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Transcript of Nabh4.Carboxylic.acids
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O
Ph
O
BAcO OAc
H
–
H
NH
H
NH
NH
N
CH2CH3
NH
N
CH2CH3
3 4
+
7
NaBH4
NaBH4
HOAc
86%
NaBH3CN
HOAc
NaBH4
HOAc
88%
94%
5
5 6
HOAc
86%
NH
N
N
CH2CH(CH3)2
N
CH2CH2CH3
CH3
NaBH4
49%
53%
(CH3)2CHCO2H
NaBH4
69%CH3CH2CO2H
NaBH4
HCO2H
3
Sodium borohydride in carboxylic acid media: a phenomenalreduction system
Gordon W. Gribble
Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
The union of sodium borohydride and carboxylic acids hasyielded an amazingly versatile and efficient set of reducingreagents. These acyloxyborohydride species reduce andN-alkylate indoles, quinolines, isoquinolines, relatedheterocycles, imines, enamines, oximes, enamides, andsimilar functional groups. They reduce amides and nitriles,aryl alcohols and ketones, aldehydes in the presence ofketones, and b-hydroxyketones to 1,3-diols stereoselectively.This reagent is also extraordinarily useful for theN-alkylation of primary and secondary amines with alde-hydes and ketones in a novel reductive amination process.
1 Introduction
Like an artist without paint, the synthetic chemist is impotentwithout the necessary chemical reagents to synthesize mole-cules of interest. As synthetic targets increase in complexity, somust the tools of the chemist increase in efficiency andselectivity. The present article summarizes the enormous rangeof chemical transformations available through the use of therelatively new reagent combination of sodium borohydride incarboxylic acids, leading to the generation of sodium acylox-yborohydrides [eqns. (1) and (2)]. The less reactive sodiumtriacyloxyborohydrides 1 form with 3 equivalents of a car-boxylic acid (or excess), and the more reactive sodiumacyloxyborohydrides 2 form with one equivalent of a carboxylicacid.1,2
NaBH4 + 3RCO2H ––? NaBH(OCOR)3 + 3H2 (1)
NaBH4 + RCO2H ––? NaBH3OCOR + H2 (2)
Following a report by Marshall and Johnson on the compati-bility of NaBH4 and acetic acid (HOAc) in the reduction ofenamines,3 we investigated this unlikely chemical combinationas a possible new indole (3) reduction method. Surprisingly, notonly is the indole double bond rapidly and efficiently reduced,presumably via indolenium ion 4, but the nitrogen is alkylatedby the acetic acid solvent to afford N-ethylindoline (6) (Scheme1).4 Further study of this novel transformation revealed that theN-alkylation can be circumvented using NaBH3CN–HOAc toafford indoline (5) in essentially quantitative yield.4,5
These fascinating results sparked our further studies withthe NaBH4–RCO2H reagent system, an odyssey that hascontinued for 25 years and has led to an extraordinarilyversatile, unique, and efficient set of reducing agents.1,2
Throughout this presentation uncited reactions can be found inthe reviews.1,2
2 Chemistry of acyloxyborohydrides
2.1 Reduction of indolesThe reduction and N-alkylation of indoles with NaBH4–RCO2Hto give N-alkylindoles (Scheme 2)4 and the reduction of indoleswith NaBH3CN–HOAc to give indolines are quite generalGordon W. Gribble was born in San Francisco, California, and
received his undergraduate training at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. He obtained his PhD at the University ofOregon with Lloyd J. Dolby in 1967, and did postdoctoralresearch at the University of California, Los Angeles, with
Frank A. L. Anet. ProfessorGribble has been at Dartmouthsince 1968. In addition to hisresearch program on hetero-cyclic chemistry and naturalproduct synthesis, he has afascination with naturally oc-curring organohalogen com-pounds, and he has publishedmore than 160 papers in theseareas. As an amateur wine-maker, he also has a stronginterest in the chemistry of wineand winemaking.
Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27 395
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NH
MeO
CO2Me
NH
HN
EtO2C
NH
MeN
CO2Et
HN OTMS
O
MeOMeO
NH
NH
N
N
NEt
Me
Me
BnO2COMe
OBn
N
ONH
NH
NH
OBnOMe
H
H
NH
CO2Me
MeO
O2N
11 (0%)
98%
9 (96%)
98%
10 (61%)75%
8 (0%)
(3)
NH
N
Me
NH
NH
N
Me
NH
HOAc
CF3CO2H (3:1)
NaBH3CN
1271%
13
HOAc 10 °C
15 minNH
N
HN
O
PhCl
Ph
OHN
HNNH
Cl
NH
NNNH
H
H
H
90%
CF3CO2H
0 °C
NaBH4
(4)
(5)
14 15
16
NaBH3CN
3
18 (13%)
+
NH
NH
N
CH2CF3
N
CH2CF3 CH2CF3
N
CF3
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
rt → ∆
+
5 (40%) 17 (5%) (6)
NH2
NHEt NEt2
NHCH2Ph
Ni–PrEt
NHCH2C(CH3)3 NCH2PhEt
HNi–Pr
Nn–PrEt
80%
1. PhCHO 2. NaBH4 HOAc 50–60 °C
80%NaBH4Me3CCO2H40–45 °C 50-55 °C
79%
1. acetone2. NaBH4 HOAc
69% NaBH4
HOAc50–55 °C
68%
1. acetone2. NaBH4 HOAc
20 °C
1. PhCHO2. NaBH4 HOAc
74%50–60 °C
NaBH4HOAc
88%NaBH4HOAc20 °C
NaBH4 EtCO2H
50 °C70%
processes. The latter reaction is the preeminent method forreducing the indole double bond, provided that electron-withdrawing groups are not present to retard the initial indoleprotonation (i.e., 3?4). Thus, an indole double bond containingan ester group at C-2 or C-3 (8–10) is inert to the action ofNaBH3CN–HOAc. Likewise, 5-nitroindole is not reduced to 11under these conditions. Such selectivity has been of great utilityin the synthesis of the antitumor agent CC-1065 and analogues.However, at higher temperatures one may encounterN-ethylation with NaBH3CN–HOAc.
A remarkable illustration of the selectivity of this indolereduction method is seen in 12 ? 13 [eqn. (3)],6 in which theprotonated basic nitrogen presumably prevents a secondprotonation of the proximal indole double bond.
Generally, compounds containing a basic nitrogen atom, suchas the ubiquitous indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidine alkaloids (e.g., 14),can only be reduced using NaBH4 in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)[eqn. (4)].4,7 Thus, only the imine and not the indole bond in 16is reduced with NaBH3CN–HOAc [eqn. (5)].
Under the influence of NaBH4–TFA, indole (3) is convertedto a mixture of indoline (5), N-trifluoroethylindoline (17), andthe Baeyer condensation product 18 [eqn. (6)].8
2.2 N-Alkylation of aminesOur observation that NaBH4–HOAc gives N-ethylation ofindoline (5) (Scheme 1) led us to explore the scope of thisunprecedented amine N-alkylation reaction. Reactions of ani-line with NaBH4–RCO2H are shown in Scheme 3.4 One can
effect mono- or dialkylation, depending on the temperature,and, thus, achieve the conversion of a primary amine to anunsymmetrical tertiary amine in one pot. The reductiveamination of added aldehydes or ketones increases the versatil-ity of the method. Pivalic acid affords N-neopentylaniline in80% yield. Similar chemistry is observed with benzylamine andother aliphatic amines.9
Control experiments revealed that the mechanism of this N-alkylation does not involve reduction of a precursor amide,4 andgas evolution measurements and isolation studies10 indicatedthat the borohydride species formed under these conditions ofexcess acetic acid is NaBH(OAc)3 (1, R = Me) [eqn. (1)].Furthermore, we were able to isolate the 2,4-DNP derivative ofacetaldehyde from the evolved gases of the reaction of NaBH4with glacial HOAc. Therefore, we believe that the NaBH(O-COR)3 species undergoes self-reduction to free aldehyde (or asynthetic equivalent) which then reacts with the amine in atypical reductive amination sequence (Scheme 4).
