My People Shall Live Leila Khaled

8/12/2019 My People Shall Live Leila Khaled

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Prefatory Note

ON DECEMBER 16, 1970, I MET LEILA KHALED FOR THE first time. It ws !rief e"#$%"ter& I$"'( )* t)e $++$rt%"it( t$ s w)t s)e ws *$i"-. I m /'esti"i" Ar! s$'*ier, s)e si*+r$%*'(. )e )* re* !$%t m( r*i#' #tiities i" N$rt) Ameri# "* se* w)t I ws *$i"-. I

"swere*2 I m +i"ti"- wi"-s $f free*$m $" m( s)#'es 3 4e met -i" $" 5"%r( , 1971 Ise* if s)e8* #$"si*er writi"- )er mem$irs wit) me. 4)t mem$irs s)e re+'ie*, '%-)i"-. I i"siste*t)t m"( +e$+'e w$%'* !e i"tereste* i" )er e:+erie"#es. I8'' t)i" !$%t it, s)e +r$mise*. I sw Lei'-i" $" 5%'( ;


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PART ONE

The Badge of Infamy !eprivation and !i"#overy

$ The Stair#a"e

I COME FROM THE CIT@ OF HAIFA, B>T I REMEMBER LITTLE $f m( !irt)+'#e. I #" see t)ere w)ere I +'(e* s sm'' #)i'*, !%t $f $%r )$%se, I $"'( remem!er t)e stir#se. I ws te" w(w)e" I ws f$%r, "$t t$ see Hif -i" f$r m"( (ers. Fi"''( I sw m( #it( twe"t($"e (ers 'ter,$" A%-%st ;9, 1969, w)e" C$mr*e 'im Isswi "* I e:+r$+rite* " im+eri'ist +'"e "* ret%r"e*t$ /'esti"e t$ +( )$m-e t$ $%r $##%+ie* #$%"tr( "* t$ s)$w t)t we )* "$t !"*$"e* $%r)$me'"*. Ir$"i#''(, t)e Isre'i e"em(, +$wer'ess, es#$rte* %s wit) )is Fre"#) "* Ameri#" +'"es.

4)t I "ew !$%t Hif )* #$me fr$m m( +re"ts "* frie"*s "* fr$m !$$s. N$w I sw Hif

fr$m t)e ir "* f$rme* m( $w" #)eris)e* im-e $f m( )$me. Hif is #resse* !( t)e se, )%--e* !(t)e m$%"ti", i"s+ire* !( t)e $+e" +'i". Hif is sfe "#)$r f$r t)e w(frer, !e#) i" t)e s%".@et, I, s #itie" $f Hif, m "$t ''$we* t$ !s i" its s%", !ret)e its #'er ir, 'ie t)ere wit) m(+e$+'e. E%r$+e" i$"ists "* t)eir f$''$wers re 'ii"- i" /'esti"e !( ri-)t $f rms "* t)e( )ee:+e''e* %s fr$m $%r )$me'"*. T)e( 'ie w)ere we s)$%'* !e 'ii"- w)i'e we f'$t !$%t, e:i'e*. T)e('ie i" m( #it( !e#%se t)e( re 5ews "* t)e( )e +$wer. M( +e$+'e "* I 'ie $%tsi*e !e#%se were /'esti"i" Ar!s wit)$%t +$wer. B%t we, t)e -r*%tes $f t)e *esert i""s, we s)'' )e +$wer "*we s)'' re#$er /'esti"e "* me it )%m" +r*ise f$r Ar!s "* 5ews "* '$ers $f free*$m.

I '$e Hif, s *$es m( fmi'( "* '' /'esti"i"s. At t)e $%tset m( '$e f$r Hif ws se"time"t',

#)i'*8s '$e f$r *rem '"*. As I -rew $'*er "* !e-" t$ re* "* t)i" f$r m(se'f, I *is#$ere* t)tI )e )ist$ri# r$$ts, t)t m( +e$+'e )e )ist$r( $f str%--'e, t)t m( "ti$" is t)e e%', if "$t t)es%+eri$r, $f $t)er "ti$"s. A!$e '', I 'er"e* t)t m( #'ss, t)e w$ri"- +e$+'e, t)e %"em+'$(e*, t)eref%-ees, t)e $++resse* eer(w)ere #$%'* 'i!erte m"i"* fr$m t)e s)#'es $f s%+erstiti$" "*!#wr*"ess. I )* t$ f$r-et w)t t)e #$'$"i' s#)$$' s(stem )* e"*e$%re* t$ i"sti'' i" met)t I)* "$ )ist$r(& t)t t)ere ws "$ /'esti"i" +e$+'e, "$ Ar! "ti$". I" m( ser#) f$r free*$m, I*is#$ere* s$me $f $%r 'e-e"*r( )er$es "* t)e -$'*e" -e $f Ar!ism "* re'ise* )$w )ist$ri"s)e si''f%''( !e'itt'e* $%r #)ieeme"ts "* #$"si-"e* %s t$ $!'ii$".

I "ew t)t I )* r$'e t$ +'(2 I re'ise* t)t m( )ist$ri# missi$" ws s wrri$r i" t)e i"eit!'e

!tt'e !etwee" $++ress$rs "* $++resse*, e:+'$iters "* e:+'$ite*. I *e#i*e* t$ !e#$me re$'%ti$"r(i" $r*er t$ 'i!erte m( +e$+'e "* m(se'f.

I ws -ret'( i"s+ire* !( /'esti"i" re$'%ti$"r( $f t)e 19


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$f +e$+'e8s wr $f 'i!erti$" -i"st t)e e"emies2 Britis) im+eri'ism, i$"ism, "* Ar!!#wr*"ess. T)e re$'%ti$"ries were w$rers, +es"ts, st%*e"ts "* $t)er +r$-ressie -r$%+s. T)ere$'t ws re$'t $f t)e $++resse* "* it ws s%++resse* !( t)e Britis) wit) t)e i* $f t)e i$"ists "*Ar! re#ti$"ries. /'esti"e ws '$st t$ i$"ism !etwee" 19N *e#isi$" t$ +rtiti$" /'esti"e +r$m+te* -e"er' strie t)t 'ste* f$r t)ree *(s. T)e striews t$t''( i"effe#tie. T)e Ar! Nti$"' M$eme"t ws e:)%ste*& it ws mere -)$st, *is$r-"ise*, em$ti$"' m$!. T)e tr*iti$"' i"stit%ti$"s *isi"te-rte*& t)e "ewer #$"fe*erti$"s $fw$rers "* +es"ts were"8t s%ffi#ie"t'( *ee'$+e* t$ te %+ t)e #%se $f "ti$"' 'i!erti$". 4ewere f$re*$$me*. +$r*i# i$'e"#e !r$e $%t2 Ar!s i''e* 5ews, 5ews i''e* Ar!s. B%t 5ewis)


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i$'e"#e ws $r-"ise* "* *is#i+'i"e*. T)e( were t)$r$%-)'( m$!i'ise* "* t)e( "ew w)t t)e(were fi-)ti"- f$r. Ar! i$'e"#e ws i'' +'""e*, r"*$m #tiit( #rrie* $" !( i"*ii*%'s. T)ei$"ists )* #mr*erie s we'' s -%"+$w*er& t)e( )* we''$r-"ise* rme* f$r#es "* t)e(e:#e''e* i" +s(#)$'$-i#' wrfre. T)eir 'e*ers were t t)e )e* $f t)eir #$'%m"s& $%rs were se#%re'(e"s#$"#e* i" M$%"t Le!"$" $r Cir$. T)e i$"ists were t)%s !'e t$ s"t#) Hif $%t fr$m %"*er %s,+rti#%'r'( fter ir 5$)" ='%!! /s), t)e #$mm"*er $f t)e Ar! Le-i$" $f 5$r*", $r*ere* )is

Hif re-ime"t t$ wit)*rw i" -reeme"t wit) Britis) +'"s t$ e#%te Hif "* e"s%re 5ewis)i#t$r(.

4it) #ref%' #$$r*i"ti$" "* !ri''i"t mi'itr( strte-(, t)e i$"ists t)$%-)t t)e( #$%'* tti" t)eir-$' wit) mi"im%m $f eff$rt "* '$ss $f 'ife. T)e( *i*. M$st $f t)e 0,000 Ar! i")!it"ts $f Hif'eft wit)$%t !tt'i"- t$ t)e *et) f$r t)eir #it(. T)e( *e+rte* i" " tm$s+)ere $f terr$rism. T)ise:$*%s strte* $" A+ri' 9, m( !irt)*(, t)e *( t)e i$"ists mss#re* i" #$'* !'$$* t)e +e$+'e $f Deir@ssi" #rime w)i#) t)e i$"ists #r%e''( !%t #'eer'(, m-"ifie* t$ fri-)te" t)e remi"i"- +$+%'ti$"i"t$ s%!missie *e+rt%re.

Hif ws e'e#trifie* !( t)e m%r*er $f ; +e$+'e "* t)e w$%"*i"- $f )%"*re*s m$re. T)e +e$+'e $fHif fere* t)t t)e( were $" t)e ee $f m%#) -reter mss#re. Terr$r "* +"i# +rei'e*. Tw$*(s 'ter t)e i$'e"#e t$%#)e* me2 I sw *et) f$r t)e first time. I *$ remem!er !ei"- terrifie*, !%t I*$ "$t remem!er w)et)er t)e *e* +ers$" ws Ar! $r 5ew. I $"'( remem!er )eri"- !$m!s e:+'$*i"-"* seei"- t)e !'$$* s+%rti"- fr$m t)e *(i"- m"8s st$m#). I )i* %"*er t)e stir#se "* stre* t t)e#$r+se i" t)e street $%tsi*e. I trem!'e* "* w$"*ere* w)et)er t)is w$%'* !e t)e fte $f m( ft)er.

T)e s+re* $f *et) "* terr$r, "* fer f$r $%r f%t%re im+e''e* m( fmi'( "* m$st $t)er Ar!s t$'ee. T)e ei-)t $f %s "* m( m$t)er 'eft f$r $%r $" A+ri' 1


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me"i"- $f ree#ti$". He ws t)r$w" $%t $f )is #$%"tr( "* t)e" *e"ie* #itie"s)i+ i" "ei-)!$%ri"-Ar! #$%"tr(. He remi"e* e:i'e* i" Le!"$" %"ti' )is *et) i" 1966. F$r ei-)tee" '$"- (ers, )e 'ie*i" Le!"$" *remi"- $f ret%r"i"- t$ Hif. I, s )is *%-)ter, m ttem+ti"- t$ re'ise t)t *rem. Is)'' "$t fi' m( ft)er "* m( "ti$". If I m %"!'e t$ ret%r" "* 'ie i" free*$m i" /'esti"e, m(#)i'*re" wi'' ret%r".

Hist$ri"s "* t)e +'i!'e 4ester" me*i tr( t$ te'' %s t)t t)e +e$+'e $f Hif 'eft t)eir #it( w)i'e t)e5ewis) m($r #''e* f$r #$e:iste"#e "* #$$+erti$". Ee" if we +res%me t)e m($r8s #'' t$ )e!ee" -e"%i"e, w$%'* t)t )e st$++e* t)e !'$$*s)e* "* t)e s(stemti# e:+%'si$" $f m( +e$+'e4$%'* t)t )e s%**e"'( m*e t)e i$"ists #)"-e t)eir +r$-rmme $f #$"%est "* s%!%-ti$" $ft)e Ar!s If t)e m($r )* !ee" si"#ere, w)( *i*"8t )e #$mm"* )is i$"ist )$r*es t$ #ese firi"-4)( *i*"8t )e st$+ t)e m%r*er $f m( !r$t)ers "* t)e r+e $f m( sisters If t)e i$"ists *esire* #$e:iste"#e, w)( *i* t)e( "* t)e i""$#e"t Britis) +re+re )%"*re*s $f 'itt'e !$ts t$ tr"s+$rt t)e+e$+'e $f Hif t$ $%r, i* "* A#re i$"ist *ee*s were m$re e'$%e"t t)" t)eir w$r*s. T)ei$"ists w"te* %s $%t $f Hif "* /'esti"e, "* t)e( s%##ee*e* i" f$r#i"- %s t$ 'ee, w)i'e mi"-t)e w$r'* !e'iee we 'eft $'%"tri'(. 4e *i* "$t 'ee $'%"tri'(, "* if we *i*, w)t 'w $r m$r'it(-e t)e i$"ists t)e ri-)t t$ $##%+( $%r )$mes "* te $%r +$ssessi$"s T)t is t)e %esti$" w)i#)t)e re'isti# )ist$ri" m%st "swer "* t)e f#t t)t eer( se'fres+e#ti"- 5ew m%st 'ie wit).

It is 's$ re+$rte* t)t t)e /'esti"i" Ar!s )$+e* t$ ret%r" t$ t)eir )$mes fter t)e i"*i"- Ar!rmies )* re$##%+ie* Hif, *rie" t)e 5ews i"t$ t)e se, "* rest$re* t)eir ri-)ts. As t$ i"*i"-Ar! rmies, t)e s$#''e* see" Ar! sttes *is+t#)e* s$me twe"t(t)$%s"* $** tr$$+s %"*er t)em$st *erse #$"*iti$"s. T)e( were "eit)er we''tri"e* "$r e%i++e* wit) m$*er" we+$"s. T)e(f#e* " e"em( wit) $er 6$,$$$ #$mmitte* "* tri"e* tr$$+s. T)e Ar!s )* "$ #e"tr' #$mm"*."* "$ m$r'e t$ s+e $f. If "( )er$i# *ee*s were #)iee*, t)e( were t)e *ee*s $f i"*ii*%'s, "$trmies. T)e Ar! rmies were mere'( t)e s#rifi#i' 'm! $f *(i"- s$#i' $r*er w)i#) se"t m$! $fs$'*iers t$ f#e m$*er" e"em(, t)i"i"- it #$%'* wi" " es( i#t$r( "* te "ew 'ese $" 'ife. T)e

Ar! i"si$" s it t%r"e* $%t, mere'( -e t)e i$"ists +rete:t t$ ** s%!st"ti' +r$+$rti$" $ft)e >N#rete* Ar! /'esti"e t$ t)e 5ewis) s)re, "* e"!'e* Ki"- A!*%'') "* )is /'esti"i"#$)$rts t$ $!'iterte t)e #$%"tr( $f /'esti"e !( ""e:i"- t)e remi"*er $f /'esti"e t$ 5$r*".M$re$er, t)e Ar! i"tere"ti$" -e t)e Isre'is fee'i"- $f i"i"#i!i'it(.

I ii*'( remem!er m( m$t)er s(i"- t$ me, s)$rt'( fter $%r rri' i" Le!"$", t)t I m%st "$t +i#$r"-es fr$m t)e -r$e "er!(. I ws +%'e* "* i"siste* $" "$wi"- w)(. M( +$$r m$t)er, wit)ters stremi"- fr$m )er e(es, e:+'i"e*2 Dr'i"-, t)e fr%it is "$t $%rs& ($% re "$ '$"-er i" Hif& ($%re i" "$t)er #$%"tr(. Bef$re s)e r%s)e* i"t$ t)e )$%se t$ wi+e )er ters "* )i*e )er s)me, s)e'$$e* t me wit) m$t)er'( firm"ess s(i"-2 He"#ef$rt) ($% re f$r!i**e" t$ et $r"-es t)t re "$t

$%rs. 4it) #)i'*'ie ##e+t"#e I "$**e* m( )e*, !%t )er w$r*s sti'' e#)$. F$r t)e first time I !e-"t$ %esti$" t)e i"%sti#e $f $%r e:i'e.

As #)i'* $f f$%r I f$%"* m(se'f !%r*e"e* !( t)e *%'t +r$!'ems $f 'ife "* *et), ri-)t "* wr$"-. I,s *remer, 'ii"- $" t)e !re s%!siste"#e +r$i*e* !( >N !'%e rti$" #r*, i" #r$w*e* r$$m, $" si*e street i" $%r, st"* s wit"ess t$ i$"ist i")%m"it(. I #)r-e t)e w$r'* f$r its #%ies#e"#e i"

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m( *estr%#ti$".

M( fmi'( "* I s" i"t$ m$$* $f %iet *es+ir "* sett'e* i"t$ r$%ti"e $f s$r*i* 'ii"-.

Of t)e s%mmer $f 19 I re#'' "$t)i"- !esi*es ##$m+"(i"- m( $'*er sisters Nw', i) "*

R)! t$ t)e >"ite* Nti$"s Re'ief "* 4$rs A-e"#( >NR4AG +r$isi$" !%re% t$ #$''e#t $%rmiser!'e rti$"s. M( sisters were )%mi'ite*& m( m$t)er ws "-r(. 4)i'e we 'ie* $" i"ter"ti$"'#)rit(, t)e i$"ists e"$(e* t)e fr%its $f $%r '!$%r i" /'esti"e. 4ester" frie"*s te'' me t)t t)ei$"ists #'im t)t w)e" t)e( +i$"eere* /'esti"e t)ere were "$ +e$+'e t)ere, t)t t)ere were $"'(m'ri' swm+s "* ri* *eserts w)i#) t)e( t%r"e* i"t$ -ree" +'i"s "* r$''i"- ''e(s. Frie"*s 's$te'' me t)t t)e i$"ists w"t +e#e "* t)t we, t)e Ar! mr%*ers, #$"ti"%$%s'( i"fi'trte i"t$/'esti"e t$ !%r", m%r*er "* ste'.

I" t)e %t%m" $f 19 I ws +'#e* i" t)e )ei) i"*er-rte" t$ ee+ me $%t $f mis#)ief. I e"$(e*t)e #$m+"( $f t)e $t)er #)i'*re". I ws %ite !$(is) "* --ressie& I +'(e* "* f$%-)t wit) t)e

!$(s. O%r te#)er, ei"), ws " e"er-eti# 'itt'e $'* '*( w)$ '$e* #)i'*re" "* *e*i#te* )er 'ife t$t)em. )e tr%'( #re* f$r %s "* t%-)t %s t$ #re f$r $%r fe''$w me". )e ws " %+ri-)t "* str$"-+ers$", "* s$%-)t t$ +ss $" )er '%es t$ %s, !%t t)e #)i'*re" *i*"8t seem t$ ++re#ite )er serm$"s.

