m¤úv`Kxqpib.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/pib.portal...m¤úv`Kxq...

m¤úv`Kxq

MYgva¨g-eë¯’vcbvi IciB eûjvs‡k

wbf©i K‡i H MYgva¨g cÖwZôvbwUi wU‡K

_vKv bv _vKvi e¨vcviwU| ZvB eë ’vcbvi

welqwU Ab¨ me cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv wgwWqv

cÖwZôv‡bi RbÏ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avgv‡ì †`‡k

mwVK eë¯’vcbvi Afv‡e B‡Zvc~‡e© A‡bK

eo ev‡R‡Ui wgwWqv cÖwZôvbI eÜ nIqvi

bwRi i‡q‡Q| ZvB Gi ¸iæZ¡ we‡ePbvq

MYgva¨g eë¯’vcbvi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q

mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q wbixÿvÕi eZ©gvb msL¨vwU|

G‡Z MYgva¨g eë ’vcbv I eë ’vc‡Ki

`vwqZ¡mg~n, msev`c‡Îi gvwjKvbvi aib,

mvKz©‡jkb e„w×i †KŠkj, AbjvBb I

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi eë¯’vcbv, msev`c‡Îi

ev‡RU I A_©‰bwZK eë ’vcbvmn Av‡iv

cÖvmw½K A‡bK cÖeÜ/wbeÜ ms‡hvwRZ

n‡q‡Q| GQvovI XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ

KwZcq g¨vMvwR‡bi mvKz©‡jkb I weZiY

eë¯’vi IciI GKwU mgxÿv gyw ªZ n‡q‡Q|

G †jLv¸‡jv MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZvi

QvÎ‡ì Rb¨ †hgb, †Zgwb wgwWqv D‡`¨v³v

wKsev wgwWqvi eë¯’vcK‡ì RbÏ mnvqK

n‡e e‡j Avgiv Avkv KiwQ| cÖKvkbvwU

mvaviY mvsevw`K‡ì RbÏ mnvqK n‡e

e‡j Avgv‡ì wek¦vm| msL¨vwU DwjøwLZ

mK‡ji cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡jB Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Póv

mv_©K n‡e e‡j g‡b Kwi|

211Zg msL¨v : †m‡Þ¤i-wW‡m¤i 2016

m¤úv`K

†gv. kvn AvjgMxi

mn‡hvMx m¤úv`K

†gv. iwdKzj Bmjvg AvK›`

mnKvix m¤úv`K

wgRvbyi ingvb

kv‡njv Av³vi

W. †R¨vrmœv ivbx wek¦vm

wkí wb‡ ©kbv

†gvwgb DÏxb Lv‡j`

cÖKvkbv Kg©KZ©v

mi`vi †gv. †iRvDj Kwig

cÖwZ‡e`K

byiæbœvnvi byiæ

ms‡kvaK

myfvl P› ª ivq

wiqvR †gv. gbRyiæj nK Lvb

m~ wP c Î

20UvKv

g~j¨

MYgva¨g eë¯’vcbv I eë ’vc‡Ki bvbv w`K: ZË¡ I ev ÍeZv

mvBdzj mvwgb

5

msev`cÎ: wkí I mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb

Aa¨vcK W. mvLvIqvZ Avjx Lvb

9

msev`c‡Îi gvwjKvbvi aib I cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨vi

n«vm-e„w×i DcKiY

†gv. b~i Bmjvg nvwee

12

cwÎKvi mvsMVwbK w`K

†gv Ídv †nv‡mBb

17

msev`c‡Îi ev‡RU I A_©‰bwZK eë ’vcbv

Gg G gvbœvb

19

msev`c‡Îi wnmv‡ei cÖwµqv I

Avq-e¨q msiÿY c×wZ

cv_© †mb¸ß

21

XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ KwZcq mvgwqKxi mvKz©‡jkb I

weZiY eë ’v: GKwU mgxÿv

wgRvbyi ingvb

23

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi eë ’vcbv

kvgxgv †PŠayix

27

32

AbjvBb msev`Kÿ eë ’vcbv: c×wZ I †KŠkj

†gvnv. gvnvgy yj nK

37

wUwf wbDRiæg eë ’vcbv: wKQz cÖm½

KzìZ-B-gIjv

39

wUwf bvUK wbg©vY-eë ’vcbv: wKQz cÖm½

Bivbx wek¦vm

41 weÁvcb eë ’vcbv: awi gvQ, bv QuyB cvwb


43 MYgva¨‡gi Av‡jvP¨m~wP I gvwjKvbvi gZv`k©

W. gymZvK Avn‡g`

47 †hvMv‡hvM I eë ’vcbvi AvšÍtwbf©ikxjZv:

GKwU ZvwË¡K ch©v‡jvPbv

†gv. IqvwjDj Bmjvg

50 RbgZ MV‡b MYgva¨‡g G‡RÛv †mwUs-Gi f‚wgKv:

bvbv cÖm½

gvnveyeyi ingvb

58 MYgva¨g msev`

61 wcAvBwe msev`

B-†gBj : [email protected] I‡qemvBU : www.pib.gov.bd

wcAvBwe cÖKvkbvi cÖvwß¯’vb

iKgvwi WU Kg

2/2B, B‡Wb Kg‡cø·, AvivgevM, gwZwSj, †dvb: 01718007822

m~ wP c

Î

211Zg msL¨v

†m‡Þ¤i-wW‡m¤i 2016

evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU

3 mvwK©U nvDm †ivW, XvKv-1000

m¤úv`K KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ Ges †gmvm© Avi †R wcÖw›Us GÛ c¨v‡KwRs, 18/1, bqvcëb, XvKv-1000 †_‡K gyw ªZ

†dvb : 9333403, 9330081-84, d¨v· : 880-02-8317458

B-†gBj : [email protected] I‡qemvBU : www.pib.gov.bd

Avw_©K w`K †_‡K jvfRbK nIqv

GKwU msev`c‡Îi cÖavb kZ©| †mw`K

†_‡K wePvi Ki‡j msev`c‡Îi

Aek¨B wkí wn‡m‡e M‡o IVv

`iKvi|

†`Lyb c„ôv 9

mvKz©‡jkb ev cÖPvi n‡”Q †Kv‡bv cwÎKvi cÖvY|

†Kv‡bv cwÎKv †eu‡P Av‡Q wK-bv Zv †evSv hvq Zvi

cÖPvi †`‡L| cÖPvi-msL¨vwU †_‡KB Rvbv hvq

cwÎKvi gh©v`v, RvZxq Rxe‡b Zvi ¸iæZ¡, cÖfve

BZ¨vw`|

†`Lyb c„ôv 12

MYgva¨‡gi KvRwU GKwU mgwšZ cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q

P‡j| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv wefvM †djbv bq| †Kv‡bv wefv‡Mi

¸iæZ¡ Kg bq| me¸‡jv wefvM, wefv‡Mi †QvU-eo

Kg©xÑmevi mw¤§wjZ cÖqv‡m evZ©v ˆZwi Ges Zv cÖPv‡ii

KvR mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ nq| G Kvi‡Y MYgva¨g-cY¨‡K

mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvi dmj wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq|

†`Lyb c„ôv 5

†`‡k MYgva¨g I mvsevw`K‡`i c~Y©

¯vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e mvsevw`Kiv

†Kej ¯vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡eb, myweav

†b‡eb, `vwqZ¡cvjb Ki‡eb bv, Zv

n‡Z cv‡i bv- cÖavbgš¿x|

†`Lyb c„ôv 58

wewkó mvsevw`K, evsjv‡`k †dWv‡ij mvsevw`K

BDwbq‡bi mfvcwZ, wcAvBweÕi cwiPvjbv †ev‡W©i

mv‡eK m`m¨, evsjv‡`k mvsevw`K Kj¨vY Uªv‡÷i

m`m¨ cÖqvZ AvjZvd gvngy` ¯§i‡Y evsjv‡`k †cÖm

Bbw÷wUDU GKwU ¯§viK-MÖš’ cÖKv‡ki wm×všÍ

wb‡q‡Q| AvMÖnx mvsevw`K, †jLK, Zuvi mnKg©x I

ïfvKv•¶x‡`i †jLv cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Kiv

hv‡”Q|

†jLv cvVv‡bvi wVKvbv

gnvcwiPvjK


3 mvwK©U nvDm †ivW, XvKv-1000|

B-†gBj: [email protected]@yahoo.com


wbeÜ

wKQyB myk„•Ljfv‡e Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| AvaywbK Rxebeë ’vi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask

MYgva¨g| mgvR, ivóª Z_v AvšÍR©vwZK A½‡b MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Acwinvh©| Ôiv‡óªi PZz_© Í¤¢Õ wn‡m‡e L¨vZ MYgva¨g GKwU cÖwZôvb| Z‡e MYgva¨g

Avi `kUv cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv bq| MYgva¨g GKwU Abb¨ êwk‡óï cÖwZôvb| GB

cÖwZôv‡bi wbqg-bxwZ, KvR, `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨, A_©bxwZ, eëmv-†KŠkj, cwiPvjbv-

c×wZ G‡Kev‡iB wfbœ| `vwqZ¡kxjZvi m‡½ myPviæfv‡e MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb

cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ my`¶ eë¯’vcbv Riæwi| KviY, eë ’vcbvi Kvh©KvwiZvi Ici

MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| MYgva¨g eë ’vcbvi Rb¨ PvB eë¯’vcK|

whwb mevi mvg‡b †_‡K GKwU MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb‡K †bZ…Z¡ †`b, cÖvwZôvwbK j¶¨

AR©‡b mgšq‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ibÑ wZwbB MYgva¨g eë ’vcK|

MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wbZ¨bZzb P¨v‡jÄ †gvKvwejvq eë ’vcK

†mbvcwZi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| Zuvi e¨w³Z¡, Av`k©, `„wófw½, g~j¨‡eva, PvwiwÎK

êwkó¨, K‡g©v‡`¨vM, cwiKíbv, m„RbkxjZv, `~i`wk©Zv, †hvM¨Zv,

AwfÁZv, `¶Zvmn K¨vwik‡gwUK †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj MYgva¨g

cÖwZôvb‡K j‡¶ï w`‡K GwM‡q †bq| MYgva¨‡gi g‡Zv GKwU

¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb‡K †bZ…Z¡ †Ìqv mnR K_v bq| GB cÖwZôvb‡K

Kvw•ÿZ mvdj¨ G‡b w`‡Z eë¯’vcK‡K weivgnxbfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z

nq| ZvB MYgva¨g eë ’vc‡Ki Kvh©vewj‡K mywbw`©ó †Kv‡bv MwÐi g‡a¨

†eu‡a †djv hvq bv| KviY, Zuvi Kv‡Ri †¶Î we¯Í…Z, eûgyLx I wewPÎ|

we‡klÁiv eë ’vc‡Ki Kvh©vewj‡K †gvUv`v‡M wPwýZ Kivi cÖqvm

Pvwj‡q‡Qb| GB Kvh©vewj¸‡jv MYgva¨g eë¯’vc‡Ki †ÿ‡ÎI

mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|

eë¯’vcbvi ZvwË¡K †nbwi †dqj (Henri Fayol) eë ’vc‡Ki

cuvPwU Kvh©vewj wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î wZwb KvR I bxwZi mgšq

NwU‡q‡Qb| Zuvi fvl¨g‡Z, eë ’vc‡Ki Kv‡Ri †¶Î¸‡jv n‡jv:

* cwiKíbv (Planning)

* msMVb (Organizing)

* Av‡`k-wb‡`©k (Commanding)

* mgšq (Coordinating)

* wbqš¿Y (Controlling)

eë¯’vc‡Ki Kvh©vewj mn‡R Zz‡j ai‡Z Av`¨v¶i (acronym)

eënvi K‡i‡Qb jv`vi ¸wjK (Lather Gullick)| Zuvi †Ìqv

Av`¨v¶i n‡jv: ÔwcIGmwW‡KvAviweÕ (POSDCORB)|

GLv‡b,

* wc (P) = cwiKíbv (Planning)

* I (O) = msMVb (Organizing)

* Gm (S) = Kwg©ms ’vb (Staffing)

* wW (D) = wb‡`©kbv (Directing)

5

we

k¦ cwigÐj GKUv eë ’vcbv-cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q

cwiPvwjZ nq| wek¦ cwigÐ‡ji Ask wn‡m‡e e¨w³,

cwievi, mgvR, ivóª, miKvi, msMVb, cÖwZôvbÑme

†¶‡ÎB eë ’vcbv we`¨gvb| e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q mevB cÖwZwbqZ

Kg-†ewk eë ’vcbvi PP©v K‡i| eë¯’vcbv Qvov †Kv‡bv

MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi

†ÿ‡Î wbZ¨bZzb P¨v‡jÄ

†gvKvwejvq eë¯’vcK

†mbvcwZi f~wgKv cvjb

K‡ib|

MYgva¨g eë ’vcbv I

eë ’vc‡Ki bvbv w`K:

ZË¡ I ev ÍeZv

mvBdzj mvwgb

wbix¶v

6

* †Kv (CO) = mgšq (Coordinating)

* Avi (R) = cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ vb (Reporting)

* we (B) = ev‡RU cÖYqb (Budgeting)

n¨v‡ivì KzUR I wmwij IÕ†Wv‡bj (Harold Koontz & CyrilO’Donnell) eë ’vc‡Ki me‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨ cuvPwU Kvh©vewji K_v

D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡jv:



* Kwg©ms ’vb (Staffing)

* wb‡`©kbv (Directing)


†iLvwPÎ: eë¯’vc‡Ki Kvh©vewj (KzUR I IÕ†Wv‡bj)

eë ’vcbvi wewfbœ ZË¡ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i MYgva¨g eë ’vc‡Ki Kv‡Ri

GKwU bvwZ`xN© ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiv hvq| GB Kvh©vewji †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv

†¶‡Î GKwUi m‡½ AciwU wg‡j †h‡Z cv‡i| eë¯’vcbv Z‡Ë¡i wfwË‡Z

MYgva¨g eë¯’vc‡Ki mvaviY Kvh©vewj¸‡jv n‡jv:



* Kwg©ms ’vb (Staffing)

* wb‡`©kbv (Directing)


* Av‡`k-wb‡`©k (Commanding)

* mgšq (Coordinating)

* bZzb cÖeZ©b (Innovation)

* D‡`¨vM (Initiative)

* cÖwZwbwaZ¡ (Representation)

* cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ vb (Reporting)

* ev‡RU cÖYqb (Budgeting)

* †bZ…Z¡ (Leadeship)

we‡klÁ‡ì gZvgZ, ZvwË¡K ch©v‡jvPbv I ev ÍeZvi wbwi‡L GKRb

MYgva¨g eë ’vcK †hme KvR K‡ib, Zvi msw¶ß weeiY wb‡P Zz‡j aiv

n‡jv:

cwiKíbv

eë ’vcbvi †gŠwjK KvR cwiKíbv| fwel¨r I cÖvwZôvwbK j‡¶ï K_v

gv_vq †i‡L MYgva¨g eë¯’vcK‡K cwiKíbv Ki‡Z nq| GB cwiKíbv

¯í‡gqvw`, gaëZ©x I `xN©‡gqvw` n‡Z cv‡i| cwiKíbv‡K wN‡iB

cÖwZôv‡bi me Kg©hÁ cwiPvwjZ nq| KzUR I IÕ†Wv‡b‡ji g‡Z,

cwiKíbv ch©v‡q j‡¶ï Ici wfwË K‡i Kx Kiv n‡e, Kxfv‡e Kiv n‡e,

KLb Kiv n‡e, †K Ki‡eÑcÖf…wZ Av‡Mfv‡MB wba©viY Kiv nq| MYgva¨g

cÖwZôvb GLb †Kv_vq Av‡Q, Avi j¶¨gvÎv Abyhvqx †Kv_vq †h‡Z

PvqÑGB `y‡qi eëav‡bi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i cwiKíbv|

AviI mnRfv‡e ej‡j, cwiKíbv n‡jv j¶¨‡f‡ì gvbwPÎ| GB gvbwPÎ

a‡iB MšÍ‡eï w`‡K GwM‡q †h‡Z nq| cwiKíbv nIqv PvB ev Íem¤§Z,

h_vh_| RyZmB cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g MYgva¨g eë ’vcK cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨

AR©‡bi c_ mnR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cwiKíbvq NvUwZ _vK‡j, ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ

_vK‡j Kvw•ÿZ j¶¨ AaivB †_‡K hvq| ZvB MYgva¨g eë¯’vcK‡K

h‡_ó †f‡ewP‡šÍ cwiKíbvi g‡Zv `yiƒn KvRwU Ki‡Z nq|

msMVb

cwiKíbv ev Íevq‡bi cÖ ‘wZce© n‡jv msMVb| msMwVZKiY-cÖwµqvq

cÖwZôv‡bi AeKvVv‡gv, g~jab I gvbem¤ú`‡K GKwÎZ Kiv nq|

cÖvwZôvwbK j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b GB welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU

Drcv`bkxj m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv nq| †dq‡ji g‡Z, msMwVZ Kivi A_©

n‡jv, cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mewKQyi ms¯’vb Kiv| †hgb:

KvuPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ, g~jab, kÖwgK BZ¨vw`| MYgva¨g eë¯’vcK‡K

`¶Zvi m‡½ msMwVZKi‡Yi KvRwU Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î Zuvi Ab¨Zg

KiYxq n‡jv:

* KvR wPwýZKiY

* Kv‡Ri †kÖwYKiY

* KvR ev `vwqZ¡ eÈb

* Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡‡eva ˆZwi

* mgš‡qi Rb¨ KZ…©c¶ wba©viY

Kwg©ms ’vb

cÖwZôvb Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ Kg©x ìKvi| me KvR mevB‡K w`‡q nq bv|

m½Z Kvi‡Y Kv‡Ri aib Abyhvqx G‡KK †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zvi Kg©x

cÖ‡qvRb| MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi g~j KvR Av‡aq msMÖn, cÖwµqvKiY I

Zvi we¯Ívi| bvbv ch©v‡qi `¶ Rbkw³i nv‡Zi †Qvuqvq GB KvR m¤úbœ

nq| Gi evB‡iI MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡b bvbvb KvR _v‡K| Zvi Rb¨ wfbœ

wfbœ †hvM¨Zvi Kg©xi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †hvM¨ Kg©x

AbymÜvb, evQvB I wb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| wb‡qvMK…Z Kg©x‡K cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z

nq| `vwqZ¡ eÈ‡bi ci Zuvi KvRK‡g©i AMÖMwZ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq|

Kg©xi `¶Zv e„w×i Rb¨ c`‡¶c wb‡Z nq| KvR I K…wZ‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z

Kg©x‡K cyi¯‹…Z Kiv, c‡`vbœwZ †Ìqv cÖvwZôvwbK cÖwµqviB Ask|

GQvov cÖwZôvb Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Kg©xi `vwqZ¡ cybe©Èb, e`wj I

wbqggvwdK Aemi cÖ vb K‡i _v‡K| Kwg©ms ’v‡bi GB wecyj Kg©hÁ

MYgva¨g eë¯’vc‡Ki gva¨‡g m¤úbœ nq|

wb‡`©kbv

eë ’vcbvi GKwU AvšÍte¨w³K w`K wb‡`©kbv| cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ AR©‡b

MYgva¨g eë¯’vcK‡K Zuvi Kwg© j‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z nq| bvbv wel‡q

Kg©x‡ì w`Kwb‡`©kbv I civgk© w`‡Z nq| Kg©x‡ì ZË¡veavb I D¾xweZ

Kivi KvRI K‡ib wZwb| GKvR Ki‡Z eë ’vcK‡K Kzkjx n‡Z nq|

†hvMv‡hv‡M Zuv‡K `¶ n‡Z nq| Zuvi wb‡`©kbv n‡Z nq mywbw`©ó, my¯úó|

wb‡`©kbvq RwUjZv, A¯úóZv I åvwšÍ _vKv Pj‡e bv| wb‡`©kbvi e¨vcv‡i

me Kg©x kZfvM AeMZ _vK‡eb| wb‡`©kbv Ggb n‡e hv‡Z †Kvb

cwiw ’wZ‡Z †K wK Ki‡eb, Zv wb‡q †Kv‡bv fzj‡evSveywSi AeKvk bv

_v‡K| eë¯’vc‡Ki wb‡`©kbvg~jK Kvh©vewji AšÍZ PviwU Dcv`vb

i‡q‡Q| h_v:

* ZË¡veavb

* †cÖlYv

* †bZ…Z¡

* †hvMv‡hvM

wbqš¿Y

wbqš¿Y n‡jv Pjgvb Kv‡Ri gvb`Ð cwigvc| Kv‡R ev gv‡b †Kv‡bv ÎæwU-

wePz¨wZ _vK‡j Zv ms‡kvab| wbqš¿‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi cwiKíbv

Abymv‡i me KvR wVKfv‡e n‡”Q wK bv, Zv wbwðZ Kiv| GKB m‡½

Kv‡Ri gvb`ÐI iÿv Kiv| wbqš¿‡Yi wel‡q MYgva¨g eë¯’vcK‡K

AZ¨šÍ m‡PZb _vK‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î †Kv‡bv

ai‡bi Qvo ev Av‡cv‡ki my‡hvM †bB|

wbqš¿Yg~jK Kv‡Ri K‡qKwU avc Av‡Q| h_v:

* cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Ri gvb`Ð ˆZwi

* cÖK…Z KvR cwigvc

* gvb`‡Ði m‡½ cÖK…Z Kv‡Ri Zzjbv

* ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ wbY©q

* ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ ms‡kvab

Av‡`k-wb‡`©k

cÖwZôv‡bi m‡e©v”P KZ©ve¨w³ wn‡m‡e MYgva¨g

eë ’vc‡Ki KvQ †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q bvbv

Av‡`k-wb‡`©k Av‡m| welq I Zvi Zvrc‡h©i

Ici wfwË K‡i Av‡`k-wb‡`©k wjwLZ ev

†gŠwLK n‡Z cv‡i| Av‡`k-wb‡`©‡ki fvlv

Aby‡iv‡ai my‡i n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Zv Kov I

KZ©…Z¡g~jKI n‡Z cv‡i| cwiw ’wZi Ici cy‡iv

welqwU wbf©i K‡i| Av‡`k-wb‡`©k †hgbB †nvK

bv †Kb, Zv Rvwi Kivi †¶‡Î MYgva¨g

eë ’vcK‡K wKQy welq we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z nq|

†hgb:

* Av‡`k-wb‡`©‡ki fvlv

* Av‡`k-wb‡`©‡ki MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv

* Av‡`k-wb‡`©‡ki Kvh©KvwiZv

* Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ m¤¢ve¨ cÖfve

(BwZevPK/†bwZevPK)

* djvdj g~j¨vqb

mgšq

MYgva¨‡gi KvRwU GKwU mgwšZ cÖwµqvi ga¨

w`‡q P‡j| GLv‡b †Kv‡bv wefvM †djbv bq|

†Kv‡bv wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ Kg bq| me¸‡jv

wefvM, wefv‡Mi †QvU-eo Kg©xÑmevi mw¤§wjZ

cÖqv‡m evZ©v ˆZwi Ges Zv cÖPv‡ii KvR

mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ nq| G Kvi‡Y MYgva¨g-

cY¨‡K mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvi dmj wn‡m‡e

AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| MYgva¨‡gi KvRwU GZB

m~² I ¯úk©KvZi †h, †Kv_vI mgš‡qi mvgvb¨

NvUwZ n‡jB wecwË m„wó nq| †mB wecwË

MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ gvivZ¥K wech©q

†W‡K Avb‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y MYgva¨g

eë ’vcK‡K wbweofv‡e mgš‡qi KvRwU Ki‡Z

nq| wZwb cÖwZôv‡bi wefvM I Kg©x ch©v‡q

†hgb mgšq K‡ib, †Zgwb evB‡ii mswkøó

e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½I Zuv‡K †hvMv‡hvM

ivL‡Z nq|

bZzb cÖeZ©b

MYgva¨g mgv‡R cwieZ©b Av‡b| Avevi

mgv‡Ri cwieZ©b‡KI MYgva¨g aviY K‡i|

ZvB wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv Q‡Ki g‡a¨ MYgva¨g‡K c‡o

_vK‡j P‡j bv| cvVK-†kÖvZv-`k©‡Ki mvg‡b

cÖwZwbqZ wbZ¨bZzb aviYv wb‡q MYgva¨g‡K

nvwRi n‡Z nq| aviYv‡K Dc ’vcb Ki‡Z nq

bZzb Avw½K I m„Rbkxj Dcv‡q| Av‡aq I

Dc ’vcbvq bZzbZ¡ bv _vK‡j †mB MYgva¨g

wcwQ‡q co‡e| cÖwZ‡hvwMZv †_‡K wQU‡K

co‡e| mg‡qi m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q bZzb

a¨vbaviYv nvwRi K‡i MYgva¨g‡K GwM‡q ivLv

eë ’vc‡Ki KvR| G †Zv †Mj Av‡a‡qi w`K|

cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi †¶‡ÎI bZzb aviv cÖeZ©b

Ki‡Z nq| GQvov weÁvcb, wecYb, cÖPvimn

cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ †¶‡Î bZzbZ¡ G‡b MYgva¨g

eë ’vcK K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡ib|

D‡`¨vM

cÖwZôv‡bi DbœwZ, AMÖMwZ I AvaywbKvq‡b bZzb

D‡`¨vM Acwinvh©| eQ‡ii ci eQi GK avivq,

GK wbq‡g cÖwZôvb Pj‡j GKUv ¯’weiZv †`Lv

w`‡Z cv‡i| Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ RoZv ˆZwi n‡j

cÖwZôv‡bi mvg‡b hvIqvi c_ iæ× n‡q hvq|

wbqwgZfv‡e bZzb bZzb D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i

Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ Drmvn-DÏxcbv I cÖvYPvÂj¨

m„wó Kiv MYgva¨g eë¯’vc‡Ki `vwqZ¡|

MYgva¨‡gi Av‡a‡qi †¶‡ÎI GB K_v

cÖ‡hvR¨| `k©K-†kÖvZv-cvVK‡K bZzb wKQy, wfbœ

¯v` I êwP‡Îï Av‡aq Dcnvi w`‡Z wbqwgZ

D‡`¨vM _vKv PvB| nvjbvMv` nIqv, `k©K-

†kÖvZv-cvVK evov‡bv, Avq evov‡bv, LiP

Kgv‡bv, cÖwZôv‡bi bvgWvK evov‡bvmn me

†¶‡ÎB bZzb D‡`¨vM wb‡Z nq| Z‡e †mB

D‡`¨vM n‡Z n‡e †gŠwjK, m„Rbkxj,

ev Íem¤§Z, fvimvg¨g~jK I jvfRbK|

cÖwZwbwaZ¡

mgvR, ivóª, AwW‡qÝ I AskxRb‡ì Kv‡Q

cy‡iv MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib

eë ’vcK| eë ’vc‡Ki c`wU wbQK †Kv‡bv

PvKwi bq| GwU GKwU ¸iæ`vwqZ¡| GB `vwqZ¡

m¤§v‡bi, gh©v`vi| MYgva¨g eë¯’vcK

MYgvby‡li Kv‡Q wb‡Ri cÖwZôvb‡K

BwZevPKfv‡e Zz‡j a‡ib| G‡¶‡Î wZwb Zuvi

e¨w³Z¡, PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj I †bZ…‡Z¡i

K¨vwikgv‡K Kv‡R jvMvb| cÖwZôv‡bi e¨vcv‡i

gvby‡li g‡a¨ Av¯’v I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv ˆZwi

Ki‡Z MYgva¨g eë ’vcK wbijmfv‡e KvR

K‡ib| cÖwZôv‡bi fveg~wZ© cÖwZôvq wZwb

`„pcÖwZÁ| fveg~wZ© i¶vq wZwb Av‡cvknxb|

KL‡bv KL‡bv wbR ¸‡Y MYgva¨g eë ’vcK

¯qs ÔcÖwZôvbÕ n‡q I‡Vb| ZLb Zuvi bv‡gB

MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb P‡j|

†bZ…Z¡

eë ’vcbv Aa¨q‡b †bZ…Z¡ n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨

AR©‡b Kg©x‡ì DØy× Ki‡Z cÖfv‡ei eënvi|

GB cÖfve mnRvZ, AšÍwb©wnZ| †bZ…Z¡ GKwU

we‡kl ¸Y, hv mevi g‡a¨ _v‡K bv| GRb¨

mevB †bZv n‡Z cv‡ib bv| wKš‘ MYgva¨g

eë ’vcK‡K Aek¨B †bZv n‡Z nq| KviY,

wZwb cy‡iv cÖwZôvb‡K †bZ…Z¡ †`b| Zuvi

Kg©x`j‡K †bZ…Z¡ †`b| †bZ…Z¡ †Ìqv Zuvi

Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK KvR| GKRb eë ’vcK Zuvi

c`vwaKvi e‡j ¶gZvkvjx| Kg©xiv f‡q Zuv‡K

gv‡bb| Avi †bZ…‡Z¡i mnRvZ kw³‡Z ejxqvb

eë¯’vcK‡K Kg©xiv †¯”Qvq gv‡bb| Zuv‡K

wbtkZ©fv‡e AbymiY K‡ib| Zuvi Øviv

AbycÖvwYZ nb| `viæY Drmv‡n Zuviv KvR

K‡ib| eë ’vcK Kvh©Ki †bZv n‡j wZwb

mn‡RB Kg©x‡ì DÏxwcZ K‡i cÖwZôvb‡K

Kvw•ÿZ j‡¶¨ wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib| Kvh©Ki

†bZv nIqvi Rb¨ eë ’vcK‡K cÖ_‡gB Zuvi

Kg©x‡ì eyS‡Z n‡e| Kg©x‡ì e¨w³Z¡,

g~j¨‡eva, `„wófw½, Av‡eM cÖf…wZ m¤ú‡K©

Rvb‡Z n‡e| †bZ…‡Z¡i m‡½ KZ¸‡jv welq

RwoZ| h_v:

* †hvMv‡hvM

* cÖ‡ivPbv

* †cÖlYv

* †cÖiYv

* DÏxcbv

* cÖfvweZKiY

* Kvh©Ki †Mvôx ˆZwi

ev‡RU cÖYqb

mvaviYZ, GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv

cÖwZôv‡bi m¤¢ve¨ Avq-e¨‡qi weeiYx‡K ev‡RU

e‡j| eë ’vcbvMZ w`K †_‡K ev‡RU n‡jv

GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi cwiKíbvi msL¨vZvwË¡K ev

Avw_©K weeiY| G‡K cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K

cwiKíbvI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| cwiKíbvi

cvkvcvwk cÖwZôv‡bi wbqš¿Yg~jK Kvh©vewji

m‡½I ev‡R‡Ui †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q| Kvh©Ki I

ev Íem¤§Z ev‡RU cÖwZôv‡bi cÖvYkw³ wn‡m‡e

7

MYgva¨‡gi KvRwU GKwU mgwšZ cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q P‡j|

GLv‡b †Kv‡bv wefvM †djbv bq| †Kv‡bv wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ Kg

bq| me¸‡jv wefvM, wefv‡Mi †QvU-eo Kg©xÑmevi mw¤§wjZ

cÖqv‡m evZ©v ˆZwi Ges Zv cÖPv‡ii KvR mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ nq|

G Kvi‡Y MYgva¨g-cY¨‡K mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvi dmj wn‡m‡e

AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq

wbix¶v

KvR K‡i| cÖwZôvb‡K G‡b †`q Kvw•ÿZ

mvdj¨| Am½Z ev‡R‡Ui Kvi‡Y eë ’vcbv-

cÖwµqv e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i| ¶wZMÖ Í n‡Z cv‡i

cy‡iv cÖwZôvb| cwiKíbvi m‡½ mgšq †i‡L

ev‡RU cÖYqb Ki‡Z nq| ev‡RU fvimvg¨g~jK

nIqvB †kÖq| MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi ev‡RU

cÖYq‡b eë ’vcK gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|

wZwb ev‡R‡U Zuvi †gav, `ÿZv, †hvM¨Zv,

AwfÁZv, `~i`„wó I ev ÍeZvi cÖwZdjb NUvb|

cÖwZ‡e`b

cÖwZ‡e`b n‡jv AewnZKiY| cÖwZôv‡b Kx

n‡”Q, Kx n‡q‡QÑGme welq cwiPvjbv cl© I

Kg©x‡ì AewnZ Kiv MYgva¨g eë ’vc‡Ki

`vwqZ¡| cÖwZ‡e`‡b GKw`‡K Z‡_ï cÖevn

wbwðZ nq, Ab¨w`‡K g~j¨vq‡bi KvRUvI nq|

j¶¨ I AR©‡bi ga¨Kvi eëavb cÖwZ‡e`‡b

D‡V Av‡m| D‡V Av‡m AMÖMwZ, AebwZ wKsev

evavwecwËi mvwe©K wPÎ| cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wfwË‡Z

cÖwZôv‡bi bxwZwba©vi‡Kiv cieZ©x KiYxq wVK

Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Kg©xivI Zuv‡ì Kv‡Ri nvjPvj

I djvdj eyS‡Z cv‡ib| mvg‡b Kx Ki‡Z

n‡e, KZUv Ki‡Z n‡eÑGme welq Abyave‡bi

GKUv my‡hvM Zuviv cvb| cÖwZ‡e`b bvbv †gqvw`

n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: mvßvwnK, cvw¶K, gvwmK,

wØgvwmK, ˆÎgvwmK, lvb¥vwmK, evwl©K BZ¨vw`|

cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡e`b g~jëvb bw_ wn‡m‡e

we‡ewPZ| G Kvi‡Y MYgva¨g eë¯’vcK‡K

AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi m‡½ LyuwUbvwU me welq

AšÍfz©³ K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq|

fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡e`b msi¶Y Ki‡Z nq|

cÖkvmwbK KvR

MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi mvwe©K cÖkvmwbK KvR

Kivi Rb¨ Avjv`v wefvM _v‡K| cÖkvmb wefv‡M

GKRb eë ’vcK ev cÖkvmbcÖavb _v‡Kb| Zuvi

Aax‡b wefv‡Mi Kg©xiv KvR K‡ib| cÖkvmb

wefv‡Mi cÖavb Zuvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ MYgva¨g

eë¯’vc‡Ki Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡Kb| MYgva¨g

eë ’vc‡Ki w`Kwb‡`©kbv I Pvwn`v Abyhvqx

cÖkvmbcÖavb hveZxq KvR K‡ib| cÖkvmb

wefv‡Mi †Kv‡bv KvR MYgva¨g eë ’vc‡Ki

A‡MvP‡i nq bv| me‡¶‡ÎB Zuvi AbygwZ ev

Aby‡gv`b wb‡Z nq| †mB A‡_© MYgva¨g

eë ’vcK Zuvi cÖwZôv‡bi cÖkvmKI e‡U|

ZË¡veavb

MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi G‡KK wefv‡Mi G‡KK

KvR| Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ eÈb Kiv _v‡K|

`vwqZ¡ Abyhvqx Kg©xiv KvR K‡ib| wefvMxq

cÖavb Kg©x‡ì KvR †`Lfvj K‡ib| G †Mj

e¨vwóK ch©v‡qi ZË¡veavb| Avi cy‡iv

cÖwZôv‡bi ZË¡veavb K‡ib MYgva¨g

eë ’vcK| wZwb †QvU-eo me Kg©xi ZË¡veavb

K‡ib| Zuv‡ì KvR ZË¡veavb K‡ib|

cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg, m¤ú`, Avq-e¨q, cwiPvjbv

c×wZÑmewKQy Zuv‡K †`Lfvj Ki‡Z nq|

†Lqvj ivL‡Z nq| LyuwUbvwU †Kv‡bv welqB Zuvi

bL`c©‡Yi evB‡i bq| G Kvi‡Y `¶

eë¯’vc‡Ki †¶‡Î ejv nq, wZwb Zuvi

cÖwZôv‡bi GKUv Avjwc‡bi Lei ch©šÍ iv‡Lb|

wm×všÍ MÖnY

wewfbœ cwiw ’wZ‡Z MYgva¨g eë ’vcK‡K Zuvi

cÖwZôv‡bi bvbv wel‡q wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq| wm×všÍ

MÖnY GKwU †KŠkjMZ welq| mvg‡b _v‡K

GKvwaK weKí| Zvi ga¨ †_‡K GKwU †e‡Q

wb‡Z nq| †h‡Kv‡bv wm×v‡šÍi †¶‡Î SzuwK _v‡K,

AwbðqZv _v‡K| eë¯’vcK me w`K wePvi-

we‡kølY K‡ib| m¤¢ve¨ djvdj ev cwiYwZi

K_v fv‡eb| Gici cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ g½jRbK

e‡j we‡ewPZ wm×všÍUvB MÖnY K‡ib wZwb|

wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq MYgva¨g eë ’vcK‡K

MYZvwš¿K n‡Z nq| mswkøó mevi gZvgZ

ïb‡Z nq| †h KviI gZvgZ MÖn‡Yi gvbwmKZv

ivL‡Z nq| GKK KZ©…‡Z¡ †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ Pvwc‡q

†Ìqv DwPZ bq| wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq

eë ’vcK mÂvj‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb|

mevi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g GKwU P~ovšÍ wm×v‡šÍ

DcbxZ n‡eb| wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvi wKQy

mvaviY avc Av‡Q h_v:

* mgm¨v wPwýZ I msÁvwqZ Kiv

* GKvwaK weKí AbymÜvb

* weKí¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv

* GKwU weKí evQvB

* evQvBK…Z weK‡íi ev Íevqb

* wm×všÍ g~j¨vqb

bxwZ wba©viY

MYgva¨g cwiPvjbvi wKQy me©Rbxb bxwZ Av‡Q|

cvkvcvwk cÖ‡Z¨K MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb wbR¯

bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i| wb‡qvM, c‡`vbœwZ,

†eZb-fvZv, Aemi, Kvh©cÖYvwj, AvPiYwewa,

Av‡aq (msev`/Abyôvb), gZv`k©, Drcv`b,

wecYb, weÁvcb, eëmv‡KŠkj cÖf…wZ wel‡q

cÖvwZôvwbK bxwZgvjv _v‡K| bxwZgvjv wjwLZ

ev AwjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i| mgq mgq Gme

bxwZgvjv nvjbvMv` Ki‡Z nq| Avevi D™¢~Z

cwiw ’wZi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z bZzb bxwZgvjvI cÖYqb

Ki‡Z nq| bxwZgvjv cÖYqb, ev Íevqb I Zv

myi¶vq MYgva¨g eë¯’vcK g~j f~wgKv cvjb

K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î wZwb cÖwZôv‡bi ¯v_©‡K m‡e©v”P

¸iæZ¡ †`b|

Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vewj

MYgva¨g eë ’vc‡Ki Kv‡Ri †kl †bB| Ab¨

Kg©x‡ì g‡Zv Zuvi mywbw`©ó Kg©NÈvI †bB|

evmv, Kg©‡¶Î wKsev mvgvwRK

AbyôvbÑ†hLv‡bB wZwb Ae¯’vb Kiæb,

cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½ hy³ _v‡Kb| wZwb GK

mve©¶wYK Kg©x| Z*vi †hb QywUI †bB| GKRb

MYgva¨g eë ’vcK AviI †hme KvR K‡ib,

Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:

* Drcv`b eë ’vcbv

* wecYb eë¯’vcbv

* weÁvcb eë ’vcbv

* m¤ú` eë¯’vcbv

* cÖPvi-cÖmvi eë ’vcbv

* A_© eë ’vcbv

* wnmve eë¯’vcbv

* †KbvKvUvi Aby‡gv`b

* †eZb-fvZv Aby‡gv`b

* eëmvi †KŠkj cÖYqb

* cÖwZôv‡bi eª vwÛs

* SzuwK, Sv‡gjv I ûgwK †gvKvwejv

* evRvi ch©‡e¶Y I we‡kølY

* `k©K-†kÖvZv-cvVK we‡kølY

* M‡elYv, Dbœqb I ch©v‡jvPbv

* Av‡a‡qi gv‡bvbœqb

* Av‡a‡qi cÖfve I cÖwZwµqv hvPvB

* AskxRb‡ì m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK©

¯’vcb

* my‡hvM wPwýZKiY I Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv

* Kg©x‡ì DØy×KiY

* Rbm¤ú„³Zv

* mgvR‡mev

ejv n‡q _v‡K, cÖwZôv‡bi PvwjKvkw³ n‡jv

eë ’vcbv| Avi Dbœqb n‡jv Zvi djvdj|

K_vwU LyeB RyZmB| MYgva¨g eë ’vcbv GKwU

P¨v‡jwÄs †ckv| GLv‡b Av‡Q bvbv RwUjZv|

Av‡Q evavwecwË I NvZ-cÖwZNvZ| me

cÖwZK~jZv †gvKvwejv K‡i wU‡K _vKv,

eëmvwqKfv‡e mdj nIqv PvwÆLvwb K_v bq|

kÖg, g~jab, Av‡aq hZB †RvMvb †Ìqv †nvK

bv †Kb, my`¶ eë¯’vcbv Qvov MYgva¨g

cÖwZôv‡bi AMÖMwZ m¤¢e bv| GRb¨ MYgva¨g

cÖwZôv‡b ìKvi †ckv`vi eë ’vcK| GB

eë¯’vcK‡K mgvR, mgvRZË¡, gb¯ÍË¡¡,

MYgva¨g, eë ’vcbv, eëmvmn mswkøó me

wel‡qB AwfÁ n‡Z nq| KviY, Zuvi Ávb I

Kv‡Ri Kvh©KvwiZvi IciB m‡e©v”P djvdj

wbf©i K‡i| mgvR `ªæZ e`‡j hv‡”Q| e`‡j

hv‡”Q mgv‡Ri gvbyl| wewb‡qvM, KuvPvgvj,

hš¿cvwZ, kÖgkw³, Drcv`b, wecYb, evRvi,

eëmv, Z_¨-cÖhyw³, †hvMv‡hvMmn MYgva¨g

wk‡íi m‡½ hy³ me †¶‡ÎB cwieZ©‡bi †Rvqvi

eB‡Q| Avevi cwieZ©b¸‡jv †UKmBI n‡”Q

bv| Ggb †cÖ¶vc‡U GKRb Kzkjx eë¯’vcKB

Zuvi eûgyLx ¸Y, `¶Zv I AwfÁZvi mgšq

NwU‡q MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb‡K mvd‡jï P~ovq

wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib|

†jLK: mvsevw`K, cÖ_g Av‡jv

mnvqK MÖš’