Scheme 3
396 Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27
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O OH
H B(OCOR)3
O
––
R—C—O
HO2CR
R—C—O
:
R—C—H
amines reduction
N-alkylationRCH2OH
trapped as 2,4-DNP
ester formation
H—B(OCOR)2
(R = CH3, CF3)
O NH2
NO2
HN
NO2
NH
NH2
O
O O
NH
HN
O
O
CHO
Ph PhHN CO2Me
+NaBH(OAc)3
HOAc
ClCH2CH2Cl
23 h
66%
NaBH(OAc)3
87%+
NaBH(OAc)3
CH2Cl2
80%H2NCH2CO2Me
HOAc
ClCH2CH2Cl
+
52%59%
NaBH3CN
HOAc71%
NaBH4
HOAc
68%
NaBH3CN HOAc
acetone
NaBH4
HCO2H
50 °C, 1 h
N
NH
N
CH2CH3
N
CH3
N
N N
N
NH
N
HN
75%
CF3CO2H
75%
CF3CO2H
+
NaBH4
Ph
MeMe O
N
SO2Ph
N
SO2Ph
OMe Me
Ph
THF rt
NaBH3CN
NaBH4
(7)
HOAc
40 ˚C
99%
(8)
(9)
(10)
anti/syn : 95 : 5
95%–35 ˚C
CH3CN HOAc
Me4NBH(OAc)3
N
OH
OBn
NH
OBn
OH
Using the isolated reducing reagent NaBH(OAc)3, Abdel-Magid has extended this amine N-alkylation method into apowerful, general reductive amination protocol for aldehydesand ketones.11 Some recent examples are shown in Scheme5.11–13
Obviously, these amine N-alkylations (reductive aminations)succeed because NaBH(OAc)3 only slowly reduces aldehydesand ketones relative to the rapid reduction of iminium andimmonium ions.
2.3 Reduction of other heterocyclesThe facile reduction of indole (3) (Scheme 1) with NaBH4–RCO2H portended that other nitrogen-containing heterocyclesthat are susceptible to protonation would undergo a similarreduction/alkylation sequence. Indeed, quinolines, isoquino-lines, acridines, quinazolines, quinoxalines, phthalazines, pter-idines, benzoxazines, adenines, some pyrroles, and pyryliumsalts are reduced by NaBH4–RCO2H.1,2 More aromatic pyr-idines are normally unaffected by NaBH4–RCO2H. Illustrativeof the versatility of this methodology is the chemistry shown inScheme 6 involving quinoline.14
2.4 Reduction of imines, enamines and relatedcompoundsA wide range of imines, enamines, enamides, vinylogousamides, and carbamates can be reduced using NaBH4–RCO2H(Scheme 7).
2.5 Reduction of oximesOximes are reduced and reductively alkylated with NaBH3CN–HOAc and NaBH4–RCO2H, respectively (Scheme 8).15
Whereas at room temperature cyclohexanone oxime is reducedto cyclohexylhydroxylamine with NaBH4–HOAc, at highertemperatures the reaction proceeds to afford N,N-diethylcy-clohexylamine.
Similarly, oxime ethers are reduced to O-alkylated hydrox-ylamines under these conditions. Such an example involving ahydroxy-directed reduction is illustrated in eqn. (10).
Scheme 4
Scheme 5
Scheme 6
Some additional examples are shown below [eqns. (7)–(9)].
Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27 397
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O
N
F
F
Me
N CO2
O O i-Bu
BHNa
F
F
NH
O
NMeO2C Cl
N
CN
Br H HBr N
ClCO2Me
NH
N
OMe
OMe
BnN
Bn
OMe
OMe
S NHBn
O
S
O
NHBn
EtO
O NHBn NHBnO
EtO
NO
Ph
NO
N (CH2)10CH3 N
TsTs
(CH2)10CH3
ONH
N
MeO2C
O
MeO2C
H
NNH H
Ph
+
HOAc10 ˚C89%
(+ 3% trans)56%
HOAcMeCN rt
NaBH3CN
(+ aziridine)45%
NaBH(OAc)3
CF3CO2H
NaBH3CN
95% ee
92%
-40 ˚C → -5 ˚C
CH2Cl2
3
(+ trans, 1 : 1)
76%
CH2Cl2TFA -45 ˚C
NaBH3CN
+
–
NaBH4
HOAcTHF 20 ˚C
62%
–
90%
HCO2H
NaBH3CN
(22% cis)
90%
HOAc10 ˚C
NaBH4
NOH
NHOH
NEtEt
NPr Pr
30%
50 °CCH3CN
CH3CH2CO2H
NaBH4
46%45 °C
CH3CN
HOAc
NaBH4
81%
20 °C 3 h
HOAc
NaBH3CN
20 °C 3.5 h
NaBH4
HOAc
63%
NHH
O
OMe
MeO
BOC NH
HNH
MeO
OMe
HN
HN BOC
O
HN BOC
HN
NH
BOC
HN
NHO
O
NH
HN
N
O
OPh
OHN
O
O O
O OH
PhO
OH
HN
OHOO
HN
OHHOOH
O
O2S
HN
Ph
O2S
HN
Ph
O
NN
O
NN
H
NaBH3OCOCF3
65%
THF20 °C
97%
NaBH4
NaBH4
100 °C 66%
TFA dioxane
HOAcdioxane
HOAcMeCN25 °C
Me4NBH(OAc)3
> 98% de63%
73%
TFA THF
NaBH4
82%
dioxane
NaBH3OCOCF3
90%
CF3CO2H
dioxane ∆
NaBH4
2.6 Reduction of amides to aminesAlthough NaBH(OCOR)3 (1) does not reduce amides, Uminodiscovered that NaBH3OCOR does reduce amides and lactamsto the corresponding amines.16 Some examples of this usefulreaction are listed in Scheme 9. Note that carbamates andsultams are unaffected by these conditions. Interestingly, theindole double bond in the last example is not reduced.17
2.7 Reduction of nitriles to primary aminesUmino also discovered that NaBH3OCOR, particularly NaB-H3OCOCF3, reduces nitriles to primary amines.18 A selection of
examples is shown in Scheme 10. Noteworthy is that thisreduction reaction occurs in the presence of nitro and 1,2-ox-azine functionalities.