4e )* "$ +r$-rmme $f st%*( t s#)$$'. It ws mere'( !!(sitti"- ffir, !%t ei") ws *e$te*M$s'em mtr$" w)$ t)$%-)t t)t te#)i"- %s t)e H$'( K$r" ws "$!'e missi$". 4it)$%t te#)i"- %st)e '+)!et $r -ii"- %s "( $t)er i"* $f i"str%#ti$" s)e se* %s, #)i'*re" !etwee" t)e -es $f fie"* si:, t$ #$mmit s%!st"ti' +$rti$"s $f t)e K$r" t$ mem$r( "* we *i*. =r*%ti$" fr$m )ei)ws "$ es( ts. E#) +r$s+e#tie -r*%te )* t$ re#ite se#ti$"s $f t)e K$r" i" +%!'i# 'm$st 'ie *$#t$r' *efe"#e f$r #)i'*re". I *e'i-)te* i" m( $w" w$r*+erfe#t +erf$rm"#e, +rti#%'r'( w)e" I ws

re#iti"- t)e st$r( $f 5$se+) "* )$w )e f'e* t$ E-(+t wit) t)e #)i'* 5es%s t$ es#+e *et) t t)e )"*s$f Her$*, !%t ws 'ter !"is)e* t t)e !e)est $f t)e /)risees, t)e )i-)er 5ewis) #'er-(, t)e i$"ist+r$t$t(+es. T)e te#)er "* t)e #)i'*re" were $er$(e*. I ws e#stti#. As I fi"is)e* t)e 'st erse, #)i'* r" fr$m t)e s#)$$' )$%se #rr(i"- t)e "ews t$ m( m$t)er, "* *em"*i"- 'Hi'wei"), w$rt)w)i'e rewr*. M( +$$r m$t)er #$%'* $"'( ff$r* t$ -ie )er few sweets. 4)e" I rrie* )$me#)eerf%''( ""$%"#i"- m( -r*%ti$" m( m$t)er 's$ -e me s$me sweets "* !i- iss. I )*e:+e#te* -ift "* !i- #e'e!rti$" !%t "$t)i"- )++e"e*. I #rie* m( e(es $%t, "$t re'isi"- t)tm$t)er ws %"!'e t$ !%( me *ress, *$'', $r ee" +ir $f s$#s.

M( >"#'e K)m$%*, w)$ *i* )e m$"e(, )* )er* $f t)e "ews. He se* me w)et)er it ws tr%e. I

si*, @es. He -e me 'itt'e test "* ws er( im+resse*. He #$%'*"8t !e'iee t)t #)i'* $f si:#$%'* )e mem$rise* w)$'e +$rti$"s $f t)e K$r". T$ s)$w )is ++re#iti$" )e -e me $"e w)$'eLe!"ese +$%"* t)e e%i'e"t $f ; +e"#eG. T)is ws t)e first +$%"* I )* eer er"e*. I %m+e* wit)$(, -e )im -ret !i- )%- "* r" )$me t$ ""$%"#e t)e !i- i#t$r( t$ m( m$t)er "* t$ em+)sise)er "i--r*'i"ess. M$t)er smi'e* ++r$i"-'( s I *is+'(e* t)e +$%"* "* !$ste* !$%t t)e-e"er$sit( $f m( %"#'e, )er !r$t)er. B%t I )* "$ i*e $f w)t t$ *$ wit) m( +rie, s$ I -e it t$ m(m$t)er. )e ret%r"e* t$ me twe"t(fie +istres s(i"-, T)is is ($%rs Lei', *$ s ($% wis) wit) it. A

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few *(s 'ter, I !$%-)t -ift f$r m( te#)er "* sweets f$r t)e #)i'*re" wit) m( tres%re.

I" t)e %t%m" $f 190, I ws e"r$''e* i" -r*e $"e t t)e >"i$" $f E"-e'i#' C)%r#)es8 #)$$' f$rt)e /'esti"i"s, !%t $"'( fter str%--'e. T)t s%mmer, I )* 'er"e* t$ re* $" m( $w" !( tte"tie'('iste"i"- t$ m( sisters "* +i#t%ri"- t)e +ss-es $f t)e K$r" i" m( mi"*. i"#e I ws i)8s#$"st"t #$m+"i$", I "ew w)t s)e "ew "* 'er"e* w)t s)e 'er"e*. )e ws -$i"- i"t$ t)ef$%rt) -r*e "* I *e#i*e* I w"te* t$ !e i" t)e sme -r*e, es+e#i''( fter *is#$eri"- t)t t)e tw$+ree'eme"tr( -r*es +'%s t)e first tw$ -r*es were -$i"- t$ !e )$%se* i" te"t $" t)e -r$%"*s $f t)es#)$$')$%se.

B%t t)e te#)er +'#e* me i" t)e first +ree'eme"tr( -r*e "* +r$#ee*e* s if "$t)i"- ws wr$"-. Iws s)$#e* "* $!e#te* stre"%$%s'(. I s)$%te* $%t t)t I $%-)t t$ !e +'#e* i" -r*e f$%r. Eer($"e'%-)e*. E:mi"e me "* ($% wi'' see, I *em"*e*. I ws !'e t$ re* f$%rt) -r*e'ee' Ar!i#wit)$%t mi"- miste. T)e" s)e e:mi"e* me i" mt)emti#s, "* I "ew e"$%-) t$ +ss. E"-'is)ws m( *$w"f''. I "ew t)e '+)!et "* few w$r*s t)t m( sisters %se* r$%"* t)e )$%se. I ws!'e t$ re#$-"ise t)e E"-'is) '+)!et s s)e wr$te it $" t)e !'#!$r*, !%t I m*e *isstr$%s

miste w)e" I re* t)e 'etter O i" E"-'is) s fie i" Ar!i#, w)i#) i" f#t t$$ t)e sme f$rm. T)ete#)er !%rst $%t '%-)i"-. @$% see, I "ew ($% *i*"8t "$w e"$%-) t$ !e ee" i" -r*e tw$, "eermi"* -r*e f$%r. B%t si"#e ($%8re s%#) !ri-)t 'itt'e -ir' ($% w$"8t )e t$ s+e"* tw$ (ers i" +ree'eme"tr( s#)$$'. I wi'' +'#e ($% i" -r*e $"e. I m*e m( +$i"t "* #)iee* re' #*emi#i#t$r(, !%t I 's$ fe't m$me"tr( 'et*$w" !e#%se I sti'' )* t$ remi" i" t)e te"t $%tsi*e t)es#)$$')$%se. He"#ef$rt), I ws "$ '$"-er #)i'* 'er"i"- s$"-s "* -mes, !%t seri$%s +%+i' 'er"i"-Ar!i#, mt), "* E"-'is). A's$, s st%*e"t i" -r*e $"e, I er"e* t)e ri-)t t$ m( $w" s'te wit) s+$"-e "* 'e* #)'. M$t)er m*e me #'$t) s#)$$' !- fr$m +ie#e $f $"e $f )er $'* *resses. Iws *e'i-)te* t)t I )* s$ m%#)3

I" -r*es $"e "* tw$, I e"$(e* s#)$$' "* sett'e* *$w" t$ "$rm' e:iste"#e i" e:i'e. T)ere ws$"'( $"e si-"ifi#"t i"#i*e"t *%ri"- t)ese (ers i" m( 'ife, w)i#) )* t$ *$ wit) *em$"strti$"s#$mmem$rti"- t)e '$ss $f /'esti"e. A't)$%-) I ws +ssi$"te'( wre $f t)e /'esti"i" tr-e*(, f$rs$me res$" $r $t)er, I t)$%-)t t)e *em$"strti$" $" M( 1, 191, ws mere i"terfere"#e wit) m(s#)$$' w$r. T)e s#)$$' ws #'$se* f$r t)e $##si$" !%t I *i* "$t +rti#i+te. I se* m$t)er w)t t)e*em$"strti$"s me"t. Re'isi"- t)t I ws t)e $"'( #)i'* $f w'i"- -e w)$ )* remi"e* t )$me,s)e re+'ie* "-ri'(, As /'esti"i" -ir' ($% s)$%'* )e $i"e* ($%r sisters t$ +r$test -i"st t)ei$"ist $##%+ti$" $f /'esti"e. I -ree* t)t t)e *em$"strti$" ws *esir!'e, !%t i"siste* t)t s#)$$'w$r ws m$re im+$rt"t. M$t)er ws s%r+rise* !( m( tres$"$%s t', "* 'e#t%re* me $" t)e t)ree)ist$ri# *(s $f !etr(' t)t eer( /'esti"i" s)$%'* remem!er2 t)e B'f$%r De#'rti$" $f N$em!er;, 1917& t)e +rtiti$" $f /'esti"e, N$em!er ;9, 197& "* t)e +r$#'mti$" $f t)e stte $f Isre', M(

1, 19. Eer si"#e, t)ese *tes )e !e#$me it' "* i"te-r' +rt $f m( 'ife.

19; ws t%r"i"-+$i"t i" m( 'ife. I ws $"'( ei-)t (ers $'* !%t t)e $"r%s) $f ee"ts "* t)e!#-r$%"* $f m( w$r'* $f e:i'e f$r#e* me t$ !e +$'iti#''( wre. M( !r$t)er first *rew me i"t$+$'iti#s. I re#'' t)e first +$'iti#' *e!te !etwee" !r$t)er M$)mm* "* m( ft)er. M$)mm*, w)$ws 17, ws e"t)%sisti#''( re'ti"- t$ t)e fmi'( )$w -r$%+ $f ($%"- E-(+ti" rm( $ffi#ers


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$ert)rew t)e #$rr%+t Ki"- Fr$% $f E-(+t. Ft)er ws $++$se* t$ t)e re$'t "* i"siste* t)t t)e$ffi#ers were -r$%+ $f mi'itr( %+strts, w)$ "ew "$t)i"- !$%t +$'iti#s "* $ert)rew i"- w)$)* f$%-)t f$r t)e *efe"#e $f /'esti"e i" 19. M$)mm* ws f%ri$%s. He remi"*e* ft)er t)t t)eKi"- ws Britis) +$'iti#' st$$-e w)$ '$st t)e wr i" /'esti"e "* *i* "$t)i"- f$r f$%r (ers t$ )e'+re#$er /'esti"e. M$re$er, M$)mm* #$"ti"%e*, T)e Ki"- "* )is reti"%e were *e#*e"t t$ t)e!$"es "* t)e( s%"*ere* t)e we't) $f E-(+t $" t)emse'es rt)er t)" $" t)e +e$+'e. T)e fmi'(

ws #)eeri"- f$r M$)mm* s )e +r$e* t)t )e ws !etter i"f$rme* t)" ft)er. M$)mm* )*#$''e#te* t)e *$#%me"tr( ei*e"#e fr$m R$se EI@$%sef " E-(+ti" $%r"' "* +ste* it $" t)ew'' $f t)e !$(s8 r$$m. He re* it '' t$ ft)er, w)$ #%ies#e* "* +r$%*'( #$"-rt%'te* )is e'*est s$"$" !ei"- s$ we'' i"f$rme* "* #$mmitte* t$ t)e re$'%ti$". M$)mm* !e#me $%r +$'iti#'#$mme"tt$r "* '' $f %s, es+e#i''( t)e -ir's, 'er"e* e"$rm$%s'( fr$m )im. F%rt)erm$re, !ei"- t t)eAmeri#" >"iersit( $f Beir%t $" s#)$'rs)i+ **e* t$ )is +resti-e "* +%t )im i" #'$se ss$#iti$"wit) t)e f'e*-'i"- Ar! @$%t) M$eme"t, w)i#) +r$i*e* )im wit) we't) $f i"f$rmti$" "*$r-"isti$"' si''.

I" t)e %t%m" $f 19;, I e"r$''e* t t)e sme e:#'%sie /'esti"i" s#)$$' set %+ !( t)e #)%r#)es.T)is ws t)e (er $f *is#$er( "* #$mmitme"t. I" t)e "e:t t)ree $r f$%r (ers m( +$'iti#' "* s$#i'i*es were f$rme*, "* m( +$'iti#' ties were m*e. A series $f %"re'te* i"#i*e"ts set t)e st-e f$r m(+$'iti#isti$"2 i$'e"t st$rm& )rs) #$'*& #$''e#ti$" f$r ref%-ee -ir'.

T)e +'es"t s%mmer $f 19; t%r"e* i"t$ i$'e"t wi"ter i" er'( De#em!er. A st$rm str%# "* !'ew$er $%r s#)$$' te"t w)i#) )e'* $er see"t( #)i'*re". A few were i"%re*& t)e rest $f %s )* t)e*('i-)ts s#re* $%t $f %s. I" t)e mi*st $f +$%ri"- i#( ri", ters "* m%*, I st$$* si'e"t'( #r(i"- s t)e#)i'*re" s#reme* "* r" f$r #$er. It ws s(m!$' $f $%r r%i"e* Ar! )$me'"*. L$#' +r$tests "*)ertre"*i"- st$ries f$''$we*, !%t *$ "$ i'. 4ester" C)risti" #)rit( )* its 'imits. T)e te"t ws reere#te*& t)ere ws "$ 'ter"tie.

At t)is +$i"t, t)e te"t )* 'itt'e $r "$ me"i"- t$ me. It ws "$t '$"- fter t)is i"#i*e"t t)t it !e-" t$*w" $" me t)t te"s $f t)$%s"*s $f +e$+'e +erm"e"t'( 'ie* i" te"ts, "$t %st f$r -mes $rs#)$$'i"-. I" er'( 19


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t)$se /'esti"i"s w)$ )* "$ re'ties e'sew)ere i" t)e Ar! w$r'* )* "$ +'#e t$ -$ !%t t)e $+e"*esert $r t)e s'%ms $f Ar! t$w"s "* s$me)$w s%rie %"ti' >NR4A ws $r-"ise*. Im-i"e w)erewe mi-)t )e '"*e* )* we "$t )* re'ties i" $%r "* I )* "$t )* few !r#e'ets fr$m t)e $'**(s w)i#) I #$%'* se'' t$ !%( ($% f$$* f$r t)e first few m$"t)s. 4)ere w$%'* we )e -$"e, w)erew$%'* we !e "$w I w$"*er if ($% w$%'* )e s%rie* t$ t)is *(. 4)t mi-)t )e )++e"e* t$ ($%"* ($%r sisters "* !r$t)ers )* I !ee" i''e* $r te" w( !( t)e i$"ists w)e" we were $" $%r w(

fr$m Hif t$ $%r D$"8t ($% "$w t)t t)e i$"ists s'%-)tere* $%r +e$+'e, "* t)$se w)$ es#+e*t)em *ie* $f t)irst $r strti$" I #$%'* te'' ($% mi''i$" t'es $f w$e, !%t, I w"t ($% t$ "$w $"'(t)is2 ($% re " 'ie" )ere i" Le!"$", "* ($%r )$me'"* is %"*er f$rei-" $##%+ti$". 4e f$%-)t "*f$%-)t 'i"t'( t$ se t)e '"*& we '$st "* were *rie" $%t. @$% Lei', "* ($%r !r$t)ers "* sisters,m%st "eer f$r-et /'esti"e "* ($% m%st *$ ($%r %tm$st t$ re#$er )er.

I im-i"e* I ws 'iste"i"- t$ s* st$r( t)t )* )++e"e* s$mew)ere e'se t$ s$me$"e e'se. I wsffe#te* *ee+'( !%t I *i*"8t fee' t)t I ws +rt $f t)e st$r(. T)e tr%t) fi"''( )it me i" t)e s+ri"- $f19


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w$r i" "er!( t$w"s, m$st $f t)em r$t i" i*'e"ess. T)e( 'ie $" me-re >N *$'es "* )e "$ )$+e $fs'ti$" wit)$%t " Ar!/'esti"i" re$'%ti$".

M( fit) i" m(se'f "* m( fe''$w st%*e"ts ws -ret'( stre"-t)e"e* i" t)e s+ri"- $f 19


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we'#$me* )er wit) $+e" rms. T)e w)$'e fmi'( ws $er$(e* "* re-r*e* )er ret%r" s mir#%'$%s.O" M$"*( m$r"i"- t)e te#)er se* %s t$ write " ess( $" s$met)i"- er( im+$rt"t t)t )*)++e"e* i" $%r $w" 'ies. I ws +'ese* t$ )e t)e #)"#e t$ write $" t)e ret%r" $f m( *$e t$ t)er. I wr$te !$%t t)e st$r( $f t)e f'$$*, #$m+ri"- it t$ t)e i$"ist f'$$*i"- $f /'esti"e "*+$rtr(i"- m( #t s t)e *$e $f +e#e t)t f$ret$'* $f t)e e!!i"- $f t)e ti*e. I fe't t)t if m( #t#$%'* fi"* )er w( !# t$ me fter $"e (er, I $%-)t t$ !e !'e t$ fi"* m( w( !# t$ 'i!erte*

/'esti"e. M( te#)er, 's$ /'esti"i", t)$%-)t t)e se"time"t ws "$!'e "* e'eti"- "* trie* t$i"sti'' i" me m$re s#ie"tifi# ++r$#) t$ t)e )$me'"*. B%t t$ #)i'* $f te" t)e )$me'"* ws *rem t$ e:#ite t)e im-i"ti$", "$t " tti"!'e -$'.

T$ e:ti"-%is) t)e f'me $f re$'%ti$", sfe-%r* Ar! !'# -$'*, "* mi"ti" >"ite* ttesstrte-i# i"terests, Ameri#t)e #ret$r, +r$te#t$r "* s%++'ier $f we+$"s t$ Isre'& t)e ft)er,-$*ft)er "* )i-) +riest $f i$"ismset $%t i" t)e er'( 190s t$ #rete " e:te"si$" t$ NATO "*+'#e $%r w$r'* i" its $r!it. 5$)" F$ster D%''es, t)e > e#retr( $f tte, isite* t)e Mi**'e Est i"Mr#), 19B, "* t)e A>B *mi"istrti$" ref%se* t$ '$*-e f$rm' +r$test -i"stt)e ssssi"ti$" $f $"e $f its st%*e"ts. %**e"'( +e$+'e !e-" t$ %"*erst"* t)e me"i"- $f 4ester"

*em$#rti# i"stit%ti$"s "* t)eir +$'iti#' i"te"ti$"s t$wr*s t)e Mi**'e Est.

B%t t)e %"f$'*i"- *rm $f t)e fifties *i* "$t re#) its *e"$%eme"t %"ti' t)e %e 4r $f 196, w)e"Briti" "* Fr"#e, i" #$"#ert wit) Isre', i"*e* E-(+t seei"- t$ $ert)r$w Nsser "* im+$se Be" =%ri$" i"* $f +e#e $" t)e Ar! +e$+'e. T)e *e#'rti$" $f M( ;, 190, i" w)i#) t)e t)ree-ret +$wers, Briti", Fr"#e "* t)e >A, )* -%r"tee* t)e territ$ri' i"te-rit( "* s$erei-"

1;


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i"*e+e"*e"#e $f t)e Mi**'e Ester" sttes "* +'e*-e* t$ #$me t$ t)e i* $f " --riee* +rt(, wstrm+'e* %+$" !( tw$ $f its si-"t$ries, Briti" "* Fr"#e, "* ''$we* t$ '+se !( Ameri# w)e" itws "$ '$"-er $f '%e t$ i$"ism.

