AND “Survival of the

Fittest.” Explain what each term means:

STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE:________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Fitness:_________________________________________________________________________________________

*Adaptations:____________________________________________________________________________________

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST:________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain natural selection and how it results in changes in a population over time.__________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The modern theory of evolution includes competition, natural selection and the principle of Descent With

Modification. According to the principle of (decent with modification OR common descent) all species – living and

extinct – were derived from a common ancestor. CIRCL ONE.

5. Darwin argued that living things have been evolving on Earth for millions of years. Fill in the table below to explain each

piece of evidence of evolution.

1.Fossil Record:

What is the main limitation?

2.Geographic Distribution of Living Things:

3.Homologous Body Structures:

***Vestigial organs – what are they?

4.Similarities in Embryology:

5. Biochemical Evidence – comparison of amino acid sequence of proteins as determined by an organism’s DNA. The

more similar the sequences, the more closely related the organisms are.

6.Theory of Plate Tectonics (page 14)

6. Is the evolutionary theory finalized? _________________ Most scientists agree on the theory, but what precisely is still up

for debate?

Name:___________________________________________________ Period:________________________

Study Guide Chapter 16: Evolution of Populations

16-1 Genes and Variation (pages 393- 396)

1. Circle one: Variety within a species increases or decreases the chance of survival in populations.

2. Define population:_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is a gene pool?___________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain the relative frequency of an allele._________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. True or False: Dominant alleles always have the highest percent of relative frequency._______________________________

6. Describe evolution in genetic terms using “relative frequencies”:_______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. A homozygous black mouse has two alleles for black fur. A heterozygous black mouse has one allele for black fur and one

allele for brown fur. A homozygous brown mouse has two alleles for brown fur.

Useful information: Each rectangle represents one mouse with two alleles for fur color. Use the graph to color the gene pool

of the sample population. Color alleles for black fur black, and alleles for brown fur brown. Answer the questions that

follow.

8. What are the 2 main sources of genetic variation?

1.______________________________________ Explain:______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________ Explain:______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Draw and label the graphs for Figure 16-3 and 16-4 to show the comparison in number of phenotypes between singe-gene

traits and polygenic traits.

Name:___________________________________________________ Period:________________________

Study Guide Chapter 16: Evolution of Populations

16-2 Evolution as Genetic Change (pages 397- 399) Part A

1. Why is it that natural selection acts on the phenotype, not genotype, of an organism?______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How does natural selection act on single-gene traits and evolution? _____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. A color mutation occurred in a brown mouse population, causing darker fur. The table below shows how the population

changed over the next 30 generations.

A. What is happening to the relative frequency of the lighter fur color allele?_________________________________________

B. What is happening to the relative frequency of the darker fur color allele?_________________________________________

C. Is the darker color mutation favorable or unfavorable?_________________________________________________________

D. What might cause the change shown in the table?_____________________________________________________________

E. How do you predict the mouse population will look after 40 generations?__________________________________________

4. In polygenic traits, natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes in any of 3 ways. Describe each way

below, give an example, and draw a diagram of each.

Directional Selection:

Example:

Figure 16-6

Stabilizing Selection:

Example:

Figure 16-7

Disruptive Selection:

Example:

Figure 16-8

Name:___________________________________________________ Period:________________________

Study Guide Chapter 16: Evolution of Populations

16-2 Part B (Pages 399-402)

5. Random change in the allele frequency is called ____________________________ _______________________________

6. Genetic drift occurs more often in LARGER or SMALLER populations. (circle one)

7. How does genetic drift take place?

8. When may genetic drift occur?

9. Explain the founder effect.

10. Genetic Drift Diagram: In a small population, an individual with particular alleles may have more descendants than another

individual, by chance. This kind of chance can, over time, lead to an allele’s becoming more common in a population. Draw

what the descendants of these populations might look like. Draw 12 descendants for each population, using page 400 as a

guide.

A. Draw a beetle that could be found in both

descendant populations.

B. Why are the beetles in the two descendant

populations different?____________________

_____________________________________

11. Define genetic equilibrium.

12. If allele frequencies do not change, what happens to the population?

13. List the 5 conditions that are required to maintain genetic equilibrium from generation to generation.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Name:___________________________________________________ Period:________________________

Study Guide Chapter 16: Evolution of Populations

16-3 The Process of Speciation (pages 404-410)

1. What is speciation?

2. Fill in the chart below about isolating mechanisms, explain each term and give an example.

REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION

EXAMPLE:

BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION

EXAMPLE:

GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION

EXAMPLE:

TEMPORAL ISOLATION

EXAMPLE:

3. In the space below, diagram how speciation in Darwin’s Finches occurred. Use Figure 16-16.

FOUNDERS ARRIVE GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION OCCURS CHANGES IN THE POOL

Name:____________________________________________________ Period__________________ Study Guide Chp. 17-4 Patterns of Evolution pages 435-440

1. What is macroevolution?

2. More than 99% of all species that have ever lived are now extinct. What is extinction?

3. What is a mass extinction?

4. What opportunities result from mass extinctions?

5. ADAPTIVE RADIATION V.S. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

Explain: Explain:

6. When 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other (plants and pollinators) it is called______________________.

7. How quickly does evolution operate? LABEL each graph: GRADUALSIM OR PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM. (pg 439)