1. Fayol, H. (1949). General andIndustrial Management. Sir IsaacPitman & Sons, London.

2. Koontz, H. & O’Donnel (1982).Management. Auckland: McGrawHill.

3. Management Study Guide 2008-2012. www.managementguide.com.Retrieved: 25/08/2012.

4. Sindwani, T. N. (1979). NewspaperEconomics and Management. AnkurPublishing House, New Delhi.

5. Terry, G. R., and Franklin, S. G.(1994). Principles of Management(8th ed.). All India Traveller BookSeller, Delhi.

6. Wackman, D. B., Lavine, J. M.(1988). Managing MediaOrganizations. Longman Pub.

8

wbix¶v

wbeÜ

K‡i‡Q Ges GL‡bv Ki‡Q| c„w_exi DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z †Zv e‡UB, GgbwK Avgiv †h mg Í

†`k‡K Dbœqbkxj e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kwi Zvi g‡aÏ wKQz-wKQz †`‡k msev`cÎ h_v_© A‡_©B

wkí wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, mvsevw`KZvi †¶‡Î †h †`‡k

hZ †ewk †ckv`vwi‡Z¡i g‡bvfve ev cÖ‡dkbvwjRg M‡o D‡V‡Q, †m †`‡k msev`cÎ AwaK

gvÎvq wkí wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| Ges †mB m‡½ GI j¶¨‡hvM¨ †h, A‡bK †¶‡ÎB

†ckv`vix mvsevw`KZv weKvk cvIqvq msev`c‡Îi mvgvwRK A½xKvi Av‡Mi g‡Zv _v‡Kwb|

GB †cÖw¶‡Z Ggb K_v ejv †evanq Lye fyj n‡e bv †h, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki g‡Zv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i

cÖvq mKj †`‡kB †hLv‡b cÖavbZ ag©xq, mvgvwRK I cieZ©x ch©v‡q ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y

cÖavb-cÖavb msev`cÎ¸‡jv AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i‡Q, †mLv‡b msev`cÎ¸‡jv wk‡íi PvB‡Z

mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡eB AwaK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| G‡¶‡Î †`Lv hvq †h, Avgv‡ì

†`‡ki AwaKvsk msev`cÎ †Mvovq †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ïk¨ ev wgkb wb‡qB cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj|

†Kej eëmvwqK Kvi‡Y wKsev Av‡iv ¯úó K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j msev`cÎ wewµ K‡i jvfRbK

eëmv M‡o †Zvjvi j‡¶¨ G †`‡ki AwaKvsk msev`cÎB AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡iwb|

Aek¨ B`vbxs cÖavbZ eëmv wn‡m‡e msev`c‡Î cuywR wewb‡qv‡Mi wKQzUv

cÖeYZv Avgv‡ì mgv‡RI †`Lv hv‡”Q| Z‡e †mB m‡½ Ggb Awf‡hvMI cÖvqB

†kvbv hv‡”Q †h, gvwj‡Ki Ab¨ eëmvq Ziw° AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ wKQz-wKQz

msev`cÎ‡K eënvi Kiv n‡”Q|

Avw_©K w`K †_‡K jvfRbK n‡q wU‡K _vKv GKwU msev`c‡Îi cÖavb

kZ©| †mw`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j msev`c‡Îi Aek¨B wkí wn‡m‡e M‡o IVv

ìKvi| mvaviY „wó‡Z †`L‡j GKwU wk‡íi hv-hv j¶Y Zv msev`c‡ÎI „ó

nq| †h‡Kv‡bv wkí cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ìKvi KuvPvgvj Ges wk‡í GB

KuvPvgvj‡KB cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi KvR P‡j| cwi‡k‡l wkí-KviLvbvq cÖ ‘Z

ªe¨vw` evRv‡i wewµi eë ’v Ki‡Z nq| GB cÖavb j¶Y¸‡jv wgwj‡q †`L‡j

msev`cÎI wkí e‡U; KviY msev`c‡Î KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e cÖavbZ eëüZ nq

msev`| msM„nxZ msev`¸‡jv‡K m¤úv`bvi gva¨‡g cÖK…Zc‡¶ GK ai‡bi

cÖwµqvRvZKi‡YiB KvR P‡j Ges cwi‡k‡l †m¸‡jv‡K cwÎKv AvKv‡i †Q‡c

wewµ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e †`L‡j mKj msev`cÎ‡KB wkí wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ w`‡Z

nq| wKš‘ ev Í‡e G †`‡ki AwaKvsk msev`cÎB wk‡íi ch©v‡q c‡o bv|

KviY, AwaKvsk †¶‡Î †Kej cY¨ Drcv`b I wewµi gva¨‡g †m¸‡jv

jvfRbK cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ nq bv, Zv‡ì wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ ZLb wfbœ cš’v

Aej¤b Kiv Qvov MZ¨šÍi _v‡K bv| wØZxqZ, G cÖm‡½ GKwU K_v Avgv‡ì

we‡klfv‡e g‡b ivLv ìKvi †h, †h mg Í †`‡k msev`cÎ wk‡íi gh©v`v

†c‡q‡Q †mLv‡bI †m¸‡jv e¨wZµgx wkí wn‡m‡eB M‡o D‡V‡Q| GB e¨wZµgx nIqv Qvov

cÖK…Zc‡¶ msev`c‡Îi †Kv‡bv MZ¨šÍiI †bB| mvaviY wk‡íi m‡½ msev`cÎ wk‡íi cv_©K¨

n‡”Q GB †h, msev`cÎ ïay jvf-¶wZ wbf©i wkí bq, eis AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Gi i‡q‡Q GK

ai‡bi mvgvwRK A½xKvi| G‡Z †hgb cÖ‡qvRb nq wKQz m„wókxj †jv‡Ki, †Zgwb G‡Z

ìKvi nq KvwiMwi †¶‡Î AwZ `¶ kªwg‡Ki| GLv‡b KuvPvgv‡ji ¯iƒcI cÖvq cÖwZw`bB

wfbœZi nq Ges GB KuvPvgv‡ji g‡a¨ †hwU cÖavb A_©vr Lei, †mwUi cÖevnI AZ¨šÍ

9

Av

gv‡ì †`‡k msev`cÎ m¤¢eZ GL‡bv h_v_© A‡_© wkí

wn‡m‡e M‡o I‡Vwb, hwÌ wkí A_©vr Bs‡iwR‡Z hv‡K

e‡j BÛvw÷ª, Zvi bvbv iKg j¶Y Aek¨B msev`cÎ

cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î Dcw ’Z| Z‡e mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e

†evaKwi msev`cÎ B‡Zvg‡a¨B G‡`‡k ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb

Avw_©K w`K †_‡K jvfRbK n‡q

wU‡K _vKv GKwU msev`c‡Îi

cÖavb kZ©| †mw`K †_‡K wePvi

Ki‡j msev`c‡Îi Aek¨B wkí

wn‡m‡e M‡o IVv ìKvi

msev`cÎ:

wkí I mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb

Aa¨vcK W. mvLvIqvZ Avjx Lvb

wbix¶v

10

wek„•Lj| A‡bK wk‡íB GKwU bgybv ˆZwi K‡i Zvi ûeû cybtwbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ Quv‡P

Xvjv c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq Ges G‡Z Aí Li‡P wecyj cwigvY wkíRvZ ªe¨

cÖ ‘Z m¤¢e nq| wKš‘ msev`cÎ ˆZwii cÖwµqvq GB mnR cš’vwU †Zgb Kv‡R

jv‡M bv, †Kbbv msev`cÎ‡K cÖwZw`bB bZzb iƒ‡c Ges bZzb mv‡R cÖKvwkZ

n‡Z nq| d‡j msev`c‡Îi A_©bxwZi aibwU wfbœ| GQvov cwÎKvi bxwZi cÖkœwU

G‡¶‡Î we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cwÎKv cÖKvkbvi †¶‡Î †hgb cÖ‡qvRb ÷vB‡ji

†Zgwb Leimn Ab¨vb¨ welqvwì wbe©vPb, evQvB Ges †m¸‡jvi wUªU‡g›U cÖ v‡b

msev`c‡Îi cÖ‡qvRb GKwU bxwZgvjvi| mvaviY wkíRvZ ªe¨vw` cÖ ‘‡Zi †¶‡Î

wkí‡K GB ai‡bi RwUjZvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq bv| Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj

†`‡k GB RwUjZv Av‡iv †ewk| †Kbbv mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK Ges A_©‰bwZK

Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi †`‡k GKwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ msev`c‡Îi c‡¶ RbM‡Yi cÖwZ

A½xKvi A¯xKvi Kivi my‡hvM †bB| †m Kvi‡YB †evaKwi Giƒc †`k¸‡jvi

mdj msev`cÎ¸‡jvI hZUv bv wkí Zvi PvB‡Z †ewk mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb|

Avi 10Uv wkí cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½ msev`cÎ wk‡íi Av‡iv wKQz iæZi cv_©K¨

i‡q‡Q| GKwU msev`cÎ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ LyeB `¶ wKQz gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb nq|

msev` msMÖn, m¤úv`bv Ges msev` QvovI Ab¨vb¨ gy ªY‡hvM¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K

cÖwµqvRvZKiY Ges cwi‡k‡l cwÎKvwU AZ¨šÍ ªæZ ÎæwUgy³fv‡e Qvcvi eë ’v

Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwU ch©v‡qB †h AwZ `¶ gvbyl¸‡jv KvR K‡i Ges †h hš¿cvwZi

mvnv‡h¨ g¨vUvi ˆZwi nq Ges †kl ch©šÍ †h †gwk‡b Qvcv nq cwÎKvwU †m¸‡jv

eëüZ nq cÖavbZ GKwU we‡kl mg‡q hv‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i Kv‡Ri Pig mgq

ev wcK AvIqvi| evwK mgq mevB bv n‡jI A‡bK Kg©x Ges hš¿cvwZ cÖvq e‡mB

_v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K wcK AvIqv‡i gvbyl Ges hš¿‡K ªæZZg mg‡q KvR mvi‡Z nq

cÖavbZ mvsevw`KZvi †¶‡Î Awbevh© cÖwZØw›ØZvi Kvi‡Y| G‡Z †hgb GKw`‡K

Kg©x Ges hš¿ hZUv eëüZ nIqvi K_v Zv nq bv, †Zgwb Avevi AwZ ªæZZvi

Kvi‡Y hš¿cvwZ ¶qcÖvß nq †ewk| G‡Z wkí wn‡m‡e Ab¨vb¨ wk‡íi Zzjbvq

msev`cÎ wk‡íi A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K mvdj¨-m¤¢vebvi Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvq|

GQvov AwZ ªæZZvi Kvi‡Y KL‡bv-KL‡bv Awbevh©fv‡e AcPq nq m¤ú‡ì

hv‡Z Drcv`b e¨q gvÎvwaK e„w× cvq| G mg Í cwiw ’wZ c„w_exi me©ÎB Kg‡ewk

msev`cÎ‡K wkí wn‡m‡e Movi c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó K‡i _v‡K|

msev`c‡Îi Kvh©vejx Ges f~wgKv msµvšÍ aªæc`x eY©bv n‡”Q GB †h,

msev`cÎ RbMY‡K AewnZ K‡i, Zv‡ì we‡bv`b †`q Ges †¶Îwe‡k‡l Zv‡ì

m‡PZb ev wkw¶Z K‡i †Zv‡j| mvaviYfv‡e a‡i †bqv nq †h, RbM‡Yi Ici

msev`c‡Îi we‡kl cÖfve i‡q‡Q G mg Í †¶‡Î wfbœgZ †`qvi wKQzUv AeKvk

_vK‡jI iv‡óªi ÔPZz_© Í¤¢Õ wn‡m‡e msev`c‡Îi eûRbMÖvn¨ ¯xK…wZ †_‡K †evSv

hvq †h, DbœZ, Dbœqbkxj, ¯‡ívbœZ mKj †`‡kB RbMY msev`cÎ Z_v

mvsevw`KZvi Kv‡Q Ggb wKQz Avkv K‡i hv Zviv mvaviY †Kv‡bv wkí cÖwZôv‡bi

KvQ †_‡K K‡i bv| msev`c‡Îi gvwjK Ges mvsevw`Kiv GKwU wkí cÖwZôv‡bi

wbQK AwaKZ©v Ges Kg©Pvix ev kªwgK wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡ì g‡b Ki‡Z PvB‡jI †`Lv

hvq †h, RbMY Zv‡ì‡K GZ mij f~wgKvq †`L‡Z ivwR bq| msev`c‡Îi

gvwjK‡K †Zv e‡UB GgbwK mvsevw`K‡ìI RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K cÖvqB GKwU

we‡kl cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| Zviv Rvb‡Z Pvb †h, Zviv mZ¨ K_v †Kb

wjL‡Qb bv A_ev RbM‡Yi g‡bi K_vB ev wjL‡Qb bv †Kb? GB cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e

GK_v ejvi my‡hvM †bB †h, Avwg †Kej Avgvi cwÎKvi eëmvwqK mvdj¨ Ges

wbivcËvi K_vB fve‡ev, RbM‡Yi g‡bi K_v wKsev AwcÖq mZ¨ K_v †jLvi

e¨vcv‡i Avgvi †Kv‡bv `vq`vwqZ¡ †bB| j¶¨‡hvM¨ †h, GKRb mvaviY wkícwZi

RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ¶wZKi †Kv‡bv ªe¨ cÖ ‘Z Kivi AwaKvi †bB Ges Zv Ki‡Z

†M‡j AvBbB Zv‡K wbe„Ë Ki‡e, wKš‘ A¶wZKi †h †Kv‡bv mvaviY gv‡bi ªe¨

cÖ ‘Z K‡i wZwb Zv íg~‡j¨ weµq Kivi AwaKvi iv‡Lb| wKš‘ msev`cÎ gvwjK

ev mvsevw`Kiv fvj msev` ev` w`‡q †Kej gvSvwi ev wbgœ msev` g~‡jï Lei

cwi‡ekb Ki‡j Zv‡K wbtm‡›`‡n Rb‡iv‡li m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡e| GKwU msev`cÎ

G K_v e‡j †invB cv‡e bv †h, GKwU we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev` msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ Zvi

h_v‡hvM¨ wi‡cvU©vi wQj bv ev msev` G‡RwÝ †_‡K Zv †Kbvi g‡Zv mvg_©

cÖwZôvbwUi wQj bv| †Kv‡bv cÖfvekvjx gn‡ji f‡q wb‡R‡ì wbivcËvi K_v

†f‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡jI RbMY Ggb msev`cÎ cÖwZôvb‡K ¶gv Ki‡e

e‡j g‡b nq bv| †gvÏvK_v GB †h, msev`c‡Îi Kv‡Q RbM‡Yi Avkv A‡bK|

Ab¨w`‡K RbMY A‡bK †¶‡ÎB msev`cÎ cwiPvjbvi RwUjZv Abyaveb Ki‡Z

bv cvivq msev`cÎ m¤ú‡K© fyj aviYvI †cvlY K‡ib| †KD-†KD msev`cÎ‡K

DbœvwmK fv‡e| RbM‡Yi gb †_‡K fyj aviYv ~i Kivi cÖ‡PóvI msev`c‡Îi

GKwU wbišÍi cÖqv‡m cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj

†`‡k GB cwiw ’wZ AwaKZi „ó n‡”Q| Aek¨ †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv †¶‡Î msev`cÎ

wb‡RB GB cwiw ’wZ m„wó Kivi Rb¨ `vqx| mvsevw`KZvi b~¨bZg bxwZgvjv

gv‡bb bv Ggb msev`cÎ gvwjK m½Z Kvi‡YB AvRKvj Anin G cwiw ’wZ

†gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡”Qb| msev`cÎ RM‡Z G‡ì Dcw ’wZ mvwe©Kfv‡e

msev`cÎ m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li weåvwšÍ m„wó‡Z BÜb †hvMv‡”Q| bxwZnxb msev`cÎ bv

wkí, bv mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb, †Kv‡bv f~wgKv cvj‡bB mg_© n‡”Q bv|

GKwU fv‡jv msev`cÎ eû gvby‡li cwikª‡gi dmj| wKš‘ msev`cÎ

†Kv‡bv gnvN© e ‘ bq, eis Aí g~‡j¨B Zv wKb‡Z cvIqv hvq| Lye †ewk g~j¨ n‡j

Zv KLbB MYgva¨‡g cwiYZ n‡Z cviZ bv| msev`cÎ‡K ¯íg~‡jï cY¨ n‡Z

mvnvh¨ K‡i weÁvcb| A‡bK mgqB cwÎKv wewµ K‡i †h Avq nq Zv‡K Qvwc‡q

weÁvcb ev‡o ZLb Gi KvUwZI evo‡Z _v‡K| GKwU AciwUi cwic~iK n‡q

uvovq| Ggwb K‡i GKwU msev`c‡Îi mg„w× NU‡Z _v‡K| GKwU cÖwZwôZ

ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi Avq †_‡K Ggb Avgv‡ì g‡Zv `wi ª †`‡kI †ek DuPz gv‡bi

Rxebhvcb Kiv m¤¢e, GB mZ¨wU GLb Avgiv †Pv‡Li mvg‡bB †`L‡Z cvw”Q|

†mB m‡½ GUvI †`L‡Z cvw”Q †h, wkí wn‡m‡e jvfRbK msev`cÎ cÖwZôv‡bi

KY©avi GwU‡K Av‡iv DbœZZi wk‡í cwiYZ Kivi †Póvq bv wM‡q cÖavbZ GUv‡K

Kv‡R jvwM‡q gš¿x n‡q‡Qb ev gš¿x nIqvi †Póv Ki‡Qb| Ggb msev`cÎ G †`‡k

cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q hvi gy ªYgvb AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡qi, Awdm kxZZvc wbqwš¿Z,

mvsevw`K I Kg©Pvixiv D”P †eZb‡fvMx A_P Zvi mvKz©‡jkb bMY¨| m¤¢eZ

cwÎKvwUi mvKz©‡jk‡bi e¨vcv‡i KZ©„c‡¶i †Zgb †Kv‡bv gv_ve¨_vI †bB|

†Kbbv, Avwg Avgvi nKvi‡K K‡qKw`b ZvwM` †`qv m‡Ë¡I †m Avgv‡K cwÎKvwU

mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| G ai‡bi cwÎKv cÖKv‡ki j¶¨ Ges D‡Ïk¨ wK Zv

AšÍZ Avwg †f‡e cvB wb| Z‡e Ae ’v „‡ó hw` †KD m‡›`n K‡ib †h, GZ

PgrKvi †cÖvWvKk‡bi cwÎKvwU cÖKv‡ki g~j D‡Ïk¨ mvsevw`KZv Qvov Ab¨ wKQz,

Z‡e Zv‡K Kx Reve †`qv hv‡e? GB m‡½ D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, MZ Gikv`

miKv‡ii Avg‡j †`‡ki bÕwU msev`c‡Îi c‡iv¶ A_ev cÖZ¨¶ gvwjKvbvq

wQ‡jb †`‡ki †cÖwm‡W›U wb‡R A_ev Zuvi gwš¿eM©| msev`cÎ wkí m¤¢eZ GZ

†ewk jvfRbK bq †h, GZ AwaK gvÎvq gwš¿eM© GB eëmv‡q †Kej eëmvwqK

¯v‡_©B AvK…ó n‡eb| G‡¶‡Î wbtm‡›`‡nB †evaKwi ejv hvq †h, msev`cÎ

cÖKvk Kivi †¶‡Î gš¿xe‡M©i eëmv QvovI Ab¨ wKQz ¯v_© wbwnZ wQj| GKRb

cÖv³b gš¿x Zuvi gwš¿Z¡ hvIqvi ci msev`cÎ cwiPvjbvq AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Qb

Ges Zuvi cwÎKvi mvsevw`Kiv Zuvi Kv‡Q e‡Kqv †eZb PvB‡Z wM‡q ¸Ðvevwnbx

Øviv cÖüZ n‡q wd‡i‡Qb| GB AvPiY †Kv‡bv wkícwZi AvPiY bq| A_e

Avgv‡ì Rvbv g‡Z, D³ e¨w³ msev`c‡Îi gvwjK Qvov Ab¨ wk‡íiI gvwjK|

Zvn‡j wK Avgv‡ì GB wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQz‡Z n‡e †h, GKRb wkícwZ wb‡RI Zuvi

gvwjKvbvaxb msev`cÎ‡K wkí e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv| Avgv‡ì †`‡k m¤¢eZ GUvB

mZ¨| †`‡ki Ab¨Zg cÖavb Bs‡iwR ˆ`wb‡Ki gvwjKI Zvi cwÎKvi mvsevw`K

I Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwZ `xN©w`b hver †h AvPiY Ki‡Qb, hvi Rb¨ mvsevw`K I

Kg©Pvixiv cwÎKvwUi cÖ_g cvZvq duvKv RvqMv †i‡L w`‡q ˆ`wbK cÖwZev` K‡i

hv‡”Qb, ZvI GK_vB ¯úó K‡i †Zv‡j †h, cwÎKvwUi gvwjK cÖwZôvbwU‡K wkí

wn‡m‡e k³ wfwËi Ici uvo Kiv‡bvi PvB‡Z wb‡Ri †LqvjLywk Ges A‡hŠw³K

wPšÍv cÖwZôvbwUi Ici Pvwc‡q w`‡ZB AwaK AvMÖnx|

Aciw`‡K mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e G †`‡ki msev`cÎ¸‡jvi f~wgKv Kx?

G Dcgnv‡`‡k mvsevw`KZvi m~ÎcvZ nq we‡`wk‡ì nv‡Z| cÖ_gw`‡K

we‡`wk‡ì we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iR‡ì msev`cÎ¸‡jv cÖKvwkZI n‡Zv G †`‡k

emevmKvix Bs‡iR‡ì Rb¨B| Kvjµ‡g †`wk msev`c‡Îi Avwef©ve NUj| ag©

Ges mgvRbxwZ wb‡q Zzgyj evK-weZÐvi ga¨w`‡q M‡o DVj G †`‡ki

msev`c‡Îi aviv| d‡j we‡kl K‡i Ebwesk kZvãx‡Z evsjv fvlvfvlx AÂ‡j

bvbv ai‡bi msev`cÎ cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| Ebwesk kZvãxi †kl w`‡K Bs‡iR

kvmK‡ì AbvPv‡ii weiæ‡× cÖwZev‡` †mv”Pvi wKQz msev`cÎ †`Lv †M‡jI cÖavb

ivRbxwZ-wfwËK cwÎKvi Rb¥ n‡Z _v‡K wesk kZvãx‡Z| wesk kZvãx‡Z G

AÂ‡ji cÖavb ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„‡›ì cÖvq mK‡jB msev`cÎ cÖKv‡ki †Póv

K‡ib| ev½vjx gymjgvb †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡aÏ †k‡ievsjv G. †K. dRjyj nK,

gIjvbv AvKig Luv, †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv ©x, LvRv bvwRg DwÏb, Ave yj

nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx, BDmyd Avjx †PŠayix (†gvnb wgqv) cÖgyL †bZ…e„›` cwÎKv

cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Qb| †`k wefv‡Mi c~e©eZ©x Ôˆ`wbK AvRv`Õ ev½vjx

gymjgvb‡ì Kv‡Q GK wewkó ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡bi iƒc cwiMÖn

K‡iwQj| GB cwÎKv †_‡K gIjvbvi AvqI n‡Zv cÖPzi| wKš‘ cvwK Ívb cÖwZôvi

ci ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb gymwjg jx‡Mi cZ‡bi m‡½-m‡½ AvRvÌ Zvi cÖfve

Ges mvKz©‡jkb nviv‡Z _v‡K| Gw`K w`‡q wePvi Ki‡j AvRv` cwÎKv‡K k³

A_©‰bwZK wfwË m‡Ë¡I g~jZ gymwjg jxM ivRbxwZi gyLcÎ wn‡m‡eB wPwýZ

Ki‡Z nq| †`Lv hvq †h, c~e© evsjvq gymwjg jx‡Mi

ivR‰bwZK wech©q ïiæ nIqvi ci †_‡K jxM

ivRbxwZi mg_©K †Kv‡bv cwÎKvB Avi cÖwZôv jvf

Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wØZxqZ, GLv‡b cvwK Ív‡bi cÖ_g

hy‡M †Kv‡bv cwÎKvB ivRbxwZi cwigÐ‡ji evB‡i

GKwU kw³kvjx cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e M‡o IVvi cÖqvm

cvqwb| cieZ©x mg‡q Aek¨ AeRvifvi Ges

B‡ËdvK MÖæc Ae cvewj‡KkÝ A‡bKUv eëmvwqK

wfwË‡Z cvðv‡Zï AbyKi‡Y †PBb Ae

wbDR‡ccvim& M‡o †Zvjvi mvgwqK cÖ‡Póv

Pvwj‡qwQj, wKš‘ †Kv‡bv mg‡qB Zvi ivRbxwZ wegy³

n‡q †KejB wkí wn‡m‡e M‡o I‡Vwb| Zdv¾j

†nv‡mb gvwbK wgqv fvmvbx, †mvnivIqv`©xi

ivR‰bwZK mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡eB B‡ËdvK cÖwZôv

Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb, nvwg yj nK †PŠayixI g~jZ

msev`cÎ Øviv Zuvi ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨B nvwmj

Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| Z‡e cieZ©x mg‡q gvwbK wgqvi

g„Zzï ci Zuvi DËivwaKvixiv †hgb GKw`‡K

cÖwZwôZ msev`c‡Îi mydj wn‡m‡e wecyj we‡Ëi

AwaKvix n‡q‡Qb, †Zgwb jvfRbK wkí wn‡m‡e

B‡ËdvK‡K Av‡iv myôz AvaywbK eë ’vcbvq DbœxZ

Kivi PvB‡Z Zviv Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZK wmw× jv‡fi

Rb¨B cwÎKvwU‡K †ewk gvÎvq eënvi K‡i‡Qb|

ivR‰bwZK †hvM¨Zvi PvB‡Z B‡Ëdv‡Ki Ab¨Zg

gvwjK nIqvi myev‡`B B‡ËdvK m¤úv`K gš¿x n‡Z

†c‡iwQ‡jb, cÖPwjZ GB aviYv‡K A‡hŠw³K ejv

hv‡e wK? GB mg Í Kvi‡YB m¤¢eZ B‡ËdvK cvðvZ¨

ai‡bi ivRbxwZ wbi‡c¶ eëmv wbf©i msev`cÎ ev

cwic~Y© wkí wn‡m‡e M‡o I‡Vwb| evsjv‡`‡ki

†gvUvgywUfv‡e mdj msev`cÎ¸‡jv eëmvwqKfv‡e

jvfRbK n‡jI cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB ivR‰bwZK †hvMm~Î

cÖej Ges †Kv‡bv msev`cÎB Zvi ivR‰bwZK

cwiwPwZ †_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡Z Pvq e‡j g‡b nq bv|

cÖ‡Z¨K cwÎKv gvwj‡KiB ivR‰bwZK D”Pvkv _vKv

¯vfvweK, Ggb aviYvB GLvbKvi msev`cÎ gn‡j

AwaK cÖPwjZ| d‡j, gvwj‡Ki ivR‰bwZK wek¦vm

w`‡qB GKwU cwÎKvi bxwZ‡K kbv³ Kiv n‡q

_v‡K|

GKwU cwÎKv †h mg Í ¸Yvejx mg„× n‡j

†mwU‡K we‡kl gh©v`vevb ev †cÖmwUwRqvm e‡j

AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nqÑ Avgv‡ì †`‡k †Zgb cwÎKv

†bB ej‡jB P‡j| Giƒc gh©v`vevb cwÎKv `j ev

gZwbi‡c¶ n‡qI MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cvq Ges

cwi‡ekbvq †ckv`vwi‡Z¡i g‡bvfve †i‡LI e„nËi

mvgvwRK A½xKvi †_‡K wePz¨Z nq bv| A‡bK mgq

†`Lv hvq †h, G ai‡bi cwÎKvi m¤úv`Kxq

gZvgZ‡K †`‡ki m‡e©v”P gn‡jI we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †`qv

nq| GQvov Giƒc cwÎKvi †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv Kjvg-

†jLK e¨w³MZfv‡eI mgv‡R AZ¨šÍ gh©v`vi Avm‡b

AwawôZ _v‡Kb e‡j cwÎKvwU Zvi L¨vwZ Ges

mybv‡gi fvM cvq| Gfv‡e cwÎKvwUi GKwU hyw³ev`x

I Kj¨vYKvgx fveg~wZ© M‡o I‡V hv cwÎKvq Kvh©iZ

mK‡ji g‡a¨ Kg‡ewk mÂvwiZ nq| mvsevw`Kiv G

ai‡bi cwÎKvq KvR Ki‡Z Me©‡eva K‡ib Ges

cwÎKvi gvwjK‡KI RbMY cÖvqB gh©v`vi Avm‡b

Awfwl³ K‡ib| Z‡e Avgv‡ì ¯xKvi Ki‡ZB n‡e

†h, G ai‡bi cwÎKvi msL¨v mvivwe‡k¦B A‡c¶vK…Z

Kg DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡ZI RbwcÖq cwÎKv¸‡jv cÖvqB

gh©v`vevb nq bv| eis A‡bK †¶‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q †h,

GKKv‡ji gh©v`vevb cwÎKv RbwcÖqZv AR©‡bi

cÖwZØw›ØZvq †b‡g Zvi Av‡Mi fveg~wZ© nvwi‡q

†dj‡Q Ges wU‡K _vKvi Awbevh© ZvwM‡` KL‡bv-

KL‡bv nj‡` mvsevw`KZvi mxgvbvq cv evov‡”Q|

Avgv‡ì †`‡k ixgv nZ¨v ev GB RvZxq NUbv wb‡q

†`‡ki cÖavb msev`cÎ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PvÂj¨Ki

NUbvejx cÖKv‡ki †h cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Avgiv gv‡S-

gv‡S †`‡LwQ, Zv‡Z g‡b nq, mwZ¨Kvi mvgvwRK

A½xKv‡i wek¦vmx LuvwU gh©v`vevb cwÎKv A ~i

fwel¨‡ZI Avgiv †`L‡Z cve wKbv m‡›`n|

Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb cvðv‡Zï †Kv‡bv-

†Kv‡bv †`‡k RbwcÖq cwÎKvi PvB‡Z gh©v`vevb

cwÎKvq weÁvc‡bi †iU †ewk wQj| aviYv Kiv n‡Zv

†h, gh©v`vevb cwÎKv cÖfvekvjx e¨w³iv †ewk c‡ob

Kv‡RB huviv Zuv‡ì K_v cÖfvekvjx bxwZwba©viK

gn‡j †cuŠQv‡Z †ewk AvMÖnx Zuviv gh©v`vevb cwÎKvq

weÁvcb w`‡Zb hwÌ A‡bK RbwcÖq cwÎKvi

Zzjbvq gh©v`vevb cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb Kg wQj|

weÁvcb`vZv‡ì GKwU As‡ki GB g‡bvfv‡ei d‡j

gh©v`vevb cwÎKv¸‡jv Av‡qi w`K †_‡K Lv‡Uv wQj

bv Ges A‡bK gh©v`vevb cwÎKvB GKB m‡½

†Rvi`vi mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb Ges jvfRbK wk‡í

cwiYZ n‡qwQj| yf©vMëkZ GLb GB Ae ’v †bB|

GLb †h cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb †ewk †mB cwÎKvi

weÁvc‡bi †iUI †ewkÑ Kv‡RB mvKz©‡jkb evov‡bvB

GLb mg„w×Kvgx mKj cwÎKvi GKgvÎ Kvg¨ welq|

GgbwK GLb c„w_exi eû ˆ`wbK‡KI ixwZg‡Zv

nj‡` mvsevw`KZv Kivi `v‡q Awfhy³ Kiv hvqÑ

hwÌ GK mgq cÖavbZ mvßvwnK Ges g¨vMvwR‡bB

nj‡` mvsevw`KZv cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj| Avgv‡ì

†`‡k Aek¨ GL‡bv ˆ`wb‡Ki Zzjbvq mvßvwnK Ges

g¨vMvwRb¸‡jv‡ZB nj‡` mvsevw`KZvi Avfvm

†ewk| m¤¢eZ Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cvVKmgvRI

mvßvwn‡Ki Zzjbvq ˆ`wb‡Ki Kv‡Q †ewk mshg Avkv

K‡ib Ges cÖavb ˆ`wbK¸‡jv g‡b nq Kg‡ewk

welqwU m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb, hwÌ KL‡bv-KL‡bv

e¨wZµgx cÖeYZvi ØvivI †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv ˆ`wbK

AvµvšÍ n‡q _v‡K|

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †ekwKQz msL¨K msev`cÎ

cÖavbZ ivR‰bwZK ¯v_©wmw× A_ev gvwj‡Ki wfbœ

eëmv‡q Ziw°i nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡jI

wKQz-wKQz msev`cÎ GLb †h ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q‡Q, Zv‡Z

†m¸‡jv‡K ¯’vqx jvfRbK wk‡í cwiYZ Kiv LyeB

m¤¢e| c~e©eZ©x cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡iv nv‡Z m„ó GKwU mdj

msev`cÎ nq‡Zv cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i nv‡Z j¶¨ Ges

D‡Ï‡kï w`K †_‡K wfbœ iƒc aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cieZ©x cÖRb¥ hw` `¶ Ges AvaywbK wPšÍvaviv m¤úbœ

nq Zvn‡j msev`cÎ‡K jvfRbK wk‡í cwiYZ

Kivi †Póv Zviv Ki‡j AevK nIqvi wKQz †bB|

GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, msev`cÎ jvfRbK wk‡í

cwiYZ n‡j wK mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e Zvi

f~wgKv ¯qswµqfv‡eB ¶zYœ n‡e? G cÖ‡kœi DË‡i ejv

hvq, GUv wbf©i Ki‡e msev`cÎwUi bxwZ Ges

eë ’vcbvi Ici| msev`cÎ hw` Z_¨ mieivn,

we‡bv`b cÖ vb Ges RbM‡Yi Kj¨vYKvwgZvi g‡a¨

GKUv mgšq mva‡bi gva¨‡g e¨vcK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv

AR©‡b m¶g nq, Z‡e †mB msev`cÎ Aek¨B

†Rvi`vi mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡e|

mvsevw`KZvq AwZwi³ †ckv`vwiZ¡ ev

cÖ‡dkbvwjR‡gi g‡bvfve cwÎKvwU‡K RbwcÖq

ivL‡Z m¶g n‡jI nq‡Zv cvV‡Ki g‡b Zvi ¸iæZ¡

Kwg‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| cvðvZ¨ †`k m¤ú‡K© GKUv

†KŠZzK cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, A‡bK cvVKB †mLv‡b

†Uwe‡ji Ic‡i iv‡Lb GKwU gh©v`vevb cwÎKv Ges

evwj‡ki wb‡P iv‡Lb imv‡jv RbwcÖq cwÎKv| cvVK

RbwcÖq imv‡jv cwÎKvi KvQ †_‡K †evaKwi †bb

¶Y¯’vqx Avb›`, Avi gh©v`vevb cwÎKvi KvQ †_‡K

†bb Rxeb Pjvi cv‡_q| G †¶‡Î †Kvb cwÎKvwUi

cÖfve n‡e `xN© ’vqx Ges †m A‡_© †KvbwU mvgvwRK

cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e eo, †mK_v wK Avi ejvi A‡c¶v

iv‡L?

Avgiv GZ¶Y †hfv‡e cwÎKvi †kªwYwefvM

Kijvg, Zvi evB‡i Av‡iv A‡bK ai‡bi †kªwYwefvM

m¤¢e| †hgb aiæb, Avcbviv †h mg Í cwÎKvi

cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Qb †m¸‡jv‡K GB †mwgbvi KZ©„c¶

AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb AvÂwjK cwÎKv wn‡m‡e| Avwg

Rvwb †h, AvÂwjK cwÎKv¸‡jv †mB we‡kl AÂ‡j

Aek¨B mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| †evaKwi ivRavbxi

cwÎKv¸‡jvi PvB‡ZI mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e

Avcbv‡ì cwÎKv¸‡jv A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Ki| wKš‘

†mB m‡½ Avwg GI Rvwb †h, Avcbv‡ì AwaKvsk

cwÎKvi Avw_©K Ae¯’v fvj bq| Avcbv‡ì

AwaKvs‡ki g‡a¨B cwÎKv Pvjv‡bvUv †evaKwi †ckv

bq, †bkv| GB †bkv Avevi †ewki fvM mg‡qB

mgvRKj¨v‡Y wb‡ew`Z| Z‡e AvÂwjK cwÎKv¸‡jvi

g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU †h gvwj‡Ki Ab¨ ¯v_© D×v‡ii

nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡”Q bv, †mK_v wK †Rvi

w`‡q ejv hv‡e? Avcbviv huviv gvwjK-m¤úv`K

Avcbviv wK wb‡R‡ì wkícwZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib?

wKsev Avcbviv wK g‡b K‡ib GLb bv n‡jI A ~i

fwel¨‡Z Avcbv‡ì cwÎKv¸‡jv mwZ¨B jvfRbK

wkí cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡e? gh©v`vi w`K †_‡K

Avcbvi cwÎKv wK Ggb Ae ’v‡b †cuŠ‡Q‡Q †h,

cvVKiv Avcbvi cwÎKv †_‡K Aí-we Íi n‡jI

Rxe‡bi cv‡_q mÂq K‡i? cvV‡Kiv wK DcKvix eÜz

g‡b K‡i Avcbvi cwÎKvwU‡K? Zviv wK A‡bK

wPwVcÎ †j‡L Avcbvi cwÎKvq? Zviv wK D‡ØwjZ

nq Avcbvi cwÎKvi mvd‡j¨? wKsev Zviv wK

mgv‡jvPbvq gyLi nq Avcbvi cwÎKvi f~wgKvq?