T)e 4est fi'e* t$ #$er#e t)e e"tire Ar! w$r'* i"t$ s%!serie"t ''i"#e s(stem %"*er t)e wi"- $fAmeri#. O" t)e #$"trr(, it f$r#e* +$'risti$" i" w)i#) Nsser8s Cir$ !e#me t)e f$#'+$i"t $f"ti$"'ist we"i"- "* N%ri8s B-)** t)e #e"tre $f #$%"terre$'%ti$" "* t)e #+it' $f t)e"$rt)er" tier *$#tes. A'' i" '', D%''es "* Ie, E*e" "* M#mi''", Be" =%ri$" "* M$s)eD(" were "$t t$t''( %"miti-te* ei'& t)e( -e %s r%*e we"i"- f$r w)i#) we $we t)em *e!t $f -rtit%*e. T)e( f$r#e* %s t$ ree:mi"e t)e f$%"*ti$"s $f $%r s$#iet(. N$ '$"-er *i* t)e Ar!s)e t$ %"*er-$ '$"- +eri$*s $f se'f*e'%si$" t$ *isti"-%is) frie"* fr$m f$e "* t$ %"#$er t)e e"em(wit)i" "* wit)$%t.

% Edation and Revol&tion

Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains

R$%sse%

A A MEMBER OF THE ARAB NATIONALIT MO?EMENT, I ws tri"e* t$ !e #$"s#i$%s $f t)e+st, +rese"t "* f%t%re. >"*er*ee'$+e* +e$+'e "* s$#ieties t(+i#''( '# " wre"ess $f t)e+rese"t "* t)e f%t%re, !%t s%#) #$"s#i$%s"ess is im+ertie if we re t$ !e msters $f $%r $w" 'ies"* e"ir$"me"t. 4e #""$t $er#$me t)e +st "* its #ri++'i"- i*e$'$-ies %"'ess we -i" free#$"s#i$%s"ess. >"*er*ee'$+e* +e$+'e 'ie !( fte& t)e( '$$ wit) "$st'-i t$ -$'*e" +st. M(+e$+'e "* I s%ffer fr$m t)ese *e!i'ities, !%t we re 's$ 'ii"- i" t)e $"-$i"- +r$#ess $f )ist$r( "*re tr(i"- t$ *etermi"e $%r f%t%re rt)er t)" !i"* $%rse'es t$ *e* +st.

T)e '%e $f t)e #$"%est $f /'esti"e !( im+eri'ism "* i$"ism is t)t it f$r#e* s$me $f %s t$ ree:mi"e t)e f$%"*ti$" $f $%r s$#iet( $" $%r $w". 4e *is#$ere* t)t $%r s$#iet( ws r$tte",tr*iti$"', %"+r$-ressie. O%r *efet ws i"*ee* $%r s'ti$", $%r me"s $f re-e"erti$" "* re"ew'.N$w t)e iss%e is "$t rest$rti$", !%t t)e #$"str%#ti$" $f "ew s$#i'ist re+%!'i# e"#$m+ssi"- t)ee"tire Ar! w$r'*.

1


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4e m%st eit)er ##e+t $r *e#'i"e t)e #)''e"-e. If we ##e+t, we m%st )e* t$ t)e m$%"ti"s, t$ t)e+es"ts8 )%ts, t$ t)e #it( s'%ms. If we *e#'i"e, we #$%'* 'e* 'ife $f )++( serit%*e %"*er t)e ($e$f i$"ism "* im+eri'ism "* #$m+re $%r e#$"$mi# we''!ei"- t$*( wit) t)t $f 'st (er $r t)e(er !ef$re D(" 'i!erte* %s. M$re$er, we #$%'* #$"s$'e $%rse'es !( s(i"- 4e "$w )e+e#e "* %iet, "* we )e m$re *em$#r#( %"*er M$s)e D(" "* )is !%''*$ers t)" %"*erH%ssei" "* )is Be*$%i" re-ime"ts.

B( 19 I ws !e#$mi"- #$"s#i$%s $f +rese"t +r$!'ems "* f%t%re +'"s. I" t)t s+ri"-, I $!ti"e* m(e'eme"tr( s#)$$' #ertifi#te "* m*e +'"s t$ -$ $" t$ se#$"*r( s#)$$'. I ws e'ee" (ers $'* "*Isre' ws see". 4e we"t t)r$%-) t)e sme +ere""i' rit%' $f *e"$%"#i"- i$"ism, im+eri'ism "*Ar! re#ti$"ries $" t)e see"t) ""iersr( $f $%r e:i'e "* *$i"- "$t)i"- !$%t it.

Me"w)i'e Isre' )* %se* t)$se see" (ers t$ #$"s$'i*te )er i"ter"' fr$"t "* i"te-rte )er Afr$Asi" +$+%'ti$", t)e e+)r*im 5ews. /e#e $ert%res were m*e !( M$s)e )rrett i" 19, !%t)is -$er"me"t ws t$++'e* !( t)e Isre'i )ws %"*er t)e re*$%!t!'e 'e*ers)i+ $f Be" =%ri$".H$weer, !ef$re )rrett8s $ert)r$w, t)e Isre'i -$er"me"t ws im+'i#te* i" $"e $f t)e m$st

i"si*i$%s +'$ts i" t)e )ist$r( $f *i+'$m#(. T)e s#)eme "$w" s t)e L$" ffir e"ti'e* t)e !'$wi"-%+ $f t)e > "* Britis) em!ssies "* $t)er 4ester" strte-i# i"terests i" E-(+t t$ +r$e t)ei"st!i'it( $f t)e E-(+ti" re-ime, "* +ers%*e Isre'8s +r$te#t$rs t$ remi" e"s#$"#e* t %e "*"$t t$ wit)*rw fr$m t)e %*". T)e Isre'is, $f #$%rse, )* )$+e* t$ me t)e #rime ++er t)e w$r$f t)e E-(+ti"s. >")++i'( f$r t)em, t)e( were #%-)t re*)"*e* "* e:+$se*. T)e L$" ffirr$#e* Isre'i +$'iti#s f$r t)e "e:t *e#*e.

Isre'i e:+"si$"ism !e-" i" er"est wit) t)e -r*%' ""e:ti$" $f *emi'itrise* $"es set %+ %"*ert)e tr%#e -reeme"ts $f R)$*es 199G, t)e #$"ti"%e* e:+%'si$" $f Ar!s fr$m Isre', "* t)es%++ressi$" $f t)e remi"i"- Ar! mi"$rit( i" Isre'. M$re im+$rt"t ws t)e strt $f t)e +$'i#( $f

mssie re+ris's. T)is ws '%"#)e* $" O#t$!er 1, 19


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t)ret. Tw$ $f m( sisters were w$ri"- "* m$t)er )* m*e s$me wise i"estme"ts. 4e '' fe't t)tt)e Ar!s were ti"- s$me $er*%e first ste+s t$wr*s re#$eri"- /'esti"e "* we were sti''w)$'e)erte*'( !e)i"* t)e "ti$"'ist m$eme"t.

196 ws t)e (er $f (ers i" m$*er" Ar! )ist$r(. T)e Nsserite re-ime, i*e* !( e:ter"' "*i"ter"' +ress%res, )* m"-e* t$ e:tr#t " e#%ti$" -reeme"t fr$m t)e Britis) i" 19, "* !(5%"e, 196 wit)*rw' ws #$m+'ete*. D%''es "* E*e" t)e" *e#i*e* t$ t$++'e Nsser !e#%se )e wsm$i"- i" "e%tr'ist *ire#ti$" i"ste* $f t$ei"- t)e 4ester" 'i"e. T)e( e:erte* e#$"$mi# +ress%res,!%t )e *i* "$t (ie'*. Nsser ws !e-i""i"- t$ se"se )is +$te"ti' +$wer "* t)e *esire $f t)e Ar!msses f$r str$"-, #)rismti# 'e*er. E*e" "* D%''es f$r t)eir +rt were %"!'e t$ -rs+ t)e+r$f$%"* #)"-es t)t were ti"- +'#e. T)e( t)$%-)t t)t if t)e( #$%'*"8t $ert)r$w Nsser t)e(#$%'* )%mi'ite )im "* me wes !( wit)*rwi"- t)e +r$mise* J70 mi''i$" '$" f$r t)e Asw"Hi-) Dm +r$e#t. Nsser res+$"*e* !( "ti$"'isi"- t)e %e C"' $" 5%'( ;6, 196. T)e Ar! -i"t)* s%**e"'( we"e* "* r$re* wit) f%r( t t)e 4est. Mss *%'ti$" f$r Nsser !e#me " Ar!+)e"$me"$"& Nsserism !e#me w$r'*wi*e *$#tri"e. T)e 4est ws st%""e* w)e" Ar! +i'$ts s$$"+r$e* t)t t)e( #$%'* $+erte t)e C"' %st s, if "$t m$re, #$m+ete"t'( t)" t)eir 4ester"#$%"ter+rts.

T)e w$r'* st$++e* "* 'iste"e*. Di+'$mts fr$m t)e T)ir* 4$r'* m*e +i'-rim-es t$ Cir$ t$ *e#'ret)eir s$'i*rit( wit) t)e Ar!s. 4)e" R$!ert Me"ies, t)e /rime Mi"ister $f A%str'i, $%r"e(e* t$Cir$ #rr(i"- t)e %'timt%m $f t)e C"' >sers8 Ass$#iti$", Nsser -e Me"ies " em+)ti# "$ "*se"t )im +#i"-. T)e Ar! w$r'* ++'%*e*& t)e $++resse* sw s+r $f )$+e. E%r$+e "* Ameri#st$$* i" we w)i'e Nsser !e#me t)e !r$w" -i"t $f t)e T)ir* 4$r'*. T)e" #me t)e i"fm$%stri+rtite i"si$" $f E-(+t $" O#t$!er ;9, 196, !%t Nsser )e'* $" t$ t)e C"' "* t)e rei"s $f+$wer. Isre' )* %"!s)e*'( #$"s+ire* wit) Briti" "* Fr"#e t$ reerse t)e ti*e $f Ar! )ist$r( "*im+$se "ew im+eri' re-ime $" $%r w$r'*.

T)e 196 i"si$" $f E-(+t #ese* $" N$em!er 6. T)t *( "ew !!( ws !$r" i" t)e K)'e*fmi'(. 4e #''e* )im Nsser i" )$"$%r $f /resi*e"t Nsser, t$ s(m!$'ise $%r first )$%r $f i#t$r(si"#e t)e *efet $f 19. Nsser ws "%m!er twe'e "* t)e 'st #)i'* $f A'i K)'e*. N$w t)e fmi'(#$%'* eit)er f$rm s$##er tem $r te $" t)e twe'e tri!es $f Isre'. T)e *e#isi$" ws 're*( m*e.T)t %t%m" ws t)e m$st e:#iti"- +eri$* $f m( #)i'*)$$*. 4e were e"--e* i" '' s$rts $f feeris)#tiities. It seeme* s if t)e w)$'e s#)$$' ws $"e fmi'(, t)e w)$'e $f $%r ws $"e tri!e, t)e w)$'e$f t)e Ar! w$r'* ws $"e "ti$" stte. It ws time t$ remem!er "* e"$(, time $f +ri*e "* se'f#$"fi*e"#e. B%t t)e e"em( ws sti'' t t)e -tes.

T)e (ers fr$m 196 t$ 199 were m( +eri$* $f +$'iti#' ++re"ti#es)i+ s " #tiist. A't)$%-) I )*se"se* i"te"se +$'iti#' i"terest "* #tiit( i" $%r )$%se si"#e 19, I s$me)$w *i* "$t -rs+ its f%''si-"ifi#"#e "* ws "$t re''( i"$'e* i" t)e *is#%ssi$"s. Br$t)er M$)mm* ws mem!er $f t)eAr! Nti$"'ist M$eme"t "* )e fre%e"t'( -e %s 'itert%re t$ *istri!%te i" $%r $r +$sters t$ +ste%+. isters i) "* R)! m%st )e $i"e* t)e M$eme"t i" 196 $r 197, "* t)e( were er(#tie. I !e-" t$ ss$#ite wit) t)e M$eme"t +e$+'e i" 197. I *i*"8t re'ise, )$weer, )$w m%#)m$re t)ere ws t$ t)e m$eme"t t)" writi"-, *istri!%ti"- +m+)'ets, *em$"strti"- $r mi"-

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s+ee#)es. T)e M$eme"t ws #tie i" 197 w)e" it ws wi*e'( r%m$%re* t)t T%re( ws +'""i"- t$i"*e (ri "* $ert)r$w t)e +r$-ressie re-ime $" !e)'f $f t)e >. 4e )* "%mer$%s *is#%ssi$"s,!%t t)ere ws "$ $r-"ise* ($%t) m$eme"t t$ te #ti$". I ws $" t)e +eri+)er( "* se* m( sistersf$r i"f$rmti$" w)i#) t)e( ref%se* t$ -ie !e#%se I ws "$t f%''(f'e*-e* mem!er $f t)e M$eme"t.B%t m( e"t)%sism t ss$#iti"- wit) 'i!erti$"ists "* m( em$ti$"' #$mmitme"t t$ t)e #%se $ffset"( mis-ii"-s I mi-)t )e )* !$%t "$t !ei"- +rti#i+ti"- mem!er.

I" 19, %"*er rti''er( fire fr$m t)e Le!"ese rm(, t)e *isti"#ti$" !etwee" mem!er "* "$"mem!er#ese*. $%r ws %"*er sie-e. T)e f'se frie"*s $f /'esti"e "* Ar!ism !e-" t$ s)$w t)eir teet)imme*ite'( fter t)e f$rmti$" $f t)e >"ite* Ar! Re+%!'i# i" Fe!r%r( $f 19. T$ +r$te#t t)eir $w"t$tteri"- re-imes t)e Hs)emites $f Ir "* 5$r*" f$rme* t)eir $w" #$%"terfe*erti$", +r$!!'(%"*er 4ester" i"sti-ti$". T)e w)$'e Ar! w$r'* ws +$'rise*2 +"Ar!ism ers%s +r$i"#i's$erei-"ties& re$'%ti$" ers%s #$%"terre$'%ti$"& Cir$ ers%s B-)**. I" t)is +$'iti#' #$"te:t t)eLe!"ese /resi*e"t C)m$%", t)e *r'i"- $f 4ester" *i+'$mts, *e#i*e* t$ see se#$"* +resi*e"ti'term. T)e Ar! Nti$"'ist M$eme"t s we'' s $t)er f$r#es, +r$-ressie "* re#ti$"r(, s$%-)t t$!'$# t)e #$"stit%ti$"' me"*me"t +r$+$se* !( )is +rt(. Be#%se $f t)e #$"stit%ti$"' *e*'$#, t)e#$"f'i#t $f "t-$"isti# s$#i' f$r#es, "* t)e $++$rt%"ism $f mer#)"ts "* +$'iti#i"s $" !$t) si*es, #ii' wr er%+te* $" M( 10, tw$ *(s fter t)e ssssi"ti$" $f Nsi! A'Mt"i, re"$w"e* Ar!+$'iti#' e*it$r.

I" $%r '$#' $++$siti$" t$ t)e Ar! Nti$"'ist M$eme"t ws fee!'e. It ws es( f$r %s t$ seie t)e#it( "* r%" its -$er"me"t i" t)e i"terests $f t)e +e$+'e "* t)e re!e''i$". T)e Is'"* $f $%r +r$+erws %"*er $%r !s$'%te #$"tr$'. B%t t)e rm( )e'* t)e -te t t)e "$rt)er" e"* $f t$w", w)ere t)e$++$siti$" )* "%mer$%s f$''$wers, i"#'%*i"- t)e '$#' mem!er $f +r'ime"t, )is tri!e "* its #'ie"ts.Tem+ers i" $%r )* !ee" r%""i"- )i-) si"#e A+ri' ;, 19 w)e" t)e -e"*rmerie )* s)$t "* i''e*M" H'w), +r$mi"e"t "ti$"'ist 'e*er. M$st +e$+'e i" $%r #$"si*ere* )is m%r*er %"wrr"te*"* %"+r$$e*. T)e $'i*rit( C'%! $f $%r, )$weer, i"ter+rete* H'w)8s m%r*er s *e#'rti$"

$f wr $" t)e Ar! Nti$"'ist M$eme"t s we'' s " ttem+t !( t)e Le!"ese %t)$rities t$i"timi*te t)e #it( "* f$i' t)e "ti$"'ists. T)eir +rem$"iti$"s +r$e* #$rre#t.

A t)ree*( #%rfew ws im+$se*, f$''$we* !( r$%"*%+ $f +$'iti#' -itt$rs. 4)e" t)e +e$+'e*is#$ere* w)t ws )++e"i"-, t)e( !r$e t)e #%rfew, st$rme* t)e +$'i#e stti$", "* re'ese* t)e+ris$"ers. T)is time M$)mm* Kssem, "$t)er *isti"-%is)e* "ti$"'ist, ws i''e*, "* I )* m(first !r%s) wit) *et), es#+i"- !( $"'( few #e"timetres. A't)$%-) I )* +rti#i+te* i" +r#ti#''(eer( *em$"strti$" i" $%r f$r t)e +st si: (ers 19; %"ti' A+ri' 19G, it sti'' seeme* 'ie %st '$t$f f%". I )* "$t see" "($"e m%r*ere* si"#e t)e m" w)$ *ie* i" fr$"t $f $%r )$%se i" Hif, w)e" I)* !ee" sfe'( )i**e" %"*er t)e stir#se. M" H'w), )$weer, ws -%""e* *$w" !( t)eLe!"ese -e"*rmes w)i'e s)$%ti"- "ti$"'ist s'$-"s s )e ws rise* s)$%'*er )i-) !( #$mr*es.M$)mm* Kssem ws s)$t w)e" t)e -e"*rmes trie* t$ reim+$se t)eir #%rfew $" $%r. I ws !()is si*e, )"*i"- )im st$"es t$ )%r' t t)e -e"*rmes w)e" )e ws #%t *$w". I r" s#remi"- f$r )e'+.4)e" )e'+ #me )e ws sti'' 'ie "* we r%s)e* )im t$ t)e )$s+it' i" !r$e" $'* #r. I t)$%-)t )ews -$i"- t$ 'ie. T)e s%r-e$" #me $%t $f t)e $+erti"- r$$m fter few mi"%tes. He w'e* s'$w'(t$wr*s %s, t)e" s$'em"'( $ffere* )is #$"*$'e"#es tr(i"- t$ )i*e )is $w" ters. F$r t)e first time i" m('ife I "ew t)e '$ss $f #$mr*e i" !tt'e. I #rie* f$r *(s. T)e #it( m$%r"e* t)e '$ss $f tw$ -ret#$mr*es "* -e t)em )er$es8 f%"er's. B%t t)t ws $"'( t)e !e-i""i"-. T)e s%mmer $f 19 ws

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s%mmer $f m$%r"i"-s. T)e +rmi'itr( f$r#es "* t)e rm( $f C)m$%" *"#e* 'ie +# $fmer#e"ries t$ r-e $%r #it( "* !ri"- %s t)e !'essi"-s $f Ameri#" we+$"r(. T)t s%mmer, I *$"$t remem!er s'ee+i"- w)$'e "i-)t wit)$%t i"terr%+ti$", f$r I ws s$'*ier t t)irtee", "* I )*se"ti"e' *%t( "* $t)er +$'iti#' "* mi'itr( $!'i-ti$"s. I ws ":i$%s t$ !e -$$* s$'*ier.

