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17
7/23/2019 na bbb 1968 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/na-bbb-1968 1/17 334 BRAIN R SEAR('H SODIUM MOVEMENT ACROSS THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IN NEWBORN AND ADULT RATS AND ITS AUTORADIOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION* DOROTHY S. LUCIANO Department of Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. U.S.A.) (Accepted February 6th, 1968) INTRODUCTION The rate of movement of sodium from plasma to brain and its final steady state distribution are affected by the blood-brain barrier phenomena. There is. however. only one report comparing sodium movement across the blood-brain barrier in new- born and adult animals. Bakay 2 noticed that the brains of 4 fetal kittens contained about twice as high a concentration of radioactive sodium as did the maternal brain 5 h after the intravenous injection of 2~Na into I pregnant cat. Some substances such as glutamic acid 16. chotesteroP 1, lysine 2°, phosphorus t. and potassium 19 have been shown to enter brain more rapidly or have a higher steady state concentration relative to plasma in newborns as compared to adults, i.e.. the blood-brain barrier is more 'permeable'. But increased barrier permeability was not found consistently in developmental studies using trypan blue, a dye largely bound to plasma protein 1~. The access of sodium to the brains of newborn animals is not known despite the importance of this ion in neuron excitability and tissue fluid balance: its effect upon specific enzyme systems in brain 26; its suggested role in cerebrospinal fluid formation 29 and its association with states of mental depression 7 and other neurological sym ptoms extending from simple headache to delirium, seizures, and death is. With the working hypothesis that barrier data from other substances cannot justifiably be extrapolated to include sodium, experiments were designed to answer the following questions: (1) Is the blood-brain barrier of newborn animals more permeable to sodium than that of adults as measured by whole brain uptake?: (2) Since the brain is not homogeneous, are the anatomical areas of increased permeability similar in adult and newborn animals as measured by autoradiography? * This article is based upon a dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Michigan. Brain Research, 9 (1968) 334-350

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334

B R A I N R S E A R ( ' H

S O D I U M M O V E M E N T A C R O S S T H E B L O O D - B R A I N B A R R I E R

I N N E W B O R N A N D A D U L T R A T S A N D I T S

A U T O R A D I O G R A P H I C L O C A L I Z A T I O N *

D O R O T H Y S . L U C I A N O

Department of Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. U.S.A.)

(Accep ted Februa ry 6 th , 1968)

I N T R O D U C T I O N

T h e r a te o f m o v e m e n t o f s o d i u m f r o m p l a s m a t o b r a i n a n d i t s fi na l st e a d y s t a te

d i s t ri b u t io n a r e a f fe c t e d b y t h e b l o o d - b r a i n b a r r i e r p h e n o m e n a . T h e r e i s. h o w e v e r .

o n l y o n e re p o r t c o m p a r i n g s o d i u m m o v e m e n t a cr o s s th e b l o o d - b r a i n b a r r i e r i n n e w -

b o r n a n d a d u l t a n i m a l s . B a k a y 2 n o t i c e d t h a t t h e b r a i n s o f 4 f e ta l k i t t e n s c o n t a i n e d

a b o u t t w ic e a s h i g h a c o n c e n t r a t io n o f r a d i o a c t iv e s o d i u m a s d i d t h e m a t e r n a l b r a i n

5 h a f t e r t h e i n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n o f 2 ~ N a i n t o I p r e g n a n t c a t .

S o m e s u b s t a n c e s s u c h a s g l u t a m i c a c i d 16. c h o t e s t e r o P 1, l y s i n e 2 °, p h o s p h o r u s t .

a n d p o t a s s i u m 19 h a v e b e e n s h o w n t o e n t e r b r a i n m o r e r a p i d l y o r h a v e a h i g h e r s t e a d y

s t a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o p l a s m a i n n e w b o r n s a s c o m p a r e d t o a d u l t s ,

i . e . .

t h e

b l o o d - b r a i n b a r r ie r is m o r e ' p e r m e a b l e ' . B u t i n c re a s e d b a r r i e r p e r m e a b i l it y w a s n o t

f o u n d c o n s i s t e n t l y i n d e v e l o p m e n t a l s t u d i e s u s i n g t r y p a n b l u e , a d y e l a r g e l y b o u n d t o

p l a s m a p r o t e i n 1~.

T h e a c c e s s o f s o d i u m t o t h e b r a in s o f n e w b o r n a n i m a l s i s n o t k n o w n d e s p it e t h e

i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s i o n i n n e u r o n e x c i t a b i li t y a n d t i s s u e fl u id b a l a n c e : i ts e ff e c t u p o n

s p e c i f ic e n z y m e s y s t e m s i n b r a i n 2 6; i t s s u g g e s t e d r o l e i n c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d f o r m a t i o n 29

a n d i ts a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h s t a t e s o f m e n t a l d e p r e s s i o n 7 a n d o t h e r n e u r o l o g i c a l s y m p t o m s

e x t e n d i n g f r o m s i m p l e h e a d a c h e t o d e l i r iu m , s e i zu r e s , a n d d e a t h i s.

W i t h t h e w o r k i n g h y p o t h e s i s t h a t b a r r i e r d a t a f r o m o t h e r s u b s t a n c e s c a n n o t

j u s t i fi a b l y b e e x t r a p o l a t e d t o i n c l u d e s o d i u m , e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e d e s ig n e d t o a n s w e r

t h e f o l lo w i n g q u e s t io n s : ( 1) Is th e b l o o d - b r a i n b a r r i e r o f n e w b o r n a n i m a l s m o r e

p e r m e a b l e t o s o d i u m t h a n t h a t o f a d u lt s a s m e a s u r e d b y w h o l e b r a i n u p t a k e ? : ( 2)

S i nc e t h e b r a i n i s n o t h o m o g e n e o u s , a r e t h e a n a t o m i c a l a r e a s o f i n cr e a se d p e r m e a b i l i t y

s i m i la r i n a du l t a n d n e w b o r n a n i m a l s a s m e a s u r e d b y a u t o r a d i o g r a p h y ?

* This article is based upon a dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the degree of Docto r of Philosophy in the U niversity o f Michigan.

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BLOOD -BRAIN BARR IER TO SODIUM 335

METHODS

Animals.

A l b i n o r a t s o v e r 3 m o n t h s o f a g e a n d o f e i t h e r se x w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m

S p a r t a n R e s e a r c h A n i m a l s , I n c . f o r t h e a d u l t d a t a . P r e g n a n t r a t s i n t h e 1 5 t h to 2 0 t h

d a y o f g e s t a t i o n w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s a m e s u p p l ie r , a n d r a t s f r o m t h e e n s u i n g

l i t t e r s w e r e u s e d f o r t h e n e w b o r n d a t a . A l l e x p e r i m e n t s o n n e w b o r n s w e r e c o m p l e t e d

w i t h i n 3 0 h a f t e r b i r t h .

Anesthesia. A n i m a l s w e r e a n e s t h e ti z e d b y i n t ra p e r i t o n e a l i n j e c ti o n o f s o d i u m

p e n t o b a r b i t a l , 3 5 m g / k g b o d y w e i g h t t o t h e a d u l t s , 1 8 - 2 0 m g / k g b o d y w e i g h t t o th e

n e w b o r n s . C a r e w a s t a k e n t o a s s u r e a d e q u a t e r e s p i r a t i o n s i n c e t h e t o t a l e f fe c t s o f

h y p o x i a u p o n t h e b l o o d - b r a i n b a r r i e r i n n e w b o r n a n i m a l s a r e n o t k n o w n . T h e s k i n

c o l o r o f th e a n e s t h e t iz e d a n i m a l s w a s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t o f u n a n e s t h e t i z e d l i t te r m a t e s

t o d e t e r m i n e a d e q u a c y o f r e s p i r a ti o n . U n s a t i s f a c t o r y a n i m a l s w e r e d i s c a r d e d .

