N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010...
-
Upload
veronica-nash -
Category
Documents
-
view
227 -
download
0
Transcript of N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010...
![Page 1: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
N-Hydrogen3N-Hydrogen3Safe, Affordable, Efficient Safe, Affordable, Efficient
Hydrogen Now Hydrogen Now
N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D.
NHA 2010 Annual Conference
Long Beach, CA
![Page 2: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Oil Experts See Supply Crisis in Five Years
International Energy Agency
July 10, 2007
![Page 3: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
US military warns oil output may dip causing massive shortages by 2015• Shortfall could reach 10m barrels a day, report says
Surplus oil production capacity could disappear by 2012 a report from US Joint Forces Command, says. Photograph: Katja Buchholz/Getty Images
Source: guardian.co.uk
![Page 4: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Mid EastMid East
![Page 5: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Energy Independence GoalsEnergy Independence Goals
Use U.S. Resources for U.S. Energy NeedsEliminate Petroleum ImportsProvide a Bridge to Renewable EnergyProtect the EnvironmentCreate U.S. Jobs/Improve EconomyEliminate NH3 Imports
![Page 6: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Background InformationBackground Information
![Page 7: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Source: Ewald Breunesse, Shell Netherlands, 14th IAMA Annual World Conference, Montreux, June 14th 2004
The Fossil Fuel EraThe Fossil Fuel Era
% of totalTraditional
- Biomass - Wind- Water- Animals
Fossil Fuels
- Mechanical- Combustion - High temperature
Renewables
- Electric - Low temperature- Catalysts
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150
![Page 8: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Oil ReservesOil Reserves
![Page 9: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Compiled from “Worldwide Look at Reserves and Production,” Oil & Gas Journal, Vol. 104, No. 47 (December 18, 2006), pp. 24-25.
World Crude Oil Reserves Jan 2007
1,317.4 billion barrels 7,749 quads
(Coal: 22,171 quads)
(NG: 5.500 quads)
OPEC Share (68%)
![Page 10: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Natural Gas ReservesNatural Gas Reserves
![Page 11: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
World Total: 5500 Tcf, 5500 quads(Petroleum: 7749 quads)(Coal: 22,171 quads)
Source: PetroStrategies, Inc.
![Page 12: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Coal ReservesCoal Reserves
![Page 13: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
USDoE - EIA, unpublished data, Coal Reserves Database (April 2007). World Energy Council, 2004 Survey of Energy Resources, Eds. J. Trinnaman and A. Clarke (London, UK: Elsevier, December 2004).
World Recoverable Coal Reserves, Jan 2003
997.7 billion short tons22,171 quads
Oil: 7,749 quadsNG: 5.500 quads
![Page 14: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Ideal Transportation FuelThe Ideal Transportation Fuel•Can be produced from any raw energy source (i.e. wind, solar, biomass, coal, nuclear, hydro etc.) Don’t exclude wind, solar, hydro and nuclear energy as potential transportation fuel sources!!!
•Is cost effective
•Has significant storage and delivery systems already in place
•Environmentally friendly
•Can be used in any prime mover (i.e. diesel engines, fuel cells, SI engines, gas turbines, etc.)
•Has a proven, acceptable safety record
•Produced in the U.S.
![Page 15: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
N-Hydrogen3 Basics N-Hydrogen3 Basics NH3 can be produced from any raw energy
source, including all fossil, renewable and nuclear sources.
NH3 is cost competitive with gasoline as a transportation fuel
NH3 has extensive, worldwide transportation and storage infrastructure already in place
NH3 is very environmentally friendly when used as a transportation fuel and produces only N2 and H20 at the tailpipe with low-cost emissions controls.
NH3 is safer than propane and as safe as gasoline when used as a transportation fuel.
NH3 has been successfully demonstrated in SI engines, CI engines, and fuel cells.
![Page 16: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
N-Hydrogen3 Basics N-Hydrogen3 Basics The U.S. imported over 50% of it’s nitrogen
fertilizer for the first time in 2004 and continues to import increasingly more than it produces domestically
NH3 high cost partially due to highly seasonal nature of use (inefficient use of infrastructure)
NH3 has been produced from coal in Beulah, North Dakota for decades and with CO2 capture since 2000. China has huge coal to NH3 capacity.