As t)e Le!"ese *ii*e* "* !r$t)er i''e* !r$t)er, it !e#me ei*e"t t)t t$$ m"( f$rei-" fi"-erswere $" t)e tri--ers. O" 5%'( 16, 19, Ameri#" Mri"es '"*e* i" Le!"$", tw$ *(s fter t)e Iri+e$+'e $ert)rew t)e Hs)mite *("st( t)ere "* e:e#%te* N%ri 'i* "* A!*%'I'), Briti"8sm$st fit)f%' Ar! -e"ts. T)e Le!"eseAr! +e$+'e wit"esse* t)e wes$me mest( $f t)e si:t) f'eet.>")++i'(, )$weer, f$r Ameri#, it ws t$$ 'te t$ rest$re N%ri "* #$m+"( t$ +$wer. B%t t)e(st(e* i" Le!"$", *e*'$#e* t)e #ii' wr, "* *e#'re* it *rw. Ar! +$'iti#' #$mme"tt$rs wr$te!$$s $" Neit)er ?i#t$ri$%s N$r ?"%is)e*.

F$rt%"te'( t)e s%mmer $f 19 i" $%r ws "$t s *estti"- s we )* fere*. T)e *estr%#ti$" wsmiti-te* !( " %"es(, %"writte" '$#' ##$r* wit) t)e rm(2 t)e ANM #$"tr$''e* t)e t$w" #e"tre, t)erm( )e'* t)e $%tsirts $f t)e #it(. T)e #$"ti"%$%s !$m!r*me"t $f $%r +$siti$"s ws "erer#i"-

"* fri-)te"i"-. I" **iti$" t)e rm( fre%e"t'( #%t $ff f$$* s%++'ies. B%t we im+r$ise* "* m"-e*.At $"e st-e, $%r re ws !ei"- stre* "* $%r me"8s m$r'e ws wee"i"- !e#%se $f t)e!$m!r*me"t $f t)e rm( "* t)eir $w" )%"-er. 4e )* !$%t te" i'$s $f f'$%r t )$me "* I *e#i*e*t)t I #$%'* !e e"$%-) !re* f$r t)e me". B%t i"ste* $f !i"- it I "e*e* t)e e"tire te" i'$s "*frie* t)e *$%-) i" $'ie $i'. N$w I #$%'* s%++'( re-ime"t, "$t $"'( few *$e" fi-)ters. T)e im-e$f re$'%ti$"r( 5es%s !'essi"- t)e fis) "* fee*i"- t)e m%'tit%*es #me t$ mi"*, !%t I +erf$rme* "$mir#'es.

T)e #r%#i' +rt #me w)e" I *e'iere* t)e !re* t$ t)e 'i"es. I ws #%-)t i" t)e #r$ssfire $f t)e tw$si*es& e#) t)$%-)t I ws t)e e"em(, !%t ++re"t'( "eit)er ws +re+re* t$ -%" me *$w". I ws

me* !( t)e s+ee* $f t)e !%''ets s t)e( !%e* !(, "* ws s$me)$w s%r+rise* t$ see re' !tt'es#e"e r-i"-, +rti#%'r'( wit) me i" its mi*st. >"ti' t)e" I )* t)$%-)t t)t !tt'es were 'ie*em$"strti$"s. I %i#'( 'er"e* !$%t !tt'es "* s#reme* t$ !$t) si*es t$ st$+ fi-)ti"- !e#%se I$"'( )* !re* $" m( tr( w)i#) I #rrie* $" t$+ $f m( )e* s !efits /'esti"i" mi*e".F$rt%"te'(, $"e $f t)e #$mr*es re#$-"ise* me "* si-"''e* t$ )is me" t$ st$+ firi"-. I r" i" )is*ire#ti$" w)e" )e #''e* m( "me "* re#)e* t)e )%"-r( me" sfe'(.

Lter I 'er"e* "$t)er 'ess$" $f wr. I ws re*( t$ #)$e "( Le!"ese s$'*ier I #$%'* '( m( )"*s$" w)e" $"e *( s$'*ier w'e* i"t$ $%r )$%se si"- f$r *ri" $f wter. I re+'ie* t)t I8* -ie )im *ri" $f +$is$" !ef$re I8* -ie )im *ri" $f wter. He seeme* te" !#2 4)( w$%'* ($% *$

s%#) t)i"- )e se*. I si*, Be#%se ($%8re m%r*eri"- $%r me". He smi'e* "* #%ti$%s'( re+'ie*,Miss, if we )* !ee" imi"- $%r !$m!r*me"t $" ($%r me" "* #it(, t)e w)$'e t)i"- w$%'* )e-$"e %+ i" sm$e !( "$w. 4e )e $r*ers t$ fire "* we re firi"-, !%t we re "$t imi"-. 4e mere'(fire t$ ee+ ($%r me" e*-( "* i" +'#e, )$+i"- t)t t)e( w$"8t tr( t$ tt# %s $r ttem+t t$ #r$ss t$$%r si*e $f t$w". Te'' ($%r #$mr*es t$ st( +%t, $t)erwise we wi'' !e f$r#e* t$ wi+e $%t t)e w)$'ere. M$t)er "* I 'iste"e* #ref%''(. I t$'* )im )e ws 'ir "* )e *esere* t$ *ie $f t)irst "*strti$" s we''. M$t)er re'e"te* "* t$'* me t$ -ie t)e s$'*ier *ri" i" ret%r" f$r t)e -$$* "ews

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)e !r$%-)t %s. I re'%#t"t'( *i* s$ i"sisti"- t)t )e ws " e"em( s$'*ier "* )e s)$%'* !e trete*##$r*i"-'(. 4e s)$%'* te )im +ris$"er, I ""$%"#e*. He -est%re* t )is -%" s )e st$$* i" t)e*$$r #)%#'i"- $er m( $%tr-e$%s t)rets. He s%--este* t)t I tr( t$ tt# )is si*e $f t$w" if I weres$ #$%r-e$%s. M$t)er +'e*e* wit) )im t$ te'' )is #$mr*es "$t t$ fire s$ mer#i'ess'( $" t)e #it( "*me" "* )e i" t%r" ss%re* %s t)t )e ws Le!"ese w)$ '$e* )is #$%"tr( "* *i* "$t wis) t$ see it*estr$(e*.

I" 19, )i"- +r$e* m( mett'e i" !tt'e, I )* er"e* t)e ri-)t t$ #"*i*te mem!ers)i+ i" t)e Ar!Nti$"'ist M$eme"t. M( m$t)er str$"-'( *is++r$e* $f t)e +$'iti#' #tiities $f t)e -ir's i" t)efmi'(. )e fe't t)t "$w t)t t)e #ii' wr ws $er t)e -ir's s)$%'* st( t )$me "* 'ee t)e +$'iti#st$ me". M$t)er )* "$ $!e#ti$"s t$ !r$t)er M$)mm* m""i"- t)e tre"#)es, st(i"- $%t 'te t "i-)t$r -$i"- $ff $" %""$w" +$'iti#' missi$"s f$r wees t time. T$ )er, M$)mm* ws m" s$ )e*i* t)e w$r $f me". %#) ws )er %+!ri"-i"-. )e si* s)e ws 's$ fri* $f s#"*'$%s t' i" t)e"ei-)!$%r)$$* !$%t w$me" i" +$'iti#s. M$t)er "ew t)t s$#i' $str#ism w$%'* res%'t if "( $"e $f%s ste++e* $%t $f 'i"e. M( sisters ss%re* )er t)t t)e( were mt%re "* #+!'e $f '$$i"- ftert)emse'es. Besi*es, t)e( si*, t)e me" t)e( ss$#ite* wit) were res+e#tf%', +$'iti#' -e"t'eme" wit))i-) +ri"#i+'es. N$"e ws $%t t$ i$'te "( -ir', es+e#i''( -ir' #$mr*es. N$t)i"- w$%'* #$"i"#em$t)er. Ft)er ws 'itt'e re'%#t"t "* s%s+i#i$%s, !%t )e f$%re* $%r +$siti$" "* it ws fi"''( )e"* M$)mm* w)$ #me t$ t)e res#%e. T)e( s%##ee*e* i" +ers%*i"- m$t)er "$t t$ *isr%+t t)e+$'iti#' w$r $f m( sisters. 4)e" we were i#e* $%t $f /'esti"e, t)e( r-%e*, i$"ists *i* "$t*isti"-%is) !etwee" me" "* w$me". 4$me" #$"stit%te* $er $"e )'f $f t)e /'esti"i" +e$+'e "*t)e( t$$ were e:i'e*. T)e Isre'is tri"e* t)eir w$me" t$ fi-)t "* -r"te* t)em #ii' 'i!erties. If wewis)e* t$ *efet t)e Isre'is we m%st $%t+'( t)em i" t)eir $w" -me. M$t)er ws si'e"#e* !( $"efi"' %esti$"2 D$ ($% wis) t$ see /'esti"e 'i!erte* ft)er se*. @es, s)e si* %")esitti"-'(.M$)mm* res$"e*2 M$t)er, ($% #""$t t)e" $++$se t)e +rti#i+ti$" $f ($%r *%-)ters i" +$'iti#''ife, #" ($% M$t)er smi'e*. I *$ "$t mi"* i) "* R)! $i"i"-, s)e re'e"te*, !%t t)is #)i'*+$'iti#i" referri"- t$ meG m%st st( t )$me. I ws t)e s#rifi#i' 'm! $f t)e *e', !%t t)e ri-)t $fw$me" t$ +rti#i+te ws #$"#e*e*.

i"#e m( sisters were ''$we* t$ +rti#i+te i" +$'iti#s, it ws i"eit!'e t)t I s)$%'* !e ''$we* t$ *$s$ ee"t%''(. I" t)e me"time I *e#i*e* t$ #$"ti"%e m( #tiities #'"*esti"e'(. I" 199, )$weer,w)e" m$t)er *is#$ere* t)t I )* !e#$me f%''(f'e*-e* mem!er $f t)e ANM, s)e trie* t$ f$r!i* mefr$m -$i"- t$ meeti"-s. I #$%'*"8t er( we'' $ffe"* )er !( f'%"ti"- m( mem!ers)i+ #r*. I t$'* )ert)t I ws mere'( *$i"- w)t I 'w(s *i* s +$'iti#' s%++$rter $f t)e M$eme"t, !%t m$t)erremi"e* %"#$"i"#e*. O" t)e "i-)t $f er( im+$rt"t meeti"- w)i#) I ws *etermi"e* t$ tte"* Ires$rte* t$ s%!terf%-e. I t$$ !t) "* +%t $" m( +(ms t$ #$"i"#e m$t)er t)t I ws "$t -$i"-"(w)ere t)t "i-)t. )e m%st )e t)$%-)t t)t s)e )* w$" t)e !tt'e "* t)t )er #)i'* +$'iti#i"ws re#$eri"- )er se"ses. As er$ )$%r ++r$#)e*, I m*e m( m$e "*, sti'' i" m( +(ms, I we"t

!( m$t)er i" t)e it#)e" s(i"- #s%''( I m 'itt'e !$re*, M$t)er, I m -$i"- t$ isit m( -ir' frie"*"e:t *$$r. )e rise* "$ $!e#ti$"s. I )e*e* *ire#t'( t$ t)e meeti"- )'' t t)e $'i*rit( C'%!. M(+(m *e!%t strt'e* t)e mem!ers s I m*e m( w( t$ " em+t( set. T)e( were s)e" !( w)t t)e(re-r*e* s imm$r' !e)i$%r. I ws !'ste* f$r i$'ti"- Ar! *e#$r%m "* +$'ite w$m"'(!e)i$%r. T)e( were 'm$st re*( t$ +ss m$ti$" $f #e"s%re "* +er)+s e:+%'si$". $me $f t)ere#ti$"ries t)$%-)t m( ++er"#e i" +(ms ws tr*iti$"trm+'i"-, se:e"ti#i"- e+is$*e.Tr*iti$"trm+'i"- it mi-)t )e !ee"& se:e"ti#i"- it ws "$t. I ws terri!'( *ist%r!e* !( t)eir m'e

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#)%i"ism "* se'fri-)te$%s"ess. I st(e* t)r$%-) t)e meeti"- "* 'eft sti'' "-r(, !e#%se m(#$mmitme"t t$ t)e #%se ws "$t ++re#ite* "* t)e +ers$"' *iffi#%'ties I e"#$%"tere* t )$me were"$t te" i"t$ #$"si*erti$". H$w #$%'* we 'i!erte /'esti"e "* t)e Ar! )$me'"*, if we $%rse'eswere "$t 'i!erte* H$w #$%'* we *$#te e%'it( "* ee+ $er )'ft)e fem'e )'f$f t)e )%m"r#e i" !$"*-e T)t w$%'* !e t)e "e:t !tt'e w-e* t t)e $%r $'i*rit( C'%!. M$t)er "eer f$%"*$%t !$%t t)is es#+*e, !%t s)e s$$" re#$"#i'e* )erse'f t$ m( $#ti$" "* ##e*e* t$ m( +$'iti#'

*em"*s. It t$$ t)e ANM "er'( *e#*e t$ strt t++i"- t$ t)e f%'' t)e )%m" reser$ir $f w$me".

T)e s#)$$' $f t)e E"-e'i#' C)%r#)es ws "$t e%i++e* t$ +r$i*e s#)$$'i"- f$r t)e se#$"*r(s#)$$' !##'%retes $r !e($"*. I )* t$ -$ e'sew)ere t$ #$"ti"%e m( e*%#ti$". T)e i* #)$$' f$r=ir's ws -$i"- t$ !e m( first $++$rt%"it( t$ #t #$m+'ete'( $" m( $w". I ws e:#ite* !( m( "ew'(w$" free*$m s ($%"- *%'t, !%t 'itt'e %+set t)t s#)$$' r%'es re%ire* t)t st%*e"t )e tw$resi*e"ti' (ers t$ %'if( f$r e:mi"ti$" t$ t)e !##'%rete. T)t me"t I ws -$i"- t$ '$se $"e $ft)e tw$ (ers I )* -i"e* w)e" I strte* s#)$$'. I t)$%-)t re+eti"- t)e fift) se#$"*r( -r*e ws "$tr-e*( "* rti$"'ise* it s s+'e"*i* $++$rt%"it( t$ *$ -ret +$'iti#' w$r.

B%t t)e %t%m" $f 1960 ws t)e (er $f t)e i"ter"ti$"' s%mmit t t)e >N, "$t t)e, (er $f -ret +$werri'r( $r re-i$"' wrs. Eer(t)i"- seeme* %iet "* #$"*%#ie t$ ref'e#tie +r$'$"-e* st%*(./resi*e"t Nsser we"t t$ t)e >N& )e '$$e* tme #$m+re* t$ 196. Di+'$m#( seeme* t$ )ere+'#e* re$'%ti$"& t)e T)ir* 4$r'* ws #$mi"- $f -e +er)+s 'itt'e t$$ s$$". T)e $"'( )$t s+$t i"t)e Ar! )$me'"* ws A'-eri. I )* t$ *%st t$ "ew s$#i' "* +$'iti#' e"ir$"me"t fter t)et%r!%'e"t (ers $f $%r "* wit t)e #$mi"- $f re$'%ti$"r( messi). He "eer #me. /'esti"e"ee*e* $"e, !%t t)e /$+%'r Fr$"t ws "$t !$r" %"ti' N$em!er $f 1967.

I" i* t)ere ws m%#) time t$ s+re "* 'itt'e #ti$" t$ e"--e i". Here I ws "$ '$"-er i" #$m+'ete'( /'esti"i" e"#'e. T)is s#)$$' ws )i-)'( +$'iti#' -re(r* f$r re$'%ti$"r(. I ws

+'#e* i" )$%se wit) twe'e $t)er -ir's. A few were /'esti"i"s wit) w)$m I t)$%-)t I #$%'*#$mm%"i#te. B%t t$ t)em /'esti"e ws i" t)e *ist"t "* rem$te +st. T)e( w"te* t$ $!ti" "e*%#ti$" "* fi"* )%s!"*s. 4)t trest( $f w$m")$$*. I *i* "$t -ie %+ )$+e, )$weer, "*trie* t$ ##$mm$*te m(se'f t$ t)eir m$*e $f 'ii"-. I ws #$"ii' !( "t%re "* '$e* t$ !e wit)+e$+'e, !%t I fe't s$mew)t '$"e'( i" t)e mi*st $f t)ese e'ee" -ir's. I t$$ )ert w)e" I "$ti#e* "$t)er'$"e'( +ers$". Her "me ws Miss M#Ni-)t, " Ameri#" !'# w)$ )* #$me '' t)e w( fr$mAmeri# t$ te#) i" +rite s#)$$' i" i*. I ws 'itt'e strt'e* t first %"ti' I 'er"e* t)e res$" f$r)er #)$i#e. I" Le!"$" s)e ws trete* s +ers$" "* -ie" t)e *efere"#e we ##$r* te#)ers i" t)eAr! w$r'*& i" Ameri#, s)e ws re-r*e* s #$'$%re* w$m", " i"feri$r, +er)+s ee" se: $!e#t.

Miss M#Ni-)t "* I %i#'( !e#me -$$* frie"*s. It ws "t%r' f$r tw$ str"-e !'# w$me" i" i*t$ +$$' t)eir res$%r#es "* $ffer e#) $t)er i* "* #$mf$rt. Miss M#Ni-)t ws *r'i"- $f w$m"i#i$%s, 'w(s smi'i"-, %i# witte* t)e m$*e' $f !i- sister f$r me. B%t $%r +$'iti#s *iffere*. )ews s%r+rise* w)e" I e:+resse* *ee+ )tre* $f t)e 5ews "* t%-)t me "$t t$ me swee+i"-*e#'rti$"s. )e +$i"te* $%t t)t "$t '' 5ews were i$"ists& s$me were, i" f#t, "tii$"ist. Iref'e#te* $" )er *isti"#ti$"s "* trie* t$ *$+t t)em i"t$ m( t)i"i"-.

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T)e ""iersries $f t)e B'f$%r De#'rti$" N$em!er ;G "* t)e /rtiti$" $f /'esti"e N$em!er;9G were ++r$#)i"-. T)e time #me t$ test w)$ st$$* w)ere $" m( #m+%s. I strte* t$ -itte f$r -e"er' strie $f s#)$$'s, $%r st('e, t$ #$mmem$rte t)e ""iersries. I" $%r, m( s#)$$' ws 'w(si" t)e 'e*. 4e %se* t$ #$mme"#e t)e mr#)es "* f$r#e '' t)e $t)er s#)$$'s t$ #'$se *$w" "* $i" i"t)e *em$"strti$"s. It ws "$t t$ !e f%'fi''e* i" i*. Miss M#Ni-)t ++re#ite* t)e i*e !%t ee" s)e*i*"8t 'ie t)e i*e $f -e"er' strie, t)e f$r#e* #'$si"- *$w" $f s#)$$'s, t)e )$'*i"- $f mssie

+%!'i# r''ies $r t)e st$rmi"- $f +$'i#e stti$"s. )e ws -r*%te $f Mrti" L%t)er Ki"-8s s#)$$' $f"$"i$'e"#e. )e st$$* f$r +r(er "* t)e e*%#ti$" $f t)e e"em(. I ws mi'it"t re$'%ti$"r( w)$ws !$r" i" t)e #r%#i!'e $f re$'%ti$"r( %+)e'.