Surgicalmethods.

T h e a d u l t r a t s w e r e in j e c te d w i th i s o t o p e i n t r a v e n o u s l y v i a a c a n -

n u l a i n t h e f e m o r a l v e in , th e n e w b o r n s v i a a g l a ss m i c r o p i p e t t e i n t h e e x t e r n a l j u g u l a r o r

f e m o r a l v e in . T h e i s o t o p e w a s a d m i n i s t e r e d a s 0 .9 ~o [ 2 ~ N a ]s o d iu m c h l o r i d e ( A b b o t t

L a b o r a t o r i e s , a c t i v it y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 5 / ~ C / m l ) i n l e ss t h a n 1 r a in i n t h e d o s e o f 5 0 / ~ C /

k g f o r a d u l t s a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 90 # C / k g f o r n e w b o r n s . T h e v o l u m e s i n je c t e d , a s

p e r c e n t a g e s o f t o t a l b l o o d v o l u m e , w e r e a b o u t 4 ~ f o r a d u l t s a n d 9 ~ o f o r n e w b o r n s .

T h e a n i m a l s w e r e s a c r i fi c e d i n g r o u p s o f f o u r 1 5 o r 3 0 ra i n , o r 1, 2 , o r 4 h a f t e r t h e

i n j ec t io n . F o u r a d u l t s a n d 4 n e w b o r n s w e r e i nj e c te d w i t h i s o t o p e i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l l y a n d

k i l l ed 1 2 h a f t e r t h e i n j ec t i on .

A t t h e t i m e o f s ac r if ic e , th e c h e s t c a v i t y o f t h e a n e s t h e t iz e d a n i m a l w a s o p e n e d ,

t h e l a r g e t h o r a c i c v e s s e l s w e r e c u t , a n d b l o o d w a s c o l l e c t e d in t o h e p a r i n i z e d c a p i l l a r y

t u b e s . B l o o d w a s d r a i n e d f r o m t h e c r a n i a l v e s s e ls f o r 1 5 - 2 0 s ec a n d , w i t h i n 3 0 s e c f r o m

o p e n i n g t h e t h o r a c i c c a v i t y , t h e e n t i r e c a r c a s s w a s f r o z e n i n l i q u i d n i t r o g e n . T h e

c e n t e r o f t h e c e r e b r a l h e m i s p h e r e s f r o z e w i t h i n 1 r a in 13. A f t e r 5 1 0 r a i n th e c a r c a s s w a s

r e m o v e d a n d t r a n s f e r re d t o a d e e p f re e z e f o r s to r a g e a t - - 1 5 ° C . W i t h i n 2 4 h t h e e n t ir e

b r a i n b a c k t o t h e c a u d a l r e g i o n s o f t h e m e d u l l a a n d e x c l u d i n g th e o l f a c t o r y b u l b s

w a s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c r a n i u m .

Analytical methods.

T h e b l o o d s a m p l e w a s c e n t ri f u g e d w i t h i n 4 5 m i n , a n d 5 0 o r

1 00 t tl o f p l a s m a w e r e d r a w n o f f. T h e p l a s m a s o d i u m w a s d e t e r m i n e d i n a n i n t e r n a l

s t a n d a r d f l a m e p h o t o m e t e r , a n d t h e r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f t h e s a m e s a m p l e w a s d e t e r m i n e d i n

a s c i n t i l l a t i o n w e ll c o u n t e r t o o b t a i n t h e s p e c i f ic a c t i v i t y o f p l a s m a i n c o u n t s / r a i n p e r

# e q u i v N a + .

T h e w h o l e b r a i n w a s w e i g h e d , d r i e d i n a n o v e n a t 1 0 5 ° C t o c o n s t a n t w e i g h t , a n d

r e w e i g h e d t o g i v e t i s s u e w a t e r . C o n c e n t r a t e d n i t r ic a c i d w a s a d d e d , a n d t h e t is s u e w a s

d i g e s t e d a t 2 0 0 ° C f o r 1 h . C o n c e n t r a t e d f o r m i c a c id ( t o n e u t r a l i z e t h e s o l u t i o n ) a n d

L i 2 S O 4 w e r e a d d e d . T h e s o l u t i o n w a s l e f t o v e r n i g h t t o a l l o w m a x i m u m l e a c h i n g o f

s o d i u m f r o m t h e r e m a i n i n g t i s su e f r a g m e n t s a n d t h e n f i lt e re d . T h e to t a l s o d i u m a n d

r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f th e f i lt r a t e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d t o o b t a i n t h e s p e c i fi c a c t i v i t y o f b r a i n i n

c o u n t s / r a i n p e r # e q u i v t o t a l N a +. T h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e f la m e p h o t o m e t e r w a s c h e c k e d b y

a d d i n g k n o w n a m o u n t s o f s o d i u m t o s o m e o f t h e b ra i n s a m p l e s.

T h e r a t i o s p e c if ic a c t i v i t y o f b r a i n / s p e c i f ic a c t i v it y o f p l a s m a w a s d e t e r m i n e d f o r

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33 6 t). S+ LUCIA NO

e a c h a n i m a l , a n d t h e m e a n o f th e f o u r r a t io s f o r e a c h a d u l t g r o u p w a s c o m p a r e d

s t a t is t i c a ll y t o t h e m e a n o f th e n e w b o r n g r o u p t h a t w a s s a c r i fi c e d a f t e r th e s a m e t i m e

i n t e r v a l .

Anesthesia control.

T h e e ff ec t o f s o d i u m p e n t o b a r b i t a l o n t h e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f

t h e b l o o d - b r a i n b a r r i e r is n o t k n o w n , s o c o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e d o n e o n b o t h n e w -

b o r n a n d a d u l t r a ts .

T h r e e n e w b o r n t i t te r m a t e s w e r e g i v e n a n i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l i n j e c t io n o f 3 5 m g / k g

s o d i u m p e n t o b a r b i t a l p l u s 5 0 b ~C /k g 0 .9 ~o [ 2 eN a ] s o d i u m c h l o r i d e ; 4 o t h e r s f r o m th e

s a m e l i t t e r w e r e g i v e n r a d i o a c t i v e s a l i n e a l o n e . A f t e r 90 m i n s p e c if ic a c ti v i t y r a t i o s w e r e

d e t e r m i n e d ( T a b l e I ) .

S i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e d o n e o n a d u l t s e x c e p t t h a t t h e i s o t o p e w a s g i v e n

t h r o u g h i n t r a v e n o u s c a n n u l a s i m p l a n t e d 3 d a y s p r e v i o u s l y . T h e a n e s t h e s i a w a s g i v e n

i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l l y , a n d t h e a n i m a l s w e r e k i l le d a t 1 h ( T a b l e I)+

T h e r a t i o s s p e c if ic a c ti v i t y o f b r a in / s p e c i f ic a c t i v i ty o f p l a s m a o f a n e s t h e t i z e d

a n d u n a n e s t h e t i z e d r a t s a r e n o t s i g n if i ca n t ly d i f f e re n t r e g a r d l e s s o f th e a g e o f th e a n i -

m a l s .

Autoradiography. A n i m a l s w e r e p r e p a r e d f o r t h e a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c s t ud i e s w i t h

i d e n t i c a l s u r g ic a l p r o c e d u r e s a n d t h e y w e r e f r o z e n 1 5 m i n a f t e r t h e i n j ec t i on . A f t e r t h e

b r a i n w a s r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c r a n i u m , 1 6 - 4 8 # t i s su e s e c t io n s w e r e c u t i n a c r y o s t a t a t

- - 1 0 ° C , p l a c e d o n g l a s s s li de s , s to r e d o v e r f o r m a l i n f o r 24 h f o r v a p o r f i x a t io n , a p p o s e d

t o K o d a k N T B - 3 a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c f il m p l a t e s, a n d s t o r e d w i t h d e s i c c a n t i n a l i g h t-

a n d m o i s t u r e - p r o o f b o x f o r e x p o s u re . A f t e r a 3 - 6 w e e k e x p o s u r e p e ri o d a t -- 4 ° C , t h e

p l a t e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d .