Cellulosic NH3 can be produced via commercially available technologies.
![Page 17: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
cng
![Page 18: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Freedom Car Targets w/ 2005 Freedom Car Targets w/ 2005 NH3 ComparisonNH3 Comparison
Parameter Units 2007 2010 2015 NH3 (2005)
Spec. Energy kWh/kg 1.5 2 3 3.0
Energy Density kWh/L 1.2 1.5 2.7 2.7
Storage Cost $/kWh 6 4 2 2.1
Fuel Cost $/gal. Gas equiv 3 1.5 1.5 1.7*
*$280/ton NH3
![Page 19: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Fuel CostsFuel Costs
$/MMBtu NH3 - $200/tonne (Tampa, 1/10) $10.01 Methanol - $0.79/gallon* $13.68 NH3 - $350/short ton (coal) $19.26 NH3 - $415/tonne (Tampa, 4/10) $20.77 Ethanol - $1.65/gallon $21.69 Gasoline - $2.50/gallon $21.92 Gasoline - $3.50/gallon $30.69 Wind NH3-$1000/short ton (estimate) $55.02
![Page 20: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Future CompatibilityFuture Compatibility
Hydrogen + Nitrogen
NH3
Storage & Delivery – Pipeline, Barge, Truck, Rail
Stationary Power Fertilizer Transportation
![Page 21: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Delivery InfrastructureDelivery Infrastructure
![Page 22: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
NH3 Storage & TransportNH3 Storage & Transport
![Page 23: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
NHNH33 and Gaseous H and Gaseous H22 Transport Transport
H2 (104 bar)
12”, 1k mile H2 Pipeline
12”, 1k mile NH3 Pipeline
NH3 Synthesis
H2 Comp. 690 bar
2.22 kWhe/kg H2
10,580 GJ -4.9% (loss)
4.16 kWhe/kg H2
19823 GJ
-19.0% (loss)
Assume: H2/NH3 used to gen. kWhe @ 55% Eff.
0.31 kWhe/kg H2 1477 GJ -0.7% (loss)
1.85 kWhe/kg H2 8815 GJ -8.5% ( loss)
184,507 GJ 84.9% eff.
75,712 GJ 72.5% eff.
736 t/day H2
104,350 GJ/day1,531 t/day H2
217,065 GJ/day
0.9
![Page 24: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
NHNH33 and Cryogenic H and Cryogenic H2 2 StorageStorage
H2 (104 bar)
H2 Liquefaction
NH3
Liquefaction
NH3 Synthesis
Liquid H2 Storage
2.22 kWhe/kg H2
18,409 GJ -4.9% (loss)
10.0 kWhe/kg H2
165,313 GJ
-44.7% (loss)
Assume: H2/NH3 used to gen. kWhe @ 55% Eff.
0.03 kWhe/kg H2 432 GJ -0.1% (loss)
1.82 kWhe/kg H2 8672 GJ -2.3% ( loss)
320,636 GJ 84.9% eff.
203,716 GJ 53.9% eff.
2,664 t H2
377,701 GJ2,664 t H2 377,701 GJ
Liquid NH3
Storage
0.18 kWhe/kg H2 2597 GJ -0.6% (loss)
0.9
![Page 25: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
U.S. NH3 PipelineU.S. NH3 Pipeline
3000 Miles Total
![Page 26: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Natural Gas PipelinesNatural Gas Pipelines
![Page 27: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Crude Oil PipelinesCrude Oil Pipelines
![Page 28: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Refined Products PipelinesRefined Products Pipelines
![Page 29: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
CaliforniaCaliforniaHydrogenHydrogenStationsStations
http://www.fuelcellpartnership.org/fuel-vehl_map_print.html
![Page 30: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Iowa Hydrogen Refueling Iowa Hydrogen Refueling StationsStations
Over 800 retail NH3 (the “Other Hydrogen”) outlets currently exist in Iowa.
![Page 31: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
NH3 Refueling StationNH3 Refueling Station
![Page 32: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Anhydrous ApplicationAnhydrous Application
Anhydrous NH3 expands into a gas as it is injected into the soil where it rapidly
combines with soil moisture.