Des+ite $%r *iffere"#es $f $+i"i$", Miss M#Ni-)t "* I remi"e* frie"*s. As mem!er $f "$++resse* r#e s)e ws s(m+t)eti# t$ m( #%se. )e %se* )er i"f'%e"#e t$ +ers%*e t)e Le!"eseAr! +ri"#i+' t$ 'et me )$'* $" Ar! s$i' +e#ef%' st%*e"t r''( i" s%++$rt $f t)e /'esti"i" #%se.T)e +ri"#i+' $"'( -ree* re'%#t"t'(, t)i"i"- s)e ws *$i"- f$%r t$ )er "ei-)!$%rs fr$m/'esti"e. T)e r''(, )$weer, ws +$st+$"e* fr$m N$em!er t$ M( 1, 1961, t)e t)irtee"t)""iersr( $f t)e i$"ist stte. T)e" I *e'iere* m( first +%!'i# 'e#t%re $" /'esti"e.

I s+$e $f t)e )ist$r( $f /'esti"e "* i$"ism "* m( )$+es f$r t)e f%t%re. i$"ism s +$'iti#'#$"#e+t #me t$ t)e f$re t t)e t%r" $f t)e twe"tiet) #e"t%r(. It ws t t)e $%tset re'i-i$%s i*e$'*5ews +i'-rim-e* t$ 5er%s'em t$ s+e"* t)eir 'st *(s t)ere "* *ie i" t)e )$'( '"*. i$"ism s w$r*ws #$i"e* i" 16 !( Be" A#)er, E%r$+e" 5ew w)$ )* "eer !ee" t$ /'esti"e. It ws Her' w)$strte* t)e +$'iti#' si*e $f i$"ism i" )is +m+)'et T)e 5ewis) tte. He ws " A%stri", ssimi'te*5ew w)$ #re* er( 'itt'e !$%t 5ewr( +ri$r t$ t)e I0s. As +$'iti#' #$rres+$"*e"t #$eri"- t)eDre(f%s tri' i" /ris, )e ws #$"erte* t$ i$"ism. He ws ++''e* t)t Fr"#e, t)e m$st #ii'ise*"ti$" i" E%r$+e, ws !'t"t'( +erse#%ti"- fe''$w 5ew "* mi"- )im s#+e-$t f$r #rime )e"eer #$mmitte*. Her' fe't t)t $"'( i" 5ewis) stte #$%'* t)e 5ew !e#$me "$rm' +ers$" "*'e* 'ife $f i""er +e#e. He %se* '' )is e"er-ies "* #+it'ist #$"t#ts t$ m$!i'ise E%r$+e" 5ewr(

"* #$"e"e* t)em t t)e first i$"ist #$"-ress i" 197, t Bs'e. His +r$-rmme ws *$+te* "* t)e4$r'* i$"ist Or-"isti$" ws f$rme* wit) Her' s #)irm". Her' s$%-)t i* fr$m t)e Kiser t$re'ise )is *rem. He $%r"e(e* t$ Ist"!%' "* s$%-)t t)e i* $f t)e %!'ime /$rte. He t$'* )is+r$s+e#tie +tr$"s t)t 5ewis) #+it', "$w'e*-e "* si'' w$%'* !e +'#e* t t)e *is+$s' $f Ber'i""* Ist"!%' if t)e /$rte -r"te* ##ess t$ t)e 5ews i" t)e s$%t)er" +rt $f Ar!i, (ri, "* /'esti"e.B%t t)e /$rte, feri"- t)e re#ti$" $f )is Ar! s%!e#ts, ws %"!'e t$ #$"fer s%#) tit'e.

Her' ws f$r#e* t$ '$$ e'sew)ere f$r ''ies. He f$%"* $"e i" Briti", t)e #$'$"i' +$wer t)t $##%+ie*E-(+t, t)e %*" "* Ar! =%'f. He re+ete* )is $ffer t$ t)e Britis) "* r-%e* t)t 5ewis) sttew$%'* !e -ret !%'wr -i"st Ar! re$'%ti$" "* '$#' se"ti"e' t$ -%r* Briti"8s it' i"terests

i" t)e re w)i#) i"#'%*e* t)e %e C"' "* t)e tr*i"- r$%tes t$ t)e Fr Est. Fr$m t)e er(!e-i""i"- t)e i*e $f " Isre'i stte ws s$'* t$ t)e 4ester" +$wers s we*-e t$ ee+ t)e Ar!s*ii*e*. T)e Britis) ++re#ite* t)e +r$ferre* #$$+erti$" $f t)e i"ter"ti$"' 5ewis) !$%r-e$isie "*$ffere* s%#) '"* res s t)e Ar-e"ti"e "* >-"* w)ere t)e 5ews #$%'* sett'e. A't)$%-) Her'+referre* 5ewis) stte i" /'esti"e, )e ##e+te* t)e >-"* $ffer "* s$'* it t$ )is #$m+tri$ts t t)e4$r'* i$"ist Or-"isti$" #$"-ress $f 190


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/'esti"e, "* t)t +r$+$s' ws t%r"e* *$w" !( t)e i$"ist *ie)r*s. I" t)e %t%m" $f 1971, Isre'#$"tr$''e* "$t $"'( t)e w)$'e $f /'esti"e, !%t 's$ A1Aris), i"i "* t)e =$'" Hei-)ts $f (ri.G

i$"ist #$'$"ies were set %+ i" /'esti"e "* t)$%s"*s $f 5ews were fi'tere* i" !e#%se $f t)ei"#$m+ete"#e "* #$rr%+ti$" $f t)e Ott$m" *mi"istrti$". B( 1917, w)e" t)e i$"ists e:tr#te* t)eB'f$%r De#'rti$" fr$m t)e Britis), t)e 5ews #$"stit%te* 'ess t)" te" +er #e"t $f t)e +$+%'ti$" $f t)ere, !%t t)e *rftees $f t)e De#'rti$" )* t)e temerit( t$ refer t$ $%r +e$+'e s t)e "$"5ewis)+$+%'ti$" rt)er t)" referri"- t$ t)e 5ews s mi"$rit( w)i#) #$%'* )e re'i-i$%s ri-)ts i"/'esti"e. T)e Britis) were +$werf%' "* 'ie* t$ )e +$werf%' frie"*s wit) #+it'. T)e i$"ists were+re+re* t$ +( "( +ri#e, me "( *e', $ffer eer( #$"#ei!'e s#rifi#e, #$mmit "( #rime t$ re#)t)eir -$'. T)e( *i* "* i" 19 Isre' ws est!'is)e* $er t)e #$r+se $f t)e /'esti"i" +e$+'e. 4it)t)e *i+'$mti# s%++$rt $f t)e -ret +$wers, t)e( were !'e t$ tti" t)eir $!e#tie %i#'( !e#%seBriti" "* Fr"#e *ii*e* t)e Ar! Est m$"- t)emse'es i"t$ see" sttes "* im+$se* $" t)e Ar!s s$#''e* s#re* tr%st $f #ii'isti$" %"*er 4ester" t%te'-e. T)e" t)e ''ies s%++resse* t)e Ar!Nti$"' M$eme"t "* #r%s)e* t)e re$'%ti$"r( e'eme"ts t)t '%"#)e* t)e =ret Ar! Re$'%ti$"$f 1916.

M%#) m$re si-"ifi#"t'(, Briti" ''$we* t)e i$"ists t$ est!'is) *%' +$wer i" /'esti"e "* *e"ie*t)e sme +rii'e-e t$ t)e Ar!s. T)e #r*s were st#e* i" f$%r $f i$"ism. T$ %"*$ t)is #$"s+ir#(we re$'te* $" "%m!er $f $##si$"s -i"st t)e m"*te "* i$"ist #$'$"isti$" "* f$%-)t f$r $%r"ti$"' i"*e+e"*e"#e. B%t t)e e"em( ws i" $%r r"s "* $%r $w" r%'i"- #'ss ws fi"''(res+$"si!'e f$r $%r !etr('. T)e 19


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T)e st%*e"ts ++'%*e* )erti'(& t)e( seeme* t$ )e !ee" f$%r!'( im+resse* !( m( "$w'e*-e $f/'esti"i" )ist$r( "* m( #$mmitme"t t$ %"it(. At t)t m$me"t "eit)er I "$r t)e( f$resw t)e!re%+ $f t)e >AR $" e+tem!er ;, 1961 w)e" (ri wit)*rew, t)ere!( *s)i"- t)e Ar! )$+e f$r%"it( "* f$r#i"- t)e /'esti"i" +e$+'e t$ ree:mi"e t)eir w)$'e strte-( $f 'i!erti$". T)e !re%+$f t)e >AR ws t)e tem+$rr( #$''+se $f )$+e, "* (et it 's$ !r$%-)t !$%t t)e rise $f /'esti"i"re$'%ti$"ism. /'esti"i" $r-"isti$"s $f '' s$rts s%**e"'( s+r"- %+ eer(w)ere "* m%s)r$$me*

i" t)e "e:t t)ree $r f$%r (ers. A "ew -e *w"e* i" t)e Ar! Est w)i'e t)e Ar! 4est i"#)e* its w(t$ i"*e+e"*e"#e i" A'-eri t)r$%-) rme* str%--'e.

T)t s+ri"-, I $!ti"e* m( se#$"*r( s#)$$' !##'%rete "* we"t !# t$ $%r f$r t)e s%mmer,)$+i"- t$ -$ t$ A>B i" t)e %t%m" if I +sse* t)e e"tr"#e e:mi"ti$"s. $%r ws t)e $rte: $f"ti$"'ism t)t s%mmer "* eer( #$"#ei!'e %esti$" re-r*i"- t)e f%t%re $f Ar!ism ws rise*"* *e!te*. T)e M$eme"t ws i" *isrr(, !%t we t$$ )ert, !e#%se Nsser ws !%i'*i"- r$#ets"* f'eets. O" 5%'( ;B e"tr"#e e:m2 ei-)t(see" +er #e"t, w)i#)s)$%'* )e e"tit'e* me t$ s#)$'rs)i+, !%t f$r s$me res$" $r $t)er, I ws "$t -ie" $"e. B%t I ws*e'i-)te* t$ )e +sse* "* w"te* t$ e"r$'' s %i#'( s +$ssi!'e !ef$re I -$t ri'r$*e* i"t$ s$me%"#retie r$'e 'ie $ffi#e w$r $r mrri-e "* !!(+r$*%#ti$".

4)e" I rrie* i" Beir%t i" 'te A%-%st $f 196;, m( ert)'( +$ssessi$"s #$"siste* $f fift( Le!"ese+$%"*s. I t)$%-)t I #$%'* re-ister $" t)e i"st''me"t +'". T)e A>B re-istrr, )$weer, *i*"8t !e'ieei" t)t !si# Ameri#" +ri"#i+'e. I *i* '' I #$%'* t$ +ers%*e )im t$ 'et me re-ister !ef$re m( +'#e

ws te" !( s$me$"e e'se& I +r$mise* t$ +( t)e !'"#e !ef$re t)e !e-i""i"- $f t)e #*emi# (er.He w$%'*"8t !%*-e. B%t -ir' i" t)e $ffi#e s(m+t)ise* wit) me. H$w wi'' ($% rise t)e !'"#e f$r($%r fees Miss s)e se*. I )e !r$t)er i" K%wit w)$ +r$mise* t$ se"* me t$ %"iersit( if I+sse* t)e e:mi"ti$", "* I *i*, I ws %i# t$ e:+'i". =$ "* te'e-r+) ($%r !r$t)er, s)ei"str%#te*. I r" t$ *$w"t$w" Beir%t "* te'e-r+)e* M$)mm*. T)e #$st ws twe'e +$%"*s. I "$w)* $"'( t)irt(ei-)t Le!"ese +$%"*s. I re'ise* )$w %i#'( I #$%'* !'$w t)e m$"e( "* e"* %++e""i'ess "* %"re-istere*.

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I wite* "* wite* "* w)$'e *( e'+se* !ef$re w$r* #me t)t t)e m$"e( ws #$mi"-. I smi'e* t$m(se'f wit) stisf#ti$". M( !r$t)er, 'ie '' -$$* Ar! me", )$"$%re* )is +r$mises. I f'ew !# t$A>B "* +r$%*'( +rese"te* t)e re-istrr wit) m( fees. He %ttere* few !%re%#rti# w$r*s "* I wsre-istere*.

At A>B I e"r$''e* i" t)e f$%r re%ire* fres)m" #$%rses #)emistr(, Ar!i# 'itert%re, E"-'is), "*mt). O"'( $"e $f m( f$%r +r$fess$rs ws $f Ar!i# $ri-i", "* I #$%'*"8t te'' t)e *iffere"#e !etwee")im "* )is t)ree $t)er fe''$w +r$fess$rs. T)e( were '' Ameri#" i" $%t'$$, !e)i$%r, "* m""ers.T)e( were +se%*$i( 'e-%ers i" +r$i"#i' s#)$$' t)t $"'( e:#e''e* i" +r$*%#i"- CIA s+ies "*mi"isters. I *$"8t "$w w)i#) ws t)e 'esser ei' $f t)e tw$.

M( "$mi"' e*%#ti$" ws ti"- +'#e t A>B& m( re' e*%#ti$" ws i" t)e 'e#t%re )'' $f t)e Ar!C%'t%r' C'%! $f Beir%t "* i" t)e r"s $f t)e ANM. At t)e ACC I !e#me #%i"te* wit)*isti"-%is)e* Ar! i"te''e#t%'s s%#) s 5$se+) M$-)eie', t)e #'%!8s +resi*e"t, "* M$)se" I!r)im,

t)e e*it$r $f A'H%rri(), t)e" $ffi#i' $i#e $f t)e Ar! Nti$"'ist M$eme"t. I 's$ met Te(sierK$%!, t)e +resi*e"t $f t)e =e"er' >"i$" $f /'esti"i" t%*e"ts =>/G. T)e -r$%+ $f st%*e"ts "*i"te''e#t%'s I met i" t)t #*emi# (er "$w $##%+( 'e*ers)i+ r$'es i" t)e /$+%'r Fr$"t "* t)e Ar!'eft.

A>B ws " i"te''e#t%' -re(r* f$r me. It ws fi"is)i"- s#)$$' f$r t)e ri#) #)i'*re" $f t)eMi**'e Est "* s$#i' #'%! f$r t)e #$'$"i' e'ite $f t)e Ar! w$r'*. t%*e"t -$er"me"t ws !""e*"* t)e %"iersit( ws r%" 'ie " Ameri#" #$r+$rti$". t%*e"ts w)$se fees were "$t +i* i" f%''were $fte" f$r!i**e" t$ tte"* #'sses. T)e $"'( +ermissi!'e #tiities $" #m+%s were *"#es, +rties"* +'(s. N$ $+e" +$'iti#' #'%!s were ''$we*. T)ere were "$ *em$"strti$"s, "$ +$'iti#' r''ies, "$-%est s+eers.

I 'ie* t 5ewett H'', t)e w$me"8s resi*e"#e, w)ere I )* " Ameri#" r$$mmte "me* 5%*(i""i"-er. Her s$#i' 'ife "eer #ese* t$ me me. O"e wee s)e )* t)ree *iffere"t *tes, wit) t)ree*iffere"t me" "* s)e isse* e#) $"e $f t)em wit) t)e sme +ssi$" i" t)e -r"* r$$m t 5ewett i"fr$"t $f '$t $f $t)er -ir's. I se* 5%*( )$w s)e #$%'* *$ it. )e +sse* it $ff, It ws '' "i#e, #'e"Ameri#" f%" wit) "$ stri"-s tt#)e*. I '%-)e* "* *mire* )er f$r )er m$r'it(.

B%t 5%*( "* I were m$re t)" r$$mmtes. 4e were i"te''e#t%' #$m+"i$"s. )e 'e#t%re* me $"Ameri#" -$er"me"t, '%es "* s$#i' $r*er, "* I 'e#t%re* )er $" t)e Ar!s. )e ws 'i!er'

Ke""e*( f"& I ws Nsser *mirer. T)e test $f $%r frie"*s)i+ #me i" O#t$!er, 196;, *e#isiem$"t) i" Ameri# "* t)e Ar! w$r'*. O" O#t$!er ;;, 196;, Ke""e*( t)rete"e* t$ i"*e C%!%"'ess t)e $iet missi'es were *ism"t'e* "* rem$e* fr$m C%!. O" O#t$!er ;, t)e >AR )*$ffi#i''( se"t its tr$$+s t$ t)e @eme", t$ !$'ster t)e re+%!'i#" re-ime w)i#) )* $ert)r$w" t)eme*ie' re-ime. 5%*( "* I )* '$"- "* )ete* *i'$-%es #$"#er"i"- t)ese ee"ts. T)e *i'$-%eswere m%t%''( i"str%#tie, !%t "eit)er $f %s #$"i"#e* t)e $t)er.

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24/114

5%*( )e'* t)t it ws ri-)t f$r Ameri# t$ *em"* t)e rem$' $f missi'es fr$m C%!. T)e missi'es, s)e#'ime*, #$"stit%te* strte-i# t)ret t$ )er #$%"tr(8s "ti$"' se#%rit(. I #$"si*ere* it #rimi"' "*!r!r$%s $" t)e +rt $f t)e >"ite* ttes t$ t)rete" t$mi# )$'$#%st %"'ess it -$t its $w" w(.

5%*( re-r*e* t)e *is+t#)i"- $f >AR tr$$+s t$ @eme" s " i"si$". I sw it s m$r' $!'i-ti$"$" t)e +rt $f /resi*e"t Nsser, "$!'e -est%re w)i#) )e %"*ert$$ t$ se t)e re$'%ti$" fr$m its#$rr%+t e"emies. )e sserte* t)t Nsser ws " m!iti$%s +$'iti#i" w)$ s$%-)t t$ seie t)e =%'f8s $i'"* %se it f$r )is +ers$"' --r"*iseme"t, "* I #$%"tere* t)t we )* ri-)t t$ t)t $i' "* it s)$%'*!e %se* f$r t)e !e"efit $f t)e Ar! +e$+'e. )e sw Nsser8s #tiities s +rt $f $iet +'$t t$ $##%+(t)e Ar! w$r'*. I e:+'i"e* t$ 5%*( t)t we were "$t fi-)ti"- %st t$ e:+e' t)e #$'$"i' "* "e$#$'$"i'+$wers fr$m $%r re-i$" $"'( t$ $ffer $%r )$me'"* $" si'er +'tter t$ "ew s%+er+$wer. 5%*( ws" im+eri' #itie", )$weer 'i!er' "* i*e'isti# s)e m( )e !ee". I ws /'esti"i" Ar! w$m"wit)$%t )$me'"*, 'ii"- i" e:i'e i" " Ameri#" #$'$"( i" Rs Beir%t. )e )* eer(t)i"- t$ '$se, I)* eer(t)i"- t$ -i". O"e8s s$#i' #$"s#i$%s"ess is i"*ee* *etermi"e* !( $"e8s s$#i' #$"*iti$"s.