Scheme 7
Scheme 8
Scheme 9
398 Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27
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N
N
Me
CN
NO2
Cl Cl
NO2
N
NMe
NH2
CH3
NO2BnO
CN
BnO NO2
CH3
NH2
F
CN
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
NH2
Ar
O OO
OO
Ar
CN CH2NH2
Ar
OO
OOO
Ar
N
O
CN
CO2BnN
CO2Bn
CH2NH2
O
Ar = p-tolyl
NaBH3OCOCF3
THF rt
48%
70%
THF rt
NaBH3OCOCF3
67%
THF rt
NaBH3OCOCF3
NaBH3OCOCF3
THF rt
70%
57%
THF 10-15 °C
NaBH3OCOCF3
15-20 °C
CF3CO2H
NaBH4
OH
CF3CO2H
93%
COH3
94%
15-20 °C
NaBH4
21
15–20 °C
CF3CO2H
NaBH4
OH+
93% (11)
19 20
O
OH
I
I
O
NEt2
NEt2
O
I
I
O
S O
OH
OS
(12)
(13)
Et2O rt
CH2Cl2 rt
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
86%
CF3CO2H
NaBH4
68%
N
OHPh Ph
N
N
OOH OH
N
MeS MeS
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
major (87:13)
90%
NaBH3OCOCF3
THF 4 h
>75%
(14)
(15)
TFA
CH2Cl220 °C
100%
NH N
HNN
HO
N HN
NNH
(16)NaBH4
2.8 Reduction of alcohols to hydrocarbonsEarly in our studies we thought that NaBH4–CF3CO2H (TFA)might serve to reduce certain alcohols to hydrocarbons, in viewof the propensity of TFA to stabilize carbocations. Indeed, thisreagent combination provides an efficient and general methodfor reducing di- and triarylcarbinols to di- and triarylmethanes(Scheme 11).19 Other alcohols, unless the derived carbocation ishighly stabilized, are not reduced cleanly under these condi-tions.19
In the case of carbinol 19, the intermediate carbocation 20 isambushed by the o-phenyl group prior to reduction, affordingonly 9-phenylfluorene (21) [eqn. (11)].19
The generality and selectivity of this reduction method isillustrated by the examples in eqns. (12)–(16). The che-moselectivity exhibited by NaBH(OCOCF3)3 vis-a-vis NaB-H3OCOCF3 in eqns. (14)–(15) is remarkable.