G ai‡bi eûwea cÖ‡kœi DËi cvIqvi ci

wePvi Kiv m¤¢e n‡e Avcbvi cwÎKv KZLvwb

mvgvwRK cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q, wkí wn‡m‡e

Avcbvi cwÎKvi M‡o IVvi m¤¢vebvB ev KZLvwb|

Z‡e Avwg e¨w³MZfv‡e g‡b Kwi, AvÂwjK

cwÎKv¸‡jv B‡Zvg‡a¨B A‡bKvs‡k mvgvwRK

cÖwZôv‡bi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| Zviv ivRavbxi

cwÎKvi PvB‡ZI Zv‡ì cvVK‡ì myL- yt‡Li A‡bK

†ewk Askx`vi| Avgvi aviYv, RvZxq ˆ`wb‡Ki

PvB‡ZI wb‡Ri AÂ‡ji cwÎKv‡K †mLvbKvi

gvbylRb A‡bK †ewk Avcb g‡b K‡i| G †`‡k hw`

wkw¶‡Zi nvi ev‡o, MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ

_v‡K, A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ †Rvi`vi nq Ges m‡e©vcwi

ªæZ mgvR ms¯‹v‡i eªZx nq eû we‡eKevb gvbyl,

Z‡e RvZxq I AvÂwjK cwÎKv¸‡jvI jvfRbK wkí

cÖwZôv‡bi iƒc jvf Ki‡e e‡j wek¦vm Kivi h‡_ó

KviY i‡q‡Q| AvR‡K Avevi hLb bZzb K‡i w`b

e`‡ji j¶Y †`Lv hv‡”Q, ZLb Avkvev`x nIqvUvB

¯vfvweK bq wK? (cybtgyw ªZ)

†jLK : XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MY‡hvMv‡hvM I

mvsevw`KZv wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK

11

wbix¶v

wbeÜ

n‡q‡Q c„_K ai‡bi eë¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbv c×wZ|

mvaviYZ eZ©gv‡b wb‡¤œv³ ai‡bi gvwjKvbv cwijwÿZ n‡”Q:

1. e¨w³gvwjKvbv (Individual ownership)2. Askx`vwiZ¡ (Partnership)3. †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv (Joint owership)4. Ki‡cv‡ikb (Corporation)5. Kg©Pvix gvwjKvbv (Employee ownership)6. `jMZ ev hy³gvwjKvbv (Group or chain ownership)7. kxl© gvwjKvbv (Vertical ownership)

(1) e¨w³gvwjKvbv

wKQz-wKQz cwÎKv e¨w³gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ n‡jI G ai‡bi gvwjKvbv mvßvwnK

cwÎKvi †ÿ‡Î †ewk †`Lv hvq| G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq gvwjK wb‡RB

m¤úv`K, eë¯’vcK GgbwK cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †Kv‡bv c‡ì `vwqZ¡ cvjb

K‡i _v‡Kb| cwÎKvi G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq †ekwKQz myweav cvIqv

hvq| G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq gvwjK-m¤úv`K cwÎKvi Ici wbi¼zk

wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov m¤úv`Kxq I eëmvwqK

bxwZgvjvi e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y gvwjK c~Y© ¯vaxbZv †fvM K‡i

_v‡Kb| gvwjK Zvi eëmv‡qi cy‡iv gybvdv jvf K‡ib weavq Kv‡R

AvšÍwiKZv I wbôvi Afve nq bv| gvwjK Zvi cwÎKvi m‡½

AšÍi½fv‡e RwoZ _v‡Kb, wZwb I Zvi cwÎKv n‡q I‡V GK I Awfbœ|

Z‡e e¨w³gvwjKvbvi wKQz Amyweav I mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| e„nr wkí

cÖwZôv‡b e¨w³gvwjKvbv †Zgb Dchy³ bq| gvwj‡Ki Ici Acwimxg

`vwqZ¡ eZ©v‡bvi Kvi‡Y gvwjK-m¤úv`‡Ki e¨w³MZ mvg_© , †hvM¨Zv I

K…wZ‡Z¡i Ici cwÎKvi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb

cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ `xN©‡gqvw` FYcÖvwß KwVb n‡q c‡o| G‡ÿ‡Î FY`vZv

gvwj‡Ki g„Zz¨SzuwK wb‡q wPwšÍZ _v‡Kb| gvwj‡Ki g„Zz¨‡Z Zuvi

DËivwaKv‡ii †hvM¨Zv I mvg‡_© i e¨vcv‡i FY`vZv mskqgy³ n‡Z

cv‡ib bv|

(2) Askx`vwiZ¡ gvwjKvbv

`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ GKwU cwÎKv cÖKvk ev µq wKsev cwiPvjbvi D‡Ï‡k¨

gvwjKvbv Pzw³ Ki‡j Askx`vwiZ¡ gvwjKvbv M‡o I‡V| G Pzw³ wjwLZ A_ev

AwjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq wewfbœ mvg_© , †hvM¨Zv I Avw_©K Ae ’vi

e¨w³i g‡a¨ †gavi mgš‡qi my‡hvM m„wó nq| GLv‡b †gav I Avw_©K mvg‡_© i HK¨

M‡o I‡V| cÖKvkbv wkí m¤ú‡K© AbwfÁ A_P abevb e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K g~jab

msMÖn Kiv hvq| GLv‡b `vwqZ¡ fvMvfvwM K‡i †bqv hvq e‡j Pvc A‡bKUv K‡g

12

we

‡k¦i bvbv †`‡kB msev`c‡Îi gvwjKvbvi cwieZ©b

Avm‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡ÎI Avm‡Q

cwieZ©b| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK †`‡kB msev`c‡Îi

gvwjKvbv I cwiPvjbv RwUj n‡q c‡o‡Q| Gi d‡j

msev`c‡Îi gvwjKvbvi †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hv‡”Q iKg‡di Ges m„wó

GKwU cwÎKvi gvwjKvbvi aib

mg‡qi m‡½-m‡½ e`j n‡Z

cv‡i| GUv n‡Z cv‡i e¨w³MZ,

Avw_©K I AvBbMZ Kvi‡Y

msev`c‡Îi gvwjKvbvi aib

I cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨vi

n«vm-e„w×i DcKiY

†gv. b~i Bmjvg nvwee

wbix¶v

13

hvq| G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq GKvwaK e¨w³i wePvi-we‡ePbv Kv‡R jvMv‡bv

hvq, eëmvq cwiKíbv mwVK nq Ges Zv eëmvq mvdj¨ Av‡b|

Askx`vwiZ¡ gvwjKvbvi wKQz Amyweav i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv Askx`vi wb‡R

FY bv K‡iI A‡bï Kiv F‡Yi `vqfvi enb Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb|

cÖ‡Z¨‡K msev`cÎ cwiPvjbvi AwaKvi iv‡Lb e‡j wek„•Ljv †`Lv w`‡Z

cv‡i| Kv‡iv g„Zz¨ wKsev gvwjKvbv cÖZ¨vnvi wKsev gvwjKvbv wewµi d‡j

Askx`vwiZ¡ wejyß n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv `vwqZ¡Ávbnxb Askx`vi Zvi

`vwq‡Z¡ Ae‡njv Ki‡j Ab¨ Askx`v‡ii gybvdvI ÿwZMÖ Í nq|

Askx`vwiZ¡ gvwjKvbvq `xN©‡gqvw` FYcÖvwß cÖvq Am¤¢e|

Askx`vwiZ¡ gvwjKvbv n‡Z cv‡i `yB ai‡bi| †hgb : mvaviY

Askx`vwiZ¡ Ges wjwg‡UW Askx`vwiZ¡|

mvaviY Askx`vwiZ¡ gvwjKvbv †Kv‡bv bZzb cwÎKv Pvjy Kiv, µq

Kiv ev cÖKvk Kivi m‡½ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i RwoZ nIqvi Pzw³i

Ici wbf©ikxj| GUv msev`cÎ gvwjKvbvi GKwU mvaviY aib| GLv‡b

cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`v‡ii `vwqZ¡ _v‡K Acwimxg| G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq

cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GKRb cwÎKvi mvaviY cÖwZwbwa Ges †h †Kv‡bv GKRb

Askx`vi mK‡ji c‡ÿ †Kv‡bv `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b

mK‡ji Askx`vwiZ¡ I `vwqZ¡ mgvb Ges Zviv cÖ‡Z¨‡K mgcwigvY A‡_©i

†hvMvb w`‡q _v‡K|

wjwg‡UW Ask`vwi‡Z¡ GKRb mvaviY cÖKvkK _v‡Kb whwb GKRb

mvaviY Askx`vi| mvaviY Askx`vi mxwgZ `vwq‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z AwZwi³

g~jab mieivnKvix‡ì‡K gvwjKvbv cÖ vb K‡ib| wjwg‡UW Askx`vi †m

cwigvY F‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx _vK‡eb †h cwigvY A_© wZwb cwÎKvq wewb‡qvM

Ki‡Z ivwR _vK‡eb| wjwg‡UW cvU©bv‡ii msev`c‡Îi Pzw³ Kiv ev

wbqš¿Y Kivi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi _v‡K bv|

Askx`vix Kviev‡ii Avi GKwU mvaviY iƒc n‡jv R‡q›U ÷K

†Kv¤úvwb hv Av‡gwiKvÕi †P‡q weª‡U‡b †ewk †`Lv hvq| GUv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ

Ask`vwiZ¡ Kvievi bv n‡jI A‡bKUv †miKg| GKwU R‡q›U ÷K

†Kv¤úvwb wbw`©ó Pzw³i gva¨‡g M‡o I‡V| GLv‡b cwiPvjKgÐjxi GKwU

†evW© I AwdmviMY msev`c‡Îi eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges A_©

msMÖ‡ni D‡Ï‡k¨ GK ai‡bi †kqvicÎ evRv‡i Qv‡o| G ai‡bi eëmvq

cÖwZôv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K gvwjK ev Askx`vi mxwgZ `vq-`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

(3) †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv

msev`c‡Îi †hŠ_ gvwjKvbv n‡”Q GKB GjvKvq c„_K gvwjKvbvaxb `yB

ev Z‡ZvwaK cwÎKvi mgevqwfwËK cwiPvjbv c×wZ| G ai‡bi

gvwjKvbv M‡o I‡V eë ’vcbv I cwiPvjbv e¨q n«v‡mi D‡Ï‡k¨| G

gvwjKvbvq GKB cø v›U †_‡K KvMR †ei nq wKš‘ G‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki

Avjv`v-Avjv`v msev` Awdm I evwYwR¨K Awdm _v‡K, wi‡cvU©vi _v‡K,

m¤úv`K _v‡K, weÁvcbKg©x _v‡K Ges cÖPviKg©x _v‡K| ZvQvov cÖ‡Z¨K

cwÎKvi bxwZgvjvmg~n wb‡Riv cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| gy`ªY wk‡íi cÖhyw³MZ

DbœwZi d‡j G ai‡bi gvwjKvbv M‡o D‡V‡Q| †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvq cÖKvwkZ

msev`cÎmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Avw_©K `vq-`vwqZ¡ eÈ‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Pzw³ Kiv

nq wKsev mKj cwÎKvi g~ja‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix Ki‡cv‡ikb MVb Kiv

nq|

myweavmg~n

1. G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq eë ’vcbv I cwiPvjbv e¨q n«vm cvq|

2. Drcv`b NÈv e„w× cvq|

3. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cwÎKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© M‡o I‡V|

4. cÖKvkK-gvwj‡Ki g‡bv‡hvM cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi †P‡q mgvR Dbœq‡b †ewk

wbe× _v‡K|

5. cÖKvkK cwic~Y©fv‡e mgvR‡mev Ki‡Z cv‡i|

6. weÁvcb`vZviv mvaviY weÁvcb nv‡i weÁvcb w`‡Z cv‡i|

7. †hŠ_fv‡e msev` I weÁvcb wel‡q KvR Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i e‡j

Kg©Pvix msL¨v Kg cÖ‡qvRb nq|

8. Kg©Pvix Avq †ewk nq|

Amyweavmg~n

cÖwZ‡hvwMZv n«vm cvIqvq we‡kl †Kv‡bv w`‡Ki Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq|

cÖwZ‡hvwMZv n«v‡mi d‡j GKwU cwÎKv hZUv gvbm¤úbœ Zvi †P‡q

†ewk jvf Kivi my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡Kb Zvi gvwjK|

mvaviY Drcv`b my‡hvM cwÎKvi ¯Zš¿iƒc ev êwkó¨ M‡o IVvi

†cQ‡b evav wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

(4) Ki‡cv‡ikb

ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi †ÿ‡Î Ki‡cv‡ikb AwZ mvaviY GK ai‡bi gvwjKvbv|

†Kbbv GLv‡b cÖwZôv‡bi we Ívi Kiv, †K›`ªxKiY I gvwjKvbvi AvswkK

cwieZ©‡bi mgm¨v mn‡R mgvavb Kiv hvq|

G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq gvgjv-†gvKÏgvi †ÿ‡Î wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì

e¨w³MZ `vq-`vwqZ¡ Kg _v‡K| ÷K gvwj‡Ki cwieZ©‡b ZvrÿwYKfv‡e

msev`cÎ eëmvq ÿwZMÖ Í nq bv| GLv‡b wbqš¿Y ÿgZv e`j mnRZi|

Ki‡cv‡ik‡b g~jab e„w× K‡iI eë ’vcbvi †ÿÎ we Í…Z Kiv hvq| G

ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq Avi GKwU myweav n‡jv †h, cÖKvkK †gvU wewb‡qvMK…Z

g~ja‡bi kZKiv 51 fv‡Mi gvwjK wZwb bxwZwba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AwaK

ÿgZvi AwaKvix Ges wZwb evwK 49 fvM g~jab cÖ‡qvR‡b evB‡i †_‡K

msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi myweavi cvkvcvwk wKQz AmyweavI i‡q‡Q|

Ki‡cv‡ikb K‡Vvifv‡e wbqg-bxwZi Ici wbf©ikxj e‡j wbw`©ó mgq

cici mewKQzi wi‡cvU© cÖ vb Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b ÷K n ÍvšÍi Ki Ges

Ab¨vb¨ Ki‡cv‡ikb Ki Av‡ivwcZ nq|

G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K `yBevi AvqKi w`‡Z

nqÑGKevi Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi Av‡qi Ici Ges Avi GKevi †kqvi

gvwjK‡ì e¨w³MZ Av‡qi Ici|

(5) Kg©Pvix gvwjKvbv

KL‡bv-KL‡bv cÖKvkKiv Kg©Pvix‡ì my‡hvM †`b †kqvi †Kbvi Rb¨|

Gmgq Kg©Pvix‡ì gvwjKvbvi Ask AwaK n‡q co‡Z cv‡i| Kg©Pvix‡ì

gvwjKvbv AwaK n‡j Zuviv msev`c‡Îi bxwZgvjv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

msev`c‡Îi ¯v‡_©B Kg©Pvix‡ì †kqvi †Kbvi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Kiv nq|

gvwjKvbv‡eva Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ D”P g‡bvej m„wó K‡i| G ai‡bi

gvwjKvbvq AvšÍtwefvMxq evavmg~n mn‡R AwZµg Kiv hvq| Kg©Pvix

cwieZ©b †Zgb nq bv ej‡jB P‡j| G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq gRywi, Kg©NÈv

I Ab¨vb¨ Drcv`b welqK mgm¨v mn‡R mgvavb Kiv hvq| GLv‡b

kÖwgK-gvwjK we‡iva †`Lv †`q bv| G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq ms ’vi gybvdv

I kÖgKj¨vY mgv_©K weavq Drcv`b cÖwµqvq mK‡ji AvšÍwiKZv _v‡K

Ges mK‡j Kv‡Ri cÖwZ GKvZ¥ _v‡K|

Kg©Pvix gvwjKvbvq wKQz AmyweavI †`Lv hvq| GLv‡b Drcv`‡bi

mvg‡_© i †P‡q Kg©Pvix‡ì Kv‡Ri e¨vwß‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|

eë¯’vcbv I bxwZgvjvi †ÿ‡Î mywe‡ePbvi cwie‡Z© Av‡e‡Mi cÖvavb¨

_vK‡Z cv‡i| bZzb I `ÿ kÖwgK wb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM Kg _v‡K| †Kv‡bv c`

Lvwj n‡j Kg©Pvix‡ì †Q‡jcy‡j‡ì wb‡qvM Kiv nq| jvfRbK g‡b

n‡jI cwÎKvi m¤úwË wewµ KwVb n‡q c‡o|

Kg©Pvix gvwjKvbv M‡o I‡V gvwj‡Ki B”Qvq| gvwj‡Ki AemiMÖnY

ev g„Zzï c‡iI cwÎKvi cwiPvjbv bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx Kg©Pvix gvwjKvbv

m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| gvwjK-Kg©Pvix ¯v_© I Zuv‡ì mvg_© ‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi

Rb¨ GUv K‡i _v‡Kb| GUv gvwj‡Ki cÿ †_‡K Kg©Pvix‡ì Rb¨ Zvi

cÖwZ AvbyM‡Zï cyi¯‹vi| gvwjK Ab¨Î P‡j †M‡j ev †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y

gvwjKvbv evwZj n‡j Kg©Pvix gvwjKvbv cÖwZôvi my‡hvM m„wó nq|

¯vaxbZvhy‡×i c‡i Ôevsjv‡`k AeRvifviÕ cwÎKvi †ÿ‡Î GiKg

Ae ’vi m„wó n‡qwQj|

†Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î Kg©Pvix‡ì bv‡g ÷K DBj Kiv nq| Z‡e

†ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î Kg©Pvix‡ì ÷K †Kbvi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv nq| ÷K

Uªv÷ Pzw³i gva¨‡g Kg©Pvix‡ì gvwjKvbv wUwK‡q ivLv nq| G ai‡bi

gvwjKvbvq †hvM¨ Kg©Pvix‡K jvfRbK †kqvi †Kbv, †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM

Kiv I jf¨vsk cvIqvi my‡hvM †`q| Z‡e GKB m‡½ evB‡ii †jvK‡ì

†kqvi †Kbvi my‡hvM eÜ K‡i †`q| †Kv‡bv Kg©Pvix Zvi †kqvi Ab¨

GKRb Kg©Pvixi Kv‡Q wewµ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb evB‡ii Kv‡iv Kv‡Q bq|

A_ev wZwb Zvi †kqvi Uªvw÷ †ev‡W©i Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

wbix¶v

(6) `jMZ ev hy³gvwjKvbv

Ab¨vb¨ eëmv‡qi g‡Zv msev`cÎ eëmv‡qI `jMZ ev hy³gvwjKvbv

cwijwÿZ nq| GLv‡b eëmvwqK jvf, m¤úv`Kxq bxwZ I cÖkvmwbK

e¨vcv‡i GKB iKg wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|

myweavmg~n

1. †K›`ªxq Awd‡mi gva¨g KuvPvgvj †Kbv hvq Ges †ewk cwigvY

†Kbvi Rb¨ Zzjbvg~jK Kg g~‡j¨ Zv †Kbv m¤¢e nq|

2. RvZxqfv‡e weÁvcb GjvKv wewµ Kiv hvq Ges G KvRwU MÖæ‡ci

mKj cwÎKvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix ms ’v K‡i _v‡K|

3. m¤ú‡ì mnR Zzjbvi gva¨‡g wnmve c×wZi gvb DbœZ Kiv hvq|

G c×wZ‡Z cÖkvmwbK ÎæwUmg~nI mn‡R `~i Kiv hvq|

4. `jMZfv‡e fve I AwfÁZvi wewbg‡qi d‡j cÖKvk‡Ki kw³-

mvnm †e‡o hvq|

5. AwaKZi myweavRbK k‡Z© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk Kiv hvq|

6. G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq msev`c‡Î Kg©iZ mvsevw`Kiv ÷K µ‡qi

my‡hvM cvq| G ai‡bi my‡hvM Ab¨ gvwjKvbvq †bB|

7. mKj msev`c‡Îi Rb¨ GKwU mvaviY Awdm †_‡K †K›`ªxqfv‡e

wnmve-wbKvk I Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq|

8. hy³gvwjKvbvq gy`ªY LiP Kg c‡o|

9. we‡kl †Kv‡bv cwÎKvi wnmve c×wZ Ab¨

cwÎKv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i|

10. Awdm cwiPvjbvq Kg LiP c‡o|

11. mKj cwÎKvi Rb¨ GKB hvwš¿K myweav

eënvi Kiv hvq|

Amyweavmg~n

1. G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq cÖKvkK wKsev

g¨v‡bRvi ¯’vbxq mgvR Dbœq‡bi e¨vcv‡i

ZZUv evaëvaKZv Abyfe K‡ib bv hZUv

e¨w³gvwjKvbv, Askx`vwiZ¡ wKsev

Ki‡cv‡ik‡b Kiv nq|

2. MÖvnKiv A‡bK mgq g‡b K‡i GLv‡b Ô`~i

wbqš¿‡YiÕ mvnv‡h¨ cwÎKv Pvjv‡bv nq|

†h‡nZz gvwjKiv m¤úv`‡Ki †Zgb wbKUeZ©x

_v‡K bv|

3. ¯’vbxq gvwjK‡ì Aax‡b _vKvi †P‡q G

ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq eë ’vcbvi ’vwqZ¡ cÖ‡kœi

m¤§yLxb nq †ewk|

4. mKj KvM‡Ri Rb¨ mgvb †gav I g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z nq| Gi e¨wZµg

n‡j †Kv‡bv cwÎKv eÜ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb : UvBgm& Ae BwÛqv

MÖæc †_‡K Bq_ UvBgm& †ei n‡Zv| c‡i GUv eÜ n‡q wM‡qwQj|

Avevi GUv Pvjy Kiv n‡qwQj| evsjv‡`k AeRvifvi MÖæc †_‡K

GKmgq †ei n‡Zv ÔwK‡kvi evsjvÕ| gvwjKvbv e`j nIqvi d‡j

Gi cÖKvkbv eÜ n‡q hvq|

5. †K›`ªxq wbqš¿Y cÖeYZv †`Lv †`qvq we‡kl cwÎKvi mgm¨v D‡cwÿZ

nq|

msev`c‡Î `jMZ gvwjKvbv Gi cwiPvjbvi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ

n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb †gvU ÷‡Ki kZKiv

51 fvM wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb cÖ‡Z¨K msev`c‡Îi

m¤úv`Kxq bxwZgvjvi e¨vcv‡i „wó iv‡L Avevi cÖ‡Z¨K msev`cÎ‡K

wbR¯ bxwZgvjv wba©vi‡Yi AbygwZI w`‡q _v‡K| †ewki fvM ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

wRwbmcÎ †hgb : wbDRwcÖ›U, hš¿cvwZ I miÄvg mvaviYZ cÖavb

Kvh©vj‡qi gva¨‡g µq Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K msev`c‡Îi ˆ`wbK, mvßvwnK I

gvwmK cÖwZ‡e`b †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb‡K w`‡Z nq|

mvaviY †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb QvovI msev`c‡Îi hy³gvwjKvbv ev

`jMZ gvwjKvbv M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †mLv‡b cÖKvkK I Kg©KZ©v

wbe©vwPZ n‡q †PBb Ae KgvÛ M‡o Zzj‡eb| A_©vr GKwU cwiPvjbv †evW©

_vK‡e| cÖKvkK ms ’vq †_‡K wb‡Ri cwÎKv wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib Avevi

A‡bï cwÎKvi e¨vcv‡iI AvMÖn ev Drmvn c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

cÖKvkKMY ms ’vi Kg©KZ©v I cwiPvjK‡ì civgk© wb‡q wb‡R‡ì cwÎKv

cwiPvjbv K‡ib I bxwZ cÖYqb K‡ib|

wKQz-wKQz `jMZ gvwjKvbvaxb ms ’vq †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb Ab¨vb¨

cwÎKvi m¤úv`K, g¨v‡bRvi‡ì c‡ì bvgKi‡Y KovKwo wb‡ ©k cÖ vb

K‡i _v‡K| Zvic‡i m¤úv`K I g¨v‡bRviMY wbR¯ KwgDwbwU‡Z Zuv‡ì

cwÎKvi bxwZgvjv cÖYq‡bi e¨vcv‡i cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

†ewki fvM ÷K †nvwìs †Kv¤úvwb µq Ki‡j mvaviYZ m¤úv`K I

g¨v‡bRvi‡ì‡K †kqvi µ‡q DrmvwnZ Kiv nq|

(7) kxl© gvwjKvbv

msev`c‡Îi kxl© gvwjKvbvI †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq

msev`cÎ I Ab¨vb¨ eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb GKB gvwj‡Ki Aax‡b _vK‡Z

cv‡i| GKRb gvwj‡Ki GKwU eo cwÎKv _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avevi GKwU

†iwWI ev †Uwjwfkb †÷k‡biI gvwjK n‡Z cv‡ib wZwb| ZvQvov Zuvi

gvwjKvbvq _vK‡Z cv‡i †ccvi wgj, cwienb ms ’v, msev` ms¯’v wKsev

weÁvcbx ms ’v| G ai‡bi mn‡hvMx cÖwZôvb msev`c‡Îi mdjZvq

Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|

G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvi myweav n‡jv mvdj¨RbK cwiPvjbvi Rb¨

we‡kl †mev I welqvwì wbðqZv _v‡K| Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi m‡½

ms‡hvM _vKvq msev`c‡Îi we‡kl f~wgKv cvj‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq|

G‡ÿ‡Î msev`cÎ cwiPvjbvq mvaviY e¨q Kg nq| ZvQvov msev`cÎ

wk‡íi jf¨vs‡ki ev¯Íe wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM _v‡K|

G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvi Amyweav n‡jv cÖKvk‡Ki jvf †e‡o hvIqvi

m‡½-m‡½ Zvi `vwqZ¡I †e‡o hvq| d‡j msev`c‡Îi cÖwZ h_vh_

g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z Amyweav nq| G ai‡bi gvwjKvbvq jf¨vsk KL‡bv-

KL‡bv msev`c‡Îi cÖmvi I Dbœq‡b wb‡qvM bv K‡i Ab¨vb¨ eëmvwqK

cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvM Kiv nq| GRb¨ A‡bK mgq m¤¢vebv _vKv m‡Ë¡I

msev`cÎ wk‡íi Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq|

kxl© gvwjKvbvi DrK…ó D`vniY n‡jv gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi wkKv‡Mv _vW©

wUªweDb| Gi gvwj‡Ki KvMR †Kv¤úvwb, †iwWI †÷kb I †Uwjwfkb

†÷kbmn cÖvq 25wU eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q|

†Kv‡bv cwÎKv Zvi weKv‡ki wewfbœ ¯Í‡i Dc‡i DwjøwLZ †h †Kv‡bv

GKvwaK gvwjKvbvq cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU cwÎKvi gvwjKvbvi

aib mg‡qi m‡½-m‡½ e`j n‡Z cv‡i| GUv n‡Z cv‡i e¨w³MZ, Avw_©K

I AvBbMZ Kvi‡Y|

cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨vi n«vm-e„w×i DcKiY

mvKz©‡jkb ev cÖPvi n‡”Q †h †Kv‡bv cwÎKvi cÖvY| †Kv‡bv cwÎKv †eu‡P

Av‡Q wKbv Zv †evSv hvq Zvi cÖPvi †`‡L| cÖPvimsL¨v †_‡KB Rvbv hvq

GKUv cwÎKvi gh©v`v, RvZxq Rxe‡b Zvi ¸iæZ¡, cÖfve BZ¨vw`| Gme

14

mvKz©‡jkb ev cÖPvi n‡”Q †h †Kv‡bv cwÎKvi cÖvY| †Kv‡bv cwÎKv

†eu‡P Av‡Q wKbv Zv †evSv hvq Zvi cÖPvi †`‡L| cÖPvimsL¨v

†_‡KB Rvbv hvq GKUv cwÎKvi gh©v`v, RvZxq Rxe‡b Zvi ¸iæZ¡,

cÖfve BZ¨vw`| Gme Kvi‡Y cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨vi w`KwU cwÎKv

ms ’vi gvwjK, m¤úv`K wKsev eë¯’vcK‡ì Kv‡Q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges

Zviv memgq †Póv K‡i hvb cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v evov‡bvi

wbix¶v

Kvi‡Y cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨vi w`KwU cwÎKv

ms¯’vi gvwjK, m¤úv`K wKsev eë ’vcK‡ì

Kv‡Q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges Zviv memgq †Póv K‡i

hvb cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v evov‡bvi| GRb¨ `ÿ

eë ’vcK Avwe®‹vi K‡ib mvKz©‡jkb ev cÖPv‡ii

†ÿ‡Î cÖfve we Ívix Dcv`vbmg~n| Z‡e GZme

Rvbvi ciI me ai‡bi cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v

Avkvbyiƒc e„w× Kiv hvq bv| GUv m¤¢e nq bv

cwÎKvi Avjv`v-Avjv`v cÖK…wZi Kvi‡Y|

GLv‡b Avgiv ccyjvi msev`cÎ I

wmwiqvm msev`c‡Îi K_v D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvwi|

ccyjvi msev`c‡Îi cÖPvimsL¨v ¯fveZB †ewk

n‡q _v‡K| KviY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq

cvVK‡ì wkÿvMZ gv‡bi K_v hv g~jZ wba©viY

K‡i †`q Zvi iæwP, gvbwmK Mob I welqMZ

Pvwn`vi aib| †ewki fvM msev`c‡Îi cvVKB

mvaviYZ wkwÿZ, AíwkwÿZ wKsev

Aa©wkwÿZ| G ai‡bi cvVK PvB‡e Aciva,

†m·, PvÂj¨Ki NUbv BZ¨vw` welq| Gfv‡e

Zviv nvjKv wel‡qi cÖvavb¨ w`‡q, cvVK iæwP

†gvZv‡eK c„ôvm¾v wKsev cwÎKvi A½m¾v

K‡i cÖPvimsL¨v evwo‡q †bq|

Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Z…Zxq we‡k¦i AwkwÿZ I

Aa©wkwÿ‡Zi †`‡k wmwiqvm msev`c‡Îi

cvV‡Ki msL¨v memgqB Aby¾¡j| gh©v`vm¤úbœ

I iæwPevb n‡qI A‡bK msev`cÎ cvVK cvq

bv| wmwiqvm msev`cÎ nq‡Zv †eiæ‡”Q Z‡e

wmwiqvm cvV‡Ki msL¨v Drmvne¨ÄK bq|

†mRb¨ eëmvwqKfv‡e wmwiqvm msev`cÎ

†KvYVuvmv n‡q c‡o ccyjvi msev`c‡Îi Kv‡Q|

L¨vwZgvb Avi †gavex mvsevw`K‡ì a‡i ivLvi

wmwiqvm msev`c‡Îi Kv‡Q GKUv P¨v‡jÄ¯iƒc

n‡q c‡o| ewnwe©‡k¦i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ccyjvi

msev`cÎ n‡”Q: The Daily Mirror, TheNews of the World BZ¨vw`| The Times,The Telegraph DrK…ó msev`c‡Îi D`vniY,

†h¸‡jvi cvVK cÖavbZ D”PwkwÿZ iæwPevb

e¨w³iv|

ccyjvi Avi wmwiqvm hvB ewj bv †Kb,

GKwU cwÎKvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i †NvlK n‡jv Zvi

cÖPvimsL¨v| Kv‡iv Dcvq †bB cÖPvimsL¨vi

w`KwU‡K D‡cÿv Kivi| GRb¨ cÖPvimsL¨vi

wbqvgKmg~n wPwýZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib wePÿY

msev`cÎ eëmvqxMY| †m AwfÁZvi

Av‡jv‡KB eë ’vcbv wefvM cÖPvimsL¨v e„w×i

Rb¨ Aek¨ KiYxq w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡ib|

DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z mvKz©‡jkb e„w×i Rb¨ A‡bK

Av‡M †_‡K M‡elYv ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì

†`‡k GL‡bv Gw`KwU m¤ú~Y© D‡cwÿZ i‡q‡Q|

M‡elYvwfwËK we‡køl‡Yi cÖ_g m~ÎcvZ nq

1880 mv‡j| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_g M‡elK n‡”Qb

gvwK©b Av`gïgvwi we‡kølK wmgb GbwW b_©

(Simon N D North) cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v

cÖfvweZ K‡i GiKg welq¸‡jv‡K cÖv_wgK

(Primary) Ges gva¨wgK (Secondary)kZ© wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| b_©-Gi e¨vL¨v

Abyhvqx cÖv_wgK k‡Z©i g‡a¨ c‡o RbmsL¨v,

A_©‰bwZK Ae ’v I mvgvwRK Ae¯’v|

cwÎKvi cÖPv‡ii Ab¨Zg cÖavb kZ© n‡”Q

RbmsL¨v| RbmsL¨v †hLv‡b †ewk mvaviYZ

cÖPvimsL¨vI †mLv‡b †ewk n‡q _v‡K|

GKvi‡YB †`Lv hvq GKUv †g‡UªvcwjUb wmwUi

msev`c‡Îi cÖPvimsL¨v GKUv gd¯j kn‡ii

msev`c‡Îi cÖPvimsL¨vi †P‡q †ewk n‡q

_v‡K| Z‡e †Kv‡bv kn‡ii ev †Kv‡bv GjvKvi

RbmsL¨v †ewk n‡jB cÖPvimsL¨v †ewk bvI n‡Z

cv‡i| RbmsL¨vi cÖK…wZ †hgb wkwÿ‡Zi nvi,

mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv,

RbM‡Yi Avw_©K Ae ’v BZ¨vwì Ici cvV‡Ki

Ges MÖvn‡Ki msL¨v wbf©i K‡i|

mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Ae ’v cwÎKvi

cÖPvimsL¨vi Ab¨Zg cÖavb wbqvgK| wkwÿZ,

D`vi MYZvwš¿K mgvR, AskMÖnYg~jK I gy³

mgv‡R cwÎKvi cvVKmsL¨v †ewk _v‡K|

KZ©„Z¡ev`x (Authoratarian) mgv‡R RbgZ

¯^vaxbfv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges

MYZ‡š¿i myôz PP©vi my‡hvM _v‡K bv| GiKg

Ae ’v cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v e„w×i AbyK~j bq|

wmgb GbwW b_© (Simon N D North)wØZxq kZ© wn‡m‡e cwÎKvi weµqg~j¨,

gy`ªvÿ‡ii †mŠ›`h©, cÖhyw³MZ DrKl©,

cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgve×Zv‡K wPwýZ

K‡i‡Qb|

cwÎKvi weµqg~j¨ cÖPvimsL¨v‡K

e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i

Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni ¯í Av‡qi cvVK‡ì

wbKU cwÎKvi g~j¨ Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vbiƒ‡c

KvR K‡i| µqÿgZvi evB‡i †M‡j

cvVKmsL¨v K‡g hv‡e| cwÎKvi g~j¨

Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg n‡j mvaviY cvVK‡ì

g‡a¨ cwÎKv µ‡qi Drmvn †e‡o hvq Ges

Zv‡ì g‡a¨ µgvš‡q cvVvf¨vm M‡o I‡V|

cÖhyw³MZ DrK‡l©i hy‡M gy`ªvÿ‡ii †mŠ›`h©

cvVK‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Z cv‡i| gy`ªvÿi my›ì

n‡j cvVK cwÎKv cv‡V ¯v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡i|

Gid‡j cvVK cwÎKv µ‡qi e¨vcv‡i AvMÖnx

nq| Amy›ì nid, fv½vUvBc †dm wKsev gy`ª‡Y

A¯úóZv _vK‡j cvVK cwÎKv cvVKv‡j weiw³

†eva Ki‡e| GUv µgvš‡q cvV‡Ki cwÎKv

cv‡Vi AvMÖn n«vm K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j

†bwZevPK cÖfve co‡e cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨vi

Ici| gy`ªvÿ‡ii †mŠ›`‡h©i w`KwU µgvš‡q

cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| we‡kl K‡i

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i gy`ªvÿ‡ii †mŠ›`‡h©i

w`KI cÖPvimsL¨vi wbqvgK iƒ‡c KvR Ki‡Q|

cÖhyw³MZ DrKl© GKUv cwÎKvi mgMÖ

Drcv`b Kv‡h© wb‡q Av‡m AwfbeZ¡ hv cwÎKvi

Qvcv, Aÿiweb¨vm, iO, Qwei †mŠ›`h© I

AweKjZ¡ BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î AmvaviY ˆbcyY¨ I

`ÿZvi cwiPq †`q| DbœZ cÖhyw³ cwÎKvi

gy`ªYgvb evwo‡q †`q| GiKg DbœZ gvbm¤úbœ

KvMR cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q mgv`„Z nq| d‡j

cÖPvimsL¨v †e‡o hvq| wecix‡Z cÖhyw³i w`K

w`‡q wcwQ‡q cov cwÎKvwU cÖPv‡ii w`K w`‡qI

wcwQ‡q co‡Z eva¨| cvVK PvB‡e bv Zvi

kÖgjä A‡_© wb¤œgv‡bi KvMR wK‡b AcPq

†nvK|

cwÎKvi g‡a¨Kvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv‡K wmgb

b_© AšÍfz©³ K‡i‡Qb wØZxq k‡Z©i g‡a¨|

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi d‡j cwÎKvi gvb e„w× cvq,

eÈbeë¯’v `ªæZ I mymsMwVZ nq, †ewk msL¨K

cvVK AvK…ó Kivi w`KwU ¸iæZ¡ cvq| Avevi

cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi d‡j cvVK‡ì cvVvf¨vm †e‡o

hvq| KL‡bv-KL‡bv †`Lv hvq cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi

d‡j †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó GjvKvi wbw`©ó msL¨K cvVK

wewfbœ cwÎKvi g‡a¨ wef³ n‡q c‡o| hv

AvcvZZ †Kv‡bv we‡kl cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v

n«vm Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ my¯’ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi d‡j

cvVvf¨vm †e‡o †M‡j `xN©‡gqv‡` cvVKmsL¨v

e„w× cvq| cÖPvimsL¨vi †ÿ‡Î GUv Avkvbyiƒc

BwZevPK cÖfve iv‡L|

†fŠ‡MvwjK mxgve×Zv ev †fŠ‡MvwjK

Ae ’vb †Kv‡bv †`‡ki cwÎKvi cÖPv‡ii †ÿ‡Î

mivmwi cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| cvnvo, b`x,

mvMi-gnvmvMi BZ¨vw` evavi Kvi‡Y cwÎKvi

cÖPvimsL¨v mxwgZ n‡q co‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov

AbybœZ †hvMv‡hvM eë ’v, So, e„wó, eb¨v

BZ¨vw` cÖPvimsL¨v Kwg‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| mn‡R

wewfbœ ’v‡b cwÎKv †cuŠ‡Q †`qv hvq †miKg

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb we`¨gvb _vK‡j cwÎKvi

cÖPvimsL¨v e„w× cvq|

b_©-Gi ewY©Z cÖv_wgK kZ©mg~n

evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î cy‡ivcywi cÖ‡hvR¨| wØZxq

we‡ePbvi kZ©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I

†fŠ‡MvwjK mxgve×Zv AwaK cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e

gy`ªvÿ‡ii †mŠ›`h© ev cÖhyw³MZ DrKl© †h

cÖPv‡ii †ÿ‡Î f~wgKv ivL‡Q Zv m¤úªwZ

Avgv‡ì †`‡kI cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| SKS‡K

Qvcv, i‡Oi eënvi, Qwe Qvcvi e¨vcv‡i Ac~e©

ˆbcyY¨ I `ÿZv cvVK‡ì wKQzUv n‡jI AvK…ó

Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| Avi GKRb Av‡gwiKvb

mgvRweÁvbx Delas F. Wilcox. 1900 mv‡j

wZwb msev`c‡Îi mvKz©‡jkb cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z

cv‡i GiKg welq wb‡q wPšÍv K‡ib| wZwb

e‡jb, cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb cÖfvweZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î

cwÎKvi m¤úv`Kxq Kjvg ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G Kvi‡Y

wZwb Zuvi ‘The American Newspaper:A Study in Social Psychology’ MÖ‡š’

e‡j‡Qb, cÖPvimsL¨v e„w×i Rb¨ m¤úv`Kxq

Kjvg my›ì Kivi K_v|

K_vwU Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi †ejvq

m¤ú~Y© cÖ‡qvRbxq bq ejv hvq| m¤úv`Kxq

Kjv‡gi cvVKmsL¨v Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvq

LyeB bMY¨| wkÿvi wb¤œnv‡ii Rb¨ Z…Zxq

we‡k¦i mvaviY Aa©wkwÿZ cvVK‡ì Kv‡Q

m¤úv`Kxq Kjvg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq|

Malcom M. Willey 1928 mv‡j

cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jk‡bi Ici ‘The Influenceof Social Change On NewspaperStyle’ wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU cÖeÜ wj‡LwQ‡jb|

DBwj Zuvi cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb, cvV‡Ki mvgvwRK

cvwicvwk¦©KZvi Ici wbf©i K‡i msev`c‡Îi

cÖPvimsL¨v|

W R Scott Zuvi ScientificCirculation Management eB‡q e‡j‡Qb

: m¤úv`Kxq bxwZ, weÁvcb bxwZ, weµqg~j¨,

gy`ª‡Yi DrKl©Zv Ges KvM‡Ri iO I DrKl©Zvi

Ic‡i cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v wbf©i K‡i|

Scott K‡qKwU bZzb wel‡qi K_v

e‡j‡Qb| wZwbB cÖ_g ej‡jb, weÁvcb bxwZ,

15

wbix¶v

KvM‡Ri iO I gvb cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v cÖfvweZ K‡i| wZwb †h

m¤úv`Kxq bxwZi K_v e‡j‡Qb Zv A‡bKUv DBj K·ÑGi m¤úv`Kxq

bxwZi Abyiƒc| Z‡e m¤úv`Kxq bxwZ Av‡iv e¨vcK| GKwU cwÎKvq Kx

cwigvY I Kx Kx wel‡qi weÁvcb Qvcv nq Zvi Ici Zvi cÖPvimsL¨v

wbf©i K‡i| †ewk weÁvcb Qvcv mnR n‡j Kg g~‡j¨ weµq Kiv m¤¢e nq

Ges AwaK msL¨K cwÎKv Qvcv mnR nq, SzuwK Kg _v‡K| weÁvcb †ewk

_vK‡j cvVKivB wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b cwÎKv †K‡b| †Kbbv weÁvc‡biI

cvVK Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q| weÁvcb Kg n‡j Drcv`b LiP hv nq Zvi †ewki

fvM Zz‡j Avbvi †Póv Ki‡Z nq cwÎKv weµ‡qi gva¨‡g| d‡j cwÎKvi

`vg evwo‡q w`‡Z nq| GUv cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v e„w×i AšÍivq|