A't)$%-) +$'iti#s were !""e* $" #m+%s "* =>/8 =e"er' >"i$" $f /'esti"i" t%*e"tsG +$'iti#'#tiities were '$we(e*, we e"--e* i" #$"fr$"tti$" +$'iti#s i" t)e s+ri"- $f 196B we )e'* *em$"strti$"s i" s%++$rt $f /'esti"i" *em"*s f$r +'#e%"*er t)e s%". T)e *mi"istrti$" i"iti''( t%r"e* *ef er t$ $%r #tiities, )$+i"- t)t t)e s+ri"-$ffe"sie ws +ssi"- +)e"$me"$".

4e were +r$m+te* t$ m$e %i#'( !( t)e wi*es+re* ##%rte r%m$%rs t)t t)e 5$r*"i" em!ss()* #''e* i" /'esti"i" st%*e"ts "* t)rete"e* t$ #"#e' t)eir 5$r*"i" +ss+$rts if t)e( *i*"8t #eset)eir +$'iti#' -itti$". 4e res+$"*e* wit) m$re *em$"strti$"s, " #ti$" t)t -t)ere* m$me"t%mr+i*'(, i"$'i"- +r#ti#''( '' t)e $'* +$'iti#$s $f Beir%t "* si-"ifi#"t +r$+$rti$" $f f$rei-"st%*e"ts. T)is ws t)e first time t)t f$rei-" st%*e"ts t A>B )* r''ie* t$ t)e #%se $f t)e/'esti"i"s si"#e 19, w)e" /resi*e"t D$*-e )* +r$teste* t t)e est!'is)me"t $f t)e stte $f Isre't$ /resi*e"t Hrr( Tr%m" $f t)e >"ite* ttes "* )* !ee" :e* fr$m )is +$st f$r it.G

T)e %"iersit( *mi"istrti$" !r#e* itse'f f$r #$%"ter#ti$". Ami*st " tm$s+)ere $f )i-) te"si$",

=>/ +r$+$se* t)t st%*e"t #$mmittee !e f$rme* t$ re+rese"t /'esti"i" st%*e"ts !ef$re t)e5$r*"i" em!ss(. T)e #$mmittee ws f$rme* "* "%m!er $f +r$mi"e"t f$rei-" st%*e"ts weree'e#te* t$ t)e #$mmittee. I ws i"#'%*e* i" t)e -r$%+. T)e sme *(, we *es#e"*e* i" f%'' f$r#e $" t)e5$r*"i" em!ss( "* t$'* t)e m!ss*$r i" "$ %"#erti" terms t)t we w$%'* s's) )is t)r$t if )ewit)*rew t)e +ss+$rts. I *i* m$st $f t)e t'i"- "* m( fe''$w st%*e"ts !#e* me t$ t)e )i't.M$me"ts fter $%r rri', t)e em!ss( ws s%rr$%"*e* !( t)e Le!"ese -e"*rmes, "* w)$'e#$"ti"-e"t, $f w)t ++ere* t$ !e rme* i"te''i-e"#e seri#e $ffi#ers, st$rme* i"t$ $%r meeti"- $ffi#e.

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T)e m!ss*$r seeme* t$ "$w e:#t'( w)t ws )++e"i"- 't)$%-) )e #'ime* "$t t$ )e #''e* i"t)e +$'i#e. I" t)e +rese"#e $f t)e w)$'e #$mmittee, )e )* t$ et )is w$r*s "* *ise t)e +$'i#e t)twe were "$t -"- $f #rimi"'s, mere'( #$mmittee $f A>B st%*e"ts isiti"- )is e:#e''e"#(. T)e-%r*s s%re(e* e#) $"e $f %s "* 'eft t)e r$$m.

I res%me* t)e i$'e"t t)rets "* i"siste* t)t we !e -ie" writte" ss%r"#es t)t +ss+$rts w$%'*"8t !e#"#e''e*. T)e m!ss*$r si* t)t )e ws "$t i"str%#te* t$ -ie s%#) ss%r"#es, !%t )e ws%t)$rise* t$ *e"( t)e re+$rt "* -ie %s )is w$r* $f )$"$%r t)t s%#) #ti$" ws "$t #$"tem+'te*. Ise"se* fee'i"- $f i#t$r( "* *r" Ar! #$ffee wit) t)e m!ss*$r "* ss%re* )im t)t we w$%'*!e !# if "( #ti$" were te" -i"st /'esti"i" st%*e"ts. i"#e we were t'i"- i" E"-'is) "* Iws !ei"- s$ f$r#ef%', )e +res%me* t)t I ws "$t " Ar!. Bef$re we 'eft I s+$e t$ )im i" Ar!i# "*ss%re* )im t)t I ws " Ar!, /'esti"i" "* t)t eer( Ar! w$m" ws -$i"- t$ !e m( i"* $fw$m" i" t)e "er f%t%re. He smi'e* +ter"''( "* !i* %s frewe''.

T)t sme s+ri"-, I $"#e -i" )* t$ f#e t)e +r$!'em $f !ei"- w$m". T)e ANM *e#i*e* t$ tri"t)e first +rmi'itr( #$"ti"-e"t $f %"iersit( st%*e"ts. I ws m$"- t)e first t$ ++'( "* I #$%'*"8t !e

t%r"e* *$w" $" s$me f'ims( e:#%se !e#%se $f m( re$'%ti$"r( #re*e"ti's "* m( '$"- e:+erie"#es " #tiist. M$re$er, si"#e I ws $" t)e e:e#%tie #$mmittee $f =>/ "* mi'it"t fr$m A>B,t)e( were fri* t$ t%r" me *$w". I"ste* t)e( trie* t$ +ers%*e me "$t t$ -$ !e#%se $f t)e )rs)"ess$f t)e wet)er, t)e +)(si#' fti-%e "* t)e em!rrssme"t m( +rese"#e w$%'* #%se. I ss%re* t)em Iws +re+re* t$ f#e "* $er#$me '' t)ese *iffi#%'ties. T)e( fi"''( -ree* t$ 'et me -$ "* I%"*erwe"t t)e "e#essr( tri"i"-.

/$'iti#s were !""e* $" #m+%s, !%t t)e ANM ws $r-"ise* s se#ret $r-"isti$" $" #e'' !sis. I)* t)e res+$"si!i'it( $f *istri!%ti"- 'itert%re t 5ewett H'' "* +sti"- +$sters $" trees i" t)e re. I*i* it se#ret'(, t$wr*s fie $8#'$# i" t)e m$r"i"- $r !$%t $"e .m. !ef$re I we"t t$ !e*. O"e "i-)t I

ws #%-)t !( wt#)m" w)$ t first ++ere* seere "* t)rete"i"-, !%t w)$ t%r"e* $%t t$ !e mem!er $f $%r %"*er-r$%"*. It ws %ite rewr*i"- e:+erie"#e t$ fi"* #$mr*e i" t)e mi**'e $f t)e"i-)t. Fr$m t)e" $" )e +r$i*e* me wit) i"f$rmti$" re-r*i"- se#%rit( "* *ise* me w)e" it wssfe t$ w$r. Bei"- #%-)t me"t e:+%'si$" wit)$%t tri'. I"si*e 5ewett H'' I ws $" m( $w". I +'#e*!%"*'es $f 'itert%re i" t)e w$me"8s mi' !$:es "* sim%'t"e$%s'( +eri$*i#''( *e"$%"#e* t)$se w)$im+$se* $" %s t)t %se'ess 'itert%re. O##si$"''( st%*e"t $r tw$ w$%'* #$me t$ t)e *efe"#e $f t)e*istri!%t$r, r-%i"- t)t it ws esse"ti' f$r %s t$ "$w w)t ws )++e"i"- "* t$ )er '' +$i"ts $fiew. T)is t#ti# )e'+e* me i" $r-"isi"-, "* 's$ t$ "$w w)i#) st%*e"ts were +$'iti#''( i"#'i"e*.

I ws "eer ree'e* s "ti$"'ist "* mem!er $f t)e %"*er-r$%"* t$ t)e st%*e"ts s w)$'e, !%t

t)e *mi"istrti$" ws #'eer "* t)e( s%s+e#te* t)t I ws t)e t$r#) !erer $f "ti$"'ism t 5ewett. Iws #''e* t$ t)e *e"8s $ffi#e w)e" I ws see" +%!'i#'( *istri!%ti"- 'itert%re re'ti"- t$ t)e fiftee"t)""iersr( $f Isre'. T)e *e" s+$e t$ me i" %i#, "-r(, Ameri#"ise* E"-'is) w)i#) I +rete"*e*"$t t$ %"*erst"*. )e ws $%tr-e* t)t " A>B st%*e"t #$%'*"8t s+e E"-'is). )e #''e* i" se#retr( "* se* )er t$ #t s " i"ter+reter. T)e *e" *em"*e*, Di* ($% re* t)e st%*e"t)"*!$$ @es, I *i*, I re+'ie* t)r$%-) t)e i"ter+reter. Di* ($% "$w t)t ##$r*i"- t$ rti#'e si:($% #$%'* !e e:+e''e* f$r *istri!%ti"- +$'iti#' 'itert%re wit)$%t +ermissi$" @es. I si*. 4)( *i*

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($% *$ it t)e" I i""$#e"t'( re+'ie* t)t w)t I ws *istri!%ti"- ws "$t +$'iti#' 'itert%re t ''. )et$$ t)e +m+)'et fr$m t)e se#retr(8s )"* "* re* few +ss-es $%t '$%*. Is"8t t)is +$'iti#'+m+)'et t)t #$mes %"*er r%'e si: I si* I *i*"8t "$w w)t +m+)'et ws, "* t)t I *i*"8t "$ww)t s)e ws t'i"- !$%t "(w(. T)e +$$r 'i!er' *e" strte* e:+'i"i"- t$ me t)t +$'iti#'+m+)'et ws stteme"t t)t e:+'i"e*, *efe"*e* "* *$#te* +$'iti#' +$siti$". I -ree* t)t )er*efi"iti$" ws e:#e''e"t !%t #$"te"*e* t)t it *i*"8t ++'( i" t)is #se !e#%se /'esti"e "* )er *efe"#e

were "t%r' "* esse"ti' t$ me. /'esti"e is "$t +$'iti#s t$ me, I *e#'re*. It is %esti$" $f 'ife "**et), "* "$ $"e, #erti"'( "$ @"ee w)$ #"8t ee" s+e Ar!i#, #" te'' me )$w t$ #t $" t)eiss%e "* )$w t$ fi-)t f$r m( #$%"tr(. T)e *e" #$"si*ere* me re#'#itr"t st%*e"t w)$ "ee*e**is#i+'i"e "* s)e t)rete"e* t$ e:+e' me. I *re ($% t$ *$ s$ 3 I s#reme* i" E"-'is) "* *e#'re*wr $" )er s CIA -e"t "* $" A>B s t)e ser"t $f t)e /e"t-$" "* t)e $i' #rte's. @"ee*e", t)ere wi'' #$me time w)e" I wi'' !e sitti"- i" ($%r #)ir "* I wi'' e:+e' '' $f ($%r i"*. Ist$rme* $%t $f )er $ffi#e s)$%ti"- L$"- 'ie /'esti"e, '$"- 'ie t)e ANM, '$"- 'ie t)e re$'%ti$"3T)e *e" ws s)$#e*, "* +r$!!'( )* t$ te few tr"%i'isers !ef$re sett'i"- *$w" t$ *( $f!%re%#rti# !%si"ess.

I" t)e s+ri"- $f 196


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/'esti"i" st%*e"t $f +es"t !#-r$%"*. At first )is #ref%' $i*"#e $f -ir's +r$$e* m(#%ri$sit(. Lter I *is#$ere* )is *is'ie $f w$me" stemme* fr$m wt#)i"- )is m$t)er !ei"- r+e* !(Isre'i s$'*iers s t)e( were f'eei"- fr$m t)e f* re i" 19. He !"*$"e* )is m$t)er t)e m$me"t)e ws !'e t$ s%!sist $" )is $w". I )e"8t see" A*e' si"#e I we"t t$ A>B "* I w$"*er w)et)er )e ism$"- $%r fi-)ters $r w)et)er )e is $"e $f $%r mrt(rs. /er)+s )e )s !"*$"e* )$+e 't$-et)er "*is 'ii"- i" t)e s'%ms $f s$me Ar! t$w". I8e )* #s%' !$(frie"*s !%t "eer !e#me re''( tt#)e*

t$ "( m". T)e $'*er I -rew t)e m$re tt#)e* I !e#me t$ t)e re$'%ti$".

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' E(ile in K&)ait

In Kuwait and the Arab Gulf every non-Kuwaiti is an alien, except the British, the Americans and theirappendages

Kti! Kr$%"i

ARAB NATIONALIM 4A A NINETEENTHCENT>R@ IDEA. It ws first +r$+$%"*e* !('iterr( e'eme"ts "* 'i!er' writers w)$ #me i" #'$se #$"t#t wit) E%r$+e" t)$%-)t "* writers tBritis) "* Fre"#) %"iersities. t%*e"ts "* ref$rmers were t)e first t$ es+$%se t)e "ti$"'ist i*es"* $r-"ise Ar! #'%!s. Fr$m t)e $%tset, Ar! i"te''e#t%'s were i" t)e f$refr$"t. Ar! s$'*iers "*$ffi#ers i" t)e Ott$m" rmies $i"e* t)e i"te''e#t%'s t t)e t%r" $f t)e #e"t%r(, +rti#%'r'( fter t)eOtt$m"s '%"#)e* t)eir T%rifi#ti$" +$'i#( i" t)e first *e#*e $f t)is #e"t%r(. I" t)$se *(s"ti$"'ists *i* "$t )e #'er #$"#e+ti$" $f "ti$"'ism, "$r *i* t)e( )e *efi"e* frmew$re"#$m+ssi"- '' t)e Ar!i# s+ei"- +e$+'e. Nti$"'ism ws Ester", "$t 4ester". T)t is, iti"#'%*e* t)e ferti'e #res#e"t sttes $f 4est Asi, "$t N$rt) Afri#. I"*ee*, s$me im+$rt"t fi-%res s%#)

s A'Af-)"i, w)$ *$#te* t)e Is'mi# Bt), fi'e* t$ *isti"-%is) !etwee" Ar!ism "* Is'm.His #$"#e+t ws stre"-t)e"e* !( 4ester" e"#r$#)me"ts $" t)e re-i$", "* #$m+'i#te* !( )is*$##( $f 'i!er' *em$#rti# i*es wit)i" t)e M$s'em w$r'*.

A' Af-)"i "* )is f$''$wers re-r*e* t)e +r$!'ems f#i"- Is'm s $"es $f #ii'isti$" "*#$mm%"it(. T)e( t)$%-)t t)t t)e N+$'e$"i# i"si$" $f E-(+t 179G "* t)e s%!se%e"t te$ers$f t)e Ar! 4est !( Fr"#e "* t)e $##%+ti$" $f E-(+t !( Briti" were re+et $f t)e me*ie' wrs$f Is'm "* C)riste"*$m. T$ t)em, t)e "swer ws t)eref$re #'er2 t)e M$s'em w$r'* )* t$ re#t s #$mm%"it( t$ wit)st"* t)t $"s'%-)t "* t$ *efet t)e 4est. Ar! "* M$s'em were $"e& ''M$s'ems )* t$ #t #$''e#tie'(. It t$$ "er'( t)ree *e#*es t$ ettis$" t)t me"t' '!tr$ss2 Is'm "*

Ar!ism were *i$r#e* "* *isti"-%is)e* s tw$ *iffere"t #$"#e+ts, rt)er t)" remi"i"- s $"e "*i"*iisi!'e. T)e $##si$" f$r t)e se+rti$" ws ree'i"-. It 'eft t)e Ar!s !ret)'ess, *efe"sie, !re*.T)e( "ew )$w t$ re#t t$ t)e C)risti" 4est "* )$w t$ f#e t)e 'tter8s #)''e"-e!( )$'( wr.N$w t)eir #$re'i-i$"ists, t)e T%rs, trie* t$ T%rif( t)e Ar! Est, w)i#) t)e( )* *$mi"te* fr$m t)esi:tee"t) #e"t%r( %"ti' 4$r'* 4r I.

T)e Ar! res+$"se ws "-%is)e* s)$#. T)e( )* t$ 'er" %i#'( t)t M$s'ems were "$t '' !r$t)ers"* t)t T%rs were "$t Ar!s& t)t t)e w$r'* ws "$ '$"-er r%" !( re'i-i$%s !i-$ts !%t !( #+it'ists&t)t sttes "* +rties see ''i"#es $" t)e !sis $f m%t%' i"terests, "$t re'i-i$%s ffi'iti$"s& t)tAr!s m%st 'ter t)eir iew $f t)e w$r'* $r remi" s%!%-te*. T)ere ws "$ s+e#ifi# +rt( t$ #$+e wit)

t)ese iss%es. B%t t)ere were i"*ii*%'s "* -r$%+s !se* i" Beir%t, Cir$, "* Dms#%s. T)ere were's$ t)e "ti$"'ist $ffi#ers i" t)e Ott$m" rm( w)$ f$rme* +rt $f t)e ($%"- T%rs. T)ese$ffi#ers were trete* #$"tem+t%$%s'( !( t)e rest $f t)e ($%"- T%rs fter t)e 'tter *is#'$se* t)eiri"te"ti$"s i" 190 "* re+%*ite* t)e i*e $f *e#e"tr'ise* em+ire !se* $" "ti$"' %t$"$m(. T)$se$ffi#ers, t)e i"te''e#t%'s, "* st%*e"ts #$"stit%te* t)e #*res $f t)e =ret Ar! Re$'%ti$" i" 1916. T)e"et res%'t $f t)t re$'%ti$" ws t)e +r$#'mti$" $f Dms#%s!se* Ar! stte i" 19;0. T)ere$'%ti$" "* its 'e*ers were r+i*'( s%++resse* "* *is+erse*. T)e Ester" +rt $f t)e Ar! w$r'*

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ws *ismem!ere* "* $##%+ie* !( t)e Britis) "* Fre"#), w)$ *ii*e* it m$"- t)emse'es i"##$r*"#e wit) t)e (es/i#$t tret( w)i#) ''$#te* Le!"$" "* (ri t$ Fr"#e, "* Ir,/'esti"e "* Tr"s$r*" t$ Briti". T)e se#%'r Ar! "ti$"'ists were e'imi"te*& t)e re-i$"'istswere !ri!e* !( stte +ri"#i+'ities "* -ie" i"-'( tit'es& t)e Hs)emites "* t)eir )"-ers$" #rrie*t)e *( !( !e#$mi"- +'i!'e Britis) t$$'s, %si"- re'i-i$" "* tri!'ism t$ +er+et%te t)eir +$wer. T)ei*e $f "ti$"'ism '$"e s%rie* s t)e Ar! Est ws *ii*e* i"t$ s+)eres $f i"f'%e"#e !etwee"

Briti" "* Fr"#e. /'esti"e ws #$"ferre* $" t)e i$"ists i" t)e B'f$%r De#'rti$" "* t)em"*te8s re-ime *i* its %tm$st t$ re'ise t)e i$"ist i*e'.