![Page 33: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
End Use ApplicationsEnd Use Applications
•Spark-Ignition Internal-Combustion Engines (w/ethanol)
•Diesel Engines (w/biodiesel and/or DME)
•Direct NH3 Fuel Cells
•Gas Turbines
•Gas Burners (including residential furnaces)
![Page 34: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
SafetySafety NH3 is a common, naturally occurring chemical found in all
animal life forms. It is not a carcinogen and is not a greenhouse gas.
NH3 is safer than propane and as safe as gasoline when used as a transportation fuel.
Iowa Energy Center funded comparative quantitative risk assessment (CQRA) study completed by March 2009, Quest Consultants Inc., Norman, Oklahoma
“Safety assessment of NH3 as a transportation fuel”, Nijs Jan Duijm, Frank Markert, Jette Lundtang Paulsen, Riso National Laboratory, Denmark, February 2005
NH3 plant operators NH3 safety is an engineering issue. It can be made to be as
safe as is necessary. NH3 is classified by DOT as a non-flammable liquid and an
inhalation hazard (not a poison)
![Page 35: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Scapegoat?Scapegoat?NH3 NH3
Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine C10H15NO
Methamphetamine C10H15N
VOC’s + NOx + O2 + Sunlight = ozone = smog+
NOx + H2O + NH3 = ammonium nitrate = smog-
If the NOx doesn’t form ammonium nitrate it goes to ozone (worse)
Fossil fuels (the source of NOx ) are the problem, not NH3
NH3 is actually used to clean up NOx emmissions at coal plants
![Page 36: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
CQRA Study – NH3, Propane, GasolineCQRA Study – NH3, Propane, GasolineTransport TrucksTransport Trucks
![Page 37: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CQRA Study – NH3, Propane, GasolineCQRA Study – NH3, Propane, GasolineRefueling StationRefueling Station
10-6
10-6
10-6
![Page 38: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Progress 1Progress 1•Flex fuel (gasoline/NH3) vehicle successfully driven from Michigan to California (NH3 Car)
•Demonstrated in a SI engine (HEC)
•Irrigation pump demonstration with SI engine (HEC)
•Direct NH3 fuel cell bench-scale demonstration (Howard U.)
•1.5 Mw wind to NH3 demonstration funded, construction underway (U. Minn. Morris)
•95% NH3, 5% diesel, 110% rated power in a John Deere diesel engine (IEC/ISU)
![Page 39: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Progress 2Progress 2•New NH3 synthesis technologies under development that match well with renewable energy sources.
•NH3 trademarked as “The Other Hydrogen TM” (HEC)
•Comparative quantitative risk assessment (CQRA) report completed. (IEC)
•NH3 Fuel Network (AFN) website established
•Focused RFP for NH3 research/demonstration issued, grants awarded (IEC)
![Page 40: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Economic ImpactsEconomic Impacts
T Boone Pickens - $700 Billion new U.S. industry.
![Page 41: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Summary 1Summary 1 Any known transportation fuel has some associated safety
risks but NH3 is as safe as gasoline and safer than propane when used as a transportation fuel.
NH3 meets most 2015 Freedom Car targets today NH3 has a very extensive, worldwide transportation and
storage infrastructure already in place. With relatively minor modifications, existing oil and natural gas pipelines could be converted to transport NH3
Only H2 and NH3 have no tailpipe greenhouse gas emissions
Only H2 and NH3 can be made from electricity and water (+air for NH3)
NH3 can replace diesel fuel, gasoline, natural gas and propane in all fuel applications
![Page 42: N-Hydrogen3 Safe, Affordable, Efficient Hydrogen Now N. Olson P.E., J. Holbrook Ph.D. NHA 2010 Annual Conference Long Beach, CA.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ebd5503460f94bc751e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Summary 2Summary 2 NH3 is the world’s most hydrogen dense chemical by
volume, ~50% greater than liquid hydrogen. Results in outstanding green energy storage capability.
NH3 from coal, natural gas and nuclear energy now NH3 from renewables in the near future (Including wind,
solar, OTE and hydro!) NH3 diesel (CI) and spark-ignition (SI) engines now Direct NH3 fuel cells in the near future NH3 is an very prevalent, naturally occurring chemical NH3 looks very good now and in the future Hydrogen stored, delivered and utilized in the form of NH3
may be the key to cost-effective, near-term U.S.A. energy independence