At no time between the freezi ng o f the brain and the end o f the

exposure period were the brains or tissue sections seen to thaw.

TABLE I

THE EI~EECT OF SODIUM PENTOBARBITAL ON THE PERMEABILITY OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BAR RIER IN NEWBO RN

AND ADULT RA IS

Specific activity brain/specific activity plasma

Anesthetized* Unanesthetized**

Newborn

0.715 0.662

0.727 0.703

0.695 0.777

0.665

Mea n 0.712 0.702

Standard deviation ~ 0.016 ~= 0.053

Adult 0.669

0.707

0.669

0.664

Mean 0.677

Standard deviation i 0.020 ~-

0.531

0.735

0.661

0.697

0.656

0.089

* Intraperitoneat injection of 35 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital plus 50 #C /kg 0.9 ~, l~2Na]sodium

chloride.

Radioactive saline alone.

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BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER TO SODIUM

337

A u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c r e s o l u t i o n w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g ( a ) t h e s m a l l e s t

d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o Z 2 N a - l i q u i d p l a t i n u m l i n e s t h a t c o u l d b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d a u t o -

r a d i o g r a p h i c a l l y a n d ( b ) a n a t o m i c a l f e a t u r e s s u c h a s t h e c h o r o i d p l e x u s e s a n d

v e n t r i c l e s . T h e r e s o l u t i o n w a s b e t t e r t h a n 0 . 2 m m . T h e c o n t r a s t i n t h e a u t o r a d i o -

g r a p h i c i m a g e s w a s e n h a n c e d i n t h e p h o t o g r a p h i c r e c o r d s . T h e f i l m u s e d d o e s n o t

a l l o w d i r e c t c o u n t s f o r s i m p l e q u a n t i f i c a t i o n , a n d t h e m e t h o d w a s n o t c a l i b r a t e d .

C o n t r o l e x p e r i m e n t s i n w h i c h b r a i n t i s s u e s l i c e s f r o m n o n - i n j e c t e d r a t s w e r e

a p p o s e d t o a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c f i l m p l a t e s , e x p o s e d a n d d e v e l o p e d s h o w e d n o i m a g e

a r t i f a c t f r o m c h e m i c a l e x p o s u r e o f t h e fi lm .

Discussion o f Methods

( I T h e d i r e c t e n t r y o f s o d i u m i n t o b r a i n t i s s u e c o u l d n o t b e d i s t in g u i s h e d f r o m

t h e p a s s a g e f r o m p l a s m a i n t o C S E ( c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u id ) o r f r o m C S F i n t o b r a i n . T h e

t e r m ' b l o o d - b r a i n b a r r i e r ' w i l l t h e r e f o r e b e u s e d t o i n c l u d e a l l t h r e e b a r r i e r s i t e s .

( 2) T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s ig n d o e s n o t p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e m e c h a n i s m

o f t he b a r r i e r t o s o d i u m i n e it h e r a d u lt o r n e w b o r n a n i m a l s .

( 3 ) C o n t a m i n a t i o n o f t h e b r a i n s a m p l e b y r e s id u a l b l o o d i s p a r t i c u l a r l y s e r io u s

d u r i n g t h e e a r l y t im e i n t e r v a l s w h e n t h e p l a s m a s p e c i f ic a c t i v i ty is h ig h a n d b r a i n

s p e c if ic a c t i v i ty is lo w . D r a i n i n g t h e h e a d r e d u c e s t h e b l o o d c o n t e n t t o a b o u t 1 .5 %

( r e f. 1 0 ) . T h e m a x i m a l e r r o r i n b r a i n s p e c i f ic a c t i v i ty t h a t c o u l d b e c a u s e d b y r e s i d u a l

b l o o d i n e i t h e r a d u l t o r n e w b o r n b r a i n a t 1 5 r a i n w o u l d b e a b o u t 3 % . T h e t i s s u e s e c -

t i o n s w e r e e x a m i n e d m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y , a n d t h e r e w a s n o c o n s i s t e n t c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

t h e r a r e s it es o f p o o l e d b l o o d a n d a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c d e n s i ty .

( 4 ) E x p o s u r e o f b r a i n a n d i s c h e m i a c a n a f f e c t th e m o v e m e n t o f i o n s 17. T h e s e

w e r e a v o i d e d b y f r e e z i n g t h e a n i m a l b e f o r e o p e n i n g t h e s k ul l. A s s u m i n g a d i f f u s i o n

c o n s t a n t o f 8 . 0 10 4 s q . c m / m i n t h r o u g h a c o r t e x c o n t a i n i n g s p h e r i c a l c e ll s 22, it is

p o s s i b le t o c a l c u l a t e t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e in vivo s o u r c e a t w h ic h t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

d i f f u s in g 2 2N a w o u l d e q u a l o n e - h a l f t h e o r i g i n a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T h i s d i s t a n c e a t m o s t

w o u l d b e 0. 3 m m i n t h e 9 0 -s e c p e r i o d b e t w e e n k i ll i n g t h e a n i m a l a n d f r e e z i n g t h e b r a i n .

( 5 ) S e v e r a l p o s s i bi l it ie s m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d i n th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a u t o r a d i o -

g r a p h i c p a t t e r n s : ( a ) t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l m e t h o d s a r e a d e q u a t e a n d h e t e r o g e n e i ty tr u l y

r e f le c t s a r e a s o f v a r y i n g p e r m e a b i l i t y ; ( b ) h e t e r o g e n e i t y is p r e s e n t b u t i s d u e t o s o d i u m

b i n d i n g o r v a r i a t io n s i n to t a l s o d iu m c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t t h e b r a i n ; ( c ) n o

b i n d i n g o c c u r s , b u t i s o t o p e d i f f u s e s f r o m i t s

in vivo

l o c a t io n d u r i n g e x p o s u r e o f t h e

a u t o r a d i o g r a m s a n d a n y r e a l h e t e r o g e n e i t y is o b l i t e r a t e d ( s o d i u m d i f f u s i o n m u s t b e

c o n s i d e r e d s i n c e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s d u r i n g t i s s u e p r e p a r a t i o n a n d a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c

e x p o s u r e w e r e h i g h e r t h a n t h e e s t i m a t e d e u t e c t i c p o i n t o f t i ss u e ) ; ( d ) b o t h d i f f u s i o n

d u r i n g e x p o s u r e a n d b i n d i n g o c c u r a n d h e t e r o g e n e i t y is , a t le a s t in p a r t , a n a r t if a c t .

T h e s e c a n b e r e so l v e d b y c o m p a r i n g a u t o r a d i o g r a m s o f t he b r a i n s o f r a t s k il le d

15 m i n a f t e r t h e i s o t o p e i n j e c t i o n w i th t h o s e o f a n i m a l s k i l le d a f t e r l o n g e r t i m e i n t e r -

v a ls ( 2 .5 , 3 , 5 o r 2 4 h ) p r o v i d i n g t h a t t h e e x p o s u r e t i m e o f t h e ' 1 5 - m i n i n t e r v a l '

a u t o r a d i o g r a m s is eq u a l t o o r l o n g e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e ' l o n g i n te r v a l ' a u t o r a d i o g r a m s .

T h e r e s u l t s a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e 1 1 .

