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    )1992(.

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    "In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approachshall be widely applied by states according to their capabilities.Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage,lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as areason for postponing cost effective measures to prevent

    environmental degradation"

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    ":

    "Although the Court need not settle on any particular rationale, it is worth noting thatCongress' choice of a regulatory approach in this case is supported by well-considered policy considerations. For instance, requiring the use of the "besttechnology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact" is consistentwith a concept referred to as the precautionary principle. This approach, requiringpreventive action in the face of uncertainty, is not a new one and is found not onlyin the Clean Water Act but in other environmental laws such as the Clean Air Act.

    precautionarytheinembodiednotionessentialthe"that,notesPercivalProfessor -costeschewtoexcuseanasusedbenotshoulduncertaintythat--principlelaw'senvironmentalmoderntofundamentalis--measurespreventiveeffective

    theuseditselfEPA92n".legacylawcommonitsoflimitsthetranscendtoquestlanguage associated with this principle when adopting the Phase I regulations in2001. n93 Use of a precautionary approach provides the [*34] best means toaddress the uncertainty associated with the ecological impacts of once-throughcooling water systems and is the approach most consistent with objectives and

    goals of the Clean Water Act."2008(Energy corporation v. Environmental protection agency)

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    -Environment Code

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    Alternative Assessment: an obligation exists to examine a full rangeof alternatives and select the alternative with the least potential

    impact on human health

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    :Where threats of serious or irreversible damage to people or nature

    exists, lack of full scientific certainty about cause and effect

    shall not be viewed as sufficient reason for the city to postponecost effective measures to protect the health of its citizens

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