2.9 Reduction of ketones to hydrocarbonsDiarylketones are smoothly reduced to diarylmethanes withNaBH4–TFA.20 As we have seen, a wide range of functional
Scheme 10
Scheme 11
Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27 399
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98%
25 °C
AlCl3 CH2Cl2N
SO2Ph
O
N
CH3
SO2Ph
N
CH3
SO2Ph
Fe
Ac2O
CO2H
99%
Fe
CF3CO2H
CO2H
15 °C → 25 °C
O
NaBH4
(18)
NaBH4
90%
CF3CO2H
CH2Cl2
rt
(17)
O
O OH
O
O
O
Bn
O
O
O
93%
(19)
69%
O
O
Bn
O
O
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
CH2Cl2 CH3CN
(20)
CF3CO2H
CH2Cl2
NaBH4
(21)NaBH3CN
HOAc rt
85%
S
S
O
S
S
OHO
O Cl
Cl
CO2Et CO2Et
Cl
Cl
HO O
O
R R
N
N
CO2Me
CO2Me
Me
O O
N
N
CO2Me
CO2Me
OHC
O O
9343 (+57% alcohol)
R % yield
CNNMe2NHPhCO2HCO2MeNO2
90829373
928988908294
HMeOMeOHFBr
R % yield
15-20 °C
CF3CO2H
NaBH4
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
CH2Cl2
89%
CF3CO2H
THF
NaBH4
66%
NaBH3CN
CF3CO2H
60%
groups will tolerate these reaction conditions (Scheme 12). Themechanism presumably involves reduction to the diaryl-methanol, solvolysis to the carbocation, and reduction to thehydrocarbon. Only in the case of strong electron-withdrawinggroups (e.g., p-NO2) is the reaction incomplete. The lastreaction appears to be the first reduction of a formyl group to amethyl group using this methodology.
This method provides for a very useful synthesis of3-alkylindoles [eqn. (17)] and alkyl-substituted ferrocenes [eqn.(18)].21
The combination of NaBH4–TFA converts enones to alkenes[eqns. (19) and (20)],22,23 and isopropylidene acylmalonates,5-acylbarbituric acids, and 3-acyl-4-hydroxycoumarins are allreduced to the corresponding methylene derivatives withNaBH3CN–HOAc [e.g., eqn. (21)].
2.10 Reductive cleavage of acetals, ketals, ethers, andrelated compoundsThe action of NaBH4–TFA serves to reductively cleave avariety of acetals, ketals, ethers and ozonides as summarized inScheme 13.24–26 The deoxygenation of 1,4-epoxy-1,4-dihy-
droarenes is particularly useful for the synthesis of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons.
2.11 Alkylation of arenes (Baeyer condensation)As noted earlier, indole (3) with NaBH4–TFA gives some of theBaeyer condensation product 18 [eqn. (6)]. Indeed, thisalkylation reaction of arenes, involving the generation oftrifluoroacetaldehyde, is reminiscent of the synthesis of DDTfrom chlorobenzene, trichloroacetaldehyde (chloral), and sulfu-ric acid. We have found that several arenes give analogousproducts under these conditions (Scheme 14).27 Congestedarenes like durene and mesitylene stop at the carbinol stage.
2.12 Selective reduction of aldehydesThe reduction of aldehydes and ketones to alcohols is one of themost important reactions in organic chemistry. Although manyreagents are available for this reaction, few are chemoselectivefor aldehydes and such methods are in great demand.
From the beginning of our work in this area, it was clear thataldehydes and, especially, ketones were reduced relativelyslowly by these acyloxyborohydrides. Indeed, this is preciselywhy the N-alkylation of amines works! Thus, althoughbenzaldehyde is completely reduced to benzyl alcohol after 1hour at 15 °C with a large excess of NaBH4 in glacial aceticacid, acetophenone is only reduced to the extent of 60% at 25 °Cafter 40 hours! By comparison, in alcoholic solution bothreductions are complete in seconds. These and related observa-tions paved the way for the chemoselective reduction ofaldehydes in the presence of ketones.10,28 The isolated reagentsNaBH(OAc)3
10 and n-Bu4NBH(OAc)328 work extremely well
and some examples with the latter reagent are depicted inScheme 15.28