Brain Research,

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33 8 t~. s , LUCIAN O

T A B L E I I

COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF ~SHORT INTERVA L AND LONG INT ERVAL ~ AUTORADIOGRAMS

P o s s i b i l i t y 1 5 - m i n i n t e r v a l r e s u l t s L o n g i n t e r v a l r e s u l t s

( a ) M e th o d s a t i s fa c to ry h e t e roge ne ity o r h omog e ne i ty

h omoge ne i ty

(b ) B ind ing b u t no d i f fu s ion ? h e t e roge ne i ty < h e t e roge ne i ty

d u r i n g e x p o s u re

(c) D i f fu s ion d u r in g e xp os u re h omoge ne i ty h omoge ne i t~

b u t n o b i n d i n g

(d ) D i f fu s ion d u r in g e xp os u re h e t e roge ne ity h e t e roge ne ity

a n d b i n d i n g

T A B L E l I I

PLASMA SODIUM, BRAIN WAIER AND BRAIN SODIUM IN ADULT AND NEWBORN RATS

P l a s m a N a + B r a i n w a t e r T o t a l b r a in N a +

( m e q u i v / 1 ) ( ) m e q u i v / k g w e t w t . m e q u i v / k g t i ss u e H 2 0

A d u l t r a t s

n 22 22 22 22

,~ 139 78.8 47 60

S. D. :~ 3 ~- 0.6 -: 2 i 3

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n 38 42 42 42

14t 88.8 71 80

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n - n u m b e r o f a n i m a l s ; $ - ~ m e a n : S . D . s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n ; S . E . s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m e a n .

T h e a u t o r a d i o g r a m s a t 1 5 - m i n i n t e rv a l s d i d s h o w e i th e r h o m o g e n e i t y o r h e te r o -

g e n e i t y (s ee R e s u l ts ) . A u t o r a d i o g r a m s f r o m a n i m a l s w i t h l o n g e r i n t e r v a ls a f t e r t h e

i n j e c t i o n w e r e a l w a y s h o m o g e n e o u s . T h e r e f o r e , s i g n i f ic a n t b i n d i n g a n d / o r d i f f u s i o n d o

n o t o c c u r a n d t h e m e t h o d s o f a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c l o c a l i z a t i o n a r e ac c e p t a bl e .

RESULTS

P l a s m a s o d i u m , b r a i n s o d i u m , a n d b r a i n w a t e r o f a d u l t a n d n e w b o r n r a t s

T h e t o t a l s o d i u m o f b r a i n a n d p l a s m a a n d t h e b r a i n w a t e r o f t h e a d u l t a n d th e

n e w b o r n r a ts u s e d i n th e s e e x p e r i m e n t s a r e li s t e d in T a b l e I I I . C o m p a r i s o n o f t h e a d u l t

d a t a w i t h t h e n e w b o r n d a t a s h o w s : ( 1) t h e p l a s m a s o d i u m v a l u e s o f t h e t w o g r o u p s a r e

n o t s i g n i f i c a n tl y d i f f e r e n t ; ( 2) t h e p e r c e n t w a t e r i n n e w b o r n r a t b r a i n i s s i g n i f ic a n t l y

B r a i n R e s e a r c h ,

9 (1968) 334-350

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B LOOD- B R A I N B A R R I E R TO S ODI UM 339

S P E C I F IC A C T I V I T Y O F B R A IN

121

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0.6~ •

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cno 0 . 4 - l / : Newbor n Ra t s

~ f f * St andar d Er r o r

Q2 d ~ o f t he M ean

0 L . , l [ qu I

I/z I 2 4- 12

T im e ( Hour s )

F i g . 1 . M e a n sp e c i fi c a c t iv i t y o f b r a i n / sp e c i f i c a c t i v i t y o f p l a sm a versus t i m e o f a d u l t a n d n e w b o r n r a ts .

g r e a t e r t h a n i n a d u l t r a t b r a i n ( P < 0 . 0 1) ; a n d ( 3 ) t h e t o ta l s o d i u m o f n e w b o r n r a t

b r a i n is s i g n i fi c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f th e a d u l t ( P < 0 . 0 0 1 ) e x p r e s s e d a s e i t h e r

m e q u i v N a + / k g w e t w e i g h t o r a s m e q u i v N a ÷ / kg t is s u e w a t e r . T h e r e f o r e , t h e i n c r e a s e

i n t i s s u e w a t e r o f n e w b o r n r a t b r a i n c a n n o t a l o n e a c c o u n t f o r t h e i n c r e a s e i n t o t a l

b r a i n s o d i u m .

V ar ia t ion in b ra in sod ium in t he f i r s t 24 hours a f t e r b i r th

M u c h o f t h e v a r i a t i o n i n t h e d a t a c o l le c t e d f r o m n e w b o r n r a t s a p p e a r s t o b e

r e l a t e d t o t h e a n i m a l s ' p r e c i s e a g e s . I n t h i r t e e n 2 - h - o l d r a t s f r o m 4 l i tt e r s p l a s m a s o d i u m

w a s 1 41 ± 1 m e q u i v / 1 , b r a i n w a t e r w a s 8 9. 2 ± 0 . 2 ', % a n d t o t a l b r a i n s o d i u m 7 5 ± I

m e q u i v / k g w e t w e i g h t . N u m b e r s r e p r e s e n t t h e m e a n ± s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e m e a n .

F i f t e e n 2 4 - h - o l d r a t s f r o m 4 l i t te r s h a d 1 42 ± 1 m e q u i v / l p l a s m a s o d i u m , 8 8 . 9 -L- 0 . 2 %

b r a i n w a t e r a n d 7 2 ~ 1 m e q u i v / k g w e t w e i g h t to t a l b r a i n s o d i u m . T h e r e w a s n o

s i g n if ic a n t d i ff e r en c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a s m a s o d i u m o r b r a i n w a t e r v a l u e s o f th e s e t w o

g r o u p s , b u t t h e b r a i n s o d i u m d i d d e c r e a s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y ( P < 0 . 0 3 ) d u r i n g t h i s 2 2 - h

p e r i o d .

S o d i u m e n t r y i n t o b r a i n

T h e t w o c u r v e s o f t h e r a t i o b r a i n s p e c i f ic a c t i v i t y / p l a s m a s p e c i fi c a c t i v i t y

versus

t i m e (F i g . 1 ) d e p i c t s o d i u m e n t r y i n t o a d u l t a n d n e w b o r n b r a i n . A l t h o u g h b o t h

t i s su e s r e a c h t h e f in a l r a t i o o f 0 . 95 a t 1 2 h , t h e r a t i o s o f n e w b o r n a n d a d u l t b r a i n s a t

t h e e a r l y t i m e i n t e r v a l s a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t ( s e e T a b l e 1 V ) .

A u to rad iograp h y o f adu l t ra t b ra in s

S a t i s f a c t o r y a u t o r a d i o g r a m s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m 4 a d u l t a n d 2 n e w b o r n b r a i n s .

M o s t r e s u l t s m e n t i o n e d b e l o w w e r e s e e n i n a t l e a s t 2 b r a i n s .

O n e a r e a o f a d u l t b r a i n c o n s i s t e n t l y in d i c a t e d i n c r e a s e d u p t a k e o f 22 N a . T h i s w a s

a t r a n s v e r s e b a n d a c r o s s d o r s a l m e d u l l a a n d v e n t r a l c e r e b e l l u m t h a t f i rs t a p p e a r e d 1 .4

Brain Research,

9 ( 1 9 6 8 ) 334 - 350

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B L O O D - B R A I N B A R R I E R T O S O DI U M 341

P L A S M A S P E C I F I C A C T I V I T Y

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T i m e H o u r s )

F i g . 2 . P l a s m a s p e c i fi c a c t i v i ty o f a d u l t s ( t o p ) a n d n e w b o r n s ( b o t t o m ) a t d i f f e r e n t t im e s a f t e r i n -

j e c t i o n r e la t i ve t o p l a t e a u o r 9 0 m i n v a l u e ( se e t e x t ). E a c h n e w b o r n a n i m a l i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y a

s e p a r a t e s y m b o l .

m m a n t e r i o r t o t he f o r a m e n o f L u s c h k a a n d e x t e n d e d c a u d a l l y p a s t t h e o b e x , r e a c h i n g

i ts m a x i m u m w i d t h a n d a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c d e n s i t y a t t h e le v e l o f th e f o r a m e n o f L u s c h -

ka (Fig . 3) .