KvM‡Ri iO I gvb cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

DbœZgv‡b? KvM‡R, h_vh_ I AvKl©Yxq iO eënvi K‡i cwÎKv Qvc‡j

cvVKmgv‡R Zvi mgvì _v‡K †ewk| cÖdzjø g‡b cvVK my›ì I

AvKl©Yxq i‡Oi KvMRwU cvV Ki‡e| Z‡e KL‡bv-KL‡bv Gi cvVK‡K

†ewk g~j¨ †Ìqvi `vwqZ¡wU †g‡b wb‡Z nq|

Prof. Frank Thayer e‡jb, cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb cÖfvweZ K‡i

PviwU g~j Dcv`vb| †hgb-A_©bxwZ, mgvR, bxwZgvjv Ges hš¿cvwZ|

wZwb e‡jb, A_©bxwZi mv‡_ RwoZ †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’vb, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv,

weµqg~j¨ BZ¨vw`|

Baford O Brown bvgK Av‡iKRb f`ª‡jvKI Ab¨v‡bï g‡Zv

e‡j‡Qb, A_©bxwZ I †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgve×Zv cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v cÖfvweZ

Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e wZwb me‡P‡q GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`v‡bi K_v

e‡j‡Qb| †mwU n‡”Q `ÿ weZiY eë ’v| Zvi Av‡M welqwU †KD D‡jøL

K‡ibwb| Gme wel‡q wZwb my›ìfv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Zuvi

‘Problems in Newspaper Publishing’ MÖ‡š’|

Brown e‡jb, †Kv‡bv KvM‡R fv‡jv Lei _vK‡Z cv‡i, cwÎKvi

gvb DbœZ n‡Z cv‡i, n‡Z cv‡i welq Av‡aqi meUvB AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq|

wKš‘ Zv hw` wVK mg‡q cvVK‡ì nv‡Z Zz‡j †Ìqv bv hvq Zvn‡j Zvi

g~j¨ _v‡K mvgvb¨B| cvVK Pvq UvUKv Lei| KviY msev` n‡”Q `ªæZ

cPbkxj| GRb¨ myôz I `ÿ weZiY eë ’v cÖPvimsL¨v e„w× wKsev c~e©eZ©x

cÖPvimsL¨v a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ LyeB Acwinvh© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

K¨vbmvm wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mgvRweÁvb wefv‡Mi mvsevw`KZvi Aa¨vcK

Alfred McClung Lee, ‘The Daily Newspaper’ bvgK GKwU

MÖ‡š’ Dc‡iv‡jøwLZ welq¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk cÖhyw³MZ AMÖMwZi K_vwU

AwaKZi ¯úó I ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb

e„w×i Rb¨ AvaywbK DbœZ cÖhyw³ MÖnY Acwinvh©| ZvQvov mgv‡Ri

KvVv‡gvMZ w`KwUI Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges RbmsL¨vi Av‡jvPbvq kû‡i

bv MÖvgxY †m w`KwUi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q‡Qb|

GKUv m¤ú~Y© bZzb wel‡q Avgv‡ì‡K AeMZ Kivb Paul FLazarsfeld| wZwb 1940 mv‡j †iwWIÕi Ici M‡elYv K‡ib Ges Gi

djvdj †_‡K wZwb e‡jb, cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb n«vm-e„w×i Ici †iwWI

GKUv f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Avgiv hv †iwWIÕ‡Z ïwb cwÎKvq Zv †`Lvi

AvMÖn R‡b¥| A‡bK mgq †iwWI †Kv‡bv welq m¤ú‡K© mswÿß Lei w`‡q

AvMÖn evovq, c~Y©v½ e¨vL¨v †`q bv| nq‡Zv †Zgb my‡hvMI _v‡K bv|

GiKg AZ…ß AvKv•ÿvi PwiZv_©Zvi Rb¨ †jvKRb cwÎKv †K‡b| ZvQvov

cwÎKvq gyw ªZ welq cvVK msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b GKvwaKevi

cvV Ki‡Z cv‡i| j¨vRvim&‡dì e‡jb, †iwWI n‡”Q mvwcø‡g›Uvwi|

Av‡gwiKv I KvbvWvi wZb kZvwaK mvKz©‡jkb g¨v‡bRv‡ii Ici

GKwU mgxÿv K‡iwQ‡jb John Scott Davenport 1946 mv‡j|

g¨v‡bRvi‡ì wbKU wZwb cÖkœcÎ wewj K‡i DËi msMÖn K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi

wfwË‡Z wZwb wjL‡jb ‘Circulation The Backbone ofNewspaper’ bvgK eBwU| Gi g‡a¨ wZwb mvKz©‡jkb cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z

cv‡i GiKg wel‡qi GK `xN© ZvwjKv †`b| wZwb e‡jb, mvKz©‡jkb

cÖfvweZ K‡i wb‡¤œi welq¸‡jv :

1. RbmsL¨v

2. Avw_©K Ae¯’v

3. mvgvwRK Ae ’v

4. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb

5. †gKvwbK¨vj DbœwZ

6. UvB‡cvMÖvwdK¨vj †Wªm

7. cÖwZ‡hvwMZv

8. weµqg~j¨

9. m¤úv`Kxq bxwZgvjv

10. weÁvcb bxwZgvjv

11. we‡bv`b

12. †iwWI

13. msev`c‡Îi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K

14. iO I cwÎKvi gvb Ges

15. Ab¨vb¨ welq|

Ab¨vb¨ welq wn‡m‡e W¨v‡fb‡cvU© †h cÖm½¸‡jv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zvn‡jv:

K. nKvi‡ì gvb I `ÿZv : Gi g‡a¨ AšÍfz©³ i‡q‡Q:

i. nKvi‡ì mZZv, Drmvn, webq I myôz ev `ªæZ weZiY eë¯’v

ii. nKvi‡ì cÖwkÿY

iii. nKvi‡ì g‡bvfve

iv. nKvi‡ì Øviv Dbœqb

v. wej Av`v‡q wbqgvbyewZ©Zv

vi. GjvKvi cwiwa

vii. nKvi‡ì aib

viii.nKvi‡ì eqm

ix. nKvi Kj¨vY I cyi¯‹vi cÖ v‡bi eë ’v|

L. cÖPvi wefv‡Mi msMVb : Gi g‡a¨ AšÍfz©³ welq¸‡jv n‡”Q :

i. `ÿ, wbqwgZ I †KŠkjMZ weZiY eë¯’v

ii. mKj cÖKvi Dbœqb

iii. wefvMxq eë ’vcbv I Kg©Pvix‡ì gvb

iv. AvšÍtwefvMxq mn‡hvwMZv

v. mycÖwkwÿZ †RjvwfwËK eë¯’vcbv|

M. msev` m¤úv`Kxq Av‡aq : Gi g‡a¨ AšÍfz©³ i‡q‡Q :

i. ’vbxq Le‡ii c~Y©v½Zv

ii. ’vbxq msev‡ì Qwe

iii. ’vbxq †Ljvayjvi msev` I Ab¨vb¨ wdPvi

iv. ’vbxq Le‡ii cÖ_g c„ôvq ¯’vb

v. msev` Dc¯’vcbvi gvb

vi. ’vbxq ivR‰bwZK Le‡ii cÿcvZnxb Dc ’vcbv|

N. wewea : Gi g‡a¨ W¨v‡fb‡cvU© AšÍfz©³ K‡i‡QbÑAvenvIqv, FZz,

cwÎKvi mybvg, kÖwgK m¤úK©, wbDRwcÖ›U NvUwZ, cvVK‡ì

cvVvf¨vm, cwÎKvi gh©v`v I cÖKvk‡Ki ivR‰bwZK bxwZgvjv|

Ghver †h mKj †jLK wKsev we‡klÁ mvKz©‡jkb cÖfveKvix welq

wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ John Scott Davenport-Gi

Av‡jvPbvwU e¨vcK I we ÍvwiZ| wZwb cÖvq mKj welq‡K Av‡jvPbvi

AšÍfz©³ K‡i‡Qb| W¨v‡fb‡cvU©B me©cÖ_g Av‡jvPbvq AšÍfz©³ Ki‡jb †h,

cÖPvimsL¨vi n«vm-e„w×‡Z nKvi‡ì GKUv f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov kÖwgK

m¤úK© Ges cÖPvi wefv‡Mi msMVb I f~wgKvi IciI †h cÖPvimsL¨v

A‡bKUv wbf©ikxj, ZvI Zuvi Av‡jvPbvq e‡j‡Qb wZwb|

GQvovI James E Pollard, John E Allen, Prof. Arnerai,Robert U Brown cÖgyL †jLK I we‡klÁMY cwÎKvi msL¨vi n«vm-

e„w×i DcKiY m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì Av‡jvPbv‡ZI

Kg‡ewk D‡jøwLZ welq¸‡jvB cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|

wewfbœ †jL‡Ki cwiPvwjZ mgxÿvwfwËK we‡kølYwU g~jZ gvwK©b

hy³iv‡óªi Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK †cÖÿvc‡Ui Av‡jv‡KB Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ZvB e‡j Avgv‡ì †`‡ki g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki msev`cÎ eëmvqxiv

Av‡jvPbvi meUvB AwZZvwË¡K e‡j Dwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib bv| mgxÿv †_‡K

†hme welq †ewi‡q G‡m‡Q Zvi me¸‡jvi cÖwZ Avgv‡ì †`‡ki

msev`c‡Îi gvwjK/m¤úv`K wKsev eë¯’vcKMY nq‡Zv mgvb g‡bv‡hvM

w`‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Zvic‡iI G Ae¯’vi †fZ‡iI Avgv‡ì †`‡k wKQz wKQz

msev`c‡Îi cÖPvimsL¨v GKUz m‡PZb cÖqvm wb‡j eZ©gvb cÖPvimsL¨vi

†P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e evwo‡q †bqv m¤¢e|

†jLK : AvBGmwcAvi-G Kg©iZ

16

wbix¶v

wbeÜ

fve‡Z nq bZzb wKQz Drcv`b Kiv| cÖwZw`bB †m wPšÍv K‡i bZzb ms¯‹iY

cÖKv‡ki| MZvbyMwZK aviv †g‡b Pjv msev`Kg©x‡ì gvbvq bv|

cÖKvkK

GKwU cwÎKvi cÖavb n‡jb IB cwÎKvi cÖKvkK| †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv

ms ’v nq‡Zv cwÎKvi gvwjK wKš‘ IB ms ’vi cÖwZwbwa cÖKvk‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i

_v‡Kb| cÖKvkK gvwjK †nvb wKsev bv †nvb cwÎKv cwiPvjbvq wZwbB cÖavb e¨w³

wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| Zuvi Kv‡Q cÖwZwU wefvM `vqe×| cÖKvkK cwÎKvi e¨q eivÏ

K‡ib Ges bxwZwba©viY K‡ib| †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv mgq cÖKvkK‡K †mevag©x KZ©e¨

cvjb Ki‡Z nq| GKwU c‡ÿi cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wZwb cwÎKv cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z

cv‡ib| msev`c‡Î weÁvcb Ges msev`mvgMÖx ms¯’vc‡b wZwb wm×všÍ cÖ vb K‡ib|

A_©vr mswkøó cwÎKvq KZUzKz RvqMv weÁvc‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ _vK‡e Zv wZwb wVK K‡i

†`‡eb|

GKRb cÖKvk‡Ki Aax‡b mivmwi wZbwU wefvM KvR K‡i _v‡K|

†QvU wKsev ga¨g †kÖwYi cwÎKvi †ÿ‡Î GUv cÖ‡hvR¨| †hgb, msev`-

mswkøó wefvM, evwYR¨ wefvM Ges Drcv`b wefvM| GKwU cwÎKv‡K

fv‡jvfv‡e cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ G wZbwU wefvM‡K AZ¨šÍ `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z

nq| hwÌ wefvM¸‡jvi Avw_©K mnvqZv Ges ÿgZvi wfbœZv

Acwinvh©|

msev`-mswkøó w`K

msev` wefv‡Mi cÖavb e¨w³ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K| wZwb mivmwi cÖKvk‡Ki

Kv‡Q Reve †`‡eb| Zuvi `vwqZ¡fz³ KZ©e¨ n‡”Q msev`, wdPvi,

m¤úv`Kxq, d‡UvMÖvd cÖKvkK M„nxZ bxwZi wfwË‡Z cwÎKvi cÖKvkbv|

m¤úv`K GKRb mvsevw`K wb‡qvM wKsev QuvUvB Ki‡eb| †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv

†ÿ‡Î cÖKvk‡Ki cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wZwb `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb|

cÖKvk‡Ki m‡½ m¤úv`K, msev`Kg©x I mvsevw`K‡ì wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq

Av‡jvPbvq wgwjZ n‡eb| mvsevw`K I msev`Kg©xi Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb

Ki‡eb wZwb|

eë¯’vcbv m¤úv`K ˆ`bw›`b Kg©cwiPvjbvq m¤úv`K‡K

mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡eb| wKQz eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i m¤úv`‡Ki

Kv‡Ri Pvc Kgv‡eb| Aek¨ †QvU cwÎKvq eë¯’vcbv m¤úv`K bv-I

_vK‡Z cv‡i|

wi‡cvU©vi, d‡UvMÖvdvi, Kwc GwWUi‡ì cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb wmwU GwWUi| bMi

Rxe‡b msNwUZ cy‡ivw`‡bi NUbvcÖevn‡K ¸iæ‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z msev`gva¨‡g wb‡q

Avmvi e¨vcv‡i wZwb Zuv‡ì wb‡`©k †`‡eb| †QvU cwÎKvq wmwU GwWUi wk‡ivbvg

†jLv, Kwc m¤úv`bv Kivi KvRI K‡i _v‡Kb| wKš‘ Zzjbvg~jK eo cwÎKvq wmwU

GwWU‡ii mnvqZvKvix _v‡Kb|

17

m

sev`cÎ wkí Avi 10Uv Drcv`b cÖwZôvb †_‡K

wfbœZi| Gi Drcv`b eë ’vcbvi m‡½ nq‡Zv Ab¨

†Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi wgj _vK‡ZI cv‡i| wKš‘ Gi

Drcv`b Ges Kg©c×wZ we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e PwiÎMZ

Kvi‡Y GwU Avjv`v| G cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwU Kg©x‡K cÖwZwbqZ

†Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv mgq cÖKvkK‡K †mevag©x

KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z nq| GKwU c‡ÿi

cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e wZwb cwÎKv cwiPvjbv

Ki‡Z cv‡ib

cwÎKvi

mvsMVwbK w`K

†gv¯Ídv †nv‡mBb

wbix¶v

18

e„nr cwÎKvq wmwU GwWUiÕ‡K †g‡UªvcwjUb GwWUi ejv n‡q _v‡K|

G‡ÿ‡Î IB cwÎKvwU‡K GKvwaK e„nr bMixi LeivLei cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z

n‡e| GKwU cwÎKvi mvdj¨-e¨_©Zv GKRb wmwU GwWU‡ii `ÿZvi Ici

A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| †h cwÎKvq eë ’vcbv m¤úv`K _v‡K bv †mLv‡b

wmwU GwWUiÕ‡K m¤úv`K, cÖKvkK Ges wi‡cvU©vi‡ì m‡½ mgšq mvab

Ki‡Z nq|

GKwU cwÎKvq KZRb wefvMxq m¤úv`K _vK‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i IB

cwÎKvi Avw_©K msMwZ, jÿ¨ Ges D‡Ï‡kï Ici| mvaviY gv‡bi GKwU

ˆ`wbK cwÎKvq µxov wefvM, bvix wefvM Ges weR‡bm wefvM _v‡K|

µxov Ges evwYR¨ wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ nv‡j A‡bK †e‡o‡Q| Z‡e bvix cvZv

Av‡Mi †P‡q A‡bK e`‡j †M‡Q| MZvbyMwZK avivi bvix cvZv GLb Avi

cÖKvk nq bv ej‡jB P‡j| GKgvÎ d¨vkb, Lv`¨ Ges mvgvwRK

Kg©Kv‡Ði Dcv`vb wbf©i bvix cvZv GLb cÖKvk Ki‡Z Pvq bv|

wWcvU© GwWUi GKRb wi‡cvU©v‡ii g‡ZvB †jLvi welq aviY Ges

†jLvi KvR K‡ib| Z‡e Zuv‡K Avjv`vfv‡e wbR¯ wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri

cwiKíbv, wWRvBb, †j-AvDUI Ki‡Z nq| †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv mgq

wi‡cvU©viMYI Zuv‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡Kb|

cwÎKvi mvg_© _vK‡j Avjv`v-Avjv`v cvZvi Rb¨ c„_K m¤úv`K

wb‡qvM n‡q _v‡K| †hgb, weÁvb cvZv, ¯v ’ , wkÿv, we‡bv`b, ¯‡`k,

we‡`k m¤úwK©Z, bMi Rxeb m¤úwK©Z, ms¯‹…wZ welqK, cwi‡ek, cÖf…wZ|

GQvovI cvVK Pvwn`vi wfwË‡Z Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ wefvM wKsev cvZvI Pvjy

n‡Z cv‡i|

msev`-mswkøó w`‡Ki GKwU ÿz ª wefvM wbDRiæg‡K wWwO‡q mivmwi

m¤úv`‡Ki m‡½ KvR K‡i _v‡K| Zviv mivmwi m¤úv`‡Ki Kv‡Q Kv‡Ri

Reve w`‡q _v‡K| wefvMwUi bvg m¤úv`Kxq| G wefvM †_‡K cÖwZw`‡bi

m¤úv`Kxq †jLv n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZw`‡bi NUbvcÖevn‡K mswkøó cwÎKv

†hfv‡e g~j¨vqb K‡i _v‡K †mfv‡e m¤úv`Kxq †jLv nq| m¤úv`Kxq

wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡cÖvß e¨w³ m¤úv`Kxq †jLvi welq evQvB Ki‡eb|

wjL‡eb wKsev `ÿ †Kv‡bv mnKg©x‡K w`‡q Zv wjwL‡q †b‡eb| wZwb

AwZw_ Kjvg †jLK wbe©vPb, †jLv msMÖ‡ni ci m¤úv`bv, wPwVcÎ

m¤úv`bv Ki‡eb| GKwU cwÎKvq †ek KÕRb Gme `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z

cv‡ib|

d‡UvMÖvwd wefvM GKwU cwÎKvi Av‡iKwU †QvU wefvM| mvaviYZ

GKRb d‡UvMÖvwd GwWUi wKsev d‡UvMÖvwd cwiPvjK GB wefv‡Mi cÖavb

_v‡Kb| G wefv‡Mi Kg©xiv m¤úv`K I `vwqZ¡cÖvß mvsevw`K‡ì †jLv-

mswkøó Qwe †Zvjv Ges mieivn K‡i _v‡Kb| eë ’vcbv m¤úv`K wKsev

Kwc GwWUi cÖ‡qvR‡b Qwe evQvB †ÿ‡Î d‡UvMÖvwd GwWU‡ii mn‡hvwMZv

wb‡Z cv‡ib| Kwc GwWUi cÖKvwkZe¨ cÖvq mKj †jLv c‡o _v‡Kb|

e¨vKiYMZ w`K, evbvb, †jLvi ÷vBj Ges cvV‡hvM¨Zv hvPvB I

ms‡kva‡bi KvR K‡ib| wZwb †jLvi wk‡ivbvg Ges GK ev GKvwaK

cvZvi †j-AvDUI K‡ib| Kw¤úDUvi w¯Œ‡b K‡¤úvR cieZ©x ms‡kvab

myweav _vKvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq wZwb †mLv‡bI †jLv ms‡kvab K‡i

wb‡Z cv‡ib| †hLv‡b cÖhyw³MZ myweavi ¯íZv i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b Kwc

wiWviiv Kwc GwWUiÕ‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡Kb|

Av‡M wbDR G‡RwÝ †cÖwiZ msev` †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡Zb Aq¨vi

GwWUi| wewfbœ wbDR G‡RwÝ †cÖwiZ msev`mg~n †UwjwcÖ›Uvi †_‡K wb‡q

welqwfwËK mvwR‡q Kwc GwWUiÕ‡K wZwb w`‡Zb|

wi‡cvU©vi

GKRb wi‡cvU©vi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi NUbvcÖevn‡K Zuvi †jLvq aviY

Ki‡eb| Zv msev`, wdPvi wKsev EaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx

Ab¨wKQz n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU msev`c‡Îi wfwË n‡”Q wi‡cvU©vi|

msev`c‡Îi Aaxb GjvKvi NUbvcÖevn, RvZxq wKsev AvšÍR©vwZK

welq‡K myôz I MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i msev` gva¨‡g Dc ’vc‡bi Rb¨ GKRb

`ÿ wi‡cvU©v‡ii weKí †bB| GKwU cwÎKvq KZRb wi‡cvU©vi KvR

Ki‡eb Zv wbf©i K‡i mswkøó cwÎKvi mvg_©¨, B”Qv Ges Kg©cwiwai

Ici| jÿYxq †h, A‡bK cwÎKvi m¤úv`KB Zuvi Aaxb¯’ wi‡cvU©vi

msL¨v wb‡q AZ…wß‡Z †fv‡Mb|

evwYwR¨K w`K

weÁvcb : GKwU msev`c‡Îi wØZxq fvM n‡”Q Zvi evwYwR¨K w`Kmg~n|

wbDR mvBW Ges weR‡bm mvB‡Wi g‡a¨ wKQz †ÿ‡Î AZ¨šÍ Nwbô m~Î

_v‡K| GKwU cwÎKv‡K A_©‰bwZK ¯v”Q›`¨ G‡b †`qv G wefv‡Mi jÿ¨|

Z‡e Zv‡KI cwÎKvi m¤úv`Kxq bxwZi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq| †Kv‡bv-

†Kv‡bv cwÎKvq weÁvcb QvovI wKQz evwYwR¨K welq cvV¨ welq wn‡m‡e

AšÍfz©³ nq| †m‡ÿ‡Î †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq msev`c‡Îi ˆbwZKZv †hb

†Kv‡bvfv‡eB wewNœZ bv nq|

weÁvcb Ges wbDR AvB‡Ug GKwU cwÎKvi KZUzKz RvqMv `Lj

Ki‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡e cwÎKv KZ©„cÿ| cwÎKvi wbR¯ Avq evov‡bvi

cÖ‡qvR‡bB msev` wefvM‡K GUzKz Qvo w`‡Z nq| cvV‡Ki welqwU

Aek¨B †Lqvj ivL‡Z nq| ïay evwYwR¨K `„wó‡KvY †_‡K †hgb GKwU

cwÎKv cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq bv Avevi weÁvcb QvovI cwÎKv Pj‡Z cv‡i

bv| †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv †`‡k cwÎKv mn‡hvMxivI G welqwU †`‡L _v‡Kb|

†hgb, hy³iv‡óªi WvK wefvM 75% Gi †ewk weÁvcb cÖKvkKvix †Kv‡bv

cwÎKv cwi‡ekb K‡i bv| cvVKI G ai‡bi cwÎKv MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv|

myZivs, GKwU cwÎKvi c„ôvmsL¨v mgqvšÍ‡i cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|

weÁvc‡bi Avq GKwU cwÎKvi mvgwMÖK eë¯’vcbvq cÖavb f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GKwU cwÎKvi ev‡RU, m¤úv`Kxq e¨qmn mvgwMÖK

Dbœqb e¨q G LvZ †_‡KB Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

†Rbv‡ij g¨v‡bRvi wKsev weR‡bm g¨v‡bRvi GKwU cwÎKvi

evwYwR¨K wefv‡Mi cÖavb wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| cwÎKvi

evwYwR¨K wel‡q wZwb cÖKvk‡Ki Kv‡Q `vqe× _v‡Kb|

wZwb Zuvi wefvMxq Kg©x‡ì cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖ vb

Ki‡eb Kxfv‡e AvÂwjK, RvZxq wKsev K¬vwmdvBW weÁvcb msMÖn Kiv

hv‡e| weÁvc‡bi welqe ‘, wWRvBb mvaviY weÁvcb`vZv‡KB mieivn

Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e †QvU-†QvU cwÎKv wKsev gd¯j GjvKvi cwÎKvi

weÁvcb wefvM weÁvcb`vZv‡K mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| eo cwÎKvq

weÁvc‡bi Rb¨ weÁvcb G‡RwÝ _v‡K, hviv weÁvcb`vZvi Pvwn`v

Abyhvqx mswkøó cwÎKvq weÁvcb w`‡q _v‡K|

mvKz©‡jkb

cvVK e„w×i Kvi‡Y AvR‡K GKwU ˆ`wbK cwÎKv KL‡bv-KL‡bv †eªK

B‡fb c‡q‡›U †h‡Z cv‡i| GKwU cwÎKvi weÁvc‡bi A_© KZUv avh© Kiv

n‡e wKsev weÁvcb`vZviv †Kvb cwÎKvq weÁvcb †`‡e Zv wba©vi‡Yi

Rb¨ IB cwÎKvi †µZv/cvVK msL¨vi w`‡K `„wó w`‡Z nq| A_©vr †h

cwÎKvi †µZv †ewk †m cwÎKv GKw`‡K †µZvi KvQ †_‡K A_© cv‡”Q

Ab¨w`‡K weÁvcb`vZv‡ì mn‡hvwMZvI cv‡”Q|

cvVK‡K a‡i ivLv Ges bZzb cvVK ˆZwi Kiv mvKz©‡jkb

g¨v‡bRv‡ii KvR| cvVK‡K mš‘ó ivLvi Rb¨ wZwb cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc

†b‡eb| cvVK e„w×i Rb¨ wZwb cÖPv‡ii eë ’v †b‡eb| †hme Kg©x

cwÎKv‡K cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`q wZwb Zuv‡ì‡K wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb Ges

Zuv‡ì `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ mnvqK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| †hme eo

kn‡ii cvVK N‡i e‡m cwÎKv covi †P‡q cwÎKvi ÷j †_‡K wK‡b

cwÎKv c‡ob, IBme kn‡ii cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb g¨v‡bRvi‡K mve©ÿwYK

÷‡ji w`‡K `„wó w`‡Z nq| ªæZZg mg‡q ÷j¸‡jv‡Z cwÎKv †cuŠQv‡bvi

e¨vcv‡i wZwb m‡Pó _vK‡eb|

GKwU cwÎKvi evwYwR¨K wefv‡Mi Abïv evwYR¨-mswkøó Ab¨vb¨

KvR K‡i _v‡Kb|

Drcv`b wefvM

wbDR wefvM Ges weÁvcb wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri P~ovšÍKiY Drcv`b

wefv‡Mi KvR|

†cÖvWvKkb g¨v‡bRvi G wefv‡Mi cÖavb| Zuvi cwiPvjbvq wbDR

AvB‡Ug K‡¤úvR, weÁvcb I msev` AvB‡Ug †cw÷s, †cøU †gwKs Ges

†cÖm wbqwš¿Z nq|

†cÖvWvKkb wefvM †_‡K GKwU c~Y©v½ cwÎKv Qvcv n‡q mvKz©‡jkb

wefv‡M †cuŠQvq| Zuviv wb‡R‡ì eë¯’v Abyhvqx cwÎKvi cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q

cwÎKv †cuŠQv‡bvi eë ’v K‡ib|

Gfv‡eB iv‡Zi †kl nq| wi‡cvU©vi, m¤úv`K I mvsevw`K

bZzbfv‡e KvR ïiæ K‡ib Avevi bZzb Av‡iKwU w`b †_‡K|

(†jLvwU wbixÿv †_‡K cyb:gyw`ªZ)

†jLK : wmwbqi mvsevw`K

wbeÜ

A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vcbv Acwinvh©| msev`cÎ cÖKvkbvq e¨vNvZ n‡e hw`

cÖKvkK/m¤úv`K Dchy³ mg‡q wba©vwiZ c×wZmg~n ev Íevqb bv K‡ib| AwfÁ

mvsevw`K n‡jI ˆ`wbK ev mvßvwnK cwÎKv Avkvbyiƒc msL¨K cvV‡Ki wbKU

†cuŠQv‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖKvkKM‡Yi GB Acwinvh© AwfÁZvi Afv‡e msev`c‡Îi

Rxeb AKv‡j †kl n‡q hvq| †gvUK_v, msev`c‡Îi me©v½xb mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i Gi

A_©‰bwZK g~j¨vqb I eë ’vcbvi Ici| we‡klfv‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡k AvÂwjK

cwÎKvmg~n A_©‰bwZK ch©v‡jvPbv QvovB AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| cÖKvkbvi c~‡e© my¯úó

Kw÷s I cwiKwíZ ev‡RU wbY©q Kiv Avek¨K|

Avgv‡ì cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK, AvÂwjK I ivóªxq ch©v‡q cÖwZwbqZ ev‡RU

ˆZwi Kiv nq| e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bI gvwmK Av‡qi Ici gvwmK e¨‡qi cwiKíbv

Ki‡Z nq| Ab¨_vq Avw_©K AbUb I `y‡h©vM †b‡g Av‡m| ev‡R‡Ui cÖK…Z ev Íevqb

me©‡ÿ‡Î mdjZv Av‡b| †h †Kv‡bv cÖKí I eëmvi †ÿ‡Î GUv cÖ‡hvR¨|

msev`c‡ÎI Zv Acwinvh©|

c×wZ

K. msev`cÎ cÖKvkbvi cÖvi‡¤¢ m¤úv`Kxq bxwZ I cÖhyw³i †hgb

cwiKíbv nq †Zgwb wnmve I Avw_©K eë ’vcbvi mwVK I Dchy³

cwiKíbv wb‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AvÂwjK cwÎKvmg~‡ni

†ÿ‡ÎI wb‡¤œ ewY©Z c×wZ¸‡jv cÖ‡hvR¨:-

1. GK Kwc cwÎKv wbw`©ó mvB‡R cvV‡Ki wbKU †cuŠQv ch©šÍ

Drcv`b e¨q KZ nq|

2. cÖwZ Kwc cwÎKvi e¨q wba©viY nq wb¤œwjwLZ Lv‡Z mgwóMZ

e¨‡qi ms‡hvRb:-

K. gvwmK g~jab wewb‡qvM my‡ì cwigvY|

L. eëüZ hš¿vs‡ki gvwmK Aeÿ‡qi g~j¨|

M. gvwmK eënvwiK `ªe¨mvgMÖx, h_v : (1) KvMR, (2) Kvwj,

(3) UvBc, (4) d‡Uv g¨v‡Uwiqvj, (5) wewea mvgMÖx|

N. Ad‡m‡U cÖKvkbv n‡jÑ†KwgK¨vj, wdj¥, †cøU, †m‡jvwdb

BZ¨vw`|

3. Avbylw½K mvaviY e¨q, h_v-hvZvqvZ, cwienb, †cv÷vj,

Awdm †÷kbvwi, Avc¨vqb, m¤§vbx, msev` msMÖ‡ni e¨q

BZ¨vw`|

4. cÖKvkK/m¤úv`K †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i cwÎKv cÖKvkbvq wb‡qvwRZ mKj

mvsevw`K I Kg©Pvix Lv‡Z me©mvKzj¨ gvwmK †eZb|

5. Kw÷s ev ev‡RU ˆZwi Ki‡Z wbw`©ó mgq, h_v-ˆ`wbK, gvwmK ev mvßvwnK

e¨‡qi cwigvY I g~j¨ cwigvc I msL¨v wba©viY Kiv Avek¨K|

6. mgcwigvY mg‡q Drcvw`Z cwÎKvi Kwc, c„ôv ev Kjvg cÖ‡qvRb|

7. AcP‡qi nvi ms‡hvRb|

19

m

sev` mieivn Kivi Rb¨ msev`cÎ cÖKvkbv|

mieivnK…Z msev`mg~n cvVKMY co‡eb I Rvb‡eb|

GUvB Avgv‡ì ev Íe aviYv| wKš‘ msev`c‡Îi gva¨‡g

msev` cwi‡ekbvq mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i Avbylw½K wewea

Kvh©µ‡gi Ici| GB mg Í Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ mwVK wnmve I

msev`c‡Îi me©v½xb mvdj¨ wbf©i

K‡i Gi A_©‰bwZK g~j¨vqb I

eë¯’vcbvi Ici

msev`c‡Îi ev‡RU I

A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vcbv

Gg G gvbœvb

wbix¶v

20

8. Drcvw`Z msL¨vi mv‡_ wewµ I msL¨vi Miwgj jÿ¨ ivL‡Z

n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Drcvw`Z msL¨v Øviv me©mvKzj¨ e¨q‡K fvM

K‡i cÖwZ Kwci e¨q wewµZ Kwci e¨q †_‡K Kg n‡e| myZivs

wewµZ Kwci e¨q cÖwZ Kwc cwÎKv Drcv`b e¨q wnmv‡e MY¨

n‡e|

L. cÖwZ Kwc msev`c‡Îi wewµZ g~j¨ wewfbœ Ae ’vi Ici wbf©ikxj|

Ab¨vb¨ wkíRvZ `ªe¨ †hfv‡e Drcv`b e¨‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i

weµqg~j¨ wba©viY nq †mfv‡e msev`c‡Îi g~j¨ w ’i nq bv|

cwÎKvi weµqg~j¨ mw¤§wjZ ms ’vi wm×všÍ, c„ôvmsL¨v, DbœZgv‡bi

Drcv`b, ¸YMZ msev` cwi‡ekb, mgqg‡Zv mieivn I `ÿ

eë ’vcbvi Ici wbf©ikxj| DbœZgv‡bi msev` QvovI AvaywbK

cÖhyw³ I `ÿ eë¯’vcbv n‡j cwÎKvi cÖPvimsL¨v e„w× cvq Ges

A_©‰bwZK `„pZv AR©b K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK eë ’vcbvB

we‡kl Aej¤b| †h cwÎKvq A_©‰bwZK eë ’vcbv `ye©j †m cwÎKvi

DrKl© mvab I msev`cÎ cÖKvkbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ weNœ N‡U| ch©vqµ‡g

GgbwK RvZxq cwÎKvI wejyß n‡q hvq|

Avgv‡ì †`‡ki kZKiv 80 Rb MÖv‡g evm K‡i| DbœZ †`‡ki

g‡Zv G †`‡k AvÂwjK cwÎKvi DrKl© mvab nqwb| msev` cwi‡ekbvq

wbcyY I ÿ mvsevw`K _vKv m‡Ë¡I Dchy³ A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vcbv I cÖK…Z

ev‡RU wbiƒc‡Yi Afv‡e AvÂwjK msev`cÎ¸‡jv Dchy³ cvVK m„wó

Ki‡Z cv‡iwb Ges cvVK‡ì Av ’v AR©‡b wedj n‡q‡Q| AvÂwjK

cwÎKv¸‡jv D‡Ïk¨wenxbfv‡e Ges cÖK…Z cvVKe‡M©i w`‡K jÿ¨ bv †i‡L

e¨w³MZ gh©v`v e„w×i cÖZ¨vkvq I cvwicvwk¦©K jv‡fi Avkvq cÖKvwkZ

nq| wbqgZvwš¿K Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve I A_©‰bwZK eë ’vcbvi cÖ‡qvRb

Abyaveb K‡i bv|

myZivs wb‡¤œ AvÂwjK msev`cÎ cwiPvjbvq A_©‰bwZK eë ’vcbvi

KZK¸‡jv wbqg ewY©Z n‡jv:-

1. ˆ`wbK A_ev mvßvwnK cwÎKv †hb wbw`©ó mg‡q gyw`ªZ I cwi‡ewkZ

nq|

2. wb‡qvwRZ g~jab h_vmg‡q cÖK…Z Lv‡Z e¨q Ges wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z

Bnvi mieiv‡ni wbðqZv|

3. DbœZgv‡bi `ªe¨mvgMÖx cÖK…Z g~‡j¨ µq Ges cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv

mieivn|

4. cÖwZwbqZ A_©‰bwZK †jb‡`‡bi Ici bRi ivLv|

5. mycwiKwíZfv‡e wnmve msiÿY I wjwce× Kiv|

6. mvsevw`K I Kg©PvixM‡Yi cvwikÖwgK I `ÿZv Abycv‡Z Ges

mgmvgwqK Ab¨vb¨ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ µwgK Abyhvqx wbqwgZ

cvwikÖwgK cÖ v‡bi wbðqZv|

7. cÖPvi I weÁvcb Lv‡Z mwVK wnmve wbiƒcY Kiv Ges h_vmg‡q

Av`vq Kiv|

8. cÖ Ë Av‡qi ev wb‡qvwRZ g~ja‡bi mv‡_ wbqwgZ Avq I e¨‡qi

mgšq mvab I cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨‡qi Afve cwinvi Kiv|

9. cwiKwíZfv‡e ev‡RU I Kw÷s-Gi eë ’v K‡i Bnvi ev¯Íevqb

wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

10. msev`cÎ eë ’vcbvq ev‡RUvwi K‡›Uªvj bv _vK‡j Ges eë¯’vcK

hw` wewfbœ Lv‡Z cwiKwíZ Avq I e¨‡qi cwigvY ev Íevqb Ki‡Z

bv cv‡i Z‡e cwÎKvi cÖKvkbv Aek¨B eÜ n‡q hv‡e|

GB ev‡RUvwi K‡›Uªvj‡K AwfÁ eë ’vc‡Ki `„wó‡Z g¨v‡bR‡g›U

Ae GK‡mckvb e‡j| ev‡R‡U †h cwigvY Avq I e¨‡qi wnmve wba©viY

Kiv n‡q _v‡K ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Ae ’vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Miwgj n‡q hvq|

`ªe¨mvgMÖxi g~‡jï h_v-`ªe¨mvgMÖxi ¯íZv‡nZz g~j¨ e„w× Ae¯’vi

cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z AwZwi³ e¨q Ges wewfbœ Kvi‡Y h‡_vchy³ Avq Kg nIqv|

Gme Kvi‡Y cÖK…Z ev‡RU ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e bq Ges Avq I e¨‡qi mgšq

ivL‡Z eë ’vcK AcviM| G‡ÿ‡Î mywbcyY eë ’vc‡Ki AwfÁZv I

cvi`wk©Zvq myôz A_©‰bwZK iè`‡ji gva¨‡g Ges eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi

Ae ’v ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY‡K g¨v‡bR‡g›U Ae

GK‡mckvb e‡j|

Avgvi aviYv msev`c‡Îi A_©‰bwZK eë ’vcbvi mePvB‡Z g~j w`K

n‡”Q mnbkxjZv I eyw×gËv| cwÎKvi GKwU g~j D‡Ïk¨ gv‡bvbœqb I

Avw_©K m”QjZv AR©b| GUv m¤¢e cÖPvimsL¨v I weÁvcb Av‡qi e„w×‡Z|

GgbwK my`ÿ eë ’vcbvi gva¨‡g DbœZgv‡bi cwÎKv cÖKvkbv nq|

DbœZgv‡bi cwÎKv cvV‡Ki AvMÖn m„wó K‡i I cwiYv‡g cwÎKvi

A_©‰bwZK eywbqv` m„wó nq|

Avgv‡ì AvÂwjK msev`cÎ¸‡jv‡Z cÖKvkK, m¤úv`K I

eë ’vcK GKB e¨w³| cÖKvkK /m¤úv`K‡K msev`cÎ cÖKvkbvi

AwfÁZv I m¤úv`bvq †hgb `ÿ n‡Z nq †Zgwb A_©‰bwZK eë ’vcbvq

cvi`k©x nIqv Acwinvh©| GB Acwinvh© welqwU‡K Ae‡njv Ki‡j cwÎKv

cÖKvkbvi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ AR©b n‡e bv| cÖPvimsL¨v e„w× n‡e bv|

weÁvc‡bi Avq Ach©vß n‡e| GgbwK †`wk-we‡`wk I ’vbxq DËg Lei

cwi‡ekb K‡iI cwÎKv AKvj g„ZzëiY Ki‡e| myZivs G‡K euvPv‡Z n‡j

Kw÷s, ev‡RU I Dchy³ eë ’vcbvi cÖ‡qvRb|

†jLK : evsjv‡`k AeRvifvi-Gi cÖv³b †Rbv‡ij g¨v‡bRvi

ev‡RUvwi K‡›Uªvj‡K AwfÁ eë¯’vc‡Ki `„wó‡Z g¨v‡bR‡g›U Ae GK‡mckvb e‡j| ev‡R‡U †h

cwigvY Avq I e¨‡qi wnmve wba©viY Kiv n‡q _v‡K ev¯Íe †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z

Miwgj n‡q hvq| ªe¨mvgMÖxi g~‡jï h_v-`ªe¨mvgMÖxi ¯íZv‡nZz g~j¨ e„w× Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z

AwZwi³ e¨q Ges wewfbœ Kvi‡Y h‡_vchy³ Avq Kg nIqv| Gme Kvi‡Y cÖK…Z ev‡RU ev¯Íevqb

m¤¢e bq Ges Avq I e¨‡qi mgšq ivL‡Z eë¯’vcK AcviM| G‡ÿ‡Î mywbcyY eë¯’vc‡Ki

AwfÁZv I cvi`wk©Zvq myôz A_©‰bwZK iè`‡ji gva¨‡g Ges eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi Ae¯’v

ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY‡K g¨v‡bR‡g›U Ae GK‡mckvb e‡j

wbeÜ

†cuŠQv‡bv ch©šÍ †h cÖwµqv, Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU av‡cB weivU gv‡ci Avw_©K e¨q mswkøó,

†m‡nZz †mB e¨q †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ msev`cÎ cÖKvkbvi gva¨‡g Avq ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v

ivLv n‡q‡Q| †mB cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z msev`cÎ AvR GKwU wkí wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ|

c~‡e©B D‡jøL K‡iwQ †h, msev`cÎ cÖKvk I cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ weivU A_©‰bwZK

Kg©KvÐ RwoZ| GB Avw_©K Kg©KvÐ¸‡jv n‡jv:

msev`cÎ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ GKwU AvaywbK QvcvLvbvi cÖ‡qvRb| AvaywbK cÖhyw³

A_©vr Kw¤úDUvi c×wZ eënvi K‡i GKwU ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ cÖKvk Kiv AvR †KvwU

†KvwU UvKvi cÖKí|

GKwU msev`cÎ cÖKvk Ki‡Z mvsevw`K, †cÖm I mvaviY Kg©Pvix wb‡qvM

cÖ‡qvRb| GKwU cÖ_g †kÖwYi ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi †ÿ‡Î Gi msL¨v `yBkÕ-Gi Kg bq|

gvwmK †eZb I fvZvwì cwigvY gv‡m †KvwU UvKvi Dc‡i|

GKwU cÖ_g †kÖwYi ˆ`wbK cwÎKv cÖKvk Ki‡Z wbDRwcÖ›U, Kvwj, wdj¥ I

Ab¨vb¨ †KwgK¨vjm eve` cÖwZ gv‡m †gvU As‡Ki UvKv hvq|

myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, msev`cÎ cÖKvk Kiv AvRKvj GKwU eo

cÖKíB ïay bq, gvwmK wfwË‡Z Gi cwiPvjbv e¨qI h‡_ó| GB e¨q

†gUv‡Z msev`c‡Îi `yÕwU g~j Av‡qi Drm Av‡Q| GKwU n‡jv cwÎKv

wewµ †_‡K Avq Ges AciwU weÁvcb cÖKvk eve` ivR¯ Avq| GQvov

AwewµZ cwÎKv Ges cwÎKv Qvcv‡bvi mgq bó n‡q hvIqv cwÎKv

IRb`‡i wewµ K‡i mvgvb¨ wKQz Avq n‡q _v‡K, hwÌ Drcv`b e¨‡qi

cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z HLv‡Z cªvß Avq Avm‡j Avq e‡j aiv hvq bv| Aciw`‡K

msev`cÎ weµq eve` †h Avq nq Zv msev`cÎ cÖKvkbvi mvgwMÖK

e¨‡qi Zzjbvq LyeB bMY¨| KviY, msev`cÎ GKwU wkí n‡jI Ab¨vb¨

wkíc‡Yï Zzjbvq wKQzUv wfbœag©x, †Kv‡bv wkícY¨ Zv wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq

†nvK Avi †fvM¨cY¨B †nvK `vg evo‡j Drcv`b Ges weµq ZZUzKz

K‡g bv, hv msev`c‡Îi †ÿ‡Î n‡q _v‡K| cwÎKvi `vg `yB UvKv wZb

UvKv Kiv n‡j Zvi cÖPvimsL¨v †ek K‡g hvevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| Zvi

Ici cwÎKvi †dm f¨vjyi Ici nKvi‡K 30-50% ch©šÍ Kwgkb w`‡Z

nq| d‡j cwÎKvi Drcv`b e¨q weµqg~‡jï gv‡S `~iZ¡ GZB Kg †h

Zv †_‡K hv Avq Zv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB g~j wewb‡qv‡Mi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y©

bq| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, cwÎKvi e¨q †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Av‡qi wmsnfvMB

weÁvcb eve` cÖvß Av‡qi Ici wbf©ikxj|

GLb msev`c‡Îi GB weivU Avw_©K Kg©Kv‡Ði A_©vr Avq I

e¨‡qi mwVK wnmve-wbKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb GKwU Dchy³ wnmve c×wZ| GB

c×wZ¸‡jv wba©viY I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cwÎKvi Avw_©K DbœwZ-AebwZ ch©v‡jvPbv

I we‡kølY K‡i mvsevrmwiK Avw_©K cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv BZ¨vw` wnmve iÿY

wefv‡Mi Ici b¨¯Í|

GKwU cwÎKvi mvwe©K DbœwZi Rb¨ ejv hvq, mwVK wnmve c×wZ wba©viY,

cwiKíbv MÖnY I cÖ‡qv‡Mi h_v_©Zv A‡bKLvwb `vqx|

21

m

sev`cÎ AvcvZ „wó‡Z RvwZ I mgvRKj¨v‡Y wb‡ew`Z

GKwU cÖwZôvb| Gi g~j jÿ¨ msev` cwi‡ekb I

we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g RbgZ MVb K‡i RvwZi mvwe©K

Av_©-mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK DbœwZ mvab|

wKš‘ †h‡nZz msev`cÎ cÖKvk Kiv †_‡K Zv cvV‡Ki nv‡Z

msev`cÎ cÖKvk Kiv AvRKvj GKwU eo cÖKíB

ïay bq, gvwmK wfwË‡Z Gi cwiPvjbv e¨qI

h‡_ó| GB e¨q †gUv‡Z msev`c‡Îi `yÕwU g~j

Av‡qi Drm Av‡Q

msev`c‡Îi wnmv‡ei cÖwµqv

I Avq-e¨q msiÿY c×wZ

cv_© †mb¸ß

wbix¶v

22

wnmve iÿY c×wZ‡Z `yBwU ¯xK…Z aviv Av‡Q| GKwU evwYR¨

c×wZ Ges AciwU bM` c×wZ| msev`cÎ †h‡nZz cY¨ wn‡m‡e

wfbœag©x ZvB wnmve iÿ‡Yi Rb¨ GLv‡b bM` c×wZi cÖ‡qvM mwVK

e‡j cÖgvwYZ| wkí wn‡m‡e msev`cÎ‡K GKwU Ô†µwWU

Iwi‡qb‡UW cÖvBRÕ ejv hvq| KviY cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ Zvi †h e¨q

Zv ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Ki‡Z nq A_P Avq ZvrÿwYKfv‡e nq bv|

A_©vr GKwU wbw`©ó gv‡m cÖKvkbv Lv‡Z hveZxq e¨q h_v-KvMR,

Kvwj, †KwgK¨vjm BZ¨vw` µq, Kg©Pvix †eZb, IfviUvBg,

msiÿY e¨q, gwbnvwi `ªe¨ µq eve` e¨q cÖf…wZ †mB gv‡mB bM`

e¨q n‡”Q|

Ab¨w`‡K cwÎKv wewµ Ges weÁvcb ivR¯^ Avq

ZvrÿwYKfv‡e n‡”Q bv| ZvB msev`c‡Î Ggb GKwU wnmve c×wZ

(A_©vr bM` c×wZ) cÖ‡qvM n‡”Q hv‡Z K‡i D³ wbw ©ó gv‡mi

Avq-e¨q cwi®‹vifv‡e †evSv hvq| c×wZwU GB iKg:

gvwmK Avq I e¨‡qi wnmve

Avq

†gvU weÁvcb we‡ji cwigvY, †gvU cwÎKv weµq we‡ji cwigvY,

wewea Avq, bM` weÁvcb, BZ¨vw`|

e¨q

wbDRwcÖ›U µq, †eZb I fvZv, †evbvm I IfviUvBg, Mvwoi

R¡vjvwb, we`y¨r wej, †cŠiKi, msev` G‡RwÝi wej BZ¨vw`|

AvaywbK wnmve weÁv‡bi Av‡jv‡K Dfq w`‡Ki A‡¼i msL¨v

mgvb n‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ Avq I e¨q GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q GK iKg

nIqv †h‡nZz Am¤¢e ZvB Av‡qi cwigvY †ewk n‡j Dc‡iv³

Q‡Ki e¨‡qi N‡i ÔBbKvg Ifvi G·‡cwÛPviÕ wj‡L Avq †_‡K

e¨q we‡qvM K‡i †h A¼wU n‡e †mwU wjL‡Z n‡e Ges Avq †_‡K

e¨q †ewk n‡j Av‡qi N‡i ÔG·‡cwÛPvi Ifvi BbKvgÕ wj‡L

e¨‡qi A¼ †_‡K Av‡qi A¼wU we‡qvM K‡i †h msL¨vwU Avm‡e Zv

emv‡Z n‡e| GB c×wZ‡Z H wbw`©ó gv‡m hveZxq Avq I e¨‡qi

LvZ¸‡jvi mv‡_ mv‡_ H mg‡q jvf A_ev †jvKmv‡bi GKwU

cwi®‹vi wPÎ cvIqv hv‡e|

GB c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z msev`c‡Îi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj eB

wnmve msiÿY Ki‡Z nq Zv Gevi Av‡jvPbv KiwQ| msev`c‡Î

wnmve wefvM‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K wnmve msiÿ‡Yi

myweavi Rb¨| G¸‡jv n‡jv : 1. mvaviY wnmve kvLv, 2. weÁvcb

wnmve kvLv Ges 3. cÖPvi wnmve kvLv| weÁvcb I cÖPvi wnmve

kvLvi `yÕwU g~j wnmve eB, h_v-wej †iwR÷ªvi I †jRvi msiÿY

Kiv nq| mvaviY wnmve kvLv Ab¨vb¨ hveZxq wnmve msiÿYmn

weÁvcb I cÖPvi kvLvi †nW Awdm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GLv‡b

`yBwU g~j wnmve eB, h_v-K¨vk †iwR÷ªvi I †jRvi msiÿY Kiv

nq|

wcAvBweÕi cÖKvkbv

†hvMv‡hvM

cÖKvkbv I wdPvi wefvM


3 mvwK©U nvDm †ivW

XvKv-1000

M‡elYv

cÖKvkbvi hvÎv m~wPZ nq| Zvici `xN© mgq AwZµvšÍ n‡q‡Q| bvbv PovB-DrivB‡qi

ga¨w`‡q cwÎKv cÖKvkbv µgk Av‡iv cwie¨vß I Kvh©Ki n‡q D‡V‡Q| GB `xN©

c_cwiµgvq mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZ I weKv‡k cÎ-cwÎKv memgq wewkó Ae`vb ivL‡Q|

weªwUk Jcwb‡ewkK hy‡M †`k‡cÖg-Gi †PZbv weKv‡k cÎcwÎKv we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb

K‡i‡Q|

1

1971 mv‡j gnvb gyw³hy‡×i ga¨w`‡q evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi ci c~e© cvwK Ívwb

Avg‡ji Zzjbvq cÎcwÎKv cÖKv‡ki msL¨v e„w× cvq| cvwK Ívwb kvmb Avg‡j G‡`k

†_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÎcwÎKvi msL¨v wQj G‡Kev‡iB bMY¨| mvßvwnK cwÎKvi msL¨v wQj

G‡Kev‡iB Kg| ¯vaxbZv jv‡fi ci mgv‡Ri me©‡ÿ‡Î weKv‡ki Øvi D‡b¥vwPZ nq|

Kvjµ‡g cÎ-cwÎKvi msL¨v e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|

cÎcwÎKvi msL¨v e„w×i GB cÖeYZv wb‡¤œv³ mviwYwU jÿ¨ Ki‡j mn‡RB Dcjwä

Kiv hv‡e:

m~Î: cÎ-cwÎKv I mvgwqKxi evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b 1991, Pjw”PÎ I cÖKvkbv

Awa`ßi|

eZ©gv‡b †h cÖPzi msL¨K cÎ-cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q, Gi me¸‡jvi

¸YMZ gvb GKiKg bq Ges ’vwqZ¡KvjI mgvb bq| GK w`‡K †hgb

cÖPzi msL¨K bZzb cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q Ab¨w`‡K D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K

cwÎKv wKQzw`b ci bvbv Kvi‡Y Avevi eÜ n‡q hv‡”Q| GZ &m‡Ë¡I

mvgwqKxi msL¨v e„w×i GB cÖeYZv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| eZ©gvb hy‡M

MY‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi m‡½ Dbœqb Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU Nwbô †hvMm~Î Av‡Q e‡j g‡b

Kiv nq| gyw ªZ MY‡hvMv‡hvM gva¨g Z_v msev`cÎ I mvgwqKxi G weKvk

I cÖmvi mgvR Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg wb‡ ©wkKv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|

cÎ-cwÎKv RM‡Zi GKwU we‡kl †ÿÎ mvßvwnK I cvwÿK g¨vMvwR‡bi

eë ’vcbvi welqwUI †m we‡ePbvq GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A½| mvßvwnK I cvwÿK

g¨vMvwR‡bi eë ’vcbvq we‡kl wKQz wel‡qi Ici Av‡jvKcvZ Kivi Rb¨ 2001 mv‡ji

ïiæi w`‡K G mgxÿvwU nv‡Z †bqv n‡q‡Q|

ˆ`wbK mvßvwnK cvwÿK gvwmK Ab¨vb¨ †gvU

1972 30 151 17 82 20 300

1978 31 119 11 121 45 327

1984 64 261 35 196 114 670

1988-Ô89 72 279 30 123 58 562

1989-Õ91 107 397 66 162 63 795

23

fywgKv

evsjv‡`‡k cÎ-cwÎKv cÖKvkbvi BwZnvm kZvwaK eQ‡ii

cyiv‡bv| 1847 mv‡j mvßvwnK Ôi½cyi evZ©venÕ cÖKv‡ki

ga¨w`‡q ZrKvjxb c~e©evsjv Z_v eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡k cÎ-cwÎKv

eZ©gv‡b †h cÖPzi msL¨K cÎ-

cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q, Gi

me¸‡jvi ¸YMZ gvb GKiKg

bq Ges ¯’vwqZ¡KvjI mgvb bq

XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ KwZcq

mvgwqKxi mvK©y‡jkb I

weZiY eë ’v: GKwU mgxÿv

wgRvbyi ingvb

wbix¶v

24

D‡Ïk¨

eZ©gv‡b †h mvßvwnK I cvwÿK g¨vMvwRb cÖKvwkZ n‡”Q Zvi †bZ… ’vbxq

K‡qKwU g¨vMvwR‡bi mvK©y‡jkb wefv‡Mi MVb, g¨vMvwRbmg~‡ni cÖPvimsL¨v,

mvK©y‡jkb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ggb welqmg~n, mvK©y‡jkb e„w×i Rb¨

g¨vMvwRbmg~n Kx-Kx eë¯’v †bq Ges mvgwqKx ev g¨vMvwRbmg~‡ni weZiY

eë ’v G mgxÿvq ch©v‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

c×wZ

mvÿvrKvi c×wZi gva¨‡g G mgxÿvi cÖvBgvwi Z_¨ msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q| GQvov

wewfbœ Drm †_‡K †m‡KÛvwi Z_Ï †bqv n‡q‡Q| g¨vMvwRb wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î

cÖPvimsL¨v Ges aib I gvb‡K we‡ePbvq †bqv n‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î PviwU

mvßvwnK h_v: hvqhvqw`b, mvßvwnK 2000, wewPÎv Ges Bs‡iwR mvßvwnK

K zwiqvi Ges yBwU cvwÿK h_v: Ab¨w`b Ges Abb¨vÕ‡K wbe©vPb Kiv

n‡q‡Q|

g¨vMvwRb ewj †KvbUv‡K

g¨vMvwRb (evsjvfvlvq e¨vcK A‡_© mvgwqKx) n‡”Q mvsevw`KZv bvgK

Kg©Kv‡Ði Ab¨Zg cÖKvk gva¨g| g¨vMvwRb Z_¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i, Z‡e

†mLv‡bB g¨vMvwR‡bi KvR †kl nq bv| NUbvi A_© I Zvrch© e¨vL¨vUv

†mLv‡b Z_¨ cwi‡ekbvi PvB‡ZI AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| g¨vMvwRb‡K ZvB

Z‡_ï A_©vr NUbvi †cÖÿvcU we‡køl‡Y wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z nq, m¤¢e n‡j m¤¢ve¨

cwiYwZi Bw½ZI w`‡Z nq| †Zgwb m¤úv`Kxq, we‡kl wbeÜ I gZvgZ

cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g GgbwK cy‡iv mvgwqKxwUi ga¨ w`‡qB Zv Zvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨

Z_v c_ cÖ k©‡bi KvRwU wb®úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

2

Avevi, †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv g¨vMvwRb we‡bv`‡bi †hvMvb †`qv‡KB gyL¨ e‡j

we‡ePbv K‡i _v‡K| †h g¨vMvwR‡b we‡bv`‡bi DcKiY hZ †ewk _v‡K Zv‡Z

Z_¨ I gZvgZ ZZ mswÿß nq|

g¨vMvwRb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j me©v‡MÖ Gi msÁv wbiƒcY Kiv

Avek¨K| msev`cÎ µq‡K‡› ª ev åvg¨gvY nKv‡ii Kv‡Q ev êVKLvbvi

†Uwe‡ji Ici mvwR‡q ivLv wbw ©ó gv‡ci euvavB Kiv cÎcwÎKv‡KB hw`

g¨vMvwRb Awfavq wPwýZ Kiv hvqÑ ejv nq Zv n‡j msÁvUv cy‡ivcywi mwVK

n‡e bv| KviY, GQvov Av‡Q eëmvq-evwYR¨ msµvšÍ Ggb me cÎcwÎKv ev

eëmvq I wkí cÖwZôv‡bi aviv ev †Kv‡bv miKvwi ev †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi

Ggb me wbR¯ cÖKvkbv, Av‡Q KvwiMwi, ag©, kÖg, wkÿv I Ab¨vb¨ welqK

we‡klÁ (specialized) g¨vMvwRb, KwgK eB Ges g¨vMvwR‡bi AvKv‡i

Ab¨vb¨ cÖKvkbv hv msev`c‡Îi weµq †K‡› ª cvIqv hvq bv Ges

êVKLvbv¸‡jvi cÖ‡ekvwaKvi mxwgZ|

3

1731 mv‡j jÛ‡b hLb †R›Ujg¨vbÕm g¨vMvwRb †e‡ivq ZLbB cÖ_g

cÖKvkbvi †ÿ‡Î Ôg¨vMvwRbÕ kãwU eëüZ nq| hwÌ g¨vMvwRb RvZxq

cwÎKvi cÖKvk N‡U‡Q Zvi A‡bK Av‡MB| kãwUi cÖ‡qvM n‡qwQj divwm

ÔmagazineÕ kã †_‡K hvi A_© wQj ¸`vg ev gvjLvbv (storehouse)†hLv‡b iKgvwi ª‡eï mgvnvi N‡U|

Wxb gU g¨vMvwR‡bi msÁv wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q ej‡jb, GKwU euvavB

Kiv c¨vg‡d¬U hv †gvUvgywU wbqwgZ cÖKvwkZ nq Ges hv‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi

cVbxq welq AšÍf©y³ _v‡K|

Understanding Mass Communication MÖ‡š’ Melvin L.Defleur Ges Everette E. Dennis msev`c‡Îi m‡½ g¨vMvwR‡bi

wfbœZv wb‡ ©k Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡QbÑ

Generally, a magazine is published less frequently thana newspaper. It is also manufactured in a different format-usually on better- quality paper, bound rather than justfolded, and with some kinds of cover. There are exceptionsto all these characteristics, but for the most part they satis-factorily distinguish the form of magazines from that ofnewspaper.

g¨vMvwRb ev mvgwqKxi †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi Av‡jv‡K wbe©vwPZ mvgwqKxmg~‡ni

Ae¯’vb

we‡klÁiv g¨vMvwRb ev mvgwqKx‡K cÖavbZ: y‡Uv †kÖwY‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb|

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv g¨vMvwRb †hgbÑ wiWvm© WvB‡R÷ ev Avgv‡ì †`‡k mvßvwnK

wewPÎvÕi Av‡e`b cÖvq me©Rbxb| G¸‡jv‡K Avgiv me©Rbxb ev mvaviY

Av‡e`bm¤úbœ g¨vMvwRb (General interest magazine) ev †fv³v‡ì

g¨vMvwRb (consumer`s magazine) ej‡Z cvwi| Ab¨¸‡jv‡K Avgiv

we‡kl Av‡e`bm¤úbœ g¨vMvwRb (specialized magazine) AvL¨v w`‡Z

cvwi|

mvaviY Av‡e`bm¤úbœ ev †fv³v‡ì g¨vMvwR‡bi Avevi bvbvb aib

_vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:

1. wbDR g¨vMvwRb (News magazine)

2. wmwU g¨vMvwRb (City magazine)

3. †m· g¨vMvwRb (Sex magazine)

4. †¯úvU©m g¨vMvwRb (Sports magazine)

5. gZvgZ ev wfDR g¨vMvwRb (Opinion magazine)

6. AwfRvZ g¨vMvwRb

7. †KvqvwjwU g¨vMvwRb (Quality magazine)

8. cyiæl‡ì g¨vMvwRb (Man`s interest magazine)

9. bvix‡ì g¨vMvwRb (Women`s interest magazine)

10. we‡bv`b g¨vMvwRb

11. nvm¨‡KŠZzK g¨vMvwRb BZ¨vw`|

Avgv‡ì wbe©vwPZ mvgwqKx¸‡jv‡K GB †kÖwY web¨v‡mi Av‡jv‡K PviwU

†kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: (1) wbDR g¨vMvwRb, (2) wfDR g¨vMvwRb, (3)

we‡bv`b g¨vMvwRb, (4) gwnjv‡ì g¨vMvwRb|

cÖ_g ch©vqfz³ mvgwqKx¸‡jv n‡”Q (K) wewPÎv, (L) Ky¨wiqvi, (M) mvßvwnK

2000

wØZxq ch©vqfz³: (K) hvqhvqw`b

Z…Zxq ch©vqfz³: (L) Ab¨w`b

PZz_© ch©vqfz³: (M) Abb¨v

wbe©vwPZ mvgwqKx¸‡jvi welqe¯‘i wfwË‡Z cÖ_g ch©vqfy³

mvgwqKxmg~n‡K wbDR g¨vMvwRb ejv n‡q‡Q| KviY, G¸‡jv‡Z cÖavb cÖavb

msev` I Zvi e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY _v‡K| †mB m‡½ wewfbœ wel‡q AwfgZI cÖKvk

Kiv nq| wØZxq ch©vqfy³ mvgwqKx mg~n‡K wfDR g¨vMvwRb ejv n‡q‡Q,

KviY G‡Z msev‡ì PvB‡Z g~jZ msev` m¤úwK©Z wewfbœR‡bi AwfgZ

cwi‡ewkZ nq| cÖ_g ch©vqfy³ mvgwqKxmg~n‡K Uª vwWkbvj auv‡Pi mvgwqKx

ejv hvq| UvBg, wbDRDBK, mvb‡W BZ¨vw` cwÎKvi cÖPwjZ KvVv‡gv GLv‡b

†gvUvgywU AbymiY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

Z…Zxq ch©vqfy³ mvgwqKxwU‡K we‡bv`bg~jK g¨vMvwRb ejv n‡q‡Q|

G‡Z mvaviY wi‡cvwU©s‡qi evB‡i mvwnZ¨, we‡bv`b, Pjw”PÎ, d¨vkb, †eov‡bv

BZ¨vw` wbqwgZ welq wn‡m‡e Qvcv nq|

PZz_© ch©vqfy³ mvgwqKx gwnjv‡ì g¨vMvwRb ejv n‡q‡Q| Abb¨vÕq

gwnjv‡ì D‡Ïk¨ K‡iB welqe ‘ cwi‡ekb Kiv nq|

mvKz©‡jkb (cÖPvi) I weZiY eë ’v

cÖPvi msev`c‡Îi cÖvYkw³ we‡kl| gvby‡li kix‡ii i³ mÂvjbZ‡š¿ †h

f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K cwÎKvi †ÿ‡Î cÖPviI wVK Abyiƒc f~wgKv cvjb

K‡i| KviY, cwÎKvi fv‡jv cÖPvi bv _vK‡j weÁvcb cvIqv LyeB KóKi|

Aek¨ cwÎKvi h‡_ó mvKz©‡jkb _vK‡jI Zv‡Z mvaviYZ cwÎKv cÖKvkbvi

e¨q msKzjvb nq bv| ZeyI cÖPvi c‡ivÿfv‡e weÁvcb jv‡f mvnvh¨ K‡i

Ges †mLv‡bB ch©vß cÖPv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ wbwnZ|

cÖPv‡ii ga¨w`‡q †evSv hvq, GKwU msev`cÎ mgvR‡K KZLvwb

cwi‡mev †cŠu‡Q †`q| cwigvYMZ w`K w`‡q cÖPvimsL¨v hZ †ewk n‡e,

gvby‡li Kv‡Q cwi‡mevI ZZ †ewk †cŠu‡Q †`qv hv‡e| nvievU© wj DBwjqvgm

e‡j‡Qb, †h cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb hZ †ewk n‡e †m cwÎKv ZZ †ewk mgv‡Ri

cÖwZ Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Q e‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡e (the greater the circu-lation, the stronger the evidence that the newspaper is fulfillingits obligations to the community)|4

K. mvK©y‡jkb wefvM

mvK©y‡jkb wefv‡Mi g~j `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q cwÎKv weµq, weZiY Ges wewµZ

cwÎKvi g~j¨ msMÖn| Herbert Lee Williams Zuvi `NewspaperOrganization & Management’ MÖ‡š’ G cÖm‡½ e‡j‡Qb: The chiefresponsibilities of the circulation department are selling thenewspaper, delivering it and collecting price for it. Althoughthese functions are distinct and separate, they are closely related.

mvK©y‡jkb wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ me cwÎKvqB Kg‡ewk wKQz

†jvK KvR K‡i| Z‡e g¨vMvwR‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯vfvweK fv‡eB ˆ`wb‡Ki Zzjbvq

Rbej Kg _v‡K| †ÿÎwe‡k‡l whwb cÖwZôv‡bi Ab¨ vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Qb

Zv‡K evowZ wn‡m‡e mvKy©‡jkb `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq wKsev whwb

mvKy©‡jk‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb Zv‡K Ab¨ `vwqZ¡I cvjb Ki‡Z nq| ïay

†h Avgv‡ì †`‡kB GgbUv NU‡Q ZvB bq, we‡`‡ki †ÿ‡ÎI GKB K_v

cÖ‡hvR¨| ÔNewspaper Management’ MÖ‡š’ John Goulden h_v_©B

e‡j‡Qb, ÒThe small weekly will probably have only oneman as circulation manager and he will carry out otheradditional general duties in the organizationÓ.

wb‡¤œv³ mviwY‡Z Avgv‡ì mgxÿvi AvIZvaxb g¨vMvwRbmg~‡ni

mvKy©‡jkb wefv‡Mi Rbej †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

Dc‡ii mviwY †_‡K jÿYxq †h, mvßvwnK hvqhvqw`‡bi mvK©y‡jkb

g¨v‡bRv‡ii †Kv‡bv c` †bB| GLv‡b evwYwR¨K eë ’vcKB evowZ wn‡m‡e

mvK©y‡jkb g¨v‡bRv‡ii `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| hvqhvqw`b cwÎKvq wZbRb

†WmcvPvi Ges Ab¨w`‡K yBRb †cÖvWvKkb eq i‡q‡Q hv‡ì KvR nKvi

BDwbq‡bi wba©vwiZ ¯ú‡U Ges G‡R›U‡ì Rb¨ cwienb †Kv¤úvwbi wba©vwiZ

¯úUmg~‡n cwÎKv †cŠu‡Q †`qv| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ cwÎKvi †ÿ‡Î G KvR

m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Avjv`v †jvK †bB, mvK©y‡jkb mnKvixivB G KvR K‡i

_v‡Kb| mvßvwnK 2000 cwÎKvq mvK©y‡jkb g¨v‡bRv‡ii c` †bB| mnKvix

mvK©y‡jkb g¨v‡bRviB GLv‡b mvK©y‡jkb g¨v‡bRv‡ii `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

wewPÎvq weU wcqb i‡q‡Q| weU wcqb †mŠRb¨ msL¨v weZiY, †h mg¯Í

cÖwZôv‡bi weÁvcb Qvcv nq Zv‡ì Kv‡Q g¨vMvwR‡bi Kwc †cuŠQv‡bv Ges

hviv cwÎKvq PvKwi K‡ib Zuv‡ì evmvq †mŠRb¨ Kwc †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi `vwqZ¡

cvjb K‡ib|

cÖPvimsL¨v

cÖPvimsL¨vi Ici msev`cÎ I g¨vMvwR‡bi A‡bK¸‡jv welq RwoZ _v‡K|

†hgb, miKvwi weÁvcb cÖvwßi cwigvY, weÁvc‡bi g~j¨ nvi, KvMR cÖvwß

BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv RwoZ _v‡K| †emiKvwi weÁvcb cÖvwßi †ÿ‡ÎI

mvKy©‡jkb †ewk n‡j myweav nq| Gme Kvi‡YB cwÎKv cÖwZôv‡bi

cÖPvimsL¨vi †MvcbxqZv iÿvi GKwU cÖeYZv jÿ Kiv hvq| ZvB Zv‡ì

cÖ Ë Z_¨ wKsev Pjw”PÎ I cÖKvkbv Awa`dZ‡ii Z_¨ †Kv‡bvUvB cy‡ivcywi

mwVK e‡j a‡i †bqv hvq bv| Zvic‡iI Gme Z_¨ †_‡K nq‡Zv cvVK mwVK

cÖPvimsL¨vi e¨vcv‡i GKUv AvbygvwbK wnmv‡e uvo Kiv‡bv hvq|

XvKv kn‡ii cÖPvimsL¨v msev`cÎ nKvi‡ì yBwU mwgwZ KZ…©K

weZiYK…Z cwÎKvi msL¨v‡K †hvM K‡i wnmve Kiv n‡q‡Q| hvqhvqw`b

cwÎKvi cÿ †_‡K cÖPvimsL¨v D‡jøL Kiv nq wb| mvßvwnK 2000 wgwWqv

ZvwjKvfy³ bv nIqvq Pjw”PÎ I cÖKvkbv Awa`ß‡ii 1999 mv‡ji ZvwjKvq

Gi cÖPvimsL¨vi D‡jøL †bB|

Ab¨w`‡bi XvKv gnvbMixi cÖPvimsL¨v wbY©‡qi †ÿ‡Î yB mwgwZ KZ©„K

cÖ Ë cÖPvimsL¨vi m‡½ cwÎKv Awdm †_‡K mivmwi wewµZ cwÎKvi msL¨v

†hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M. †hme welq mvK©y‡jkb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i

John Scott Devenport Zuvi ÔCirculation: The Backbone ofNewspaper’ bvgK M‡elYv MÖ‡š’ mvK©y‡jkb‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i G

iKg welq¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv †`b| wZwb e‡jb, mvK©y‡jk cÖfvweZ K‡i

wb‡¤œi welq¸‡jv:

(1) RbmsL¨v (2) Avw_©K Ae¯’v (3) mvgvwRK Ae ’v (4) †fŠ‡MvwjK

Ae ’vb (5) †gKvwbK¨vj DbœwZ (6) UvB‡cvMÖvwdK¨vj †Wªm (7) cÖwZ‡hvwMZv

(8) weµq g~j¨ (9) m¤úv`Kxq bxwZgvjv (10) weÁvcb bxwZgvjv (11)

we‡bv`b,(12) †iwWI (13) msev`c‡Îi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K (14) iO I cwÎKvi

gvb (15) Ab¨vb¨ welq|

Avgv‡ì mgxÿvi AvIZvaxb me¸‡jv cwÎKvB e‡j‡Q, g¨vMvwR‡bi

cÖPvimsL¨v‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖ”Q` cÖwZ‡e`b GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© d¨v±i|

wbqwgZ msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î AvKl©Yxq I mg‡qvc‡hvMx cÖ”Q` cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Kvi‡Y

g¨vMvwR‡bi mvK©y‡jkb e„„w× cvq| GQvov we‡kl msL¨v †ei n‡j Zvi

cÖPvimsL¨vI †ewk nq Ges C‡ì mgqI g¨vMvwR‡bi mvKy©‡jkb A‡bK †e‡o

hvq| cvwÿK Abb¨vÕi cÿ †_‡K ejv n‡q‡Q, Kfv‡ii AvKl©Yxq I

Av‡e`bgq Qwei Kvi‡YI g¨vMvwR‡bi mvK©y‡jkb e„w× cvq|

mvK©y‡jkb n«vm cvIqvi †ÿ‡Î me¸‡jv cwÎKvB e‡j‡Q †h, C‡ì

cici GK- yÕmsL¨vi Rb¨ mvK©y‡jkb n«v‡mi Ab¨ yÕwU Kvi‡Yi K_v ejv

n‡q‡Q| wbqwgZ msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î wba©vwiZ Zvwi‡Li g‡a¨ cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ bv

n‡j H msL¨vi mvK©y‡jkb K‡g hvq| G Qvov G‡R›U‡ì Kv‡Q e‡Kqvi

cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j Zv‡ì Dci UvKv Av`v‡q Pvc †`qv n‡j Zviv Gwo‡q

hvIqvi Rb¨ GK yB msL¨v g¨vMvwR‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i bv| d‡j, H

msL¨v¸‡jvi mvK©y‡jkb K‡g hvq| hvqhvqw`b cwÎKvi cÿ †_‡K Gi

AwZwi³ †h welqwUi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv †`‡k ivR‰bwZK cwiw ’wZ

DËß _vK‡j Zv‡ì cwÎKvi mvK©y‡jkb †e‡o hvq|

N. mvK©y‡jkb e„w×i Rb¨ M„nxZ eë ’v

Avgv‡ì mgxÿvi AšÍf©y³ QqwU cwÎKvi g‡a¨ cuvPwU cwÎKvB mvKz©‡jkb

e„w×i Rb¨ we‡kl eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡K cÿ †_‡K| Z‡e me¸‡jv cwÎKvB

e‡j‡Q †h, Zviv mvK©y‡jkb e„w× ev a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ mg‡qvc‡hvMx Kfvi

†÷vwi †`qvi †Póv K‡i| msL¨v †ei nIqvi Av‡Mi w`b H msL¨vi weÁvcb

Ab¨ yÕwU ˆ`wbK cwÎKvq hvq ïaygvÎ mvßvwnK 2000-Gi| Avi wbR

cwÎKvq weÁvcb Qvcv nq hvqhvqw`‡bi|

mvK©y‡jkb e„w×i Rb¨ e¨w³MZfv‡e G‡R›U I Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_

†hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq e‡j‡Q Ab¨w`b Ges Kz¨wiqvi| KzBR _v‡K Ab¨w`b,

2000 Ges Abb¨vÕq| C` d¨vkb cÖwZ‡hvwMZv _v‡K Abb¨vÕq Ges d¨vkb

cvZv _v‡K Ab¨w`b cwÎKvq|

we‡kl msL¨vq cvVK‡ì m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ cvVK‡ì Z_v mevi Rb¨

†jLv cvVvevi my‡hvM _v‡K hvqhvqw`‡b|

cwÎKvi fveg~wZ© DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ Abb¨v eQ‡i GKevi 50 nvRvi UvKv

g~‡jï Abb¨v mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi cÖ vb K‡i Ges mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î

Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ÔAbb¨v kxl© 10Õ cyi¯‹vi cÖ vb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K Ab¨w`b

cwÎKv GB KvRwU K‡i cvVK‡ì g‡bvbq‡bi gva¨‡g| Ab¨w`b cvidwg©s

A¨vIqvW© cÖ v‡bi ga¨w`‡q G KvRwU K‡i _v‡K| GQvov mvßvwnK 2000

e‡j‡Q, Zviv mvK©y‡jkb e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ fv‡jv gy ª‡Yi Rb¨ m‡Pó _v‡K|

GKgvÎ wewPÎvÕi cÿ †_‡K ejv n‡q‡Q, Zviv mvKy©‡jkb e„w×i Rb¨

eZ©gv‡b †Kv‡bv we‡kl eë ’v wb‡”Q bv| Zv‡ì g‡Z evwYR¨ ev Avq e„w× bv

K‡i mvK©y‡jkb evov‡j Zv cwÎKvi Rb¨ †jvKmvb e‡q Avb‡e| ZvB Zviv

weÁvcb †_‡K Avq evov‡bvi w`‡KB bRi w`‡”Qb|

25

wbix¶v

wbix¶v

mvgwqKxi

bvg

Pjw”PÎ I cÖKvkbv Awa`ß‡ii

me©‡kl Z_¨ Abyhvqx cÖPvimsL¨v

cwÎKvi cÿ †_‡K †`qv

Z_¨ Abyhvqx cÖPvimsL¨v

XvKv gnvbMixi

cÖPvimsL¨v

†gvU c„ôv g~j¨

hvqhvqw`b 70290 - 28300 30 6.00

mvßvwnK

2000

- 25000 6050 82 12.00

wewPÎv 15015 17000 3400 82 12.00

XvKv

Kz¨wiqvi

12060 13500 1550 50 10.00

Ab¨w`b 8220 15000 4000 64 15.00

Abb¨v 8620 23000 3400 64 15.00

mvgwqKxi

bvg

mvK©y‡jkb

g¨v‡bRvi

evwYwR¨K

eëngKvcK

mnKvix

mvKz©‡jkb

g¨v‡bRvi

mvKz©‡jkb

mnKvix

†WmcvPvi weU

wcqb

†cÖvWvKkb

eq

†gvU

hvqhvqw`b 1 2 3 6

mvßvwnK

2000

1 2 3

wewPÎv 1 1 1 1 1 5

XvKv

Kz¨wiqvi

1 3 4

Ab¨w`b 1 2 3

Abb¨v 1 1 2

O. weZiY eë ’v

cÖPvi wefv‡Mi Ab¨Zg KvR n‡”Q cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q cwÎKv †cuŠ‡Q †`qv|

cwÎKvi myôz wewj eë ’vi Ici wbf©i K‡i cvV‡Ki nv‡Z wbw ©ó mg‡q cwÎKv

†cuŠQv‡bv| cwÎKvi mycwiPvwjZ e›Ub eë ’v _vK‡jB m¤¢e Kv‡Qi ev ~‡ii

cÖwZwU cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q GKwU mywbw ©ó mg‡q cwÎKv †cŠ‡Q †`qv|

5

Avgv‡ì

Rwicfy³ mvgwqKx¸‡jvi weZiY eë ’vq g~jZt wZbwU c×wZ jÿ¨ Kiv

hvq| h_v:

1. nKvi

2. G‡RwÝ

3. WvK †hvMv‡hvM

cwÎKv KZ©„cÿ‡K wZb ai‡bi †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q Zv‡ì cY¨ †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z nq|

Giv n‡”Qb nKvi, G‡RwÝ gvwjK Z_v G‡R›U Ges MÖvnK A_v©r hviv Puv`vi

gva¨‡g cwÎKv Awdm †_‡K mivmwi Wv‡Ki gva¨‡g cwÎKv cvb|

cwÎKv cÖKvkbvi ¯’vb Z_v XvKv gnvbMix‡Z mgxÿvi AvIZvaxb

mvgwqKxmg~n weZwiZ nq nKvi‡ì gva¨‡g| g¨vMvwRb KZ©„cÿ nKvi‡ì

y‡Uv mwgwZ h_v XvKv msev`cÎ nKvm© eûgyLx mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡UW Ges

msev`cÎ nKvm© Kj¨vY eûgyLx mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡U‡Wi wba©vwiZ wKQz

†K‡› ª wbR `vwq‡Z¡ wbw ©ó w`b¸‡jv‡Z cwÎKv †cuŠ‡Q †`b| XvKvi evB‡i

mvgwqKxmg~‡ni G‡R›U i‡q‡Q; wewfbœ cwienb †Kv¤úvwbi gva¨‡g Ges

†ÿÎwe‡k‡l WvK‡hv‡M G‡ì Kv‡Q cwÎKv †cuŠQv‡bv nq| †`‡k ev we‡`‡k

MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡Q †Kej WvK‡hv‡MB cwÎKv †cuŠQv‡bv nq|