Some additional examples with NaBH(OAc)3 are listed ineqns. (22)–(25). Notable is the selective reduction of thealdehyde in the presence of a trifluoromethyl ketone [eqn. (24)]
Scheme 12
400 Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27
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CH3
CH3
O
OO
OOH
O
MeO
MeO
Cl Cl
MeO
MeO
OH
F
CH3
CH3
Br
N
PhO2S
OO
N
PhO2S
CH3
CH3
NH
CH3
CH3
F
F F
F CH3
CH3
O
O
O OBn
BnO NHAc
Ar O
O
HO OBn
BnO NHAc
Ar
O
OO
n-C5H11
n-C5H11
O
n-C5H11
n-C5H11
38%
NaBH4
NaBH4
TFA THF20 °C
83%
TFA0-5 °C
92%
TFA THF15 °C
NaBH4
NaBH3CN
CF3CO2H
DMF
84%
Ar = p-Methoxyphenyl
77%
2. NaOH
1. NaBH4–TFA
93%
Mg
CF3CO2H
CH2Cl2
33%
NaBH4
O
O
OH
O
O
OCHO
O
NCF3
HO
OCH3
O
O
OHO
NCF3
OHC
OCH3
PhH rt
83%
(22)
O
O H
CHO
CHO
NaBH(OAc)3
HOAc PhH
∆ 76%
NaBH4
HOAc PhH
∆
(23)
O
O H
CHO
95%
(24)
PhH
NaBH(OAc)3
OH
67%
(25)
NaBH(OAc)3
PhCHO
O O
Ph
O
BAcO OAc
H
OH
Ph OH
22 23
–
(26)
48%65%
78%
53%
O
CF3
O
OMe
CF3
OMe
CF3
MeMe
Me CF3 Me
Arene + NaBH4–CF3CO2H
and the selective reduction of the less sterically encumberedaldehyde in a dialdehyde [eqn. (25)].29
2.13 Hydroxy-directed reduction of ketonesDuring our study of the chemoselective reduction of aldehydesin the presence of ketones, we observed the reduction ofketoaldehyde 22 to diol 23, presumably involving internalhydride delivery as shown in eqn. (26).28
Saksena independently discovered this same reaction andobserved excellent stereoselectivities in the reduction ofsteroidal b-hydroxy ketones. Evans thoroughly explored thescope of this powerful methodology and he fully characterizedseveral BH(OAc)3 species for the first time.30 In the intervening
ten years a very large number of hydroxy-directed carbonylreductions using triacetoxyborohydride have been descri-bed.2a,30 A few examples are shown in Scheme 16. Severala-hydroxyketones have also been reported to undergo thisintramolecular reduction.
Scheme 13
Scheme 14
Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27 401
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O
H
O
OH
CHOO CH3 CH3O
CH2OH
CHO
O O
OH
+
excessn-Bu4NBH(OAc)3
PhH +
recoveredketone
+
excessn-Bu4NBH(OAc)3
PhH +
95% 96%
excessn-Bu4NBH(OAc)3
77%
PhH
96% 94%
OH O OHOH
MeOOTIPS
O O OH OHOHOOTIPS
MeO
NO
O O O OH
Bn Bn
OHOHOO
NO
OH
OBOM
O
O
O
OH
O
OH
O
OH
OBOM
OH
OH
O
O
BnO
N
O
EtO2C
BnO
O
O NEtO2C
OH
OH
O OBn
OMe
OH OH
OOH
OMe
OBnO
75%
Me4NBH(OAc)3
> 99:181%
HOAc MeCNrt
Me4NBH(OAc)3
98:2 anti/syn
13:1 anti/syn
Me4NBH(OAc)3
HOAc MeCN-40 °C93%
92%
HOAc MeCN-20 °C
Me4NBH(OAc)3
97% ds
84%
HOAc MeCN-20 °C
Me4NBH(OAc)3
82%rt
HOAc CH2Cl2
NaBH(OAc)3
1. NaBH4
HOAc
85%
2. PCC
1. NaBH3OAc
67%
2. NaOMe CHCl3
3. H2O2, OH–
1. NaBH3OAc
89%
2. H2O2, OH–
1. NaBH3OAc
83%
2. H2O2, OH–
OH
OTMS OTMS
OH
O
O
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
0 °C
93%
(27)
Ph
O
Ph
OH
Ph
O
NaBH3OAc
THF 25 °C
70%
+
CHO
96% 4%
(28)
NaBH3OAc CH2OH
THF 25 °C
CHO
86%
(29)
99% 1%2.14 Hydroboration of alkenesOne of the first applications of the NaBH4–HOAc reagentsystem was the hydroboration of alkenes as described byMarshall and Johnson.3 The actual reagent is the more reactiveNaBH3OAc, which can also be generated from NaBH4 and
Hg(OAc)2. Some examples of alkene hydroboration are listed inScheme 17.
2.15 Miscellaneous reductionsAlkenes that yield stable carbocations upon protonation can bereduced to alkanes with NaBH4–TFA [eqn. (27)],19 but suchexamples are exceedingly rare. It seems likely that NaBH4–CF3SO3H may work in this regard with other alkenes.
Enones and enals give primarily 1,2-reduction with NaB-H3OAc [eqns. (28) and (29)]. Small amounts of the 1,4-reduc-tion products were also found.