A d u l t w h i te m a t t e r s o m e t i m e s s h o w e d i n c r e a se d u p t a k e o f s o d iu m . T h i s w a s

s e e n m o s t o f t e n i n th e c o r p u s c a l l o s u m ( F i g s . 4 - 7 ) , b u t it w a s a l s o s e e n o c c a s i o n a l l y i n

t h e s u b c o r t i c a l w h i t e m a t t e r , r a d i a t i o n s o f t h e i n t e r n a l c a p s u le , e x t e r n a l c a p s u l e ,

f i m b r i a a n d a l v e u s o f t h e h i p p o c a m p u s , s t r ia m e d u l l a r i s ( F i g . 5) , a n t e r i o r c o m m i s s u r e

( F i gs . 4 , 6 ) , op t i c t r ac t ( F i g . 7 ) , and f a sc i cu l u s r e t ro f l exu s .

T h e r e w e r e a l so i n d i c a t i o n s o f in c r e a s e d s o d i u m u p t a k e i n a d u l t b r a i n b y t h e

l a t e ra l w a l l s o f t h e p o s t e r i o r p o r t i o n o f t h e t h i r d v e n t r i c le , th e m e d i a l p o r t i o n o f t h e

p o s t e r i o r th a l a m u s ( F i g . 8) , t h e g r a n u l a r a n d m e d u l l a r y la y e r s o f t h e c e r e b e l l u m

( F i g . 9 ) , and t h e s ep t a l r eg i on ( F i gs . 4 , 1 ) .

A t t e m p t s w e r e m a d e t o e x a m i n e t h o s e a re a s o f a d u l t b r a i n t h a t n o r m a l l y a l lo w

g r e a t e r e n t r y o f p l a s m a s u b s t a n c e s ( a r e a p o s t r e m a , i n f u n d i b u l u m , e t c .) . T h e r e g io n s o f

t h e a r e a p o s t r e m a ( F ig . 1 0) a n d s u b f o r n i c a l o r g a n ( i n t e r c o l u m n a r t u b e r c l e ) ( F i g . l 1 )

s h o w e d i n c r e a s e d u p t a k e , b u t t h e d e n s i t y i n t h e s e a r e a s w a s n e i t h e r g r e a t e s t a t t h e s e

s p e c if ic s tr u c t u r e s n o r r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e m . T h e m a r k e d i n c r e a s e in u p t a k e i n th e s e p t a l

r e g i o n o f o n e b r a in w a s n o t r e p e a t e d i n s im i l a r s e c ti o n s i n a s e c o n d a n i m a l . T h e

c h o r o i d p l e x u s e s in s o m e a u t o r a d i o g r a m s a p p e a r e d t o h a v e a n i n c re a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o f i s o to p e ( F i g . 1 1 ). T h e u p t a k e b y t h e s u b c o m m i s s u r a l o r g a n w a s n o t is o l a t e d b u t w a s

i n c l u d e d i n t h e b a n d t h a t l i n e d t h e t h i r d v e n t r ic l e . S a t i s f a c t o r y s e c ti o n s o f th e p i n e a l

b o d y , i n f u n d i b u l u m a n d h y p o p h y s i s w e r e n o t o b t a i n e d i n a d u l t r a t.

Brain Research, 9 ( 1 9 6 8 ) 334 - 350

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3 4 2 l~ S L U C I A N O

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BLOOD BRAIN BARR IER TO SODIUM 343

A u t o r a d i o g r a p h y o fi n e w b o r n r a t b r a i n s

T h e s i te o f g r e a t e st s o d i u m u p t a k e i n n e w b o r n r a t b r a in s w a s th e p r o l i f e r a ti v e

c ell z o n e ( p e r i e p e n d y m a l m a t r i x c e ll s) . T h e a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c d e n s i t y w a s s o g r e a t a n d

s o s pe c if ic t h a t t h e e n t ir e a r e a c o u l d b e t r a c e d a s c l e a rl y o n t h e a u t o r a d i o g r a m s a s o n

t h e s t a i n e d t i s s u e s e c t i o n s .

T h e a n t e r i o r l im i t o f th i s s t r u c t u r e w a s i n t h e o l f a c t o r y b u l b w h e r e t h e g r e a t es t

n u m b e r o f p r o l if e r a ti v e c e ll s a n d t h e g r e a te s t a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c d e n s i t y w e r e l a te r a l t o

t h e o l f a c t o r y v e n t r i c le ( F i g . 1 2). T h e z o n e c o n t i n u e d c a u d a l l y a n d t h e n b e g a n t o e x t e n d

d o r s a l l y m a i n l y a l o n g t h e l a t e r a l e d g e o f th e l a t e r a l v e n t r i c l e (F i g . 1 3) . I t s p r e a d e v e n

m o r e d o r s o l a t e r a l w a r d , p a s s i n g a r o u n d t h e m o s t l at e ra l p o r t i o n o f t h e l a te r a l v e n t r ic l e

( F i g . 1 4 ) , a n d t h e n c o n t i n u e d p o s t e r o m e d i a l l y a s a s m a l l b a n d l i n i n g t h e v e n t r i c l e i n

t h e s u b c o r t i c a l w h i t e m a t t e r i n th e r e g i o n o f t h e c i n g u l u m . T r a c e s o f th i s c el l z o n e c o u l d

b e se e n i n t h e m e d i a l p o r t i o n s o f t h e s u b c o r t i c a l w h i t e m a t t e r i n s e c ti o n s p o s t e r i o r t o

t h e p i n ea l b o d y . A l l re g i o n s o f ' t h e p r o l i fe r a t iv e c e ll z o n e t o o k u p i n c re a s e d a m o u n t s o f

r a d i o a c t i v e s o d i u m o r t o o k i t u p a t a f a s te r r a t e th a n d i d o t h e r r e g i o n s o f n e w b o r n

b r a in . W h i l e t h e a u t o r a d i o g r a m s o f n e w b o r n c e r e b e l l u m w e r e t e c h n i c a l ly u n s a t is -

f a c t o r y , t h e p r o l i f e r a t i v e c e ll z o n e ( e x t e r n a l g r a n u l e l a y e r ) h e r e , t o o , i n d i c a t e d i n -

c r e a s e d d e n s i t y , s u p p o r t i n g t h e a b o v e s t a t e m e n t .

L a y e r s o f c el l b o d i e s i n A m m o n ' s h o r n a n d t h e d e n t a t e g y r u s c l e a r ly in d i c a t e d

i n c r e a se d s o d i u m u p t a k e i n n e w b o r n b r a i n ( F ig s . 1 4 , 15 ) a l t h o u g h t h i s w a s n e v e r se e n

i n a d u l t b r a in . A l s o , in c o n t r a s t t o t h e a d u lt , n e w b o r n w h i t e m a t t e r s h o w e d t h e l e a st

u p t a k e o f a ll r e g i o n s ( F i g s . 1 3 - 1 5 , 1 7). T h e c o r p u s c a l l o s u m , s u b c o r t i c a l w h i t e m a t t e r

a n d r a d i a t i o n s o f t h e i n t er n a l c a p s u l e c o u l d s o m e t i m e s b e d e t e c te d b y t h ei r a b s e n c e o f

a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c d e n s it y . B u t s in c e t h e d e g r e e o f d e n s i t y o f t h e a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c

i m a g e i s a r e la t i v e r a t h e r t h a n a n a b s o l u t e c o n c e p t , i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e a p p a r e n t

d e c r e a s e d u p t a k e i n w h i t e m a t t e r m e r e l y r ef le c ts a n i n c r e a s e d u p t a k e b y t h e g r a y .