T$ i"f%se t)e i*e $f "ti$"'ism wit) s$#i'ist #$"te"t re%ire* ++r$:imte'( )'f #e"t%r( $ft%rm$i' "* t 'est t)ree m$r *efets f$r t)e +rei'i"- fe%*' "* +etit !$%r-e$is re-imes. I" e#)#se t)e i$"ists tri%m+)e* w)i'e *i--i"- t)eir $w" -res *ee+er. Fr$m 19;0 t$ 19, "ti$"'iststtem+te* t$ *"#e se#%'r 'i!er' i*e $f "ti$"'ism. T)e( fi'e* *ism''( !e#%se !$t) t)e( "*t)e fe%*' #$mmer#i' r%'i"- #'sses t)$%-)t i" terms $f t)e 4ester" #+it'ist "'(sis "* trie* t$#$m+ete f$r 4ester" f$%rs& !$t) were im+$se* +r#ti#''( fr$m !$e "* t)e( were "eer !'e t$i"#$r+$rte t)e msses i"t$ t)eir s(stem. T)e se#%'r "ti$"'ists wit) t)eir 'i!er' !e'iefs )* t)e)ist$ri# '%e $f *is#re*iti"- t)emse'es "* t)e 4f* +rt( $f E-(+tG %"witti"-'( #$"i"#i"- t)eAr! +e$+'e t)t t)e 4est ws t)eir i"tr#t!'e e"em(. I" $t)er w$r*s, t)e Ar!s remi"e* we "**ii*e* "* t)e 4est ws )e'* res+$"si!'e f$r t)eir *iisi$" "* +e"%r(. It seeme*, m$re$er, t)t t)e4est "eer -e its #'ie"ts " $++$rt%"it( t$ *ee'$+ #+it'ist s$#iet( i" t)e Ar! w$r'* "* t)eAr! r%'ers remi"e* s rem$te fr$m t)e +e$+'e s t)eir Ott$m" +re*e#ess$rs. I" t)is e"ir$"me"t $fwe"ess, i$"ism ws !'e t$ im+'"t itse'f "* *e'ier t)e #$%+ *e -r#e t$ Ar! fe%*' mer#"ti'ismi" 19. As res%'t, +etit !$%r-e$is "ti$"'ism r$se "* ref'e#te* itse'f i" t)e first +"Ar!"ti$"'ist +rt(t)e Bt), s$#i' *em$#rti# m$eme"t. T)e Ar! Bt) f$rme* !etwee" 19< "*197G s $++$se* t$ t)e Is'mi# Bt) $f (ester(er, ws si-"ifi#"t *ee'$+me"t. It reit'ise* t)ei*e $f Ar! "ti$"'ism "* -e it se#%'r frme $f refere"#e. M$re im+$rt"t'(, )$weer, t)eBt) tie* t)e i*e $f Ar! %"it( wit) t)e #$"#e+t $f s$#i'ist )%m"ism "* +'#e* s$#i'ism "ew $"t)e -e"* $f t)e Ar! "ti$". T)e s'$-"s $f Bt) were 'i!ert(, %"it(, s$#i'ism. >"f$rt%"te'( f$r

Bt), it *i* "$t i")erit t)e m"t'e $f t)e Ar! re$'%ti$" !e#%se its i*e$'$-ies *i* "$t te i"t$##$%"t t)e #$"tr*i#ti$" !etwee" 'i!er' *em$#r#( "* s$#i'ism, !e#%se t)e( -'$sse* $er t)ere'ti$"s)i+ !etwee" s$#i'ism "* mss m$!i'isti$" "* $r-"isti$", "* !e#%se t)e 'e*ers)i++referre* i"*ii*%'ist t)e$risi"- "* r%'ers t$ re'e"t s$#i' t)e$r( "* mss w$r. i"#e Bt) ws!$r" " *$'es#e"t i"te''e#t%', it ws %"!'e t$ s%rm$%"t t)t #$"*iti$" "* i"te-rte itse'f i" t)es$#iet( it +%r+$rte* t$ re+rese"t. I" t)e si:ties, its mi'itr( 'e*ers !e#me +%ts#)ists "* i"#+!'e $fre'(i"- $" t)e msses& t)e #$'$"e's *e+e"*e* $" t)eir fe''$w #$'$"e's "* t)e #ii'i"s $" t)eir tri!'ss$#iti$"s, t)e i"te''e#t%'s $" t)eir s'$" %*ie"#es. Bt) !e#me $"'( +rt( i" "me i" t)e 1970s,"$t re$'%ti$"r( i"str%me"t f$r t)e tr"sf$rmti$" $f Ar! s$#iet(.

T$ "%m!er $f "ti$"'ists, Bt) '$st its )ist$ri# re'e"#e i" t)e 'te 190s, !e#%se /'esti"e ws"$t its first +ri$rit( "* !e#%se it '#e* %"*erst"*i"- $f re$'%ti$"r( str%--'e "* ir$"Or-"isti$". T)$se "ti$"'ists ttem+te* t$ re+'#e Bt) s t)e )ist$ri# -e"t $f Ar! s$#i' #)"-e"* i" 19, t)e( f$rme* t)e C$r+s $f Ar! Mrt(r*$m G. Betwee" 19; "* 197t)e( were "$w" s Ar! ($%t)s G. I" 19; t)e( #''e* t)emse'es t)e Ar! Nti$"'istM$eme"t G. I" 1967, t)e( effe#tie'( #ese* t$ e:ist. I" 1970, t)e Ar!$#i'ist L!$r /rt( G s%##ee*e* t)e ANM s t)e /"Ar! +rt(. T)e;9


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/$+%'r Fr$"t F$r t)e Li!erti$" $f /'esti"e !" "G w)i#) ws f$rme* i&%$#N$em!er 1967, re+'#e* t)e /'esti"i" !r"#) $f t)e ANM, w)i#) )* !ee" set %+ i" 196;. At t)e$%tset, t)e M$eme"t ws #$''e#ti$" $f se"time"t'ist rti$"'ists, "$%ris)e* !( t)e i*es $f tis)A'H%ssri, writer w)$ stresse* t)e i*e $f "ti$"'it( "* !se* it $" '"-%-e "* )ist$r( $"'(. I"196


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+$'$-( f$r it. M$re$er, t)e +rti"- $f w(s, "$t t)e !re wit) Nsser, #me $er t)e $%t) @eme"%esti$" i" t)e mi* si:ties. Here ws sit%ti$" t)t Nsser trie* t$ #$"ti" "* ee+ %"*er )is -ri+. He)e'+e* $r-"ise "* +r$m$te t)e Fr$"t F$r t)e Li!erti$" $f O##%+ie* $%t) @eme" F'$ss(G, -r$%+$f Britis)$rie"te* %"i$"ists "* "ti$"'ists )e*e* !( ". T)e ANM, $" t)e $t)er )"*,re#$-"ise* its $w" $%t) @eme" 4i"- t)e FLNG s t)e 'e-itimte re+rese"ttie $f t)e $%t)@eme"ese. Arme* str%--'e #$mme"#e* i" t)e #$%"tr(si*e "* t)e +es"ts were #$"erte* t$ t)e

re$'%ti$" w)i'e F'$ss( ws e"$(i"- t)e 'ime'i-)t "* t)e -'re $f Cir$ "* "e-$titi"- #$m+r$miseswit) t)e Britis). Fi"''(, t)e Britis) were f$r#e* $%t "* t)e /e$+'e8s Re+%!'i# $f $%t) @eme" ws+r$#'ime* i" N$em!er $f 1967. 4it)i" few *(s, t)e !%!!'e $f F'$ss( ws +%"#t%re* "* it +sse*fr$m t)e s#e"e. Nsserism ws #$"tr#ti"- "* "rr$wi"- its )$ri$"s. T)e ANM re$'%ti$"ism wsre+'#i"- it !( e:+"*i"- its !se "* !r$*e"i"- its s$#i' iews. I" t)e +$st5%"e4r +eri$*, ANMre$'%ti$"ism !e#me t)e m-"et $f t)e Ar! mssest)e -'"isi"- f$r#e $f t)e +$$r, t)e we, "*t)e wret#)e* $f t)e Ar! w$r'*. I" "%ts)e'', t)e %esti$" t)t +$se* itse'f ws2 w)$ s)'' -$er", t)e#$'$"e's $r t)e +e$+'e 4e i" t)e Ar! $#i'ist L!$r /rt( s( t)e +e$+'e. T)t8s w)( we #$"te"*t)t t)e re$'%ti$" is #$mi"-& t)t8s w)( I !e#me f%''time re$'%ti$"r(.

I" t)e s+ri"- $f 196< Isre' ws fiftee" (ers $'*. I"ste* $f rei"*'i"- t)e Ar! s+irit "* res%mi"- its)ist$ri# missi$" fter t)e !re%+ $f t)e >AR, Nsserism ws !e#$mi"- i"wr* '$$i"-, re+ressie,m"-eri'. E#$"$mi#''( !$%r-e$ise, it !e#me s+e"t f$r#e i" )ist$ri#' terms, t)e @eme"i"tere"ti$" O#t$!er 196;G "* t)e Nti$"' C)rter $f M( 196;, "$twit)st"*i"-. ttesm"s)i+,e#$"$mi# +r$-ress, +$'iti#' st!i'it( were t$%te* s t)e )''mrs $f t)e E-(+ti" re-ime. T)e >AR+'#e* *ertiseme"ts i" t)e New @$r Times i"iti"- m$"$+$'isti# i"est$rs t$ s)re i" its +r$fit!'estte e"ter+rises. =$"e were t)e *(s w)e" Nsser s+$e "* 4ester" i"*%stries #me t$ )'t f$r '#$f $i'& -$"e were t)e *(s w)e" Nsser s+i""e* re$'%ti$"r( s'$-"s "* t)e Ar! msses seie* "*!%r"e* em!ssies& -$"e were t)e *(s w)e" 4ester" +rime mi"isters were trete* 'ie messe"-er !$(s"* s#$ffe* t i" +%!'i#. @et i" s+ite $f t)is t%r"!$%t, we i" t)e ANM remi"e* Nsser s%++$rters %"ti'1967.

T)e Nsserite s$#i' $r*er #$"siste* $f C)rter t)t +r$mise* "ew >AR !se* $" Is'm, *em$#r#("* #$$+erti$"& re#$-"ise* t)e *$mi""t r$'e $f t)e stte i" t)e e#$"$m(& #"$w'e*-e* t)e r$'e $ft)e "ti$"' !$%r-e$isie& #$"ferre* $" w$rers "* +es"ts )'f $f t)e +r'ime"tr( sets& -r"te*em+'$(ees " *is$r( r$'e i" t)e m"-eme"t $f t)eir fie'*s, f#t$ries, $ffi#es, "* +'e*-e* t$ -iet)em fi""#i' rewr*s !se* $" +r$fits m*e. Nsserism ws t%r"i"- E-(+t i"t$ +r*ise $f#$'$"e's, m"-ers, #'ers. B( 196 )e, wit) Hei'i" fr""ess, t$'* t)e se#$"* /'esti"i" Nti$"'C$"-ress t)t )e )* "$ +'" f$r t)e 'i!erti$" $f /'esti"e. F%rt)erm$re, Ar! %"it( ws reie* i"t)e s+ri"- $f 196< f$r !$%t t)ree m$"t)s w)e" Ir, E-(+t, "* (ri -ree* A+ri' 17G t$ f$rm "ew"* reit'ise* >"ite* Ar! Re+%!'i#. T)e %"it( t's were )e'* i" Cir$ fter t)e Bt)ists, t)e %"i$r+rt"ers $f Nsser i" t)e 19 >"ite* Ar! Re+%!'i# +eri$*, seie* +$wer i" Ir Fe!r%r( G, "*

(ri Mr#) G. T$ !$'ster t)eir re-imes, t)e Bt)ists #''e* f$r Ar! %"it( "* f$r #$$+erti$"m$"- t)e +r$-ressie f$r#es. Nsser #$%'* "$t i-"$re $r $++$se t)eir #'' 'est )e !e #$"si*ere* ""ti%"it( m". After t)e +r$#'mti$" $f t)e New >AR )$weer, t)e Bt)ists ret%r"e* t$ t)eir#+it's "* !e-" t$ +%r-e t)e Nsserites "* fi"''( rem$e* t)em fr$m +$wer #$m+'ete'(. I" er'(5%'( Nsser s)$we* )is *is+'es%re !( re'esi"- t)e re#$r*e* t+es $f t)e t's t$ A'A)rm, t)em$%t)+ie#e $f t)e mi**'e #'ss E-(+ti"s. Hei', t)e e*it$r, seri'ise* #e"s$re* er!tim ##$%"ts "*#$mme"te* s#t)i"-'( $" t)e Bt), t)ere!( si-"''i"- t$ t)e w$r'* t)t Nsser )* "$ i"te"ti$" $f


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+r$#ee*i"- wit) t)e %t%m" mer-er s s#)e*%'e*. T)e *is#'$s%res *em$"strte* tw$ f#ts2 first, t)tNsser ws %"wi''i"- t$ re-r* "($"e s )is e%', $r s%!$r*i"te E-(+ti" "ti$"' i"terests t$ t)e#$mm$" Ar! -$$*, "* se#$"*'(, t)t t)e Bt)ists were i"si"#ere, mistr%ste* Nsser, "* iewe*t)emse'es s t)e s%##ess$rs t$ *(i"- Nsserism. I" t)e e"s%i"- (ers, Bt)ism t$$ !e#me re-ime$f #$'$"e's. T)is "* $t)er semifi#ti$"' i"#i*e"ts +%'e*, !ewi'*ere* "* #$"f%se* t)e ANM.

B( t)e s+ri"- $f 196< 1 re'ise* I w$%'* "$t !e !'e t$ ret%r" t$ A>B i" t)e %t%m". I )* t$ me *e#isi$". T)ere were few w$r +r$s+e#ts t$ e:+'$re. T)ere were "$"e i" Le!"$". I ws "i"etee" (ers$'*, "* I ws "$t '$$i"- f$r )%s!"* t$ sere& I #$%'*"8t st( t )$me "* e-ette. I" t)t#$"f%si"- s+ri"-, fmi'( i"#i*e"t 'e* me t$ see ref%-e $%tsi*e $f Le!"$".

F$r fiftee" (ers m( fmi'( )* !ee" e:i'e* fr$m $%r !e'$e* )$me'"*. i"#e stte $f wr e:iste*!etwee" t)e Ar! sttes "* Isre', we )* "$t see" si"-'e re'tie fr$m Hif $r M*e' E' Kr$%m.Tre' restri#ti$"s were t$$ seere& !%re%#rti# re*t+e ws $erw)e'mi"-, "* fi""#i'#$"si*erti$"s were *iffi#%'t t$ $er#$me. H$weer, fter +r$'$"-e* "* #ref%' +re+rti$"s, m(ft)er we"t t$ see )is fmi'( i" 5er%s'em t t)e Me"*e'!%m -te. He wite* f$r t)ree *(s !%t "$ $"e

s)$we* %+. A few wees 'ter, meeti"- ws -i" rr"-e*, !%t t)is time m( ft)er ws +r'(se*"* "$t !'e t$ -$.

M$t)er we"t wit)$%t )im. T)e meeti"- ws "i-)tmre $f !r!e*wire. 4)e" -r"*m$t)er swm$t)er, s)e +res%me* )er s$" m%st )e *ie* "* s)e #$''+se*. M( %"ts, m( #$%si"s, "* m$t)er#rrie* $" ter( *i'$-%e f$r !$%t " )$%r. Litt'e $r "$t)i"- ws si* !e($"* #$"e(i"- -reeti"-s"* f'eeti"- remi"is#e"#es. 4e were '' *re"#)e* wit) ters. 4e '$$e* t e#) $t)er w$"*eri"-w)et)er re%"i$" w$%'* eer !e +$ssi!'e& "$ $"e #$%'* %tter #$)ere"t se"te"#e& we +rte* i"f%rite* tt)e i$"ist $er'$r*.

As m$t)er si* *ie% t$ -r"*m$t)er, -r""( +'#e* )er "e#'#e r$%"* m$t)er8s "e# "* isse* )er.A" Isre'i -%r* '$$e* $" "* i"st"t'( +$%"#e* $" m$t)er "* s"t#)e* t)e "e#'#e fr$m )er #)est.M$t)er f$%-)t !# !%t t)e m" wit) t)e -%" +rei'e*. )e ret%r"e* )$me %+set !( Ar! i"!i'it( t$+r$te#t )er "* s)$#e* !( i$"ist !r%t'it(. %#) ee"ts e+t m( fmi'( "* m$st /'esti"i"s w(fr$m t)e i$"ists. i"#e t)e", we )e "$t see" $%r re'ties, "* ft)er *ie* wit)$%t )i"- see" )ism$t)er "* sisters f$r ei-)tee" (ers.

4)t ws I t$ *$ i" t)e mi*st $f t)is sit%ti$" 4)ere ws I t$ -$ If I #$%'*"8t !e"* )ee" I w$%'*s#rt#) )e''& K%wit ws t)e $"'( $%t'et. T)ere ws "$ $t)er +$ssi!i'it(.

I" t)e s%mmer $f 196< t)e ?$i#e $f t)e Ar!s !eme* !r$*#sts fr$m Cir$ t$ t)e f$%r #$r"ers $f t)e-'$!e, "* t)e +ress $f t)e Ar! w$r'* ws fi''e* wit) t)e i*e $f t)e /'esti"e e"tit(. I""%mer!'e/'esti"i"s, i"#'%*i"- m(se'f, were ttr#te* t$ t)e i*e, if "$t t$ t)e $r-"isti$" t)t ws i"te"*e* sits em!$*ime"t2 T)e /'esti"e Li!erti$" Or-"isti$" /LOG. /LO ws set %+ !( t)e Ar! Le-%ettes i" 5"%r( 196. T)e /LO ws '%"#)e* !( t)e Ar! 'e-%e t$ #$"ti" t)e /'esti"i"s w)i'e


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s%++$se*'( -ii"- t)em " i"str%me"t $f 'i!erti$". At t)e time $"'( few +er#e+tie +e$+'e sw Ar!s%mmitr( f$r w)t it ws. T)$se w)$ f$resw )* "$ +$wer.

