Mycorrhizal colonization of giant...

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Mycorrhizal colonization of giant sequoia Cathy Fahey and Rob York

Transcript of Mycorrhizal colonization of giant...

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Mycorrhizal

colonization of  giant sequoia 

Cathy Fahey and Rob York

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Acknowledgements

• Teresa Pawlowska‐

Cornell University 

• John Battles‐

UC Berkeley

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Sequoias: long‐lived pioneer species

A bad-ass species

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Giant sequoia and Achilles: Both  formidable but flawed

Bad heel Bad regeneration

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Giant sequoia age structureToo few recruits in last 100 years

1800’s

1900’s

from Nate Stephenson

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Fire Return Interval Departure (FRID)

Index = number of maximum fire 

free intervals that have been skipped

1 = Extreme (5+ max return intervals passed)2 = High (2 ‐

5 max intervals passed)3 = Moderate (0 ‐

2 max intervals passed)4 = Low (last fire occurred within the max 

interval time period)

As of end of 2009 fire season

63 of the 70 groves had high or 

extreme FRID values

Average for all groves = 1.5

Zero groves had an index of 4

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What we need to do

Active adaptive management•Treatments that create canopy gaps for 

regeneration•Do uncertainty silviculture

instead of 

restoration silviculture

– Learn more about the factors of giant sequoia  regeneration under different conditions

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Arbuscular

mycorrhizae

Bonafante

and Genre (2010)

Assimilated carbon

Nutrient supplementation

Mark Brundrett

(2008)

fungus plant

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50             100             150              200             250             300             350             400  

Hoeksema

et al. (2010)

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Context of study: ‐

Cool, socially

Bad‐ass, ecologically ‐

Vulnerable

Need info about treatments that   can increase resilience

Mycorrhizae

may be key

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Study Objectives• Assess interaction between mycorrhizae

and giant sequoia saplings in canopy gaps

By Measuring effects of:• Canopy gap size• Sapling position within gaps• Soil versus burned substrate

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Canopy gaps

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Experimental Design

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Hypotheses• Higher AM colonization at the edges of gaps

– greater access to inoculum– higher resource stress from competing adult trees

• Higher AM  colonization on bare 

mineral soil than on  ash 

– reduced inoculum  from burn treatment

– greater nutrient stress  on bare soil

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Tree‐crutch  hypothesis

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Field Collections

6 year old saplings

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Root Processing

• Cleared with KOH and  bleach and stained with 

trypan

blue• Scored percent 

colonization– AM hyphae– AM vesicles– AM coils– Non‐AM hyphae

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Colonization ResultsColonization (per unit root length) 34.4%

Vesicle abundance 3.7%

AM hyphae

abundance 30.5%

AM coils abundance 10.8%

Non‐AM fungi abundance 10.2%

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Colonization Across Gaps

Highest colonization at gap centers, lowest at south edges

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Colonization correlated with light availability

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Colonization negatively correlated with  non‐AM fungi

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Substrate

Biom

ass

(g)

0

50

100

150

200

Mean= 60g

Mean=138g

Ash Mineral soil

Bars = 95% Confidence Intervals

Soil substrate‐

no difference

Despite obvious differences  in seedling growth, 

colonization was similar on  ash and bare soil.

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Conclusions‐

academic version• AM colonization was correlated positively 

with light rather than negatively with  belowground resources (driven by carbon 

availability).

• Overall functioning of the symbiosis is high at  the centers of gaps.

• Crutch hypothesis rejected• There is a highly diverse group of fungi harbored in giant

sequoia

roots.

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Conclusions –

baseball analogy version AM is like a third base coach

• Not absolutely necessary

• Usually helpful, but only  when things are going 

well

• Sometimes a hindrance

• Every champion has one