6

hvqhvqw`b cwÎKv cÖKv‡ki Zvwi‡Li Av‡Mi iv‡Z wZbwU †U‡¤úv†hv‡M XvKvi

yÕwU nKvi mwgwZi wba©vwiZ 29wU †K‡› ª cwÎKv †cŠu‡Q †`q| XvKvi evB‡i

G‡R›U‡ì Kv‡Q cwÎKv †cuŠQv‡bv nq cwienb †Kv¤úvwbi gva¨‡g| Z‡e

†hLv‡b cwienb †Kv¤úvwbi hv‡bi eë¯’v _v‡K bv †mLv‡b G‡R›U eive‡i

Wv‡Ki mnvqZv †bqv nq| we‡`wk MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡Q cwÎKv miKvwi Wv‡K

cvVv‡bv nq|

mvßvwnK 2000 yÕmwgwZi †gvU 25wU †m›Uv‡i wbR `vwq‡Z¡ cwÎKv

†cŠuQvq| G‡R›U‡ì Rb¨ cwÎKv cvVv‡bv nq cwienb †Kv¤úvbwi mnvqZvq|

kn‡ii MÖvnK‡ì Rb¨ †emiKvwi WvK Ges gd¯‡ji MÖvnK‡ì Rb¨ miKvwi

Wv‡K cwÎKv cvVv‡bv nq|

wewPÎvI yÕmwgwZi 29wU †K‡› ª GKB wbq‡g cwÎKv †cŠuQvq|

G‡R›U‡ì eive‡i cwienb †Kv¤úvwbi mnvqZvq cwÎKv †cŠuQv‡bv n‡jI

†ijI‡q †÷k‡bi ÷‡ji wKQz G‡R‡›Ui Rb¨ cwÎKv †cuŠQvq †ijI‡q Wv‡Ki

gva¨‡g| wewPÎv MÖvnK‡ì Rb¨ ïay miKvwi Wv‡KB cwÎKv cvwV‡q _v‡K|

XvKv Kz¨wiqvi wbR¯ eë ’vcbvq XvKv gnvbMixi yÕwU nKvi mwgwZi

29wU †K‡› ª cwÎKv †cuŠQvq| G‡R›U‡ì Kv‡Q cwÎKv †cŠuQv‡bvi Rb¨

cwienb †Kv¤úvwb Ges †emiKvwi WvK DfqB eënvi Kiv nq| Kz¨wiqvi me

MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡QB miKvwi Wv‡K cwÎKv cvwV‡q _v‡K|

Ab¨w`bI c~‡e©v³ wbq‡g wbR¯ gvB‡µv‡hv‡M nKvi mwgwZi 35wU ¯ú‡U

cwÎKv †cŠuQvq| G‡R›U‡ì Kv‡Q GKB wbq‡g cwienb †Kv¤úvwbi mnvqZv

†bqv nq| Z‡e Ab¨w`‡bi weZiY eë ’vq evowZ GKwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q| †mwU

n‡jv XvKvi MocoZv mvZwU ÷j cwÎKv Awdm †_‡K mivmwi cwÎKv µq

K‡i| Gfv‡e cÖwZ msL¨vi Rb¨ M‡o 400 Kwc cwÎKv wewµ n‡q _v‡K|

GQvov GKgvÎ Ab¨w`b cwÎKviB we‡`‡k Avg`vwbKviK i‡q‡Q hviv cwÎKv

KZ©„c‡ÿi KvQ †_‡K cwÎKv Avg`vwb K‡i| fvi‡Zi KjKvZvi iƒcmx evsjv

bv‡g GKwU cÖwZôvb Ab¨w`b KZ©„c‡ÿi KvQ †_‡K Gjwmi gva¨‡g Pvi nvRvi

Kwc cwÎKv Avg`vwb K‡i| Ab¨w`b MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡Q cwÎKv †cŠuQv‡Z miKvwi

I †emiKvwi Dfq WvKB eënvi K‡i| nKvi mwgwZi Rb¨ cwÎKv †cŠuQv‡bvi

†ÿ‡Î Abb¨vi c×wZI Ab¨ mvgwqKx¸‡jvi g‡ZvB| Z‡e Abb¨v XvKvi

evB‡i cwÎKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ B‡ËdvK G‡R›U‡ì eënvi K‡i Ges

B‡Ëdv‡Ki eëüZ cwienb eë ’vB eënvi K‡i| Abb¨v Zvi e¨w³MZ

MÖvnK‡ì Rb¨ cwÎKv cvVv‡Z ïaygvÎ †emiKvwi WvK eënvi K‡i|

me¸‡jv cwÎKvB XvKv kn‡i msev`cÎ nKvi mwgwZ‡Z 35% Kwgk‡b

cwÎKv w`‡q _v‡K| G‡R›U‡ì Rb¨ Kwgk‡bi nvi 25-30% kZvsk|

XvKv kn‡i cvVK ch©v‡q mvgwqKx weZiY eë ’v

XvKv kn‡i cvVK ch©v‡q g¨vMvwRb weZiY cÖwµqvUv P‡j yÕwU nKvi mwgwZi

gva¨‡g| XvKv kn‡i XvKv msev`cÎ nKvm© eûgyLx mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡U‡Wi

25wU Ges msev`cÎ nKvm© Kj¨vY eûgyLx mgevq mwgwZ wjwg‡U‡Wi 23wU

†K› ª i‡q‡Q g¨vMvwRb weZi‡Yi Rb¨| Aek¨ GKB †K› ª †_‡K ˆ`wbKI

weZiY Kiv nq Ges ˆ`wbK cwÎKv weZi‡Yi Rb¨ G †K› ª ‡jvi evB‡i

Av‡iv †K› ª i‡q‡Q| g¨vMvwRb KZ©„cÿ wbR eë¯’vcbvq G mg Í †K‡› ª

Zv‡ì cY¨ †cŠu‡Q †`q| nKvi mwgwZi †eZbfy³ GKRb mycvifvBRvi

_v‡Kb cÖwZwU †K‡› ª| wZwb G mg Í g¨vMvwRb cwÎKv KZ©„c‡ÿi KvQ †_‡K

MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi mv‡_ cÖwZwU †K‡› ª K‡qKRb wWw÷ªweDUiI _v‡Kb|

nKviiv Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K Pvwn`vg‡Zv g¨vMvwRb wb‡q _v‡K| mwgwZi

ZË¡veav‡b nKvi‡ì mg‡SvZv Abyhvqx Zv‡ì GjvKv A_v©r gnjøv ev Mwj

fvM Kiv _v‡K| G‡K ejv nq jvBb| nKvi MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡Q cwÎKv weµq

K‡ib Ges cieZ©©x msL¨vi Pvwn`v mycvifvBRv‡ii gva¨‡g mwgwZ Awd‡m

cvVvb|

Dcmsnvi

Ic‡ii ch©v‡jvPbv I DcvË †_‡K †`Lv hvq, me©vwaK cÖPvimsL¨v i‡q‡Q

mvßvwnK hvqhvqw`‡bi| Gÿ‡Î Aek¨ cwÎKvi g~j¨ GKwU d¨v±i, †Kbbv

gvÎ 6 UvKv g~‡jB GKwU hvqhvqw`‡bi Kwc cvIqv hvq| weZiY eë ’v †_‡K

GKwU Z_¨ RvR¡j¨gvb †h, ïaygvÎ GKwU mvgwqKx we‡`‡k cwÎKv ißvwb

K‡i| Z‡e cwÎKv¸‡jv‡Z †LvuR wb‡q Rvbv †M‡Q †h, cÖwZwU mvgwqKxB

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨vq we‡`‡ki evRv‡i hv‡”Q| Z‡e †mUv cwÎKvi m‡½ mivmwi

†Kv‡bv eëmvwqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g bq| we‡`‡k hviv cwÎKv wb‡”Q Zviv

cwÎKv G‡R›U ev nKvi‡ì KvQ †_‡K µq K‡i Ab¨ c‡Yï m‡½ wb‡”Q; G‡Z

Zv‡ì LiP A‡bK Kg c‡o| Z‡e GK_v ¯xKvi Ki‡ZB n‡e †h, w`bw`bB

†`‡k Ges we‡`‡k Avgv‡ì fvj mvgwqKx¸‡jvi cvVK evo‡Q| †Rbv‡ij

Gikv` miKv‡ii ci cwÎKv cÖKv‡ki Aby‡gv`b cÖ v‡b KovKwo wkw_j K‡i

†`qv Ges bZzb cÖhyw³i weKvk mvgwqKx cÖKvkbv‡K mnR K‡i‡Q| d‡j

†`‡k GLb cÎ-cwÎKv, mvgwqKx cÖKvkbvi †ÿ‡Î behy‡Mi m~Pbv n‡q‡Q| Gi

d‡j Avevi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvI e„w× †c‡q‡Q| ZvB GKwU mvgwqKx‡K wU‡K _vK‡Z

n‡j Zvi mvK©y‡jkb wefvM‡K n‡Z n‡e Dc‡hvMx Ges weZiY eë¯’vI n‡Z

n‡e DbœZ| Avgv‡ì mgxÿvq GUv cÖZxqgvb †h, g¨vMvwR‡bi †ÿ‡Î GB

cÖ‡PóvwU Kg‡ewk mK‡jiB i‡q‡Q, Z‡e GL‡bv cwic~Y© I weÁvbm¤§Z cÖqvm

jÿŸxq bq|

Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, D³ mgxÿvwU m¤úbœ Kiv n‡qQ 2001

mv‡ji ïiæi w`‡K| eZ©gv‡b 2016 mvj Aewa †`‡k cÎcwÎKvi msL¨v

A‡bK †e‡o‡Q; bZzb MYgva¨g AbjvBb cwÎKvI cÖPzi msL¨vq cÖKvwkZ

n‡”Q| msev`cÎ¸‡jv GLb wekvj K‡je‡i †ei nq; _v‡K bvbvb cvZv hv‡Z

g¨vMvwR‡bi †jLvi ¯v` _v‡K| ZvB eZ©gv‡b g¨vMvwRb †ÿÎwU A‡bKUv

wgªqgvb e‡jB g‡b n‡”Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨B mgxÿvq AšÍfz©³ mvgwqKxi g‡a¨

hvqvqw`b, mvßvwnK 2000, wewPÎv I XvKv Kz¨wiqvi eÜ n‡q †M‡Q| ZvB D³

mgxÿvi Av‡jv‡K g¨vMvwRb wb‡q bZzb K‡i M‡elYv n‡Z cv‡i|

Z_¨ wb‡`©k

1. wbixÿv, RyjvB-AvM÷ 1992, evsjv‡`‡k mvgwqKx: GKwU mgxÿv, mxgv

†gvm‡jg,c„. 17|

2. wbixÿv, †deªæqvwi 1990, g¨vMvwRb ewj †KvbUv‡K, †Lv›`Kvi Avjx Avkivd,

c„. 26|

3. cÖv¸³,c„. 26-27|

4. AvaywbK fvi‡Z mvsevw`KZv, eëmvqMZ w`K, Avi wf g~wZ©, c„. 273|

5. msev`cÎ cwiPvjb eë¯’v, ê`¨bv_ fÆvPvh©, cwðge½ ivR¨ cy¯ÍK cl©r, c„.

96|

6. evsjv‡`‡k msev`c‡Îi eë¯’vcbv, mxgv †gvm‡jg, c„. 67|

†jLK: mnKvix m¤úv`K, wcAvBwe

26

wbix¶v

wbix¶v

cwÎKvi bvg †gvU G‡R›U

msL¨v

we‡`‡k Avg`vwbKviK

(mivmwi cwÎKv Awdm †_‡K)

†gvU MÖvnK we‡`‡k MÖvnK

hvq hvqw`b 263 - - 2000

mvßvwnK

2000

150 - 1200 700

wewPÎv 142 - 214 74

XvKv

Kz¨wiqvi

44 - 225 65

Ab¨w`b 55 1 95 26

Abb¨v 70 - 40 5

wbeÜ

GB Ae ’v‡K Av‡iv kw³kvjx K‡i‡Q| ZvwË¡Kfv‡e KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi aviYvwU

Dbœqb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †K‡›`ª Ae ’vbiZ MYZvwš¿K †PZbvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| †m‡ÿ‡Î

GwU m¤ú~Y©fv‡e RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Ges RbMY Øviv cwiPvwjZ| KwgDwbwU †iwWI e¯‘Z

KÉnxb gvby‡li KÉ¯i| hv‡ì K_v †KD e‡j bv, Zv‡ì K_vB e‡j KwgDwbwU

†iwWI| hv‡ì †Kv_vI K_v ejvi my‡hvM †bB Zv‡ì R‡b¨ KwgDwbwU †iwWI|

GKmgq cÖv‡šÍi †h gvbyl¸‡jvi KÉ MYgva¨‡g, we‡kl K‡i †iwWIÕ‡Z †kvbvi

welqwU wQj wbZvšÍB Am¤¢e Ges ¯‡cœi g‡Zv-†mUvB GLb ev Íe| KwgDwbwU

†iwWIÕi gva¨‡g KwgDwbwUi gvby‡liv GLb wb‡RivB Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì mgm¨v-

m¤¢vebvi K_v wb‡RivB wb‡R‡ì fvlvq ej‡Z cvi‡Q| ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q †hme cÖwZfv

GZw`b jyKvwqZ wQj, †h cÖwZfv weKv‡ki †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †c‡Zv bv, GLb Zv

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi gva¨‡g weKwkZ n‡”Q| Gi cø vUdg© eënvi K‡i A‡b‡K Zv‡ì

myKzgvie„wËi PP©v Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|

Av`k©MZfv‡e KwgDwbwU †iwWI miKvi wbqwš¿Z ev miKvi Øviv

cwiPvwjZ cvewjK mvwf©m †eZvi‡K›`ª Ges e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb

evwYwR¨K †eZvi †K›`ª (GdGg †iwWI) †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| KviY

GLv‡b miKvi, `j Ges e¨w³i cÖfve †_‡K gy³ _vKv hvq| evwYwR¨K

†eZv‡i wewb‡qvMK…Z A‡_©i gybvdv wbwðZ Kiv nq| d‡j, G‡ÿ‡Î

cÖvwšÍK gvby‡li AskMÖnY Ges Dc ’vcbv nq D‡cwÿZ| †mB mv‡_ Z_¨

I Ávb cÖvwß‡Z bMi I MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ e¨vcK `~iZ¡ †_‡K

hvq| KwgDwbwU †iwWI wVK Gi wecixZ| ZvB Gwkqvq KwgDwbwU

†iwWIÕi Ab¨Zg msMVK I cÖe³v jy¨B Uvwes KwgDwbwU †iwWI

m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qb, ÔGwU GKwU Rb‡mevagx© m¤úªPvi eë ’v hv mywbw`©ó

Rbc‡ì †fZ‡i, mswkøó Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨, Rb‡Mvôxi ¯v_©mswkøó wel‡q

Rb‡Mvôxi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq|Õ

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi cÖavb êwkó¨B n‡”QÑ GLv‡b RbM‡Yi e¨vcK

AskMÖnY _v‡K| cÖZ¨šÍ Rbc‡ì RbMYB KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi

m¤úªPv‡ii welq wbe©vPb K‡i Ges cwi‡ekb K‡i| Abyôvb cwiKíbv

cÖYqb, bxwZwba©viY, Abyôvb Zwi, AskMÖnY Ges Abyôv‡bi g~j¨vq‡bi

ga¨w`‡q Zviv weKwkZ nq| G‡Z K‡i cÖZ¨šÍ Rbcèvmx

¯Ztù~Z©fv‡e Zv‡ì cÖwZwµqv e¨³ Ki‡Z cÖqvmx nq| Ab¨w`‡K

evZ©v‡cªiK I MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ Z_¨ wewbgq I Z‡_ï cÖ‡ekvwaKv‡ii

†ÿÎwU MwZkxj nq| wØZxqZt G m¤úªPvi eë ’vwU †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó

GjvKvi Rb‡Mvôx/m¤cÖ`v‡qi D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ I cwiPvwjZ| GwU wbw`©ó GjvKv

n‡Z cv‡i, n‡Z cv‡i kniZjx, MÖvg, Dc‡Rjv ev †Kvb wbSzg Øxc|

Avwki `k‡Ki ïiæ †_‡K RvwZms‡Ni mn‡hvMx BD‡b‡¯‹vÕi Kvh©µ‡gi

ga¨w`‡q KwgDwbwU †iwWI ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q Avm‡Q| BD‡b‡¯‹v g‡b K‡i, Ô`vwi ª¨ Ges

mgvRPz¨Z cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi ÿgZvqb Ges MYZvwš¿K Abykxjb I Dbœqb cÖ‡Póvq

AbyNUK wn‡m‡e KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕB f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| mswkøó RbRxe‡b

27

f~wgKv

¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ Dfq w`K w`‡q MYgva¨g GLb A‡bK

†ewk cÖvwZôvwbK I eûgvwÎK| ïaygvÎ wcÖ›U wgwWqv, †eZvi-

†Uwjwfkb bq, cy‡iv MYgva¨g GLb wWwRUvj iƒc aviY K‡i

†cuŠ‡Q †M‡Q cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡j| KwgDwbwU †iwWI MYgva¨‡gi

Av`k©MZfv‡e KwgDwbwU †iwWI miKvi

wbqwš¿Z ev miKvi Øviv cwiPvwjZ cvewjK

mvwf©m †eZvi‡K›`ª Ges e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb

evwYwR¨K †eZvi †K› ª (GdGg †iwWI)

†_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ|

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi

eë¯’vcbv

kvgxgv †PŠayix

wbix¶v

28

c~Y©gvÎvq AskMÖn‡Yi ga¨w`‡q KwgDwbwU †iwWI cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK‡K

mgvR KvVv‡gv‡Z `ÿ Askx`vi n‡q DV‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|Õ

Z…Yg~j gvby‡li ÿgZvq‡b Z_¨ AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi aviYv wek¦e¨vcx mgv`„Z| mnRjf¨Zv, ZvrÿwYKZv

I me©ÎMvwgZvi Kvi‡Y †eZvi Dbœqb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg kw³| GB

kw³‡K Av‡iv †eMevb K‡i‡Q KwgDwbwU †iwWI| KwgDwbwU †iwWI n‡”Q

GK wK‡jvwgUvi †_‡K wekvj GjvKvq we¯Í…Z ÿz ª wd«‡Kv‡qwÝi †eZvi

h‡š¿i ’vbxq eë ’v hv Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q Z_¨cÖvwß, RbKj¨vY, mykvmb,

gvbevwaKvi I Dbœqb‡K Z¡ivwšZ K‡i| GmK KwgDwbwU †eZv‡ii

ZË¡K_v|

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi mywbw`©ó êwkó¨

* GKwU AjvfRbK †mevg~jK cÖwZôvb ÔKwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi m¤cÖPvi

Kg©Kv‡Ði wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| Gi gvwjKvbvq _v‡K wbw ©ó †Kv‡bv

†Mvôx ev `j Ges GwU cwiPvwjZ nq Uªv÷, dvD‡Ûkb A_ev †Kv‡bv

A¨v‡mvwm‡qk‡bi gva¨‡g|

* KwgDwbwU †iwWI †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó Rb‡Mvôxi Kj¨v‡Y wb‡ew`Z

Ges Zv‡ì AskMÖnYg~jK|

* GwU Abyôvb wbg©vY, cwiKíbv, eë ’vcbv I gvwjKvbvi wewfbœ

ch©v‡q Rb‡Mvôxi mKj Í‡ii gvby‡li AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i

†`q|

* Gi m¤úªPvi eë ’vq GjvKvwfwËK, fvlvwfwËK RvwZmËv ev Ab¨

†Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvôxi evK¯vaxbZvi PP©v‡K mnRZi K‡i I Zv‡ì

†hvMv‡hvM Pvwn`v †gUvq|

* GwU wcwQ‡q cov Rb‡Mvôxi Kj¨v‡Y wb‡ew`Z| wcwQ‡q cov

Rbc_‡K mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z †cÖiYv †hvMvq| Z…Yg~j

gvby‡li AvZ¥cÖKvk I weKv‡ki †ÿÎ ˆZwi K‡i KwgDwbwU †iwWI|

* GB m¤cÖPvi eë¯’v MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i|

* GLv‡b evwYwR¨K ¯v_© cÖvavb¨ cvq bv|

* ’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c_ D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i KwgDwbwU

†iwWI|

* AvÂwjK fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ‡K weKwkZ K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡k KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi ïiæ †hfv‡e

1998 mv‡j †emiKvwi msMVb g¨vmjvBb wgwWqv †m›Uvi (GgGgwm)

evsjv‡`‡k KwgDwbwU †iwWI Pvjyi welq wb‡q miKv‡ii mv‡_

A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| G †ÿ‡Î mn‡hvMx kw³ wn‡m‡e KvR

K‡i KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi Ici cwiPvwjZ wKQz M‡elYvi djvdj|

g¨vmjvBb wgwWqv †m›Uvi cwiPvwjZ GK M‡elYvq Rvbv hvq, mgy`ªMvgx

gvQ aivi Uªjvi I BwÄbPvwjZ †bŠKvi 74.82 kZvsk †R‡j †iwWI

eënvi K‡i| DcK~jxq AÂ‡ji 50.1 kZvsk gvbyl †iwWI †kv‡b|

†dvKvm bv‡gi Ab¨ GKwU †emiKvwi ms¯’vi M‡elYvi djvd‡j Rvbv

hvq, DcK~jxq AÂ‡ji I Øxcmg~‡ni 51.8 kZvsk evwo‡Z †iwWI †mU

i‡q‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ 77.3 kZvsk †kªvZv ’vbxq fvlvq Abyôvb ïb‡Z

Pvq| 76.3 kZvsk †kªvZv †iwWIÕ‡Z `y‡h©v‡Mi Z_¨ Nb-Nb cÖPv‡ii `vwe

Rvbvq| G M‡elYvq ¯úóZ cÖgvY nq, `y‡h©vM I Dbœq‡b cÖZ¨šÍ Rbc‡ì

gvby‡li Z_¨cÖvwßi Drm KwgDwbwU †iwWI| AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K

g¨vmjvBb wgwWqv †m›Uvi (GgGgwm) KwgDwbwU †iwWI ¯’vc‡bi AbygwZ

†P‡q Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡q Av‡e`b K‡i|

2000 mv‡j †emiKvwi msMVb GbwRIm †bUIqvK© di †iwWI

A¨vÛ KwgDwb‡Kkb (weGbGbAviwm)Õi wbe©vnx cwiPvjK G GBP Gg

eRjyi ingvb KwgDwbwU †iwWI welqK GKwU A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm cwiKíbv

MÖnY K‡i hvi bvg wQj Ôcwjwm A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm cø vb Ae KwgDwbwU †iwWI

Bb evsjv‡`kÕ| Gici †_‡K GB msMVbwU G‡`‡k KwgDwbwU †iwWI

’vc‡bi e¨vcv‡i Ab¨vb¨ ms ’vi mv‡_ A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q

hv‡”Q| 2006 mv‡j weGbGbAviwm, g¨vmjvBb wgwWqv †m›Uvi, †dvKvm,

Bcmv I f‡qm †hŠ_fv‡e Av‡qvRb K‡i ÒivDÛ‡Uwej Ab KwgDwbwU

†iwWIÓ welqK wZbw`‡bi RvZxq civgk© mfv| cÖ_g ev‡ii g‡Zv D³

A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm Kvh©µ‡g †hvM`vb K‡i BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDGbwWwc Ges

c¨v‡bvm `wÿY Gwkqv|

W. dLiæÏxb Avng` evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖavb Dc‡`óv wn‡m‡e

`vwqZ¡ †bqvi ci weGbGbAviwmÕi D‡`¨v‡M GKwU †jUvi K¨v‡¤úBb

cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| G K¨v‡¤úB‡bi mycvwi‡ki Av‡jv‡K miKvi KwgDwbwU

†iwWIÕi cÖwZôvi wel‡q Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡q wb‡`©kbv cvVvq| Ae¨vnZ

A¨vW‡fv‡Kwmi d‡j evsjv‡`k miKvi KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb

K‡i 2008 mv‡ji 12B gvP© KwgDwbwU †iwWI ’vcb, m¤úªPvi I

cwiPvjbv bxwZgvjv †NvlYv K‡i| D‡jøL¨, evsjv‡`k n‡”Q KwgDwbwU

†iwWI welqK bxwZgvjv cÖYqbKvix `wÿY Gwkqvi wØZxq †`k|

miKvi 2010 mv‡ji 22 †k GwcÖj cÖv_wgKfv‡e 14wU KwgDwbwU

†iwWI Pvjyi Aby‡gv`b †`q Ges GK Z_¨ weeiYxi gva¨‡g 14wU

D‡`¨v³v msMVb‡K jvB‡mÝ cÖ v‡bi †NvlYv †`q| Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_‡g 12wU

†iwWI Zv‡ì cÖPvi Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b 32wU †iwWIÕi AbygwZ

w`‡q‡Q miKvi | Gi g‡a¨ 17wU †iwWI m¤cÖPvi Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| G¸‡jv

n‡”Q: 1. †iwWI wPjgvix, 2. e‡i›`ª †iwWI, 3. †iwWI gyw³, 4. †iwWI

cjøxKÉ, 5. †iwWI gnvb›`v, 6. †iwWI cÙv, 7. †iwWI wSbyK, 8. †iwWI

bjZv, 9. †iwWI weµgcyi, 10. †iwWI mvMiwMwi, 11. †iwWI my›ìeb,

12. †jvK‡eZvi, 13. K…wl †iwWI, 14. †iwWI bvd, 15. †iwWI †gNbv,

16. †iwWI mvMi Øxc, 17. †iwWI mviv‡ejv|

eë ’vcbv/cwiPvjbv

KwgDwbwU †iwWI P‡j GKwU eë¯’vcbvi ga¨w`‡qÑ GKwU bxwZgvjvi

Aax‡b| GB bxwZgvjvi g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q Gi eë ’vcbv I cwiPvjbvi

w`KwU| GB bxwZgvjvq ejv n‡q‡Q,jvB‡mÝ cÖvß cÖwZwU †÷k‡bi Rb¨

GKwU eë ’vcbv KwgwU _vK‡e| †÷kb cwiPvjbv Ges eë ’vcbvq

DwÏó Rb‡Mvôxi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Abyôvb wbg©v‡Yi

†ÿ‡Î ¯’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi AskMÖn‡Yi welqwUI wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi †gŠwjK bxwZgvjv

AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯xK…Z I MÖnY‡hvM¨ KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv

evsjv‡`‡kI Abym„Z n‡”Q| †Kv‡bv ms ’v ev cÖwZôvb hw` KwgDwbwU

†iwWI cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j †m ms ’v ev cÖwZôvb‡K wb‡gœewY©Z

bxwZgvjv cÖwZcvjb Ki‡Z n‡e:

(K) ms¯’v ev cÖwZôvbwU‡K Aek¨B AjvfRbK n‡Z n‡e;

(L) KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi m‡½ mswkøó cÖwZôvb ev ms ’vi Kgc‡ÿ cuvP

eQi KwgDwbwU ch©v‡q KvR Kivi AwfÁZv Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e;

(M) KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷kb‡K Aek¨B wbwðZ I mywbw`©ófv‡e

KwgDwbwUÕi †jvKRb‡K †mevcÖ vb Ki‡Z n‡e;

(N) mswkøó ms¯’v ev cÖwZôv‡bi wbw`©ó Rb‡Mvôxi a¨vb-aviYvi

cÖwZdjb-mg„× GKwU cwiPvjbv cl© _vK‡Z n‡e;

(O) m¤cÖPvi Abyôvbm~wP‡Z KwgDwbwU wkÿv, ¯v ’ I mgvR, bvixi

AwaKvi, MÖvgxY I GjvKvwfwËK Dbœqb, cwi‡ek, AvenvIqv I

mvs¯‹…wZK welq AšÍfz©³ _vK‡Z n‡e Ges G‡Z Aek¨B Rb‡Mvôxi

mswkøóZv _vK‡Z n‡e;

(P) mswkøó ms¯’v ev cÖwZôvbwUi Aek¨B AvBbMZ êaZv _vK‡Z n‡e

Ges

(Q) m¤cÖPv‡ii cixÿvg~jK m¤cÖPvic‡e© MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôx‡K AMÖvwaKvi

w`‡Z n‡e| g~javivi MYgva¨‡gi my‡hvM Ges myweav ewÂZ

Rb‡Mvôx KwgDwbwU †iwWI ’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î AMÖvwaKvi jvf Ki‡e|

evsjv‡`‡k KwgDwbwU †iwWI cwiPvjbvi AbygwZ/jvB‡mÝ cÖvwßi Rb¨ †hvM¨Zv

1. KwgDwbwU †iwW †÷kb ’vcb I cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î wb‡gœv³ ms ’v ev

cÖwZôvbmg~n Av‡e`b Kivi †hvM¨ n‡e e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e:

(K) miKvwi M‡elYv I Dbœqb ms ’v ev cÖwZôvbmg~n hv 2bs

Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z kZ©vw` cÖwZcvjb Ki‡e;

(L) †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v ev cÖwZôvbmg~n hv‡ì Kgc‡ÿ cuvP

eQ‡ii `vwi`ª we‡gvPb/MYgva¨g/Z_¨cÖhyw³ m¤úwK©Z Kv‡Ri

AwfÁZv Av‡Q Ges hvnv 2bs Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z kZ©vw`

cÖwZcvjb Ki‡e| mswkøó cÖwZôvb ev ms¯’vi Aek¨B

AvBbMZ êaZv _vK‡Z n‡e wKsev GbwRI ey¨‡ivi

†iwRw÷ªfz³ n‡Z n‡e|

wbix¶v

bxwZgvjvi kZ©vejx

Aby‡gv`bcÖvß cÖwZôvb ev ms ’v‡K wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, m¤cÖPvwiZ

Abyôv‡bi g‡a¨ Ggb wKQzB AšÍfz©³ n‡e bv hvÑ

(K) Ab¨ †`‡ki mgv‡jvPbv K‡i ev evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ Ab¨ †`‡ki

eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK©‡K ÿwZMÖ Í K‡i;

(L) cÖKv‡k¨ A_ev AcÖKv‡k¨ †h †Kv‡bv ag©, m¤cÖ vq A_ev RvwZ‡Mvôxi

cÖwZ KUvÿ Kiv nq, hv‡Z m¤cÖ vq ev Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ we‡Øl ˆZwi

nq, hvi d‡j `jxq ev Dc`jxq „wófw½i cÖKvk N‡U, hv RvwZMZ

Am‡šÍvl ˆZwi K‡i Ges mv¤cÖ vwqK m¤cÖxwZ webó K‡i;

(M) Akøxj, gvbnvwbKi †h †Kv‡bv welq A_ev †Kv‡bv e¨w³, `j ev

ms ’vi weiæ‡× fzj Z_¨ cwi‡ekb ev `jxq „wófw½ cÖKvk K‡i;

N) wnsmv-†Øl‡K DrmvwnZ ev cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi Avk¼v _v‡K A_ev AvBb-

k„•Ljv cwicwš’ A_ev weRvZxq aviYv ev g‡bvfve‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i;

(O) Av`vjZ Aegvbbv A_ev †`‡ki HK¨ bó K‡i;

(P) ivóª Ges miKv‡ii weiƒc mgv‡jvPbv I A‡nZzK iUbv K‡i;

(Q) †`‡ki KvD‡K e¨w³MZ, `jxq A_ev mgv‡Ri †Kv‡bv Ask‡K

Acev` ev Kzrmv iUbvi ga¨w`‡q mgv‡jvPbv K‡i;

(R) Kzms¯‹vi I AÜ wek¦v‡m Drmvn †`q;

(S) bvix-mgvR‡K Ae‡njv K‡i;

(T) wkï‡K Ae‡njv K‡i;

(U) cÖwZeÜx‡K Ae‡njv K‡i;

(V) A¨vj‡Kvnj, gv`K I a~gcv‡b Drmvn cÖ vb Ges mg_©b K‡i;

(W) RvwZ‡Mvôx, RvZxqZv, wj½, ag©, eY©, eqm A_ev kvixwiK ev gvbwmK

cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv e¨w³, `‡ji weiæ‡× D¯‹vwb †`q, Kzrmv

iUbv K‡i ev N„Yv cÖKvk K‡i ev Kivi D‡`¨vM †bq;

(X) ag©xq Abyf~wZ ev ms‡e`bkxjZv‡K nxb¯v‡_© eënv‡ii †Póv Kiv nq

Ges

(Y) †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó agx©q „wófw½ I wek¦vm‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i †`‡L|

Ab¨vb¨ wb‡`©kvejx

1. KwgDwbwU †iwWI cwiPvjbvi †gŠwjK D‡Ïk¨ DwÏó Rb‡Mvôxi †mev

Kiv Ges Zv‡ì‡K †eZvi Abyôvb m¤cÖPv‡i AšÍfz©³ Kiv|

2. †Kej AjvfRbK ms ’v/cÖwZôvb wbgœewY©Z kZ©c~iY mv‡c‡ÿ

KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷kb ’vcb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i;

(K) jvB‡mÝcÖvß cÖwZwU †÷k‡bi Rb¨ GKwU eë ’vcbv KwgwU

_vK‡e| †÷kb cwiPvjbv Ges eë ’vcbvq DwÏó Rb‡Mvôxi m`m¨‡ì

mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Abyôvb wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ’vbxq

Rb‡Mvôxi AskMÖn‡Yi welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;

(L) cÖwZwU †÷k‡b ’vbxq cÖkvmb, †hgbÑ Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Awdmvi

(UNO), AwZwi³ †Rjv cÖkvmK (†hLv‡b †÷kbwU †Rjv kn‡i

Aew ’Z), AwZwi³ cywjk mycv‡ii mggh©v`vi cywjk Kg©KZ©v, RvwZ

MVbg~jK Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wefvMmg~n †hgbÑ K…wl, grm¨, cïm¤ú`, eb

I cwi‡ek, AvenvIqv Awa`ßi, ¯v¯’ , evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii ’vbxq

†÷k‡bi cÖwZwbwa, ’vbxq miKv‡ii wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa Ges mswkøó

†emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v‡ì AskMÖn‡Y GKwU K‡i Dc‡`óv KwgwU

MVb Ki‡Z n‡e;

(M) AbygwZ/jvB‡mÝcÖvß †÷kb eë ’vcbv I Abyôv‡b mgZv I

b¨vqwePvi mgybœZ ivL‡Z RvwZ, eY©, ag©, kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv I wj½

we‡ePbv mv‡c‡ÿ cÖvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôx‡K we‡kl AMÖvwaKvi cÖ vb Ki‡e;

(N) AbygwZ/jvB‡mÝcÖvß †÷kb AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK

cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g KwgDwbwUi †jvK‡ì `ÿZv e„w× wbwðZ Ki‡e|

3. `yÕeQ‡ii Rb¨ jvB‡mÝ cÖ vb Kiv nq| Aby‡gv`‡bi wewa I kZ©

†g‡b Pj‡j Ges †Kv‡bv wewa f½ bv Ki‡j, mdj mgvwß †k‡l

miKvwi wm×všÍ Abyhvqx c~‡e©v³ mgqmxgvi g‡Zv Aby‡gv`‡bi

mgqmxgv MÖnxZv ms ’vi Av‡e`‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z bevqb Kiv hv‡e|

4. jvB‡mÝ ¯Z¡ n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv hv‡e bv| MÖnxZv cÖwZôv‡bi †Kv‡bv

mvsMVwbK cwieZ©b n‡j Zv ZvrÿwYK wjwLZfv‡e miKvi‡K AewnZ

Ki‡Z n‡e|

5. evsjv‡`k †eZv‡i hw` ’vbxq welq-mswkøó †Kv‡bv Abyôvb m¤cÖPvi

nq Zvn‡j wewfbœ KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷k‡bi g‡a¨ Abyôvb wewbg‡qi

AbygwZ †`qv n‡e| RvZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_ev †Kv‡bv wbw ©ó GjvKv

m¤úwK©Z †Kv‡bv Abyôvb evsjv‡`k †eZv‡i m¤cÖPvwiZ nIqvi ci

mswkøó GjvKvi KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷kb¸‡jv‡Z †m Abyôvb

cybtcÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb RvwZi D‡Ï‡k ivóªcwZ,

cÖavbgš¿x/Dc‡`óvi fvlY, †Kv‡bv RvZxq wèm D`hvc‡bi †ÿ‡Î

we‡kl Abyôvb I AvenvIqv msev`, miKvi ev evsjv‡`k †eZvi

KZ©„K †cÖwiZ Abyôvb mivmwi m¤cÖPvi ev cybtcÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

GQvov GjvKv/KwgDwbwUwfwËK Abyôvbgvjv KwgDwbwU †iwWI

†÷k‡bi gva¨‡g webvg~‡j¨ m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi Abyôvbgvjvi welqe ‘i g‡a¨ K…wl, eq¯‹ I

wkïwkÿv, †RÛvi Bmy , cÖv_wgK ¯v ’ , cwi‡ek I AvenvIqv,

mgvRKj¨vY, eZ©gvb evRviì, K…wlRvZ c‡Yï Pvwn`v, MÖvgxY Ges

GjvKvwfwËK Dbœqb, wkïi hZœ, gvZ…-¯v ’ ‡mev, cwievi-cwiKíbv,

evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii RvZxq msev`, ’vbxq Rb‡Mvôxi Avq e„w×i

welq¸‡jv‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡Z n‡e| A_©vr KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi

Abyôvbgvjvq mswkøó Rb‡Mvôxi ¯v_© we‡klfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z n‡e|

7. KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕ‡Z m¤cÖPvwiZ Abyôv‡b mswkøó Rb‡Mvôxi

m`m¨‡ì AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr mswkøó Rb‡Mvôx

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi mKj Abyôv‡bi cwiKíbv, ev Íevqb, cwiPvjbv

I g~j¨vq‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡eb|

(K) jvB‡mÝ MÖnxZv mswkøó KwgDwbwUi †cÖÿvc‡U Zvi †iwWIÕ‡Z

m¤cÖPvwiZ Abyôvbgvjvi g~j¨vq‡bi cvkvcvwk KwgDwbwUi RbM‡Yi

AskMÖnY e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ my‡hvM-myweav †`qvi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì AvMÖn

evov‡bvi cwiKíbv Ki‡eb;

(L) Dbœqb Bmy¨ I bxwZi e¨vcv‡i Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡qi miKvwi

Kg©KZ©vi e³e¨ KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷k‡b m¤cÖPvwiZ n‡e;

(M) AskMÖnYg~jK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó Abyôv‡b ’vbxq

Z_¨, NUbv Ges cÖÁvcb (†bvwUwd‡Kkb), ’vbxq ms¯‹…wZ, cwiPq Ges

’vbxq fvlv‡K Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e;

(N) Abyôvb KvVv‡gv, welqe ‘, Dc ’vcbv I fvlv eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î

Aek¨B ’vbxq ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZdjb NUv‡Z n‡e|

8. KwgDwbwU †iwWI †h‡nZz ’vbxq gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i ZvB ’vbxq

Dbœqb msev` m¤cÖPv‡ii AbygwZ †`qv n‡e| Z‡e †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi

ivR‰bwZK welq m¤cÖPvi, mKj cÖKvi wbe©vPbx cÖPvi I weÁvcb

K‡Vvifv‡e wbwl× Kiv n‡e| KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷kb ïay †`wk-

we‡`wk †iKW©K…Z we‡bv`bg~jK I cÖvgvY¨ Abyôvb †eZvi †mÝi

bxwZgvjv AbymiY mv‡c‡ÿ mxwgZfv‡e cÖPvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| we‡`wk

m¤cÖPvi ms ’v/P¨v‡b‡ji msev` I PjwZ NUbvwfwËK Abyôvb,

Av‡jvPbv I UK‡kv mivmwi ev †iKW© K‡i m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|

9. wb‡gœ ewY©Z kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ Dbœqbg~jK †mev mswkøó weÁvcb cÖPvi Kiv hv‡eÑ

(K) weÁvcb Dbœqbg~jK †mev-mswkøó n‡Z n‡e Ges wbw`©ó †ÿ‡Î

mxgve× _vK‡Z n‡e;

(L) KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷kb wbwðZ Ki‡e †h, Abyôvb

A_©vqbKvixiv mswkøó Abyôvb ev Abyôvbgvjvi welqe ‘ wKsev ÷vBj Ges

†÷k‡bi bxwZgvjvi e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bv cÖfve we Ívi Ki‡Q bv;

(M) weÁvcb cÖPv‡ii †ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii we`¨gvb wb‡ ©kbv AbymiY

Ki‡Z n‡e|

10. cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †Kv‡bv miKvwi KZ©„cÿ †h †Kv‡bv KwgDwbwU †iwWI

†÷k‡bi Kvh©µg wbqš¿Y I gwbUi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| ZvB jvB‡mÝ

MÖnxZv‡K G ai‡bi †h †Kv‡bv wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|

11. jvB‡mÝ MÖnxZv Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡q mswkøó †÷k‡bi Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K©

ˆÎgvwmK wi‡cvU© †cÖiY Ki‡e| jvB‡mÝcÖvß cÖwZôvb ev ms ’v cÖv_wgK

ch©v‡q cÖPvwiZ Abyôvbgvjvi †iKW©cÎ msiÿY Ki‡eb| G †ÿ‡Î †h

†Kv‡bv ai‡bi e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ miKvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j, mswkøó RgvK…Z

RvgvbZ ev‡RqvßKiYmn AbygwZ/jvB‡mÝ evwZj Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

12. miKvi wKsev miKvi Aby‡gvw`Z cÖwZwbwa †h †Kv‡bv KwgDwbwU

†iwWI †÷kb I Gi ’vcbv cwi`k©b Ges DwÏó Rb‡Mvôxi

¯v_©mswkøó Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

13. RvZxq wbivcËv ev Riæwi Ae ’v/hy× A_ev we‡ivag~jK cwiw ’wZ

A_ev RvZxq †Kv‡bv cwiw ’wZi Kvi‡Y miKvi †h †Kv‡bv msL¨K ev

29

wbix¶v

mKj KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷kb AwaMÖnY ev Gi/G¸‡jvi Kvh©µg

’wMZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G mKj †ÿ‡Î miKvi †h †Kv‡bv msL¨K ev

mKj KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷k‡bi AbygwZ/jvB‡mÝ evwZj Kivi

AwaKvi Ges mswkøó cÖwZôvb, ms ’v ev e¨w³‡K cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi

AvIZvq Avbvi ÿgZv iv‡L|

14. †Kv‡bv GjvKv ev RvqMvq m¤cÖPvi †K›`ª ’vc‡bi AbygwZ cÖ vb Kiv

n‡e †m‡ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii wm×všÍB P~ovšÍ n‡e| †Kv‡bv we‡kl evZ©v

m¤cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ ev cÖZ¨vwkZ I Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b ev Rb¯v‡_© A_ev

cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î miKvwi wb‡`©k mswkøó KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕ‡K

Aek¨B gvb‡Z n‡e|

15. jvB‡mÝ MÖnxZv‡K AwWU Kiv evwl©K wnmve Ges evwl©K wi‡cvU©

miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Rgv w`‡Z n‡e|

16. wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ jvB‡mÝ MÖnxZv m¤cÖPvi Kvh©µg ïiæ Ki‡Z

e¨_© n‡j miKvi AbygwZ/jvB‡mÝ evwZj Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

17. KwgDwbwU †iwWI m¤cÖPvi KZ©„c‡ÿi wbR¯ Drm, mvg_© evov‡bv, cÖhyw³

M‡elYv I g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸YMZgvb e„w×i Rb¨ miKvi KwgDwbwU

†iwWI Dbœqb Znwej M‡o †Zvjvi e¨vcv‡i c`‡ÿc wb‡Z cvi‡e|

18. mswkøó ms ’v I cÖwZôvb‡K Zi½ I †eZvi hš¿ eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î

wewUAviwm KZ©„K Av‡ivwcZ mKj kZ©vejx †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|

19. KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷k‡bi Rb¨ ’vwcZ UvIqvi †emiKvwi †Uwj‡dvb

Acv‡iUi‡ì‡K eënvi Ki‡Z †`qv hv‡e bv| GQvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv

†emiKvwi Kv‡RI Gme UvIqvi eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|

20. KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷kb ’vcbKvix cÖwZôvb/ms ’v wbR¯ A_©vq‡b

mk ¿ Avbmvi Øviv †÷k‡bi mvwe©K wbivcËv weavb Ki‡e Ges

RvZxq wbivcËvi cwicwš’ †Kv‡bv m¤cÖPvi n‡q‡Q Kx-bv G g‡g©

mswkøó _vbvi fvicÖvß Kg©KZ©v cÖwZgv‡m GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b miKv‡ii

wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡e|

21. Rb¯v‡_© A_ev h_vh_ m¤cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ A_ev RbwbivcËvi ¯v‡_©

miKvi GB bxwZgvjvi wewa I kZ© cwieZ©‡bi AwaKvi msiÿY K‡i|

22. Rb¯v‡_© A_ev miKvwi wewawb‡la Agvb¨ Kivi `v‡q miKvi †h

†Kv‡bv mgq †Kv‡bv cÖKvi KviY `k©v‡bv e¨wZ‡i‡K mswkøó KwgDwbwU

†iwWI †÷k‡bi AbygwZ/jvB‡mÝ evwZ‡ji AwaKvi msiÿY K‡i|

KwgDwbwU †iwWI m¤cÖPvi gwbUwis

1. miKvi KZ©„K `vwqZ¡cÖvß †Kv‡bv Kg©KZ©v ev cÖwZwbwa ev ms ’v KwgDwbwU

†iwWI †÷k‡bi Kvh©µg gwbUwis I bw_cÎ cixÿv-wbixÿv Ki‡Z

cvi‡e Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b m¤cÖPviK…Z †Kv‡bv Abyôv‡bi wmwW (CD) ’vbxq

KZ©„c‡ÿi Kv‡Q KwgDwbwU †iwWI Rgv w`‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e;

2. Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Awdmvi, Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi, Dc‡Rjv

cÖ‡KŠkjx, ’vbxq miKv‡ii wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa, evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii

’vbxq †÷k‡bi cÖwZwbwa, ’vbxq wkÿv cÖwZôvb cÖav‡bi mgš‡q

GKwU ’vbxq Dc‡`óv KwgwU MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| H KwgwU

wbqwgZfv‡e mswkøó KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷k‡bi Kvh©µg gwbUi

Ki‡e Ges cÖwZgv‡m miKv‡ii wbKU GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b Rgv †`‡e;

3. Dc‡`óv KwgwU KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷k‡bi kw³ I `ye©jZvi wbwi‡L

mswkøó †÷kb‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© †`‡e;

4. Dc‡`óv KwgwU KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi Abyôv‡b Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡qi

miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì AskMÖnY‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡e;

5. KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi gva¨‡g Dbœqb welqK weÁvcb/miKvwi weÁvcb

†`qvi e¨vcv‡i Dc‡`óv KwgwU mswkøó‡ì DrmvwnZ Ki‡e;

6. Abyôv‡bi gv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨ KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi Rb¨ MwVZ Dc‡`óv

KwgwU mg‡q mg‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq KvD‡Ýwjs †mev †`‡e;

7. Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq KZ©„K MwVZ †K›`ªxq gwbUwis KwgwU KwgDwbwU †iwWI

cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ mvwe©K welq Z`viwK Ki‡e Ges mg‡q mg‡q

gš¿Yvj‡K AewnZ Ki‡e|

KwgDwbwU †iwWI m¤úªPvi gwbUwis KwgwU

KwgDwbwU †iwWI ’vcb I cwiPvjbv bxwZgvjv- 2008 Abyhvqx †h

KwgwU¸‡jv KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi gwbUwis Ki‡e Zv n‡”Q:

1. RvZxq †i¸‡jUwi KwgwUÑ GB KwgwUi mfvcwZ mwPe, Z_¨

gš¿Yvjq| hyM¥-mwPe (ivR‡bwZK), ¯ivóª gš¿Yvjq, hyM¥-mwPe,

AvBb, wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvjq; gnvcwiPjK, evsjv‡`k

†eZvi; m`m¨, wewUAviwmi GKRb Dchy³ cÖwZwbwa, ey‡q‡Ui

GKRb cÖwZwbwa, m`m¨. †`‡ki GKRb wewkó bvMwiK G KwgwUi

m`m¨ Ges hyM¥-mwPe (m¤úªPvi) Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq m`m¨-mwPe wn‡m‡e

KvR Ki‡eb|

2. KvwiMwi Dc-KwgwUÑ GB KwgwUi mfvcwZ cÖavb cÖ‡KŠkjx,

evsjv‡`k †eZvi| evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi wmwbqi cÖ‡KŠkjx ev

Z ~aŸ© ch©v‡qi GKRb cÖwZwbwa, ey‡q‡Ui GKRb Dchy³ cÖwZwbwa;

wewUAviwmÕi GKRb Dchy³ cÖwZwbwa; cwiPvjK (Abyôvb) evsjv‡`k

†eZvi Ges cwiPvjK, (gwbUwis) m`m¨ Ges evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii

Dc-KwgwUi wmwbqi cÖ‡KŠkjx , M‡elYv I MÖnY †K› ª, evsjv‡`k

†eZv‡ii m`m¨ mwPe|

3. †K› ªxq gwbUwis KwgwUÑ G KwgwUi mfvcwZ n‡”Qb evsjv‡`k

†eZv‡ii gnvcwiPjK| gnvcwiPvjK ev Zvi cÖwZwbwa, MY‡hvMv‡hvM

Awa`ßi; Dc-mwPe (†eZvi) Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq cÖavb cÖ‡KŠkjx,

evsjv‡`k †eZvi; wewUAviwmÕi cÖwZwbwa; Ges cÖavb wbe©vnx,

GbwRIÕm †bUIqvK© di †iwWI A¨vÛ KwgDwb‡Kkb m`m¨; m`m¨-

mwPe Dc-gnvcwiPvjK (Abyôvb), evsjv‡`k †eZvi m`m¨-mwPe

wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡eb|

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi ’vwqZ¡kxjZvi gvb`Ð

1. Avw_©K;

2. mvgvwRK;

3. ivR‰bwZK;

4. cÖvwZôvwbK|

Avw_©K

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi wU‡K _vKvi cÖ_g kZ© Gi Avw_©K ¯”QZv| KwgDwbwU

†iwWI AjvfRbK cÖwZôvb n‡jI Gi m‡½ mswkøó Kg©x‡ì †eZb I

m¤§vbx, †÷kb cwiPvjbvi LiPI Kg bq| ZvB cÖwZwU †÷k‡biB wbR¯

wKQz Drm _vKv evÃbxq| GKwU †÷kb Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ †h Drm¸‡jv †_‡K

A‡_©i †hvMvb nq †mB Drm¸‡jv n‡”Q:

1. ’vbxq Dbœqb weÁvcb

2. miKvwi-†emiKvwi Dbœqb cÖKí

3. D‡`¨v³v msMV‡bi e¨vK-Avc

GKwU KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷k‡bi gvwmK Avq-e¨q KZ n‡Z cv‡i-Zv

wbf©i K‡i †iwWIÕi †jvKej, †÷k‡bi Ae ’vb, Abyôv‡bi êwPÎ¨ Ges

w`‡b KZ NÈv mivmwi I †iKK©K…Z Abyôvb cÖPvi K‡i Zvi Ici| †Kbbv,

†h †÷k‡b †eZbfz³ Kg©xi msL¨v †ewk Ges †¯”Qv‡meK‡ì wbqwgZ

m¤§vbx †`qv nq, †h †÷kb w`bivZ 24 NÈvq m¤úªPv‡i _v‡K Ges

AwaKvsk mgq jvBf ev mivmwi Abyôvb cÖPvi K‡i Zv‡ì gvwmK LiP

Ab¨ †÷k‡bi †P‡q †ewk n‡e| Avevi †÷k‡bi Ae ’vb hw` kn‡i nq,

†m‡ÿ‡Î MÖvgvÂ‡j ’vwcZ †÷k‡bi †P‡q Zvi LiP †ewk nq|

†`‡k eZ©gv‡b Pvjy _vKv KwgDwbwU †iwWI¸‡jvi gvwmK LiP †Kgb,

Zvi GKUv cÖv_wgK aviYv wgj‡Z cv‡i K‡qKwU †iwWI †÷k‡bi gvwmK

Avq-e¨‡qi LiP w`‡q| †hgb: 2015 mv‡j GwcÖj gv‡m †gŠjfxevRv‡ii

†iwWI cjøxKÉÕi LiP wQj 3 jvL 20 nvRvi UvKv| Avi IB gv‡m Zv‡ì

Avq wQj 74 nvRvi 740 UvKv| †`Lv hv‡”Q, Av‡qi †P‡q e¨q A‡bK †ewk|

GB NvUwZ Zviv wgwU‡q‡Q D‡`¨v³v msMV‡bi KvQ †_‡K A_© wb‡q| IB gv‡m

ivRkvnxi †iwWI cÙvÕi Avq wQj GK jvL 86 nvRvi UvKv Avi e¨q wQj

2 jvL 33 nvRvi 97UvKv| Li‡Pi evwK Ask G‡m‡Q D‡`¨v³v msMV‡bi

KvQ †_‡K| GKB gv‡m e¸ovi †iwWI gyw³Õi LiP wQj gvÎ 80 nvRvi

UvKv| Avi Avq wQj 20 nvRvi UvKv| evwK UvKv w`‡q‡Q D‡`¨v³v msMVb|

mvgvwRK

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi mvgvwRK ’vwqZ¡kxjZv wbf©i K‡i GLv‡b KwgDwbwUi

gvby‡li AskMÖnY KZUv wbwðZ n‡q‡Q Zvi Ici| KwgDwbwU †iwWI

†÷kb cÖwZôv †_‡K Gi cÖwZwU Abyôvb wbg©vY, Dc ’vcbmn cÖwZwU ch©v‡q

KwgDwbwUi gvby‡li AskMÖnY Avek¨K| ïaygvÎ cÖwkÿYcÖvß wKQy gvbyl

KwgDwbwU †iwWI cwiPvjbv Ki‡e Avi KwgDwbwUi gvbyl †Kej †kÖvZvi

30

wbix¶v

f~wgKvq _vK‡e-GwU KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi `k©b bq| †h Kvi‡Y evieviB

ejv nq, KwgDwbwU †iwWI 90 fvM KwgDwbwU Ges evwK 10 fvM †iwWI|

A_©vr KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi cÖwZwU Í‡iB _vK‡e KwgDwbwUi AskMÖnY| Avi

KwgDwbwUi AskMÖnY hZ evo‡e, mvgvwRKfv‡e KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi wU‡K

_vKv ev ’vwqZ¡kxjZv ZZ †ewk wbwðZ n‡e| G Kvi‡YB KwgDwbwU

†iwWI¸‡jv bvbv eqmx‡ì wb‡q M‡o †Zv‡j bvbviKg GK †kÖvZv msN|

†iwWI cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ M‡o †Zvjv nq Dc‡`óv KwgwU, eë ’vcbv KwgwU

BZ¨vw`| KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi mvgvwRK ’vwqZ¡kxjZv KZUv Riæwi Zv †`Lv

†M‡Q 2014 mv‡ji 5 Rvbyqvwi AbywôZ 10g RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡bi

Av‡M| wbe©vPb‡K †K›`ª K‡i mviv‡`‡k hLb Pig Aw ’iZv, fvOPzi I

mwnsmZv PjwQj, ZLbB †`‡ki †Kv‡bv KwgDwbwU †iwWI ÿwZMÖ Í nqwb|

†Kbbv, KwgDwbwUi gvby‡livB Zv‡ì †iwWI †÷kb iÿv K‡i‡Q|

cÖvwZôvwbK

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi cÖvwZôvwbK ’vwqZ¡kxjZv wbf©i K‡i Gi Kb‡U›U ev

Abyôvbgvjvi Ici| eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki 17wU KwgDwbwU †iwWI cÖwZw`b cÖvq

120 NÈvi Abyôvb cÖPvi K‡i‡Q; GwUI KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi cÖvwZôvwbK

’vwqZ¡kxjZvi GKwU eo wbqvgK I wb‡`©kK| ZvQvov Gme †iwWI

†÷k‡b GLb AšÍZt GK nvRvi hye I hyebvix KvR Ki‡Qb| Zv‡ì

AwaKvskB †¯”Qv‡meK| Avevi GB †¯”Qv‡meKivB GKmgq n‡q hv‡”Qb

†iwWIÕi wbR¯ Kg©x| A‡b‡K KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕ‡Z Kv‡Ri GB AwfÁZvi

myev‡` P‡j hv‡”Qb g~javivi wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g| d‡j KwgDwbwU

†iwWI¸‡jv GLb `ÿ MYgva¨gKg©x ˆZwii cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ª cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕ‡Z GLb mgv‡Ri `wjZ I wcwQ‡q cov Rb‡Mvôxi hye

I hyebvixiv Avm‡Qb Kg©x, †¯”Qv‡meK I †d‡jv wn‡m‡e| Zviv wb‡R‡ì

KwgDwbwUi mgm¨v-m¤¢vebvi K_v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb wb‡Ri fvlvq|

Rbej Ges Rbej wb‡qvM

KwgDwbwU †iwWI †÷kb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ b~¨bZg †hme Kg©xi ìKvi nq

Zv n‡jv:

1. †÷kb g¨v‡bRvi, GKRb

2. mvDÛ GwWUi, `yBRb

3. cÖ‡hvRK, wZbRb

4. Dc ’vcK, PviRb

5. wi‡cvU©vi, PviRb

6. wnmveiÿK, GKRb

Kg©x‡ì cÖwkÿY

KL‡bv †Kv‡bv †iwWI †÷k‡b hvbwb, ÷zwWIÕ‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡ibwb,

gvB‡µv‡dvb eënvi K‡ibwb, GgbwK KL‡bv mvsevw`KZv wKsev

†hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi m‡½ RwoZI wQ‡jb bv- Ggb †jvK‡ì wb‡qB ïiæ nq

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi m¤úªPvi| AbwfÁ Gme gvbyl‡K cÖwkÿY †`qv

ixwZg‡Zv P¨v‡j‡Äi e¨vcvi| ev ÍeZv n‡jv, cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Yi ci GB

gvbyl¸‡jvB KvwiMwi Áv‡b `ÿ n‡q I‡Vb| Abyôvb wbg©vY, msev` msMÖn,

Dc ’vcb GgbwK mvDÛ GwWwUs‡qi g‡Zv RwUj KvRI K‡i _v‡Kb

KwgDwbwUi mvaviY gvby‡livB|

wbR¯ Kg©x

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi wbR¯ Kg©x ej‡Z †evSvqÑ †eZbfz³ Kg©x hviv A_©vr

†iwWI †÷kb ev D‡`¨v³v msMVb †_‡K wbqwgZ †eZb †c‡q _v‡Kb|

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕ‡Z wbR¯ Kg©xi msL¨v _v‡K Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg| Gi

g‡a¨ mvaviYZ GKRb †÷kb g¨v‡bRvi Ges hš¿cvwZ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨

KvwiMwi Áv‡b `ÿZvm¤úbœ GK ev GKvwaK †jvK _v‡Kb| Gi evB‡i

cÖ‡hvRbv, Abyôvb Dc ’vcbv, wi‡cvwU©s BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv mvaviYZ

†¯”Qv‡meKivB K‡i _v‡Kb| †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv †iwWI †÷k‡b †eZbfz³

cÖ‡hvRK, Dc ’vcK I wi‡cvU©viI _vK‡Z cv‡ib| GwU wbf©i K‡i IB

†iwWIÕi Avw_©K mÿgZvi Ici|

†¯”Qv‡meK

KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕ‡K ejvB n‡q _v‡K †¯”Qv‡meK-wbf©i MYgva¨g

cÖwZôvb| Avevi †¯”Qv‡meKivB GKmgq †÷k‡bi wbR¯ Kg©x n‡q hvb|

ïay Zv-B bq, †¯”Qv‡meK †_‡K †÷kb g¨v‡bRvi n‡q‡Qb, GiKg

D`vniYI Av‡Q| †¯”Qv‡meKiv KwgDwbwUi cÖwZwU Ask †_‡KB Av‡mb|

GKRb wkÿKI Zvi Kv‡Ri duv‡K KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕ‡Z G‡m Abyôvb

wbg©vY ev Dc ’vcbvq hy³ n‡Z cv‡ib| GKRb †R‡j, K…lK, †`vKvb`vi,

wiKkvPvjKI Aem‡i KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕ‡Z G‡m Abyôvb wbg©v‡Yi †h

†Kv‡bv ch©v‡q f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡ib|

GKwU mdj KwgDwbwU †iwWI memgq Zv‡ì ìRv †Lvjv iv‡L

hv‡Z hLb-ZLb KwgDwbwUi m`mïv †÷kb cwi`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| hw`

†÷kb KwgDwbwUi Rb¨ cwi`k©‡bi my‡hvM †`q Ges KwgDwbwU Kvh©µ‡g

AskMÖnY K‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î Rbmvavi‡Yi mv‡_ †÷k‡bi GKwU †hvMm~Î Zwi

nq| mivmwi `k©b/mvÿvr gvbyl‡K †÷kb wPb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| GUv wfbœ

GKwU ˆkwíK gva¨g n‡Z cv‡i| †kÖvZv‡ì mv‡_ wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM

†÷kb I eë ’vcbv KwgwU‡K cÖK…Z ev ÍeZvq wm×všÍ wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

Dcmsnvi

KÉnxb gvby‡li KÉ¯i KwgDwbwU †iwWI Zv‡ì 17wU †÷k‡bi ga¨w`‡q

’vbxq RbMY‡K Z_¨ †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i MYgva¨‡g mvov

RvwM‡q‡Q| Kxfv‡e G Ae ’v‡K Av‡iv MwZkxj Kiv hvq †mwU wb‡qI

fve‡Q mswkøóiv| G fvebv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †K› ªxf~Z KvVv‡gvi cwie‡Z©

MYZvwš¿K cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv; Av‡Q KwgDwbwU †iwWI¸‡jv‡K cÖ‡Yv`bv

cÖ vb eë ’v| Gme cÖ‡Yv`bvi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i KwgDwbwU †iwWI wb‡q

cÖKvwkZ wbDR‡jUv‡i IB †iwWIÕ‡K Ab¨vb¨‡ì Rb¨ AbymiY‡hvM¨

D`vniY wn‡m‡e Zz‡j aiv; RvZxq MYgva¨‡g IB †iwWI †÷k‡bi Kg©KvÐ

Zz‡j aiv BZ¨vw`| RvZxq MYgva¨‡g KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi Rb¨ weÁvcb,

Aby`vb, Puv`v I Znwej msMÖn Kiv Ges cÖ‡Yv`bvi gva¨‡g DrmvwnZ Kiv

hvq| †emiKvwi I AvšÍR©vwZK `vZv‡ì mnvqZvq KwgDwbwU †iwWI

Dbœqb Znwej M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e| KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi jvB‡mÝ cÖ vb I

ch©‡eÿY msµvšÍ KwgwUi evB‡i GKwU ¯vaxb KwgwU MVb Kiv hvq|

KwgDwbwU †iwWI¸‡jv hv‡Z miKvwi-†emiKvwi Zi‡d ch©vß weÁvcb I

¯úÝi †c‡Z cv‡i, †m eë ’v Kiv Ges KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi jvB‡mÝ

cvIqv/bevq‡bi wd Kgv‡bv Ges jvB‡mÝ cvIqvi cÖwµqv ivR‰bwZK

cÖfvegy³ ivLv ìKvi| RvZxq I ’vbxq miKv‡ii Kg©KZ©v‡ì (Ges

Ab¨vb¨ Askx`vi) g‡a¨ KwgDwbwU †iwWI m¤ú‡K© Dcjwä M‡o †Zvjv Ges

¯”QZv I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z jvB‡mÝ Aby‡gv`b, Z`viwK I g~j¨vqb

eë ’v ev Íevq‡bi mÿgZv ˆZwi Kiv Riæwi| KwgDwbwU †iwWI Lv‡Zi

Dbœq‡b miKvi‡K †bZ…‡Z¡i f~wgKvq †i‡L mKj Askx`v‡ii g‡a¨

mn‡hvwMZvi m¤úK© †Rvi`vi Kiv Ges wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k iƒcKí, Z_¨

AwaKvi AvBb-2009 I miKv‡ii mnmªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨mn Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqb

jÿ¨ AR©‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi I KwgDwbwU †iwWI Kxfv‡e mgwšZfv‡e

KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i-Zv wba©viY Kiv mg‡qi `vwe| KwgDwbwU †iwWI Lv‡Zi

Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z KwgDwbwU, D‡`¨v³v GbwRI, wek¦we`¨vjq I

M‡elYv cÖwZôvbmg~n, ’vbxq †emiKvwi LvZ, AvšÍR©vwZK `vZv‡Mvôx I

RvwZms‡Ni ms ’vmg~nmn ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Askx`vi‡ì g‡a¨ †KŠkjMZ †RvU I

mnvqZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z †KŠkj I c×wZi cwiKíbv Kiv Avek¨K|

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k iƒcK‡íi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L evsjv‡`k miKvi

KwgDwbwU †iwWI¸‡jv‡K Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (AvBwmwU) eënv‡ii

my‡hvM †c‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z KwgDwbwU †iwWI¸‡jvi mvwe©K

Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× cv‡e| miKvi KwgDwbwU †iwWIÕi miÄvgvw` ˆZwii LiP

Kgv‡bvi welqwU we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †iwWI¸‡jv Z_¨ I

†hvMv‡hvMcÖhyw³ wel‡q nv‡ZKj‡g cÖwkÿY †K‡› ªi g‡Zv KvR Ki‡Z

cv‡i| †hgb Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi, wWwRUvj m¤úv`bv BZ¨vw`

wel‡q ’vbxq‡ì cÖwkÿY w`‡Z cv‡i| Avi Gfv‡e G¸‡j KwgDwbwU

†iwWIÕi MwZ n‡e Av‡iv ye©vi, Pjvi c_ n‡e myMg|

Z_¨m~Î

1. KwgDwbwU †iwWI n¨vÛeyK, 20 †g 2015, GbwRIm †bUIqvK© di †iwWI

A¨vÛ KwgDwb‡Kkb (weGbGbAviwm), c„. bs 140-141, 145-147

2. MYgvby‡li Rvbvi AwaKvi, AvwU©‡Kj 19 I weGbGbAviwm

3. KwgDwbwU †iwWI mnvwqKv, 2008, weGbGbAviwm

4. mvÿvrKvi- GGBPGg eRjyi ingvb, wbe©vnx cwiPvjK, weGbGbAviwm

5. g¨vmjvBb wgwWqv †m›Uvi-Gi M‡elYv

6. kvgxgv †PŠayix, ÔKwgDwbwU †iwWI: mswkøó KwgDwbwUi fvebvÕ kxl©K

M‡elYv

†jLK: †R¨ô M‡elK, wcAvBwe

31

wbix¶v

wbeÜ

wQwU‡q i‡q‡Q Kv‡Vi †Pqvi I †W¯‹, †W‡¯‹i Ici cyivZb msev`c‡Îi evwÐj I msev`

Kwc (†cÖm weÁwß, †cÖm‡bvU, Z_¨ weeiYx BZ¨vw`)| GmeB wQj GKwU msev`cÎ I

msev`K‡ÿi g~j nvwZqvi I Kvh©µg| GLb wek¦e¨vcx msev`K‡ÿi Kg©Kv‡Ð e¨vcK

cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| cÖædwiwWs, †cw÷s I †gK-Avc GLb Avi †bB| UvBc

ivBUv‡ii cwie‡Z© Kw¤úDUvi, my›ì K‡cv©‡iU †W¯‹, SKS‡K †g‡S, B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM,

d¨v‡·i cwie‡Z© B-†gB‡j msev` MÖnY, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g msev` weZiY

cÖf…wZ bZzb cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i‡Q| wi‡cvU©v‡ii Rb¨ ¯§vU©‡dvb, †iKW©vi I j¨vcUc-Gi

cª‡qvRb n‡”Q| A_v©r msev` msMÖn, Drcv`b I weZi‡Y AvaywbK cÖhyw³i eënvi Kiv

n‡”Q| e¯‘Z mvsevw`KZvi Dbœq‡b Kg© cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b AvbqbB n‡”Q cÖavb

wbqvgK| GRb¨ msev`K‡ÿiI cwieZ©b n‡”Q| Shapiro (2011) msev`K‡ÿi G

cwieZ©b m¤ú©‡K e‡jb: Òthe newspaper industry entered a new era: forthe survivors facing diminishing competition, profits grew fatterand newsrooms grew plusher. Carpeting covered floors,computers supplanted typewriters... A new generation,college-educated and sexually integrated, lent the busi-ness a veneer of professionalism. Old-timers groused.ÓbZzb wgwWqvi cwi‡e‡k mbvZb msev`K‡ÿi cybM©Vb I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kiv

AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb| bZzb Av‡aq wbgv©Y I bZzb weR‡bm g‡Wj cÖYq‡bi Rb¨

mgwšZ msev`Kÿ AZ¨vek¨Kxq| GRb¨ mgwšZ msev`K‡ÿi Rb¨ bZzb

wgwWqvi B‡Kvwm‡÷g‡K eyS‡Z n‡e|

GKmgq g~javivi mvsevw`K‡ì‡KB ïay Av‡aq m„wóKvix ejv n‡Zv|

GLb mycvi wgwWqvi G hy‡M Av‡aq mvsevw`K I bvMwiK‡ì eyw×e„wËK

†hŠ_ cÖ‡hvRbv| Av‡gwiKvb †jLK I mvsevw`K Ug †iv‡RbmwU‡qj

msev`‡K Òcollaborative intelligenceÓ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb

(nK, 2016)| wWwRUvj hy‡Mi `k©K-†kªvZv-cvV‡Ki msev` cvV¨vf¨vmmn

bZzb wgwWqvi †h cwi‡ek m„wó n‡q‡Q †mLv‡b mvsevw`K I bvMwiK‡ì

eyw×e„wËK †hŠ_ cÖ‡hvRbv Qvov Av‡a‡qi cwic~Y©Zv I êwPÎ¨Zv Avbqb

Ges Ab¨w`‡K Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wewbg©vY Kiv mnR bq| KviY wWwRUvj

`k©K mbvZb `k©K †_‡K A‡bK †ewk MwZkxj| G‡ì msev` MÖnY cÖwµqv

m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v I êwkó¨gwÐZ| cvVK, †kªvZv I `k©K—G wZbwUi mgwšZ

êwkó¨ aviY K‡i GKRb wWwRUvj `k©K ev bvMwiK| †Kbbv, AbjvBb

msev`gva¨‡g Av‡aq cov, †kvbv I †`Lv hvq| wWwRUvj `k©K me© vB

†W¯‹U‡c ev ¯§vU©‡dv‡b B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i| Zviv cÖvqB AbjvBb eÜz‡ì m‡½ P¨vU,

AbjvB‡b Z_¨ msMÖn Ges mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g gšÍe¨, gZvgZ I cÖwZwµqv

Rvbv‡Z cQ›` K‡i| wWwRUvj bvMwiK wWwRUvj we‡k¦ c`PviYv K‡i wb‡R‡ì Avc‡WU

iv‡L| AvšÍR©vwZK †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb BDwbqb cwiPvwjZ ÔwgRvwis `¨ Iqvì©m wWwRUvj

†bwUfÕ kxl©K M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, 2012 mv‡j we‡k¦i hye m¤úª v‡qi (15-24 eQi)

30 kZvsk wWwRUvj bvMwiK (Costa, 2013)| 2013 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i gvwK©b

32

m

sev`K‡ÿ AkÿzivK…wZi †Uwe‡ji (Horseshoe of aCommunal Desk—The “Rim”) Pvwiw`‡K e‡m

GK`j Kwc m¤úv`K jvj Kvwji Kj‡g m¤úv`bv Ki‡Qb,

Ab¨w`‡K Pj‡Q wi‡cvU© wjLb, cÖædwiwWs, †cw÷s I †gK-Avc|

UvBc ivBUvi, †dvb-d¨v· I †UwjwcÖ›Uv‡ii kã evR‡Q| Qwo‡q-

mgwš^Z msev`Kÿ eë¯’vcbvq

Distributed Journalism Av‡iKwU

aviYv hv msev` msMÖn I wi‡cvwU©s‡q

¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i

AbjvBb msev`Kÿ

eë¯’vcbv:

c×wZ I †KŠkj

†gvnv. gvnvgy yj nK

wbix¶v

33

hy³iv‡óªi 95 kZvsk hyeKB (13-24 eQi) wWwRUvj we‡k¦i bvMwiK †hLv‡b

eªvwR‡ji wQj 60 kZvsk (As cited in Costa, 2013)| wWwRUvj Ges

A¨vbvjM bvMwi‡Ki gaëZx© `j n‡”Q wWwRUvj-A¨vbvjM bvMwiK| G‡ì

Rb¥ A¨vbvjM hy‡M wKš‘ Zviv mbvZb Ae ’vi Ici fi K‡i wWwRUvj we‡k¦i

mewKQz MÖnY K‡i| G ai‡bi bvMwi‡Ki DrK…ó D`vniY n‡”Qb w÷f Rem

(1955-2011)| ZvB wWwRUvj hy‡M msev`K‡ÿi cybM©Vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î

wWwRUvj, A¨vbvjM Ges wWwRUvj-A¨vbvjM—G wZb ai‡bi bvMwiK‡ì

MYgva¨g eënv‡ii aib, AbjvBb mvsevw`KZvi cÖeYZvmn wWwRUvj

B‡Kvwm‡÷g Abyaveb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GKUv mgq wQj hLb mvsevw`KZvi

`ÿZv ïay mvsevw`K ev msev`gva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv|

wRwRUvj hy‡M GLb mvsevw`KZvi `ÿZv mK‡ji Rb¨ Ab¨Zg cÖ‡qvRbxq

Abyl½ n‡q D‡V‡Q| †Kbbv, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi m`m¨ nIqvq

mK‡jB †Kvb bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e Z_¨ I msev` weZiY Ki‡Q| wb‡Ri I

cÖwZôv‡bi cÖPvi I eª vwÛs‡qi Rb¨ Ges m‡e©vcwi †jLv‡jwLi RbÏ

mvsevw`KZvq `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q|

AZxZ: ïay msev`gva¨‡gi Rb¨ mvsevw`KZvi `ÿZv cÖ‡qvRb wQj

GK Rwi‡c †`Lv †M‡Q we‡k¦ 60 kZvsk msev` mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM

gva¨‡g cov ev †`Lv nq| AbjvB‡b msev` cov ev †`Lvi nvi e„w×i Kvi‡Y

mvivwe‡k¦ msev`cÎ covi nvi µgk n«vm cv‡”Q| AbjvBb msev` cov ev

†`Lvi nvi wUwf P¨v‡bj¸‡jv‡KI Qvwo‡q hv‡”Q (Digital News Report,2015)| Gme P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq we‡ki cÖavb msev`gva¨g¸‡jv

msev`K‡ÿi eë ’vcbvq cwieZ©b Avbqb K‡i‡Q| m„wó K‡i‡Q bZzb-bZyb

c` I Kvh©µg| Avevi bZzb wgwWqvi hy‡M msev`K‡ÿi Kg©KvÐ †Kgb n‡e

G wb‡q GLb we Íi ch©v‡jvPbv I M‡elYv Kiv n‡”Q| †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB

mbvZb msev`Kÿ I wWwRUvj yÕ‡qi wgkÖY NwU‡q mgwšZ msev`Kÿ

eë ’vcbvi Ici †Rvi †`qv n‡”Q| hwÌ evsjv‡`‡ki msev` gva¨‡g Gme

wPšÍv GLbI ïiæB nqwb ejv P‡j|

DBmKbwmb-†gwWmvb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯‹zj Ae Rvb©vwjRg I g¨vm

KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi Aa¨vcK jyBm G d«vBWj¨vÛ msev`K‡ÿ ¯ÍiwfwËK

mvsevw`KZv (Layered Journalism) cÖ‡qv‡Mi K_v e‡j‡Qb (nK,

2016)| GUv mbvZb mvsevw`K I bvMwiK mvsevw`‡Ki †hŠ_ cÖ‡hvwRZ

mvsevw`KZv, hv mgwšZ msev`K‡ÿi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| ¯ÍwiZ mvsevw`KZvq

msev`K‡ÿ K‡qKUv Íi _vK‡e| mbvZb m¤úv`K, wbe©vnx m¤úv`K, mn-

m¤úv`K I wi‡cvU©vi‡ì wb‡q n‡e cÖ_g ÍiwU| Av‡iKwU Í‡i _vK‡e bZzb

GK ai‡bi mvsevw`K hviv KvR Ki‡e msev` cÖ‡hvRK wn‡m‡e| msev`-

Kvwnbx‡Z AskMÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡ì mshy³KiY

I cÖwkÿY cÖ vb Ki‡e G Íi| msev` cÖ‡hvRKMY mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM

gva¨g ev B-†gBj ev P¨vUiæ‡gi gva¨‡g bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡ì Z_¨, Qwe

cÖf…wZ MÖnY Ki‡eb| bvMwiK mvsevw`K‡ì wb‡q MwVZ n‡e Av‡iKwU ¯Íi|

bvMwiK mvsevw`Kiv mvsevw`KZvi mKj wbqg-Kvbyb AbymiY K‡i A‡_©i

wewbg‡q iæZ¡c~Y© msev`-Kvwnbx ˆZwi‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡e| bvMwiK mvsevw`Kiv

mivmwi ev †h †Kv‡bvfv‡e msev`K‡ÿi mv‡_ hy³ _vK‡e| bvMwiK mvsevw`K

Ab¨‡`k †_‡K A‡_©i wewbg‡q ev webvg~‡j¨ wjL‡Z/wi‡cvU© Ki‡Z cvi‡e ev

†h †Kv‡bvfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Z cvi‡e| G Íi¸‡jv Aek¨B AskMÖnYg~jK I

†hvMv‡hvMxq Communicative n‡e|

mgwšZ msev`Kÿ eë ’vcbvq Distributed Journalism Av‡iKwU

aviYv hv msev` msMÖn I wi‡cvwU©s‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î

msev` ˆZwii wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖ vqK‡K (contributor) Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨

A‡bK ai‡bi wg_w¯Œqvg~jK cÖhyw³i eënvi Kiv nq| A_©vr mvsevw`K GKvi

Ici wbf©i bv K‡i GKvwaK, GgbwK MZvbyMwZK †hvMv‡hvM wb‡ ©wkKvi

evB‡i AbjvBb KwgDwbwUi bvMwiK‡ì KvQ †_‡K wi‡cvwU©s cÖwµqvq

mnvqZv MÖnY K‡ib| msev`K‡ÿ G ai‡bi PPv© RbwcÖq n‡q DV‡Q|

†hŠ_ msev` cÖ‡hvRbvi Av‡iKwU Kvh©Kix nvwZqvi †bUIqvK©fz³

mvsevw`KZv (Networked Journalism)| †bUIqvK©fz³ mvsevw`KZvq

Z_¨ AvniY Kvh©µg, Av`vb-cÖ vb Ges

weZiY B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Kiv nq

Ges bvMwiK‡ì wi‡cvwU©s cÖwµqvq AšÍfy©³

Kiv nq| Z_¨ I civg‡k©i Rb¨ Zv‡ì

mvnvh¨ †bqv nq| A_©vr mvsevw`K I bvMwiK

cÖK…Z NUbv wi‡cvwU©s‡qi Rb¨ GKm‡½ KvR

K‡i _v‡Kb|

fvP©yqvj msev`KÿI n‡q DV‡Q

AbjvBb mvsevw`KZvi cÖ‡hvRbv †K› ª

wn‡m‡e| GKUv I‡qemvBwUB n‡Z cv‡i

fvP©y¨qvj msev`Kÿ| msev` msMÖn I

m¤úv`bv, weZiY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiv hvq

fvP©y¨qvj msev`K‡ÿi gva¨‡g| G cÖwµqvq

mgq, A_©, Rbej mewKQziB Kg cÖ‡qvRb

nq| Aaybv wejyß ÔwgwWqv di wgwWqv Ô(cÖwZôv

2006) evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g AbjvBb

msev`gva¨g hvi †Kv‡bv Awdm wQj bv, Zv

fvPz© qvj| mvivwek¦B Gi Awdm A_v©r Gi

I‡qemvB‡Ui gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv ’vb †_‡K

msev` Drcv`b (wi‡cvwU©s I m¤úv`bv) I

weZiY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiv n‡Zv (nK,

2016)| 2010 mv‡j Awbevh©KviYekZ G

AbjvBb msev` gva¨gwU eÜ n‡q hvq|

Avevi mbvZb msev`K‡ÿi mv‡_

fvPz© qvj cÖwµqv hy³ K‡i mgwšZfv‡e mvsevw`KZvI Kiv n‡”Q| mvÛªv

Iwk‡iv e‡jb, Ò... journalists can function outside the office,perhaps in their home or in a coffee shop or in a sharedspace, and produce work for a news organization or web-site that operates at a distance (D×…Z: nK, 2016).

AbjvBb msev`gva¨‡gi kw³ yB w`K †_‡KÑ GK. MwZ Ges yB.