T h e p i n e a l b o d y ( F i g . 1 6 ), s u b c o m m i s s u r a l o r g a n ( F i g . 1 8 ), a n d t h e s u b f o r n i c a l

o r g a n ( F i g . 1 5) s h o w e d i n c r e a s ed s o d i u m u p t a k e . T h e r e w a s n o a p p a r e n t i n c r ea s e in

Gene ral Legend . Fi~,,s. 3 through 18.

( I ) Of each pair of photographs , 'A ' i s the t issue sect ion from which 'B ' , the autoradiogram,

was made.

(2) M ovement or folding o f the t issue sections m ay have occurre d durin g staining. T he tissues

were stained with thionine after exposure o f the auto radio grap hic plates.

(3) If a portio n o f the t issue section w as folded du ring exposure, the au torad iogr aph ic density

und er the fold would be greater than norm al. This artifact is present in most of the autora diog ram s,

for example, Figs. 13-16.

(4) All sections arc approximately coronal.

Fig. 3. Transverse b and across do rsal medulla and ventral cerebellum at the level of the forame n o f

Luschka (adult).

Fig. 4. Corpus callosum (CC), anterior commissure (AC), and septal region (adult).

Fig. 5. White matter in the radiations of the corpus callosum (RCC ), internal capsule (CA 1), fimbria

and alveus of the hipp ocam pus (HI), and stria medullaris (SM) (adult).

Fig. 6. Corpus callosum (CC) and anterior commissure (AC) (adult).

Fig. 7. Corpus callosum (CC), alveus of the hippocampus (HI), and optic tract (TO) (adult).

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D. S. LUC1ANO

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s o d i u m u p t a k e i n t h e s e p t a l r e g i o n , c h o r o i d p l e x u s , o r w a l ls o f th e t h i r d v e n t r i c l e i n

n e w b o r n r a t. T h e s e c t io n s o f b r a i n s t em w e r e n o t g o o d b u t t h e r e w e r e n o o b v i o u s

a r e a s o f i n h o m o g e n e i t y .

DISCUSSION

T h e a d u l t p l a s m a s o d i u m , t o ta l b r a i n s o d i u m , a n d b r a i n w a t e r c o r r e s p o n d w i th

v a l u e s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e l it e r a t u r e 27. T h e n e w b o r n p l a s m a s o d i u m a n d b r a i n w a t e r

v a l u e s a l s o a g r e e , b u t t h e t o t a l b r a i n s o d i u m v a l u e s i n m y e x p e r i m e n t s a r e m a r k e d l y

h i g h e r t h a n o t h e r p u b l i s h e d d a t a o n l - d a y - o l d r a t s ( 7 1

v e r su s

5 6 m e q u i v N a + / k g w e t

w t . ) 3 °. T h e t i s s u e s a m p l e s o f V e r n a d a k i s a n d W o o d b u r y 3 ° d i d n o t c o n t a i n t h e g e r m i n a l

c e l l z o n e o r a n y o t h e r s u b c o r t i c a l a r e a s , a n d t h i s m a y e x p l a i n t h e d i s c r e p a n c y i n o u r

resu l t s .

S o d i u m e n t e r e d a d u l t b r a i n w i t h a h a lf - ti m e o f a b o u t 7 5 m i n a n d n e w b o r n b r a i n

w i t h a h a l f - t i m e o f a b o u t 4 0 m i n ( F i g . 1 ) a f t e r a s in g l e in t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n . O l s o n a n d

R u d o l p h 24 f o u n d t h a t s o d i u m e n t e r e d t h e C S F o f d o g s a f t e r i n tr a v e n o u s i n je c t io n w i t h

a h a l f - t im e o f 9 9 m i n , a n d t h e s o d i u m t h a t d i d e n t e r C S F e q u i l i b r a t e d r a p i d l y w i t h

b r a in . F r o m D a v s o n ' s 9 p u b l is h e d r a t e c o n s t a n t f o r t h e e n t r y o f s o d iu m i n to t h e C S F o f

r a b b i t s u n d e r g o i n g c o n s t a n t i n f u s i o n , a h a l f -t i m e o f 9 5 m i n c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d . W o o d -

b u r y 33 f o u n d a h a l f - t i m e o f to t a l s o d i u m e n t r y i n t o r a t b r a i n o f a b o u t 8 0 m i n a f t e r

i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l i n j e c t i o n . T h e s e v a l u e s a r e s u r p r i s i n g l y c o n s i s t e n t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e

d i f f e r e n t a n i m a l s pe c i es , e x p e r i m e n t a l te c h n i q u e s , a n d a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s t h a t w e r e

u s e d . N o q u a n t i t a t i v e s tu d i e s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d o n t h e r a t e o f s o d i u m e n t r y i n t o

n e w b o r n b r a i n .

T o j u s ti f y t h e i n t e r p r e t a t io n o f t he d a t a t h a t t h e r a t e o f e n t r y o f s o d i u m i n t o

n e w b o r n b r a i n i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y f a s t e r t h a n t h e e n t r y i n t o a d u l t b r a i n , t h e p l a s m a

s p e c if ic a c t i v i ty l e v e ls t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t m u s t b e e x a m i n e d . I f t h e h i s t o r y o f

t h e p l a s m a s p e c if ic a c ti v i ty r e l a t iv e t o t h e s a m p l e p o i n t w e r e l o w e r i n th e a d u l t r a t s ,

t h e r e w o u l d h a v e b e e n a s m a l le r c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r c e t o d r i v e th e i s o t o p e f r o m p l a s m a

t o b r a i n , a n d o n e w o u l d e x p e c t t h e a m o u n t o f 2 Z N a i n a d u l t b r a i n t o b e l o w e r . I n th i s

c a s e , t h e d e c r e a s e d r a t e o f u p t a k e w o u l d n o t b e d u e t o d e c r e a s e d p e r m e a b i l i t y b u t

r a t h e r t o a d e c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t . B u t t h e h i s to r y o f a d u l t p l a s m a s p e c if ic

a c t i v i ty w a s h i g h e r t h a n t h a t o f th e n e w b o r n r a t s ( F i g. 2 ).

T h e p l a s m a s p e c i f ic a c t i v i ty o f t h e a d u l t r a t s r e a c h e d a p l a t e a u a t 4 0 2 c o u n t s /

r a i n p e r m e q u i v N a + ( m e a n o f t h e 1 , 2 , a n d 4 h p l a s m a s p e c if i c a c t i v i ty v a lu e s ) . I f t h is

Fig. 8. Lateral walls of the third ventricle and chor oid plexus (adult).

Fig. 9. Granular and medullary layers of cerebellum. The dimensions of the medullary layers are

close to the limits of the autoradiographic resolution, but they do appear to take up increased

amounts of sodium (adult).

Fig. 10. Area postrem a (AP) (adult).

Fig. 11. Septal region (SR) near the subfornical organ (intercolumnar tubercle) and anterior com-

missure (AC) (adult).

Fig. 12. Germinal cell zone (GCZ) in the olfactory bulb (newborn).

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2

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BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TO SODIUM

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p l a t e a u i s c a l l e d th e 1 0 0 ~ l e v e l, t h e m e a n p l a s m a s p e c i f ic a c t i v i t y 1 5 m i n a f t e r t h e

i n j e c t i o n i s 1 2 5 % , a t 3 0 m i n i s 1 2 0 ~ , a n d w i t h i n 1 h it h a s r e a c h e d p l a t e a u l e v e l ( F i g .