Ar! +resi*e"ts "* i"-s met i" t)e s+'e"*$%r $f Cir$ "* 't)$%-) t)e( *e#i*e* "$t t$ #$"fr$"tIsre', t)e( 'e* t)eir +e$+'e i"t$ !e'iei"- t)t t)e( were +re+ri"- f$r t)e ee"t%'it( $f wr. T)e(iss%e* $i"t mi'itr( #$mm"*s t)t )* "$ +$wer. 4ees 'ter, t)e( !'me* t)eir fi'%re $" Le!"$"f$r ''e-e*'( "$t ''$wi"- Ar! tr$$+s t$ $##%+( strte-i# +$siti$"s $" its s$i', s if (ri "* 5$r*")* -ree* t$ t)e +r$+$s' "* im+'eme"te* it, "* s if Le!"$" )* remi"e* t)e $"'( $!st#'e. T)e()* ''$#te* t)e str$"$mi#' s%m $f J1< mi''i$" t$ *iert t)e wters $f t)e 5$r*" (et s%#) s%mw$%'*"8t !e e"$%-) t$ *i- *it#)& t)e( #rete* t)e /LO s #r%m! t$ t)e /'esti"i"s "* t)e fit)f%'!e'iee* i" t)e -$$* fit) $f t)e 'e*ers)i+.

A'' ws s)m s t)e *issters i" t)e 5%"e were %"mist!'( t$ s)$w. T)e /LO ws !$r" #ri++'e*, if"$t *e*, "* t)e Ar! sttes "eit)er ''$we* t)e /'esti"i"s t$ #t i"*e+e"*e"t'( "$r *i* t)e(t)emse'es #t wit) s%ffi#ie"t i-$%r t$ sfe-%r* /'esti"i" i"terests. T)e /LO #$"siste* $f t)erem""ts $f *e* s$#i' #'ss, "* its 'e*ers were -ie" t)eir +$siti$"s i" re#$-"iti$" $f t)eir

'$('ties t$ t)e ri$%s s%mmit #$"fere"#es. T)e /LO ws se'et$" +%t $" *is+'( t t)e Ar! Le-%e)e*%rters& it ws "eit)er re$'%ti$"r( s+er)e* t$ 'e* t)e str%--'e f$r t)e 'i!erti$" $f/'esti"e, "$r r''(i"-+$i"t f$r t)e *is+erse* msses $f ref%-ees.

I" 'te e+tem!er, 196


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'te. I m "$t s$rr( I #rie*.

A' 5)r) f$r -ir' fr$m A>B "* t)e +$'iti#' mi'' $f Beir%t ws t)e #it( $f eter"' !$re*$m. 4e were'' f$rei-"ers i" t)e e(es $f t)e K%witi Ar! -$er"me"t t)$%-) eer( $"e $f %s #me fr$m t)eAr! w$r'*. T)e $"'( #$'$%rf%' s+e#t $f t)e s#)$$' ws t)e m%'tit%*e $f f$rei-" *i'e#ts s+$e".T)e E-(+ti"s, /'esti"i"s "* (ri"s were t)e 'r-est -r$%+. T)is ws t)e first time I )* #$me i"t$#'$se #$"t#t wit) E-(+ti"s. T)e (ri"s were t)e sme s t)e /'esti"i"s wit) t)e e:#e+ti$" $f t)e'*( +ri"#i+', $%*, w)$ e:#e''e* s " $!sessie !%re%#rt "* " r!itrr( w$m". )e ws, t$ +%tit mi'*'(, " *mi"istrt$r w)$ +r$strte* )erse'f !ef$re t)e mi"istr( $f e*%#ti$" "* set $%t t$*is#i+'i"e )er fe''$w te#)ers !( "etw$r $f i"f$rmers. Mtters were #$m+'i#te* f$r me !e#%se I)* "$ #$"#e+ti$" $f r$'es $r r%'es. I "ew $f "$ *isti"#ti$"s !etwee" -$er"$rs "* -$er"e*& I )*"$ i*e $f !%re%#rti# mem$s "* "$ "$ti$" $f e:ter"' %t)$rit(. T)e $"'( %t)$rit( I )* eerre#$-"ise* si"#e I 'eft )$me i" 1960 ws t)t $f t)e #$mr*e re-i$"' #$mm"*er. M( w$r'* wst%r"e* %+si*e *$w". M( #$''e-%es eit)er *e'i-)te* i" m( -$"(, rese"te* me s +r$$f $f t)eir#$wr*i#e, $r se#ret'( *mire* m( re!e''i$". T)e( were serfs w)$ trem!'e* !ef$re t)e "i-)t "* +i*)im )$m-e.

At A' 5)r, we #$%'* "$t 'ee #m+%s wit)$%t s+e#i' +ermissi$" *%ri"- t)e wee. O" T)%rs*(ee"i"-s we #$%'* isit re'ties $r imme*ite fmi'( mem!ers "* st( $er"i-)t. T)ere were "$#i"ems t$ isit, "$ !$( frie"*s t$ +ss t)e time wit), "$ Britis) M%se%m t$ st%*( i". Oert +$'iti#'#tiit( ws f$r!i**e". 4e were tr%'( fmi'( e%"%#)s i" " $rie"t' *es+$ti# $r*er.

I re#'' *isti"#t'( t)e fm$%s s)$rt s'eees e+is$*e w)e" I $++$se* t)e %t)$rities. T)e +ri"#i+' )*t)rete"e* t$ e:+e' me f$r ++eri"- i" s)$rt s'eees w)i#) were !""e* i" K%wit *es+ite t)eswe'teri"- )et. I #)''e"-e* )er "* t)rete"e* t$ e:+$se m( !$*( f%rt)er. )e ws i"f%rite* !%t ws%"!'e t$ #rr( $%t )er t)ret. I i"f$rme* )er t)t I w$%'* )e'+ )er write mem$ $" m( s#"*'$%s

!e)i$%r t$ t)e mi"istr( $f e*%#ti$" if s)e +ersiste* i" $!seri"- t)t ri*i#%'$%s r%'e. )e )* t$sw''$w )er +ri*e "* wr$te mem$ re#$mme"*i"- m( tr"sfer e'sew)ere t t)e e"* $f t)e #*emi#(er. I e:%'te* t t)e +r$s+e#t, t)$%-) I w$%'* re-ret t)e '$ss $f t)e few frie"*s I )* m*e t A'5)r).

T)e #)i'*re" t A' 5)r) m"ifeste* t)e #%'t%r' *e+riti$" $f r%r' "* rem$te Be*$%i" +e$+'e, !%tt)e( were i"te''i-e"t "* %i#'( !s$r!e* i"f$rmti$". O%r s#)$$' ws t)e $"'( wi"*$w t)e( )* t$t)e $%tsi*e w$r'*. T)e( "ee*e* t$ !e t%-)t t)e r%*ime"ts $f 'ii"- i" t)eir r+i*'( *ee'$+i"-#$mm%"it( "* wr"e* !$%t %r!" s'er(. I"ste*, I ws te#)i"- t)em E"-'is) "* s#ie"#e. B%t I%se* eer( +$ssi!'e $++$rt%"it( t$ +r$+-te m( +$'iti#' #%se. T)e +%+i's were s%s#e+ti!'e "*

res+$"*e* +$sitie'(.

I *i* "$t ree' m( ss$#iti$" wit) t)e ANM2 it w$%'* )e !ee" +$'iti#' s%i#i*e. T)e '*( +ri"#i+'w$%'* )e !ee" *e'i-)te* t$ i"$e )er +$wers. I"ste* I i"e#te* m( +$'iti#' ir%s i" sm'' *$ses. Ire'te* eer( iss%e t$ t)e w$r'* r$%"* %s "* w)e"eer +$ssi!'e t$ t)e /'esti"i" %esti$". $me+%+i's 'iste"e* tte"tie'(, $t)ers +tte* t)eir -$ts, s)ee+, $r #$ws, $r fe* t)eir #)i#e"s t)r$%-) t)e


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s#)$$' wi"*$ws. T)eir +re"ts were "$t ee"'( wre $f w)t ws -$i"- $". T)e( t)$%-)t t)e te#)er"ew !est "* t)e( i" "$ w( i"terfere* wit) m( w$r. T)e w$r'* $f A' 5)r) )* its -$$* +$i"ts& itws "$t '' %"+'es"t"ess, +rti#%'r'( f$r t)$se "$t +$'iti#''( i"#'i"e*.

+ri"- #me "* f$%"* t)e Ar! -$er"me"ts mi"- "$ises !$%t Isre' ste'i"- Ar! wters fr$mt)e 5$r*" rier. T)e( $ste"si!'( m*e t)eir $w" +re+rti$"s t$ *iert t)e rierte" (ers t$$ 'te. N$mi'itr( ttem+t t$ st$+ t)e Isre'is ws m*e. A few mi"$r !$r*er i"#i*e"ts $##%rre* "* t)e Ar!st)%"*ere* ree"-e. T)e fr#e we"t $" f$r (er $r s$. Isre' free'( #rrie* $%t )er *iersi$" +r$e#t "*e:+r$+rite* 'm$st '' t)e wters $f t)e 5$r*" rier.

Me"w)i'e t)e )$"$%r!'e +resi*e"ts "* "$!'e i"-s, wit)$%t #$"s%'ti"- t)e /'esti"i" +e$+'e $r#$"si*eri"- $t)er #"*i*tes, ++$i"te* A)me* )%ir( #)irm" $f t)e /LO.

)%ir( ws t)eir m". He #$%'* !e re'ie* %+$" t$ me t)e "e#essr( f'm!$("t +r$"$%"#eme"ts t$++ese t)e /'esti"i" msses, wit)$%t +re#i+itti"- #risis $r $r-"isi"- t)e /'esti"i"s i"t$

fi-)ti"- f$r#e. T)e /LO 'e*ers)i+ ws im+$se* fr$m !$e "* ws ##$%"t!'e t$ t)e +$wers !$e,"$t t$ t)e /'esti"i" +e$+'e w)$m it s$%-)t t$ re+rese"t. )%ir( ws t$%ri"- i" t)e Ar! w$r'* "*)e #me t$ K%wit t$ m$!i'ise t)e /'esti"i"s "* -et t)em t$ +rti#i+te i" #$"stit%e"t ssem!'( t$e'e#t /'esti"i" +r'ime"t. I" K%wit, )%ir( #$"t#te* t)e +e$+'e )e "ewt)e f$rmer %++er#'ss $f /'esti"ew)$ "$w )e'* '$wer e#)e'$" +$siti$"s i" K%wit s e"-i"eers, $r m"-ers $f sm''!%si"ess e"ter+rises. T)e #)i'*re" $f t)e ref%-eest)e s#)$$' te#)ers, t)e si''e*, semisi''e*, "*m"%' w$rerswere "$t #$"t#te*& t)e( were mere'( e:+e#te* t$ ++'%* t)e wise *e#isi$"s $f t)eAr! 'e*ers "* r%!!er stm+ t)e e'e#ti$" $f t)eir re+rese"ttie, #)$se" fr$m t)e !etter +e$+'e.M$re$er, si"#e t)e /'esti"i"s i" K%wit "* t)r$%-)$%t t)e Ar! =%'f were +ermitte* "$ $r-"i##$mm%"it( $r i!'e $r-"isti$"s it ws er( *iffi#%'t ##%rte'( t$ *etermi"e #$mm%"' fee'i"-s.T)is sit%ti$" e"!'e* #erti" se'fseei"-, se'f++$i"te* i"*ii*%'s t$ re+rese"t t)e /'esti"i"s.

I" s+ite $f '' t)ese *iffi#%'ties "* m( $w" mis-ii"-s, I -itte* $" $%r #m+%s %r-i"- /'esti"i"s t$te " #tie +rt i" f$rmi"- !r"#)es f$r t)e /LO. B%t "$ !r"#)es were f$rme* t A' 5)r) !e#%set$$ m"( +e$+'e were s#e+ti#'. I s)re* t)e s#e+ti#ism, !%t I t)$%-)t t)e /LO ws !etter t)" "$t)i"-t '' si"#e t)e K%wit -$er"me"t re#$-"ise* it s t)e $ffi#i' re+rese"ttie $f t)e /'esti"i"s "*-ree* t$ 'et /'esti"i"s $i" it s '$"- s t)e( remi"e* $%tsi*e t)e K%witi +$'iti#' re". M(+ri"#i+' )* re#eie* "$ *ire#tie t$ e"#$%r-e s%#) #'%! "* s)e *e#i*e* t)e r%'e !""i"- +$'iti#ssti'' ++'ie* "* #''e* me t$ )er $ffi#e t$ s me t$ #ese m( #tiities. )e r-%e* t)t I ws Le!"ese, I )e'* Le!"ese +ss+$rt, "* )* "$t)i"- t$ *$ wit) /'esti"e. I 'iste"e* t$ )er m$"$'$-%ewit)$%t i"terr%+ti"-. 4)e" s)e fi"is)e*, I st$$* %+, 4$m" +ri"#i+', ($%r i"* $f $!e*ie"t, m$r',

+$'iti#' +e$+'e were res+$"si!'e f$r t)e '$ss $f /'esti"e& ($%r i"* $f #reerists )e $++resse* t)e/'esti"i"s m$re effe#tie'( t)" t)e i$"ists )e& ($%r -re(r*'ie s#)$$' )s st%"te* t)e -r$wt)$f i"te''i-e"#e& ($% re +rt $f t)e e"em( #m+. I !e'iee if we *$"8t $ert)r$w ($%r msters "*($%r seri'e t(+e, m$re tr-e*( "* *estr%#ti$" wi'' +'-%e t)e Ar! )$me'"*. I !e'iee ($%8re m$re*"-er$%s t)" t)e #"$w'e*-e* f$e. Let %s s%++$se t)t I m $"'( Le!"ese #itie". D$es t)t"ti$"'it( !s$'e me $f m( Ar! $!'i-ti$"s D$es it erse m( Ar! i*e"tit( D$es it me" t)t Im "$t " Ar! w$m" /ri"#i+', I m " Ar!, I m /'esti"i", I m Le!"ese Ar! w)$ is


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-$i"- t$ +r$se'(tise t)e Ar! #%se )ere $" ($%r #m+%s "* eer(w)ere. N$ f$r#e $t)er t)" *et)#" st$+ me. A#t s ($% see fit. I s)'' "$t re'e"t. I s)'' "$t !e #$we*. I s)'' "$t retret. =$$* *(. Iw'e* $%t "* s'mme* t)e *$$r. I )* m*e m( 'st ++er"#e i" )er $ffi#e.

O" M( ;, 196, t)e /'esti"e Nti$"' C$"-ress ws $+e"e* i" 5er%s'em !( Ki"- H%ssei". Its t)ree)%"*re* "* fift( *e'e-tes re+rese"te* #r$ssse#ti$" $f t)e /'esti"i" +e$+'e, wit) tr*iti$"'ists i"t)e m$rit(. A "%m!er $f +r$mi"e"t r*i#'s were !rre* fr$m t)e C$"-ress !( t)e 5$r*"i"%t)$rities. T)e C$"-ress e'e#te* " e:e#%tie #$mmittee $f see"& re#$"firme* A)m* )%ir( s#)irm"& iss%e* m"ifest$, t)e Nti$"' C)rter, w)i#) em!$*ie* t)e i*e$'$-( $f $%r !"r%+tr%'i"- #'ss, "* e'e#te* '' s$rts $f )i-)s$%"*i"- stte #$mmittees t$ m" t)e ++rt%s $f t)ef$rt)#$mi"- re$'%ti$". T)e /LO $##%+ie* t)e /'esti"i" set t t)e Ar! Le-%e )e*%rters i"Cir$. Ar! s%mmitr( #$"ti"%e* i" t)e %t%m" $f 196. 4it)i" (er, t)e 'e*ers t)emse'es )*st$++e* !e'iei"- t)eir $w" 'ies, t)$%-) t)eir me*i -e"ts #$"ti"%e* t$ e:+$%"* t)e +'"s i" +%r+'e+r$se "* +$eti# isi$"s.

I" 'te 5%"e $f 196 I ret%r"e* t$ Le!"$" f$r w)t *%ri"- t)e "e:t si: (ers !e#me " ""%'

f%r'$%-). I" Le!"$" I ret)re*e* m( w( !# t$ t)e %"*er-r$%"* "* fe't se"se $f re'ief fter t)eis$'ti$" $f A'5)r) "* t)e e"erti"- )et $f K%wit. I $!sere* t)t #r#s were $+e"i"- %+ wit)i"t)e #it*e' $f t)e Ar! Nti$"'ist M$eme"t i" Beir%t. H$weer, t)ese +r$f$%"* *iffere"#es wit)i" t)em$eme"t were fr$e" i" t)e "me $f %"it(, -$$* sttesm"s)i+, "* +ers$"' re'ti$"s. eri$%s*iffere"#es re-r*i"- i*e$'$-(, strte-(, $r-"iti$" "* +ers$"'ities er%+te* -i" "* -i" %"ti' f$rm' s+'it ws fi"''( t$ te +'#e i" fie (ers8 time.

As %t%m" ++r$#)e* I m*e +'"s t$ ret%r" t$ K%wit. O"#e -i", I )* t$ 'ie i" t)e !rr#s,rt)er t)" wit) m( !r$t)er. F$r w$m", 'ii"- '$"e i" K%wit ws sim+'( %"t)i"!'e. At t)e)!8s s#)$$' I *is#$ere* t)t I )* !ee" *em$te* fr$m t)e i"terme*ite t$ t)e e'eme"tr( 'ee' $f

te#)i"-. I ws #$"fi"e* t$ te#)i"- -r*e tw$ f$r t)e "e:t fie (ers "* ws t)%s *e+rie* $f m(*$'es#e"t %*ie"#e "* t)e +$ssi!i'it( $f %si"- m( #'ssr$$m s +$'iti#' +'tf$rm. Dism(e* "*""$(e* t first, I re#$"#i'e* m(se'f %i#'(. T)ere ws "$t)i"- I #$%'* *$ t$ 'ter m( te#)i"- stt%s.Resi-"ti$" ws w$rse 'ter"tie si"#e it me"t !ei"- $" t)e %"em+'$(me"t )e+ wit) s%!st"ti'"%m!er $f $t)er Ar! w$rers.

M( +%+i's were " e"$(!'e '$t. M"( $f t)em were $f Ir"i" $ri-i"& t)eir +re"ts )* emi-rte* t$K%wit i" +%rs%it $f w$r. T)e )!8s s#)$$' ws +$+%'te* wit) w$ri"- #'ss #)i'*re" w)$ were":i$%s t$ 'er" "* wi''i"- t$ *$ t)eir )$mew$r. T)e( were tire'ess #)i'*re" w)$ #$%'* )e$%tr#e* !!( #me's -ie" t)e $++$rt%"it(. T)e( were *e'i-)t t$ !e wit), !%t t)e( were "$t

im+$rt"t s +$'iti#' #$"erts. Here I )* t)e $++$rt%"it( t$ s( "(t)i"- i" t)e #'ssr$$m wit)$%tfee'i"- Bi- Br$t)er ws wt#)i"-& t)e +r$!'em ws t$ 'er" )$w t$ #$mm%"i#te wit) see" "*ei-)t(er$'*s "* "$w w)t t$ e:+e#t fr$m t)em. I *e#i*e* it w$%'* !e !est "$t t

My People Shall Live Leila Khaled

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