Twenty years ago we observed that both 1- and 2-naphtholyielded 10–20% naphthalene upon treatment with NaBH4–TFA(Scheme 18). In fact, when the crude reaction products were
Scheme 15
Scheme 16
Scheme 17
402 Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27
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OH OH OH
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
rt
+
–H2O
10%
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
rt
OH
20%
(30)
O
O
O
O
O
O
Me
Me
O
O
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
72%
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
23%
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
CF3CO2H
12%
57%
NaBH4
(31)
NaBH4
BOCHN
CO2Me
HN BOC
OH
HOAc
dioxane
80 °C
90%
NaBH4
HOAc
dioxane
80 °C
98%
FMOCHN
CO2Me
HN FMOC
OH
(32)
CON3
Cl
N(CH2CF3)2
Cl
NaBH4
CF3CO2H
(F3CH2C)2N
CF3
N(CH2CF3)2
rt
91%
(33)
24
CO2Me
OMe
HgOAc
CO2Me
OMe
H
CO2Me
OMe
H
OH
NaBH(OAc)3
OAc
THF 0 °C
82%
(34)+
80% 20%
NaBH4
HOAc
∆ 95%
(35)
CH2OH
SAcNaBH4
HOAc
∆
O2N
95%
CH2OCOEtNaBH4
O2NEtCO2H
∆
SH
90%
(36)
(37)
NaBH4
EtCO2H
NH2 NHCOEt
∆ 95%
(38)
allowed to stand undisturbed for six months, pure naphthalenehad sublimed onto the upper part of the flask. Presumably thistransformation involves ring protonation, carbonyl reduction,and dehydration.
More recently this novel deoxygenation of phenols has beenreported for a hydroxyphenanthrene [eqn. (30)].31
These results are consistent with our earlier observations that9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinoneundergo reduction to the corresponding aromatic hydrocarbonsalbeit in low yield (Scheme 19).1
Esters are not normally reduced to primary alcohols byNaBH4–CO2H, but such a reduction is observed at highertemperatures in the case of amino acid and peptide esters [eqns.(31) and (32)].32 Importantly, racemization is not seen.
In view of the facile reduction of carboxylic acids toaldehydes with NaBH4 in the course of the reductive aminationsequence (vide supra), it is not surprising that completereduction to primary alcohols has been found (Scheme 20).
Turnbull has recently described the reduction and subsequentN-trifluoroethylation of aroyl azides with NaBH4–TFA [eqn.(33)].33 The parent compound yielded the Baeyer condensationproduct 24 in 87% yield.
Organomercurials can be reduced to alkanes with NaB-H(OAc)3 [eqn. (34)],34 and the NaBH(OCOR)3 reagents canalso acylate alcohols, phenols, and thiophenols [eqns.(35)–(38)], presumably by direct acylation of anacyloxyborohydride intermediate.
Scheme 18
Scheme 19
Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27 403
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78%
NaBH4
TFA THF
25 ˚C
90%
THF
NaBH4
CO2HOH
MeO (CH2)8CO2H
O O
(CH2)9OHMeO
NaBH4
RCO2H
Indole reduction
Quinoline, Isoquinoline reduction
Arene alkylation
Amide andnitrile reduction
Oximereduction,alkylation
Aryl carbinol reductionAminealkylation
Selective aldehyde reduction
β-Hydroxyketone reduction
Acetal, ketal reductive cleavage
3 Concluding remarks
As summarized in Scheme 21 the combination of NaBH4–RCO2H, leading to acyloxyborohydrides, is a remarkablyversatile and unique chemical system. These chemical specieshave emerged as the preeminent reagents of choice for a widespectrum of chemical transformations. The ability to controlchemoselectivity, regioselectivity, and stereoselectivity byadjusting the carboxylic acid, borohydride reagent, stoi-chiometry, and temperature has no parallel in the repertoire ofthe organic chemist. Nevertheless, much work remains to bedone with acyloxyborohydrides, particularly with regard tounderstanding the mechanisms of some of the reactions, inapplying these reagents to asymmetric synthesis, and inuncovering new applications.