2 , t op ) .

A l l n e w b o r n r a t s d id n o t r e c ei v e t h e s a m e d o s e o f i s o t o p e , a n d t h e p l a s m a

s p e c if ic a c t iv i t y v a l u e s c o u l d n o t b e c o m p a r e d d i re c t ly . I n s t e a d , s e v e r a l s a m p l e s w e r e

o b t a i n e d f r o m e a c h a n i m a l . T h e p l a s m a s p e c if ic a c ti v i ty v a l u e s a t 90 r a in w e r e c a ll e d

o/

1 00, ,o , and a l l o t h e r sp ec i f i c ac t i v i t i e s w e r e p lo t t e d r e l a t i ve t o t h a t va lu e (F ig . 2 , b o t -

t o m ) . T h e m e a n n e w b o r n p l a s m a s p e c i f ic a c t i v i ty w a s 1 06 i,~o 5 ra i n a f t e r t h e i n j e c t io n .

T h u s , t h e n e w b o r n r e l a t i v e p l a s m a sp e c i fi c a c t i v i t y i s e q u a l t o o r l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f

t h e a d u l t r a t s , a n d t h e g r e a t e r r a t e o f s o d i u m e n t r y i n t o n e w b o r n r a t s is n o t d u e t o a

h i s t o r y o f a h i gh p l a s m a r a d i o a c t i v i t y .

A s s t r ik i n g a s t he d i f fe r e n c e i n ra t e o f s o d i u m u p t a k e b e t w e e n n e w b o r n a n d

a d u l t b r a i n , w a s th e h e t e r o g e n e o u s p a t t e r n o f t h is u p t a k e . T h i s h e t e r o g e n e i t y w a s

p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p r e s s i v e s i n c e t h e t r a c e r w a s s o d i u m , a n i o n u s u a l l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y it s

l a c k o f s p ec i fi c it y . I n n e w b o r n b r a i n t h e r e g i o n s o f g re a t e s t a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c d e n s i t y

s e e m t o f a ll i n to t h r e e , n o t m u t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e , c a t e g o r i e s : ( 1 ) a r e a s o f h i g h c e ll

d e n s i t y a s t h e g e r m i n a l c el l z o n e , p i n e a l b o d y , a n d s u b f o r n i c a l o r g a n ; ( 2 ) a r e a s o f h i g h

n e u r o n d e n s i ty a s c o r t e x , A m m o n ' s b o r n , d e n t a t e g y r u s, a n d h a b e n u l a r n u c l e u s : ( 3 )

c e ll p o p u l a t i o n s w i t h h i g h n u c l e a r t o c y t o p l a s m i c v o l u m e r a t i o s a s t h e g e r m i n a l c e ll

z o n e . O n e c a n o n l y s p e c u l a t e o n t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h e s e d i f f e re n c e s b e t w e e n a d u l t

a n d n e w b o r n b r a i n s i n c e d a t a o n t h e i n tr a c e l l u la r s o d i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n , p e r m e a b i l i ty

of" c e ll m e m b r a n e s t o s o d i u m , a n d N a + - K + - s ti m u la t ed A T P a s e a c t i v it y p e r u n i t o f c el l

m e m b r a n e a r e n o t a v a il a b le .

I n b o t h n e w b o r n a n d a d u l t b r a i n , h o w e v e r , s e v e ra l o t h e r p o s si b il it i es m u s t b e

c o n s i d e r e d .

( I ) C a p i l l a r y s t r u c t u r e . B l o o d - b r a i n b a r r i e r p r o p e r t i e s h a v e b e e n a t t r i b u t e d t o

t h e p e r i c a p i l l a r y b a s e m e n t m e m b r a n e a n d g l i a l s h e a t h . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l d a t a i n t h e

r a t a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h i s v i e w s i n ce a t b i r th , w h e n t h e b a s e m e n t m e m b r a n e i s t h i n n e r

a n d l e s s d e n s e a n d t h e s h e a t h o f c e ll p r o c e s s e s is i n c o m p l e t e r~ , s o d i u m d o e s e n t e r t h e

b r a i n m o r e r a p i d ly . T h e h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f u p t a k e m i g h t b e r e l a te d t o v a r y i n g r a t e s o f

m a t u r a t i o n o f th e c a p i l l a r y c o m p l e x s u c h a s t h o s e f o u n d b e t w e e n s p i n a l c o r d e s a n d

c e r e b r a l c o r t e x 12 b u t c o m p l e t e a n a t o m i c a l d a t a a r e n o t a v a il a b l e . H o w e v e r , in c r e a s e d

s o d i u m u p t a k e w a s n o t r e s t ri c t ed t o t h o s e a r e a s o f a d u l t b r a i n i n w h i c h c o n n e c t i v e

t i s s u e s p a c e s r a t h e r t h a n g l i a l p r o c e s s e s s u r r o u n d t h e c a p i l l a r i e s ( a r e a p o s t r e m a , s u b -

c o m m i s s u r a l o r g a n , a n d s u b f o r n i c a l o r g a n ) a2.

Fig. 13. Germinal cell zone (GCZ) passing dorsally and laterally (new born).

Fig. 14. Germinal cell zone

( G CZ) ,

as it passes around the most lateral portion of the lateral ventricle

(newborn).

Fig. 15. Germinal cell zone (GCZ), c ell layers of A mm on 's horn and the den tate gyrus of the hippo-

campu s (HI), and the subfornical organ (O S) (newbo rn).

Fig. 16. Pineal body (P) and h abenular nuclei (H N) (new born).

Fig. 17. W hite and gray ma tter (newbo rn).

Fig. 18. Subconlm issmal organ ( OS C) (newborn).

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34 8 ~). ~. I.I:CIAN f~

( 2) C a p i l l a ry d e n s i t y a n d b l o o d f lo w . T h e h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f s o d i u m u p t a k e m a y

b e r e l a t e d t o v a s c u l a r i t y , b u t t h i s i s n o t l i k e l y . A d u l t w h i t e m a t t e r , w h i c h u s u a l l y

d e m o n s t r a t e d i n c r e as e d u p t a k e a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c a l l y , h a s t h e l o w e s t va s c t d a r d e n s i ty

o f a n y b r a i n m e a s u r e d 6. N e w b o r n b r a in , w h i c h h a d a g r e a t e r r a te a n d m o r e m a r k e d

h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f s o d i u m u p t a k e , is v a s c u l a ri z e d te ss d e n s e l y a n d m o r e u n i f o r m l y t h a n

a d u l t s . T h e g e r m i n a l c e l l z o n e w h i c h s h o w e d s u c h s t r i k in g s o d i u m u p t a k e is o n l y

m o d e r a t e l y w e l l v a s c u l a r i z e d 14.

( 3 ) V e r n a d a k i s a n d W o o d b u r y 31 r e p o r t t h a t t h e i n u l i n ( e x t r a c e l l u la r ) s p a c e in

r a t c o r t e x d e c r e a s e s w i t h m a t u r a t i o n , b u t t h r o u g h o u t d e v e l o p m e n t th e n u m b e r o f

s m a l l n e u r o n a l a n d g l i a l p r o c e s s e s i n c r e a s e s a n d t h e c e ll b o d i e s b e c o m e m o r e d i s p e r s e d

w h i l e t h e i n t e r c e l l u l a r g a p h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t o r e m a i n t h e s a m O z. If" t h e n u m b e r o f

s m a l l p r o c e s s e s i n a g i v e n a r e a i n c r e a s e s a n d t h e i n t e r c e l l u l a r g a p r e m a i n s t h e s a m e ,

t h e v o l u m e o f e x t r a c e l l u l a r s p a c e w i t h i n t h a t a r e a w o u l d i n c r e a s e . O n e w o u l d e x p e c t

t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s u b s t a n c e s s u c h a s s o d i u m w h i c h a r e s a i d t o b e c h ie f l y e x t r a -

c e l l u l a r t o i n c r e a s e a l s o . A g e o m e t r i c a l l y s m a l l e x t r a c e l l u l a r s p a c e i n n e u b o r n s w o u l d

b e c o m p a t i b l e w i th a l a r g e s o d i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n o n l y if p a r t o f t h e s o d i u m w e r e

i n t r a c e l l u l a r .

