Name, event, date

Lew Fulton

UNEP

May 23, 2006

Road Map of Today’s Presentation

1. Urban Growth & Air Pollution Problems:

(a) Urban populations and growth rates(b) Increase in vehicle numbers(c) The cost and impacts of poor urban air quality

2. Solutions for the Reduction of Vehicle Emissions:

(a) Options(b) The PCFV:

(i) Introduction & mission

(ii) Partners

(iii)Objectives

(iv)Sub-Saharan Africa example

Urban Populations – by Region

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

Mill

ion

s

Africa Asia Europe LAC Northern America Oceania

Urban populations in 2000, by region

Urbanisation by Region

Urbanisation 1950-2030 (relative growth)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Year (2000 = 100%)

World

Africa

Asia

Europe

LAC

Northern America

Oceania

Vehicle Growth: Uganda Example

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Vehicle Growth Uganda 1980-1999 (in thousands)

1980

1990 1999

26,000

34,000

186,000

Urban Air Pollution a Key Issue

• WHO estimates more than 1 billion people exposed to outdoor air exceeding maximum recommended levels

• Up to 800 thousand premature deaths, up to 1 million pre-native deaths

• Local and global effects (climate change)• Cost of urban air pollution estimated to be

2% of GDP, in developed countries and more than 5% in developing countries (e.g. 7% China, to rise to 13% by 2020)

• In US almost half of urban residents exposed to harmful levels of ozone

• In Nairobi, Kenya, lead levels are more than 25 times as high as WHO standards

• In Shanghai, China, mobile sources are contributing between 70%-90% to air pollution such as CO, NOx, HC and particulates

• GEF now recognises transport sector as key to CO2 emissions

Urban Air Pollution a Key Issue - Continued

Developmental EffectsDevelopmental Effects

HospitalizationHospitalization

Asthma Attacks and BronchitisAsthma Attacks and Bronchitis

PrematurePremature DeathsDeaths

CancerCancer

Air Pollution: Health Effects

Strategies to Reduce Transportation Emissions in

Urban Areas Environment and transport strategies:

• Modal splits (subsidies & new modes)

• City planning

• Promoting non-motorised transport

• Promoting public transport

• Cleaner fuels and vehicles

Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV)

• Set up at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, August 2002

• To promote clean fuels and vehicles to address urban air quality

• Public – private partnership

• Clearing-House at UNEP Headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya

PCFV Objectives

• The elimination of lead in gasoline and the phase down of sulfur in diesel and gasoline fuels, concurrent with;

• The adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies

website: www.unep.org/pcfv

Partners

Objective 1: Lead in Gasoline

• Lead is added to gasoline to enhance octane

• Lead has severe health effects

• Blocks clean vehicles technologies, esp. introduction catalytic converters

• Alternatives available

• Lead phase out world wide

• African continent, Middle East and Central Asia still using lead

Leaded Gasoline: Health & Environmental Effects

(example Egypt)

• Heart Attacks - 6,500 to 11,600

• Strokes - 800 to 1,400

• Premature Deaths (Adults) - 6,300 to 11,100

• Infant Deaths ~ 820

• Average IQ Loss in Children - 4.25 Points

• Damage to cars (spark plugs, filters…)

• Egypt went unleaded

Objective 2: Sulfur in Fuels

• Sulfur levels in crude oil differ per region, and thus sulfur levels in fuels differ

• Health effects and environment effects

• Regulations differ between 10,000 ppm and less than 25 ppm

• Need for lower sulfur levels for modern engines

Sulfur: Health & Environmental Effects

• Sulfur: bronchitis, asthma

• PM: Cardio-respiratory problems and some constituents of fine particulate matter, such as diesel smoke, are carcinogenic

• Sulfur and particulate problems (visibility)

• Damage to plants and buildings

• Acid rain

• Vehicle engine & component damage

Sulfur Pollution: Example of Environmental Effects

Source: www.stillpictures.com

Objective 3: Clean Vehicles

• Need to see fuels and vehicles as a system: certain vehicles need certain fuels and vise-versa

• Need to look at fuel-vehicle combination per region

• Vehicles - Options:No or ultra low emission vehiclesConventional vehiclesRetrofit vehicles

Clean Vehicles - continued

Vehicles - Options:

1- No or ultra low emission vehicles: hybrids & hydrogen

2- Conventional vehicles modern engines, catalytic converters

3- Retrofit vehicles esp. diesel technology; diesel traps (fuels needs?)

Activities of the Partnership

PCFV Activities

• Information collection and dissemination

• Substantive activities

Information: Website www.unep.org/pcfv

Information: Newsletter

Information: Regional Overviews

PCFV Substantive Activities

• Global levelWorking groups

• Regional levelRegional action plans

• Sub-regionalSub-regional workshops

• National levelDirect support

PCFV – Substantive Activities

• Global Working Groups:

Valve Seat Recession (Publication Available)

Octane

Sulfur

Public AwarenessVehicles (New)

Sulphur Activities

• A new PCFV sulphur publication will soon be available

• Working with specific Asian countries on sulphur issues though the Clearing House and Partners

• Diesel bus retrofit projects in China and Thailand

• Awareness workshops on fuel sulphur issues

Progress in Sub Saharan: Africa September 2001

Unleaded

Dual system

Africa January 2006

Unleaded

Dual system

Situation in Asia

Thank You!

www.unep.org/PCFV