4 Acknowledgements
I am especially grateful to my many co-workers on this projectover the past 25 years. In particular, graduate students JerrySkotnicki at the beginning and Charlie Nutaitis in later years.But, my deepest appreciation goes out to the many Dartmouthundergraduates who explored and developed much of thechemistry presented here. These include Steve Dietz, DuncanFerguson, Peter Heald, Bud Leese, Myles Sheehan, Joe
Hoffman, Sandy Emery, Joe Jasinski, John Pellicone, and SteveWright. Thank you all.
5 References
1 For a review and historical background on acyloxyborohydrides, see:G. W. Gribble and C. F. Nutaitis, Org. Prep. Proc. Int., 1985, 17,317.
2 For recent reviews of the synthetic utility of acyloxyborohydrides, see:(a) G. W. Gribble, in Reductions in Organic Synthesis, ed. Ahmed F.Abdel-Magid, ACS Symposium Series 641, American ChemicalSociety, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 167–200; (b) G. W. Gribble,Chemtech, 1996, 12, 26.
3 J. A. Marshall and W. S. Johnson, J. Org. Chem., 1963, 28, 421.4 G. W. Gribble, P. D. Lord, J. Skotnicki, S. E. Dietz, J. T. Eaton and
J. L. Johnson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1974, 96, 7812.5 G. W. Gribble and J. H. Hoffman, Synthesis, 1977, 859.6 M. Somei, F. Yamada and H. Morikawa, Heterocycles, 1997, 46, 91.7 G. W. Gribble, J. L. Johnson and M. G. Saulnier, Heterocycles, 1981,
16, 2109.8 G. W. Gribble, C. F. Nutaitis and R. M. Leese, Heterocycles, 1984, 22,
379.9 G. W. Gribble, J. M. Jasinski, J. T. Pellicone and J. A. Panetta,
Synthesis, 1978, 766.10 G. W. Gribble and D. C. Ferguson, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.,
1975, 535.11 A. F. Abdel-Magid, K. G. Carson, B. D. Harris, C. A. Maryanoff and
R. D. Shah, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 3849.12 J. Quirante, C. Escolano, A. Merino and J. Bonjoch, J. Org. Chem.,
1998, 63, 968.13 J. Cossy and D. Belotti, J. Org. Chem., 1997, 62, 7900.14 G. W. Gribble and P. W. Heald, Synthesis, 1975, 650.15 G. W. Gribble, R. W. Leiby and M. N. Sheehan, Synthesis, 1977,
856.16 N. Umino, T. Iwakuma and M. Itoh, Tetrahedron Lett., 1976, 763.17 A. Padwa, S. R. Harring and M. A. Semones, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63,
44.18 N. Umino, T. Iwakuma and N. Itoh, Tetrahedron Lett., 1976, 2875.19 G. W. Gribble, R. M. Leese and B. E. Evans, Synthesis, 1977, 172.20 G. W. Gribble, W. J. Kelly and S. E. Emery, Synthesis, 1978, 763.21 S. Bhattacharyya, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1996, 1381.22 M. Beckmann, T. Meyer, F. Schulz and E. Winterfeldt, Chem. Ber.,
1994, 127, 2505.23 V. H. Rawal, A. Fabre and S. Iwasa, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36,
6851.24 C. F. Nutaitis and G. W. Gribble, Org. Prep. Proc. Int., 1985, 17, 11.25 G. W. Gribble, W. J. Kelly and M. P. Sibi, Synthesis, 1982, 143.26 G. W. Gribble, M. G. Saulnier, M. P. Sibi and J. A. Obaza-Nutaitis,
J. Org. Chem., 1984, 49, 4518.27 C. F. Nutaitis and G. W. Gribble, Synthesis, 1985, 756.28 C. F. Nutaitis and G. W. Gribble, Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24, 4287.29 G. Stork, F. West, H. Y. Lee, R. C. A. Isaacs and S. Manabe, J. Am.
Chem. Soc., 1996, 118, 10 660.30 D. A. Evans, K. T. Chapman and E. M. Carreira, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,
1988, 110, 3560.31 A. K. Banerjee, J. C. Acevedo, R. Gonzalez and A. Rojas, Tetrahedron,
1991, 47, 2081.32 M. Soucek, J. Urban and D. Saman, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun.,
1990, 55, 761.33 D. M. Krein, P. J. Sullivan and K. Turnbull, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37,
7213.34 F. H. Gouzoules and R. A. Whitney, J. Org. Chem., 1986, 51, 2024.
Received 16th June 1998Accepted 26th June 1998
Scheme 20
Scheme 21
404 Chemical Society Reviews, 1998, volume 27