A u t o r a d i o g r a m s o f k it t e n b r a i n 6 h a l t e r i n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n o f [ z'~ S ]s ulf ate

s h o w e d g r e a t e r u p t a k e i n w h i t e m a t t e r t h a n i n g ra y . H o w e v e r , in a d u l t c a t s 1 h a f t e r

i n t r a v e n o u s [ 3 5 S ]s u lf a te , t h e u p t a k e w a s g r e a t e r i n g r a y m a t t e r 4 . S t u d i e s w i t h i s o -

n i a z id ,5, b a r b i t a l z l , p h e n o b a r b i t a l , t h i o p e n t a l , a n d u r e a z s a l s o s h o w e d g r e a t e r u p t a k e

i n g r a y m a t t e r o f a d u lt c a t b r a i n .

B a k a y 2 g iv e s b o t h c h e m i c a l a n d a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c e v i d e n c e o f g r e a te s t s o d i u m

u p t a k e b y t h e s u p e r f ic i a l la y e r s o f t h e c e r e b r a l a n d c e r e b e l l a r c o r t e x , b r a in s t e m , a n d

v e n t r i c l e s o f a d u l t c a t b r a i n a t v a r i o u s t im e s a f t e r t h e i n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n o f i s o t o p i c

s o d i u m . M y a u t o r a d i o g r a m s o f a d u l t r a t b r a i n d o n o t s u p p o r t t h i s si nc e m a n y a r e a s

a d j a c e n t t o t h e v e n t r i c le s , c h o r o i d p l e x u s e s, a n d b r a i n s u r f a c e s d i d n o t s h o w i n c r e a s e d

s o d i u m u p t a k e . B a k a y f r o z e t h e b r a i n s b y c o v e r i n g t h e e x p o s e d d u r a w i t h s o l id C O 2.

A l t h o u g h e x a c t ti m e s a r e n o t g i v e n , h i s s l o w e r m e t h o d o f f re e z i n g a l a r g e r b r a i n m u s t

h a v e r e s u l te d i n a g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f p r e s s u re a n d a n o x i c c h a n g e s t h a n o c c u r r e d i n m y

e x p e r i m e n t s . K a p p a n d P a u l s o n ~7 r e c e n t ly s h o w e d t h a t c e r e b r a l a n o x i a i s a c c o m p a n i e d

b y t h e m o v e m e n t o f s o d i u m a n d C S F i n t o b r a in . O t h e r s , t o o , h a v e sh o w n t h a t h y -

p o x i a i n a d u l t s l e a d s t o c h a n g e s i n e x t r a c e l l u l a r s o d i u m i n b r a i n 2a a n d h y p e r c a p n i c

h y p o x i a c a u s e s a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e c e r e b r a l u p t a k e o f s o di u m Z . E x c e p t f o r th i s p o s s ib l e

d i f f e r e n c e i n a n o x i a a n d t h e o b v i o u s d i f f e re n c e s in s p e c ie s , I c a n n o t e x p l a i n t h e c o n -

t r a d i c t i o n o f o u r r e s u l t s .

I t is c le a r t h a t t h e r a t e a n d d e g r e e o f e n t r y o f e a c h tr a c e r m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d i n

t e r m s o f t h e s t ag e o f d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i n d i v id u a l b r a i n s t ru c t u r e s.

SUMMARY

T h e n e t r a t e a n d s t r u c t u r a l s p e c if i c it y o f '~ 2N a e n t r y i n t o n e w b o r n a n d a d u l t r a t

b r a i n a f t e r i n t r a v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d .

A f t e r a s in g l e i n j e c t i o n , th e h a l f - t im e o f s o d i u m e n t r y i n t o a d u l t r a t b r a i n w a s

Brain Research,

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B L O O D - B R A I N B A R R I E R T O S O D IU M 349

a b o u t 7 5 r a in , i n t o n e w b o r n b r a i n a b o u t 4 0 m i n , a d if f e re n c e n o t r e l a t e d t o th e h i s t o r y

o f p l a s m a s p e c if ic a c t i v i ty .

A u t o r a d i o g r a m s w e r e m a d e u s i ng K o d a k N T B - 3 p l a te s 1 5 m i n a f te r th e i n t ra -

v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n o f 2 2N a . I n t h e a d u l t r a t s , a r e a s o f i n c r e a s e d u p t a k e i n c l u d e d a b a n d

a c r o s s d o r s a l m e d u l l a a n d v e n t r a l c e r e b e l l u m a t t h e l e ve l o f t h e fo r a m 2 n o f L u s c h k a ,

s o m e w h i t e m a t t e r , t h e l a t e r a l w a l l s o f th e p o s t e r i o r p o r t i o n o f t h e t h i r d v e n t ri c l e , a n d

t h e g r a n u l a r a n d m e d u l l a r y l a y e r s o f t h e c e r e b e l l u m . T h e r e g i o n s o f t h e s u b f o r n i c a l

o r g a n ( i n t e r c o l u m n a r t u b e r c l e) a n d a r e a p o s t r e m a s h o w e d i n c re a s e d u p t a k e , b u t t h e

d e n s i t y i n t h e s e a r e a s w a s n e i t h e r g r e a t e s t a t th e s e s p e c i f ic s t r u c t u r e s n o r r e s t r i c t e d t o

t h e m .

A u t o r a d i o g r a m s o f n e w b o r n b r a i n s h o w e d t h e g re a t e s t s o d i u m u p t a k e i n t h e

g e r m i n a l c e ll z o n e ( s u b e p e n d y m a l m a t r i x c e ll s) . T h e n e o c o r t e x , n e w l y f o r m e d c e ll

l a y e rs o f A m m o n ' s h o r n a n d t h e d e n t a te g y r u s , p n e a l b od y , a n d s u b f o r n i c a l o rg a n

s h o w e d i n c r e a s e d u p t a k e ; b u t t h e s u b c o m m i s s u r a l o r g a n d i d n o t . T h e d e n s i t y in t h e

r e g i o n o f t h e w a l l s o f th e t h i r d v e n t r ic l e w a s n o t c o n s i s t e n t l y i n c r e a se d . A r e a s d e s t i n e d

t o b e w h i t e m a t t e r s h o w e d t h e l e a s t u p t a k e o f a l l.

T h e p a t t e r n o f i n c r e a se d b a r r i e r p e r m e a b i l i t y t o s o d i u m d o e s n o t c o n f o r m t o t he

t r a d i t i o n a l p a t t e r n e s t a b l i s h e d b y t r y p a n b l ue .

F r o m t h e se d a t a o n e c a n se e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f c o n s i d e r in g t he b l o o d - b r a i n

b a r r i e r a s u n i q u e f o r e a c h c la s s o f t r a c e r s u b s t a n c e , a ge o f a n i m a l , a n d s t r u c t u r a l a r e a

o f t h e c e n t r a l n e r v o u s s y s t e m .

A ( K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

T h e p a t i e n t g u i d a n c e o f D r . J a m e s B . R a n c k J r . i s g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e d .

T h i s w o r k w a s s u p p o r t e d b y M i c h i g a n M e m o r i a l P h o e n i x P r o j e ct N o . 3 0 0 a n d

N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h G r a n t N B - 0 4 3 52 .

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