MfxiZv| MwZ n‡”Q ªæZZv, †eªwKs ev A¨vjvU© Avi MfxiZv n‡”Q NUbvi

Av`¨cvšÍ we‡kølY I AbymÜv‡bi djvdj Dc ’vcb| cÖhyw³i myev‡`

AbjvB‡b msev` Av‡Mi yB MwZkxj gva¨g †iwWI I wUwfi †P‡qI ªæZ

MwZ‡Z cÖKv‡k mÿg| †hgb †gvevBj ev B-†gBj A¨vjvU©, UzBUvi evZ©v|

Ab¨w`‡K I‡q‡e mxgvnxb RvqMv I mgq nvBcvi‡U·U& Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú`

msev`cÎ I g¨vMvwR‡bi †P‡q cÖvmw½K we‡køl‡Yi w`K †_‡K Mfxi I

e¨vcK| †hgb DBwK¬wcwWqvi N~wY©So K¨vUwibvi Kfv‡iR| ‘PaulBradshaw Zuvi ÔModel for the 21st Century NewsroomÕ MÖ‡š’

wWwRUvj hy‡Mi msev`K‡ÿi Rb¨ †h g‡Wj cÖ Íve K‡i‡Qb Zv gvwK©b

hy³ivóªmn we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡ki msev` cÖwZôvb AbymiY Ki‡Q| G g‡Wj

wbix¶v

RbMY

msev` gva¨g

RbMY

mvsevw`KZvi `ÿZv `k©K

cÖwZôvbmg~n

`k©K

msev`gva¨g

mvsevw`KZvi `ÿZv

cÖwZôvbmg~n

eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Z: mK‡ji Rb¨ mvsevw`KZvi `ÿZv cÖ‡qvRb

Kxfv‡e msev`Kÿ wb‡¤œv³ avç‡jv AbymiY K‡i Zv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

1. A¨vjvU©

hLbB †Kv‡bv NUbv mvsevw`K ev m¤úv`K AeMZ nb mv‡_ mv‡_B Zv

†gvevBj †dv‡b A_ev IqvBdvB j¨vcU‡ci gva¨‡g †U·U& ev B-†gBj evZ©v

ev UzBUvi ev †dmey‡K wbDR A¨vjvU© w`‡Z n‡e MÖvnK ev wWwRUvj

†bUIqv‡K©i m`m¨‡K| G ai‡bi A¨vjvU© ev †eªwKs wbDR †`qvi gva¨‡g

Rvwb‡q †`qv nq †h, GB msev`gva¨g G Lei w`‡”Q| A_v©r Gi gva¨‡g

msev‡ì ¯Z¡ ev gvwjKvbv Rvwb‡q †`qv nq| GUv GKw`‡K †hgb L¨vwZ

evov‡e, †Zgwb Zv `k©K‡K I‡qemvBU, msev`cÎ A_ev eªWKv÷ wgwWqvi

w`‡K Uvb‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|

2. Lmov

GB av‡c gy ªY ev eªWKv÷ †h †Kv‡bv gva¨‡gi Rb¨ Av‡aq G‡Kev‡i Lmov

Ae ’vq _v‡K wKš‘ eø‡Mi Rb¨ Zv eënvi‡hvM¨| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †h A¨vjvU© †`qv

n‡q‡Q †mUv mg_©b †`qvi Rb¨ msev` ms ’vi (Iq¨vi) wi‡cv‡U©i g‡Zv

cÖv_wgKfv‡e bvg, ’vb I Ab¨vb¨ we ÍvwiZ m~Îmn Rvwb‡q w`‡Z n‡e| e‡j

w`‡Z n‡e †h, we ÍvwiZ Av‡iv Avm‡Q| Gi d‡j A¨vjvU© `k©K I‡qemvB‡U

Ae ’vb Ki‡e ev c‡i Avevi wfwRU Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K GB Av‡ai eø‡M

cÖKvwkZ n‡e hv mvP© BwÄb i¨vswKs‡qi †ÿ‡Î mnvqZv Ki‡e| Avi gšÍe¨ I

cÖwZwµqv Avm‡e Zv P~ovšÍ Av‡a‡qi ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb I fzj ms‡kva‡b

mnvqK n‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h, A¨vjvU© I Lmovi chv©q‡K ProcessJournalism e‡j|

3. msev`/wbeÜ/c¨v‡KR

mbvZb msev`gva¨g msev`cÎ wZbkÕ ev PvikÕ k‡ãi wbeÜ/msev` cÖKvwkZ

nq ev †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡b‡j wZb/Pvi wgwb‡Ui c¨v‡KR cÖPvwiZ nq| wKš‘

B›Uvi‡b‡U RvqMv mxgvnxb| ZvB cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj Z_¨, AwWI-wfwWImn

cwic~Y© wbeÜ ev c¨v‡KR nvwRi Kiv hvq AbjvB‡b| G chv©‡q Av‡aq Avi

Lmov Ae ’vq _v‡K bv, D”P gvbm¤úbœ P~ovšÍ iƒc †bq| GUv AbjvBb, gy ªY,

eªWKv÷ †h †Kv‡bv gva¨‡gi Rb¨ n‡Z cv‡i| wbeÜ/c¨v‡K‡Ri Rb¨ eivÏK…Z

mgq I ’vb wbR-wbR gva¨g Øviv wba©vwiZ n‡e|

4. cÖvmw½K wjsK

AbjvB‡b RvqMv Amxg nIqvi eo myweav n‡jv Gi msev`, wbeÜ ev

c¨v‡K‡Ri mv‡_ cÖvmw½K wjsK †`qv hvq| †h NUbv ev welq eY©bv Kiv n‡”Q

†m m¤úwK©Z c~‡e©i wbeÜ, wi‡cvU© ev Av‡a‡qi wjsK w`‡Z n‡e| †h e¨w³ ev

msMVb m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡”Q Zvi we ÍvwiZ weeiY m¤úwK©Z wjsK w`‡Z n‡e|

wbR¯ I‡q‡ei evB‡ii we Í…Z Z_¨ I DcvËmn cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb m¤ú‡ì

mieivn Ki‡Z G ch©v‡q nvBcvi‡U·U LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

5. we‡kølY/cÖwZdjb

G ch©v‡q wi‡cv‡U©i/c¨v‡K‡Ri we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡e| wbR¯ eøM, †dvivg, k©K

ev mswkøó e¨w³ †h †Kv‡bv w`K †_‡K G ch©v‡q cÖwZwµqvq Avm‡Z cv‡i| †h

e¨w³ ev mvsevw`K GB welqUv Kfvi K‡i‡Qb Zvi cy‡iv AwfÁZvi cÖwZdjb

eø‡M Avm‡Z cv‡i| G ch©v‡q eo ai‡bi Av‡jvPbv I weZ‡K©i m~Pbv n‡Z

cv‡i| gy ªY ev eªWKv÷ Zv‡ì Drcv`b cÖwµqvq GK ev GKvwaK œvckU

w`‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv cÖwZwôZ eøMvi ev †jLK‡K G wel‡qi Ici we¯ÍvwiZ

we‡kølYg~jK †jLv cÖ vb ev eªWKv‡÷i Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

6. wg_w¯ŒqZv (Interaction)wg_w¯ŒqZvi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM I cÖ ‘wZ cÖ‡qvRb| AbjvB‡b wg_w¯Œqv cÖwµqv

eënviKvix‡K †hfv‡e AšÍfy©³ Ges AewnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ab¨ mbvZb

msev`gva¨g Zv cv‡i bv| cvkvcvwk GUv Ggb GK m¤ú` hv eënviKvix‡K

evievi I‡qemvBU wfwRU Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i| GKwU d¬ vk, wg_w¯Œqv,

nvBcvi‡U·U&, wfwWI-AwWI, A¨vwb‡gkb Ges Avc‡W‡UW WvUv‡e‡Ri

mgš‡q GKwU Kvh©Kix mswgkÖY AvDUcyU AvKv‡i cÖ vb Ki‡Z cv‡i G

ch©v‡q| GKwU †dvivg RbMY‡K Z_¨ I AwfÁZv mnfvwMZvi RvqMv K‡i

†`q| jvBf P¨vU (Live Chat) mvsevw`K ev we‡klÁ‡ì mv‡_ mivmwi

†hvMv‡hvM NwU‡q †`q|

7. ¯wba©viY (Customization)†kl ch©vqUv n‡e ¯qswµq wbqš¿Y A_©vr G ch©v‡q `k©K †Kvb& Z_¨ wb‡e,

†Kvb&Uv wb‡e bv Zv wbR¯ Pvwn`vbyhvqx wba©viY Kivi ÿgZv cv‡e| msev` B-

†gBj, †U·U& A_ev AviGmGm †Kvb& cØwZ‡Z MÖnY Ki‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡e

`k©K| Av‡iv DbœZ mvgvwRK †mev n‡”Q mvgvwRK mycvwik A_ev DcvË

mvsevw`KZvi eënvi †hLv‡b cvVK ev `k©K cQ›`g‡Zv Z_¨ eënvi Ki‡Z

cv‡i| †hgb, H iv Ívq Kx N‡UwQj? A_©vr Av‡aq Drcv`b cÖwµqvq

†gUvU¨vwMs Gi g‡Zv welq hy³ _vK‡e| Ggb GKUv c×wZ ˆZwi Kiv †hLv‡b

eënviKvixi cÿ †_‡K wbqš¿‡Yi m¤¢vebv _vK‡e|

Paul Bradshaw msev` WvqgÛ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb, ÒThe changefrom a 19th-century product (the article) to a 21st-centuryprocess, the iterative journalism of new media, the storythat is forever unfinished...” AbjvBb mvsevw`KZvi we‡klÁMY

ch©‡eÿY K‡ib †h, AvMvgxi msev` Drcv`b cÖwµqvq cyb©MVb Acwinvh© hv

I‡qemvB‡U mn‡R cÖ‡ek‡hvM¨Zv, wg_w¯ŒqZv, bgbxqZv I ZvrÿwYKZv Øviv

cwiPvwjZ n‡e| AvMvgxi msev` Drcv`b cÖwµqv n‡e `k©K-DrmvwiZ| gy ªY

gva¨‡gi msev`, wbeÜ ev eªWKv÷ wgwWqvi c¨v‡KR ˆZwi Kiv n‡e `k©K‡ì

AšÍf©z³ K‡i| msev` gva¨‡gi eo ai‡bi wbeÜ ev msev`-Kvwnbxi Rb¨ KvR

Ki‡e G cÖwµqv| wgwWqv eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î bgbxqZv _vK‡e| msev`Kÿ n‡e

MwZkxj, MfxiZvq AbycÖ‡ekKvix Ges Gi cwiwa n‡e weke¨vcx| `k©‡Ki

mv‡_ wg_w¯Œqvq msev`K‡ÿi cÖvY mÂvwiZ n‡e|

2016 mv‡ji 22 †g wbDBqvK© UvBgm GK mswÿß ¯§vi‡K

msev`K‡ÿi cwieZ©‡b eo ai‡bi †NvlYv w`‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨B gvwK©b

hy³iv‡óªi MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb¸‡jv G cwieZ©b †KŠkj ev Íevqb ïiæ K‡i‡Q|

AcÖwZ‡iva¨ wWwRUvj cwieZ©‡bi gy‡L Zviv cyi‡bv msev`K‡ÿi eë ’vcbvq

34

wbix¶v

AvMvgx msev`K‡ÿi g‡Wj

A¨vjv©U (†gvevBj, B-†gBj, UyBUvi)

Lmov(eøM †cv÷)

wbeÜ/c¨v‡KR(cÖKvwkZ ev cÖPvwiZ) cÖvmw½K wjsK (nvBcvi‡U·U&, †cvUv©j)

we‡kølY/cÖwZdjb(wcÖ›U,eªWKv÷, eøM)

wg_w¯Œqv (d¬vk, P¨vU, †dvivg, DBwK)

¯wbav©iYcustomisation(WvUv‡eR)

MwZ/mgq wel‡qi MfxiZvq †cŠuQv‡bv

msev` WvqgÛ

A¨vjwU

Lmov

wbeÜ/c¨v‡KR

we‡kølY/cÖwZdjb

cÖvmw½K wjsK

wg_w®Œqv

¯wba©viY

MwZ

eënviKvixi wbqš¿Y

MfxiZv MfxiZv

bZzb g‡Wj D™¢veb I ev Íevqb Ki‡Q| msev` Drcv`bKvix/m„wóKvixiv gy ªY

wPšÍvi cvkvcvwk wfRy¨qvj MíK_‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q| 2016 mv‡ji

GwcÖ‡j †ev÷b †Møve msev`Kÿ eë ’vcbvq bZzb cwiKíbv nvwRi K‡i|

2014 mvj †_‡K mvb-†mbUvBb Ges `¨ Wvjvm gwb©s wbDR GKwU †W¯‹

†i‡L‡Q ïay gyw ªZ welq †`Lfvj Kivi Rb¨| msev`c‡Îi †WWjvBb I

msev`cÎ‡K wb‡q wPšÍv Kiv †_‡K gy³ ivLv n‡q‡Q G †W¯‹| weU †`qvi

†ÿ‡ÎI cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| Gme cwÎKv †W‡¯‹i †P‡q welqwfwËK msev`

eë ’vcbv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q|

gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi me©e„nr msev`cÎ cÖKvkbv †Kv¤úvwb M¨vb‡bU IB

†`‡ki msev`K‡ÿi êcøweK cwieZ©b Avbq‡b KvR Ki‡Q| M¨vb‡b‡Ui

GKRb m¤úv`K e‡jb, msev`K‡ÿ wKQz msL¨K eë ’vcbv c` _vK‡e|

†KD-†KD cÖ‡hvRbv m¤úwK©Z `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb| `vwqZ¡ eÈb I cÖ v‡bi

cÖ_vMZ wbqg †f‡O msev`Kÿ cybM©wVZ n‡e| bZzb-bZzb c` m„wó n‡e|

bZzb `vwqZ¡ cÖ vb Kiv n‡e| fwel¨r msev`Kÿ wewbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ `k©K

we‡kølYKvix, mshy³Kvix m¤úv`K, MíK_b (storytelling) cÖwkÿK Ges

Av‡aq Kg©‡KŠkjxmn 16wU bZzb c` m„wó K‡i‡Q M¨vb‡bU| Gme c`

wWwRUvj †Kw› ªK Ges mvsevw`Kiv cÖ_vMZ Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk n‡e wecYbKvix

I KwgDwbwU ms‡hvMKvix| wb‡P mgwšZ msev`K‡ÿi K‡qKwU cÖavb bZyb

c` m¤ú©‡K eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:

KwgDwbwU Av‡aq m¤úv`K (Community Content Editor)KwgDwbwU Av‡aq m¤úv`‡Ki cÖavb KvR n‡e `k©K Pvwn`v wbiƒcY, mKj

cø vUd‡g©i Rb¨ m¤ú~iK KwgDwbwU Av‡aq †hgb msev` ev wdPvi Kvwnbx,

Qwe, wfwWI, wbDR ms‡ÿc I eø‡Mi †jLv cÖf…wZ µq Kiv| mn‡hvMx ms ’v,

†gavex Ges cÖv‡`qK‡ì (contributor) AšÍf©y³ Kiv hv‡Z m‡e©v”P dj

cvIqv hvq| gy ªY I wWwRUvj Av‡a‡qi m¤úv`bv I Av‡aq Drcv`‡bi

†`Lfvj KivI Zvi KvR|

Av‡aq cÖwkÿK (Content Coach)Av‡aq cÖwkÿK wi‡cvU©vi‡ì KvR †`Lfvj I wb‡ ©kbv cÖ vb Ki‡eb|

¯cÖ‡Yvw`Z cwiKíbv I AvZ¥-wb‡ ©kbvq wZwb Drmvn cÖ vbI Ki‡eb|

msev`K‡ÿi msev` cø vUd‡g©i Pvwn`v c~i‡Y mÿg D”Pgv‡bi Av‡aq

Drcv`‡b wi‡cvU©vi I d‡Uv-Rvb©vwj÷‡ì wb‡ ©kbv w`‡eb Av‡aq cÖwkÿK|

AbymÜvbg~jK wi‡cvwU©s, eY©bvg~jK wjLb, d‡UvMÖvwd, wfwWIMÖvwd, weU Dbœqb

Ges wWwRUvj Av‡aq Drcv`‡b we‡kl f‚wgKv ivL‡eb G cÖwkÿK| KLbI-

KLbI msev`-Kvwnbx ªæZ cÖKv‡k nv‡Z-Kj‡g cÖwkÿY w`‡eb| Av‡aq

ˆZwii c~‡e© I c‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡ ©kbv w`‡eb| ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, RwUj I

ms‡e`bkxj msev`-Kvwnbx I †jLbxi †ÿ‡Î Zvi Ae`vb Aek¨B _vK‡e|

mshy³Kvix m¤úv`K (Engagement Editor)K‡qK eQi Av‡MI `k©K mshy³Kvix m¤úv`K bv‡g †Kv‡bv c` wQj bv|

mbvZb wi‡cvU©vi I m¤úv`K‡ì cvkvcvwk Iqvj w÷ªU Rvb©v‡ji `k©K

mshy³Kvix 15 R‡bi GKwU `j i‡q‡Q| G `j 24 NÈv KvR K‡i|

m¤úv`‡Ki G bZzb RvZ (Generation ev Group) e¨vKiY I ÷vB‡ji

†P‡q AbjvB‡bi †gRvR Ges `k©‡Ki m‡½ m¤úK© ˆZwi I wg_w¯Œqv‡K

¸iæZ¡ †`q| I‡q‡e gvbvbmB wk‡ivbvg †`qv, ¸iæZ¡vbymv‡i I‡q‡e I

mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g †cvw÷s Ges `k©‡Ki cÖwZwµqv I gZvgZ

AbymiY KivB mshy³Kvix `‡ji KvR| `k©K mshy³Kvix `j Qvov eZ©gv‡b

mvsevw`KZvi RbwcÖqZv I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv wUwK‡q ivLv A‡bK †ÿ‡Î KwVb|

KviY †Kv‡bv GKUv wi‡cv‡U© fzj n‡j ev fv‡jv n‡j ZvrÿwYKfv‡e `k©K

IB MYgva¨‡gi I‡qemn wewfbœ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g cÖwZwµqv

Rvbvq| ZvB AdjvBb I AbjvBb msev`K‡ÿi Rb¨ G `‡ji m`m¨

Avek¨Kxq| G `‡ji g~j †bZv mshy³Kvix m¤úv`K| gy ªY I wWwRUvj

KwgDwbwUi wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡gi Av‡qvRb Ges mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g

eënv‡i m‡e©v”P dj Avbq‡b cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev Íevqb Ki‡eb

mshy³Kvix m¤úv`K| Kx KvR Ki‡eb mshy³Kvix m¤úv`K Zvi GKwU

weeiY †ck K‡i‡Q M¨vb‡bU|

mshy³Kvix m¤úv`‡Ki `vwqZ¡

cwiKíbv m¤úv`K (wcÖ›U ev wWwRUvj)

m‡e©v”P gvÎvi we‡kl Ávb I `ÿZv Ges wek¦vm‡eva w`‡q Av‡aq †Kv_vq I

Kxfv‡e hv‡e Zvi P‚ovšÍ wm×všÍ w`‡eb cwiKíbv m¤úv`K (wcÖ›U ev

wWwRUvj)| wZwb cÖ‡hvRK‡ì Kv‡Ri Z`viwK Ki‡eb Ges wbw ©ó mg‡qi

g‡a¨ KvR Av`vq Ki‡eb| msev`K‡ÿi Av‡a‡qi cwiKíbv, Drcv`b I

cÖ‡hvRbv Z`viwK Ki‡eb| wZwb n‡eb K¬v‡q›U AwfÁZvm¤úbœ we‡klÁ I

msev`K‡ÿi cÖKí eë ’vcK| Av‡aq Kg©‡KŠkjx I k©K we‡kølK‡ì wewf-

bœ cø vUd‡g©i Av‡aq Drcv`b I cÖ‡qvRbxq mgšq mva‡bi KvR Ki‡eb hv‡Z

`k©‡Ki Pvwn`v I cÖZ¨vkvbyhvqx ¸Y eRvq †i‡L Av‡aq cwi‡ekb wbwðZ Kiv

hvq| ÷¨vÛvW© Acv‡iwUs †cÖvwmwWIi (SOP) Abyhvqx †WWjvBb eRvq †i‡L

Av‡aq cwi‡ek‡bi ¸YMZ welq wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e cwiKíbv m¤úv`K‡K|

cÖ‡hvRK (wcÖ›U ev wWwRUvj)

†WWjvBb Abyhvqx Av‡aq wcÖ›U I wWwRUvj cø vUd‡g© cwi‡ekb eë ’vcbv

Kiv cÖ‡hvR‡Ki (wcÖ›U ev wWwRUvj) g~j `vwqZ¡| m‡e©v”P gvÎvi wek¦vm‡eva I

m„wókxjZv w`‡q cwiKíbv m¤úv`K, Av‡aq cÖwkÿK, wi‡cvU©vi I

d‡UvMÖvdvi‡ì mv‡_ KvR Kiv Zvi Kv‡Ri Ask| mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM

gva¨‡g m‡e©v”P Av‡a‡qi cwi‡ekbv wbwðZ Ki‡Z mshy³Kvix m¤úv`‡Ki

mv‡_ mgšq mvab KivI Zvi KvR| wWwRUvj ÷zwWIÕ‡Z hvIqvi Av‡M ev

hvIqvi mgq Av‡a‡qi m¤úv`bv Ki‡Z cv‡ib wZwb| I‡qemvB‡Ui

†nvg‡cR, †÷vwi †cR Ges Av‡a‡qi cÖevn eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡I

cÖ‡hvR‡Ki|

d‡UvMÖvdvi ev wfwWIMÖvdvi

Qwe, wfwWI I †U·‡U&&i gva¨‡g gvwëwgwWqv Av‡aq m„wó Kiv d‡UvMÖvdvi I

wfwWIMÖvdv‡ii cÖavb `vwqZ¡| mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g eënvi K‡i `k©K

mshy³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ A¨v¤v‡mWi wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡eb wZwb| Zvi `ÿZv w`‡q

wZwb wb‡Ri, mnKgx©‡ì Ges cÖwZôv‡bi eª vwÛs‡q mnvqZv Ki‡eb| Av‡aq

cÖwkÿK, wi‡cvU©vi, Av‡a‡q Kg©‡KŠkjx Ges `k©K we‡kølYKvixi mv‡_

mgšq K‡i Av‡a‡qi ¸YMZgvb Dbœq‡b f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb d‡UvMÖvdvi ev

wfwWIMÖvdvi|

bZzb msev`Kÿ ev mgwšZ msev`Kÿ ev AvMvgxi msev`K‡ÿi Rb¨

cÖ_vMZ `ÿZvi m‡½ GLvbKvi wbe©vnx‡ì g‡a¨ Av‡iv KZK¸‡jv `ÿZv

35

wbix¶v

`vwqZ¡mg~n `vwq‡Z¡i kZKiv nvi

1. `k©K‡ì mshy³Ki‡Yi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Kiv I

Zv ev Íevqb Kiv| GRb¨ Kv÷gvi wW‡i±imn

Ab¨vb¨ mnKgx©‡ì mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e KvR Kiv|

60%

2. msev` cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZwbwa n‡q mvgvwRK

†hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g I Ab¨vb¨ ’v‡b RbM‡Yi

welq¸‡jv mgvavb Kiv Ges wecYb wefv‡Mi

cÖv_wgK ms‡hvMKvix wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv|

msev`Kÿ †_‡K wecYb aviYv m„wó, mnKgx©

mvsevw`K‡ì mshy³KiY, wecYb I eª vwÛs‡qi

†ÿ‡Î cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv|

20

3. ’vbxq weÁvcb`vZv I wecYb Kg©xiv hv‡Z

wewfbœ Abyôv‡b m‡e©v”P `k©K mshy³ I Avq

Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z mgšq mvab|

10

4. msev`K‡ÿi m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q

msev`gva¨‡gi AbyivMx‡ì Ae ’vb †evSv,

mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i Zv mgvav‡bi gva¨‡g

KwgDwbwU‡K Ab¨Zg †mevi ’v‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z

cÖvYcY †Póv Kiv| msev`Kÿ‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨

I Av‡jvPbvi †K‡› ª cwiYZ Kiv|

10

5. e¨w³MZ I `jMZ mshy³KiY cwiKíbvi

mgšq mvab|

--

6. `k©‡Ki mv‡_ mvsevw`KMY hv‡Z Av‡iv

Kvh©Kixfv‡e wg_w¯Œqv Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi Ici

Zv‡ì cÖwkÿY †`qv|

--

7. DbœZgv‡bi Kv÷gvi mvwf©m cÖ vb, Zv‡ì cÖ‡kœi

DËi I mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv|

--

8. cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i Ab¨vb¨ `vwqZ¡ cvjb| --

_vKv cÖ‡qvRb| `ÿZv¸‡jv n‡jv gvwëwgwWqv MíK_b, †hgb- myi, ïwUs,

m¤úv`bv, wfwWI, d‡UvMÖvwd Ges I‡q‡e †jLvi `ÿZv| wg_w¯Œqv, wPÎ I

MÖvwd· mgwšZ Av‡aq ˆZwi‡Z Z_¨-DcvË I cwimsL¨vb eë¯’vcbvi

`ÿZv| `k©K mshy³KiY `ÿZv †hUv cÖ_vMZ wm‡÷‡g gv‡K©wUs I

mvKz© ‡jkb wefvM K‡i _v‡K| †hgb- AbjvBb KwgDwbwU eë ’vcbv,

`k©K‡ì Ici cÖvß Z_¨ I DcvË we‡kølY ÿgZv Ges `k©K‡ì mv‡_

wg_w¯Œqv I K¬vDW‡mvwm©s Kivi ÿgZv| †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi †gŠwjK aviYv _vKv

cÖ‡qvRb msev`K‡ÿi wbe©vnx‡ì| cÖwZôv‡bi gybvdv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv

GKmgq mvsevw`K‡ì `vwqZ¡ wQj bv| wKš‘ mgwšZ msev`Kÿ eë¯’vcbvq

I bZzb wgwWqvi cwi‡e‡k GLb mvsevw`K‡ì msev` cÖwZôv‡bi Avq e„w×‡Z

f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| mbvZb mvsevw`‡Ki †_‡K mgwšZ msev`‡ÿ‡Îi

mvsevw`Kiv Av‡a‡qi Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡eb, eøwMs Ki‡eb| wbR¯ eøM _vK‡e|

eøMvi‡ì wPwýZ Ki‡eb, cÖ‡qvR‡b K_v ej‡eb| AviGmGm (RSS) wd‡Wi

eënvi Ki‡eb Ges cÖwZôv‡bi ¯qswµq eª vwÛs‡qi †ÿ‡Î mnvqZv Ki‡eb

GQvov NUbvµ‡g hviv mvsevw`K (Accidental Journalists) Ges hv‡ì

†bUIqvK© eª vÛ Ges Z_¨ m¤ú` i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡eb GB bZzb

hy‡Mi mvsevw`K| Z_¨cÖhyw³ wekvi` I cÖ‡KŠkjx‡ì mv‡_ Kv‡Ri †ÿÎ Zwi

Ki‡eb| `k©K‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK© ’vc‡bi Dcvq †ei Ki‡eb G hy‡Mi

mvsevw`K|

lo-K (Five Ws and one H)wWwRUvj hy‡Mi msev`K‡ÿi Av‡a‡qi P‚ovšÍ e‡j wKQz †bB| memgq

Avc‡WU Kiv nq| gZvgZ, cÖwZwµqv Ges †kqvwis n‡Z _v‡K memgq|

myZivs GKmgq cÖK…Z msev` mvB‡Ui wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K bv| Z‡e wg_w¯Œqvi

gva¨‡g aviYv, wPšÍv I hyw³i RvqMv¸‡jv Av‡iv cwi”Qbœ Kiv hvq| GRb¨

Paul Bradshaw e‡jb, cÖ‡Z¨K msev`-Kvwnbx/Av‡aq ˆZwii ci Ôlo-KÕ

(†K, Kx, †Kv_vq, KLb, †Kb Ges Kxfv‡e) Gi DËi AbymÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e|

GB Ôlo-KÕ mvsevw`KZvi cÖPwjZ Ôlo-KÕ Gi g‡ZvB Z‡e DËi¸‡jv

wWwRUvj †Kw› ªK| GB Ôlo-KÕ Gi DËi _vK‡j wWwRUvj cÖ‡hvRbv Kvh©Kix

n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

Kvi m‡½ ms‡hvM ’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q?

mbvZb msev`gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi †Uwj‡dvb b¤i eënvi K‡i

†hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b AbjvBb msev`gva¨‡gi myev‡` †Kv‡bv

gaëZ©x cÿ QvovB `k©K G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wg_w¯Œqv Ki‡Z cv‡i| msev`-Kvwnbxi e¨vcv‡i wg_w¯Œqv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv

gšÍe¨, gZvgZ ev cÖwZwµqv Rvbv‡bv hvq mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g|

cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g †hgb †dmeyK Qvov wbR¯ eøM ev

†bUIqvK© A_ev msev`Kÿ ×viv mwµqfv‡e cÖwZwôZ †bUIqvK©, cø vUdg© ev

wbR¯ I‡qemvB‡U †h †Kv‡bvfv‡e `k©K‡K ms‡hvM Kiv hvq Kx-bv Zv

Aek¨B we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|

wjL‡Z wM‡q mvsevw`K Kx-Kx c‡o‡Qb?

mvaviYZ mvsevw`Kiv msev`-m~‡Îi (source) we ÍvwiZ Rvbv‡Z Pvb-bv|

wKš‘ AbjvBb mvsevw`KZvq GUv N‡U| mvgvwRK eyKgvwK©s Kiv nq hvi

gva¨‡g msev`-Kvwnbx ˆZwi‡Z Kviv f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q Zv Rvbv hvq| U¨vM Kiv

_vK‡j `k©K Av‡iv †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†Kv_vq N‡U‡Q?

†Kv_vq NUbvwU N‡U‡Q Zvi g¨vc Rvwb‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q Kx-bv Zvi DËi _vK‡Z

n‡e| †Kv‡bv e‡b AwMœKv‡Ði NUbv NU‡j †mB ’v‡bi g¨vc w`‡Z n‡e|

G‡ÿ‡Î ¸Mj g¨vc eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wRwcGm (GPS) U¨vM Kiv

†h‡Z cv‡i| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi AvÂwjK msev`cÎ cÖKvkbv ms ’v ArchantwRIU¨vwMs eënvi K‡i msev`-Kvwnbxi m‡½ hv‡Z K‡i `k©Kiv wb‡Ri

cQ›`g‡Zv GjvKvi Lei co‡Z cv‡ib| wewewmI wRwcGm U¨vwMs Ki‡Q

cixÿvg~jKfv‡e|

KLb mswkøó B‡f›U n‡e?

hw` †Kv‡bv Avmbœ NUbv, Drme, we‡ÿvf, cÖwZev` ev mgv‡ek m¤ú‡K© ejv

nq †Kv‡bv msev`-Kvwnbx‡Z Z‡e IB NUbv ev B‡f›U KLb n‡e Zvi ZvwiL

hv‡Z Outlook/Yahoo/Google K¨v‡jÛv‡i ms‡hvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Kx-bv

†`L‡Z n‡e| GKBfv‡e hv‡Z RSS wiWv‡i wK¬K K‡i cvIqv hvq Zvi eë ’v

_vK‡Z n‡e| †gvevBj †U·U& A¨vjvU© †`qv hvq Avmbœ B‡f›U m¤ú‡K©| A‡bK

msev` cÖwZôv‡bi wbR¯ B‡f›U K¨v‡jÛvi i‡q‡Q| Gig‡a¨ †`L‡Z n‡e †Kvb

†Kvb B‡f›U cvV‡Ki m‡½ hy³ Kiv hvq|

†Kb Avg‡j †bqv DwPZ?

bZyb gva¨g I cÖhyw³ we‡kl K‡i WvUv‡eR `k©‡Ki G‡Kev‡i e¨w³MZ wel‡q

Z_¨ w`‡q mnvqZv Ki‡Q| †hgb wewewmÕi Budget Calculator Avcbv‡K

Rvwb‡q w`‡e Kxfv‡e bZzb ev‡RU Avcbv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e| BDGm Uz‡Wi

g¨vwPs †Mg Avcbvi gZvg‡Zi Ici wfwË K‡i wbe©vP‡bi cÖv_x©i m‡½ wgwj‡q

w`‡e †h †Kv‡bv cÖv_©xi „wófw½ Avcbvi g‡Zi m‡½ wg‡j|

Kxfv‡e Abb¨ ev we‡kl wKQz Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?

Dc‡i cÖkœ ‡jvi mKj DËi cvIqv hv‡e GB cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g| bZzbZ¡, we‡klZ¡

I Abb¨ZvB GLv‡b gyL¨| `k©K Ab¨‡ì msMwVZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| wbR¯

Wv‡qwi‡Z B‡f›U hy³ Ki‡Z cv‡i| m‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi evB‡iI

A‡bK wKQy Kivi _v‡K| ZvB mvsevw`K‡K we‡kl wKQz Kivi Rb¨ wb‡R wb‡RB

cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- RbMY bv †L‡q Av‡Q—Avwg Kx Ki‡Z cvwi?

we‡ki ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hv‡”Q—Avwg Kx Ki‡Z cvwi? AbjvB‡b `k©‡Ki

Rb¨ wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Av‡e`b Kivi eë ’v Kiv hv ¯qswµqfv‡e

mswkøó KZ…©c‡ÿi bR‡i Avm‡e| nu¨v, n‡Z cv‡i G D‡`¨vM A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm

cÖwµqv Ges Zv KLbI-KLbI mvsevw`KZvi e ‘wbôZv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z

cv‡i| wKš‘ mvsevw`KZv‡Zv RbM‡Yi Rb¨, †`‡ki Rb¨ Ges wekUv‡K euvwP‡q

ivLvi Rb¨| Zvn‡j Amyweav †Kv_vq GB ai‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡j?

GB Ôlo-KÕ Gi eënvi K‡i Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi LyuR‡j wbðqB msev`

msMÖn, Drcv`b I weZiY cÖwµqv mnRZi, wg_w¯Œqv I Kvh©Kix n‡e|

msev`K‡ÿ msev`Kg©xi msL¨v Kg‡Q| Kv‡Ri aib I c` e`jv‡”Q|

Ôe¨vKc¨vK mvsevw`KZvÕ (Backpack Journalism) Gi Pvwn`v evo‡Q

msev`K‡ÿ A_v©r GKRb mvsevw`K‡K wi‡cvUv©i, d‡UvMªvdvi, wfwWIMÖvdvi,

m¤úv`K I cÖ‡hvR‡Ki `ÿZvmn mKj `ÿZvi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡”Q| ¯qswµq

mvsevw KZv ’vb K‡i wb‡”Q| wµ‡KU I f~wgK‡¤úi g‡Zv wel‡q ¯qswµq

wi‡cvwU©s n‡”Q| wewfbœ I‡qemvBU †_‡K ¯qswµq mdUIq¨vi eënvi K‡i †cÖm

wiwjR cÖKvk Kiv n‡”Q| msev` msMÖn, Drcv`b I weZi‡Y cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM

weke¨vcx| hwÌ evsjv‡`‡ki MYgva¨g cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z GLbI A‡bK welq

wPšÍvi chv©‡qI Av‡mwb| cÖhyw³ †hfv‡e mvsevw`KZvq cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q †mfv‡e

`ÿ Rbej M‡o DV‡Q bv evsjv‡`‡k| mvsevw`KZvi ‹zj¸‡jv‡ZI †mfv‡e

AvaywbK cÖhyw³wbf©i mvsevw`KZvi cVb-cvVb n‡”Q bv| wekwe`¨vj‡qi

mvsevw KZv wefvM¸‡jv Pj‡Q cyi‡bv auv‡Pi wm‡jevm I cyi‡bv cVb-cvVb

c×wZ‡Z| GRb¨ cVb-cvVb c×wZi AvaywbKvq‡bi cvkvcvwk mvsevw`KZv

wk‡íi Dc‡hvMx `ÿ Rbej ˆZwi‡Z A¨vKv‡Wwg-BÛvw÷ª m¤úK© ’vcb Riæwi|

Z_¨m~Î

1. nK, gvnvgy`yj (2016). mvsevw`KZv: AdjvBb AbjvBb, GKv‡WwgK †cÖm

A¨vÛ cvewjkvm© jvB‡eªwi, XvKv|

2. Costa, Caio Tulio (2013). A Business Model for DigitalJournalism: How Newspapers Should Embrace Technology, Socialand Value Added Services, Columbia Journalism School.

3. Digital News Report 2015, Reuters Institute for The Study ofJournalism.

4. Shapiro, Michael (2011). The newsroom rush of old, [Online],Available at www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-newsroom-rush-of-old-234187/?no-ist [Retrieved on 7 June, 2016].

†jLK: GwWUi (†g‡Uªv), `¨ †WBwj ÷vi, e-mail: [email protected]

†K (who) Kvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ’vcb

Kiv n‡q‡Q?

mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g

eënvi

Kx (what) wjL‡Z wM‡q mvsevw`K

Kx-Kx c‡o‡Q?

†mvm¨vj eyKgvwK©s eënvi

†Kv_vq(where) †Kv_vq N‡U‡Q? g¨vwcs (¸Mj g¨vc eënvi

Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i)

KLb (when) KLb mswkøó B‡f›U

n‡e?

K¨v‡jÛvi (Bqvû, ¸Mj,

AvDUjyK eënvi)

†Kb (why) †Kb Avg‡j †bqv

DwPZ?

†WUv‡eR (G‡Kev‡i e¨w³MZ

ch©v‡q AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i

Ggb)

(Kxfv‡e)

(how)Kxfv‡e Abb¨ ev we‡kl

wKQz Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?

¯qswµqZv (Abb¨ ev we‡kl

wKQz Kiv)

36

wbix¶v

wbeÜ

hvqÑ cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki gva¨‡g msev` msMÖn, cÖwZ‡e`b †jLv, m¤úv`bvi ci †`wk-

we‡`wk meKwU cÖwZ‡e`b, wdPvi I m¤úv`Kxqi †jLvmn wbw`©ó cvZvi †gKAvc|

Zvici, evZ©v-m¤úv`K, cÖavb evZ©v-m¤úv`‡Ki m¤úv`bv †k‡l Zv Wvwg AvKv‡i

Qvcvi Rb¨ cÖ ‘Z Kiv Ges Qvcv †k‡l cÖPvi wefv‡Mi eë ’vcbvq mviv‡`‡k

cvwV‡q †`qv nq|

Z‡e cwÎKvi AbjvBb ms¯‹iYwU cwÎKvi Qvcvi A‡bK Av‡MB cvV‡Ki

bvMv‡j P‡j hvq| B›Uvi‡bU myweavi Kvi‡Y evZ©vms¯’vi LeiwU Aek¨ m‡½ m‡½

cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q hvq|

B›Uvi‡b‡Ui cÖmvi I AbjvB‡b msev` cÖPv‡i myweav _vKvq eZ©gv‡b wUwf

P¨v‡bj¸‡jv I‡qemvB‡UI †`Lv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K, wKQz-wKQz AbjvBb cwÎKv

wfwWIwPÎI cÖKvk K‡i| cÖhyw³i myev‡` GLb AbjvBb wUwf P¨v‡bjI Pvjy n‡q‡Q|

evsjv‡`k Zvi e¨wZµg bq| cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨gÑ †dmeyK,

UzBUvi, BDwUDe RbwcÖqZvi Zz‡½ _vKvq, A_©vr Gme gva¨g

eënviKvixi msL¨v h‡_ó nIqvq, wUwf P¨v‡bj¸‡jv Zv‡ì Lei `ªæZ

Gme gva¨‡g w`‡q †`qvi Rb¨ †Póv K‡i `k©K-cvVK a‡i ivLvi Rb¨|

†iwWI-†Uwjwfkb †÷kb¸‡jv‡ZI wbDRiæg eë ’vcbv P‡j

evZ©v-m¤úv`K/cÖavb evZ©v-m¤úv`‡Ki wb‡`©kbvq| Z‡e, Zv GKUz wfbœ|

m½ZKvi‡YB cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i, GB `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Rb¨ ev †mB c‡`

Avmxb n‡Z Kx Kx ¸Y Ges cov‡kvbv, †Uªwbs‡qi ìKvi?

GK K_vq ejv hvqÑ GRb¨, wUwf ev †iwWIÕi Ávbmn

mvsevw`KZv I MY‡hvMv‡hvM wel‡q wWwMÖ _vKv ìKvi| Z‡e, Wv³vwi

c‡o ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wel‡q cov‡kvbv K‡i G †ckvq Avmv hv‡e bv Zv

wKš‘ bq| mvsevw`KZvq cÖvwZôvwbK †jLvcov bv _vK‡j, †ckvMZ

AwfÁZvi m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq †Uªwbs †m‡i wb‡jB Pj‡e| GRb¨ fvlvÁvb

†Zv Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e|

wbDRiæ‡gi AwfÁZv Qvov †KD G c‡` Avm‡Z cv‡i bv|

cÖwWDmvi wKsev wi‡cvU©vi A_ev wbDRiæg GwWU‡ii KvR wk‡L

AwfÁZvi GK ch©v‡q KuvP †Niv G N‡i ’vb cvIqv hvq|

evZ©v cÖavb‡K A‡bK Pvc I SuywKi g‡a¨ KvR Ki‡Z nq| msev`

msMÖn †_‡K AvBwb welq¸‡jv Zvi bL`c©‡Y _vK‡Z nq| Zvi gv‡b,

msev` msMÖn Ki‡Z †M‡j Ges cÖPvi Ki‡j Kx ai‡bi AvBwb RwUjZvq

co‡Z n‡Z cv‡i †m e¨vcv‡i aviYv _vKv Avek¨K| †hgb ivóªxq †Mvcb

`wjj ev AbygwZ Qvov Kv‡iv e¨w³MZ Rxeb wb‡q AvcwËKi ev gvbnvwbKi Z_¨

msMÖn I Zvi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk Ki‡j Avw_©K ÿwZ I AvBwb Sv‡gjvq co‡Z n‡Z

cv‡i| †Kv‡bv msev` cwi‡ek‡bi d‡j hv‡Z AvBwb Sv‡gjvi gy‡LvgyLx bv n‡Z nq,

†mRb¨ mvsevw`KZvi Áv‡bi cvkvcvwk mswkøó AvBb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z nq|

me ai‡bi KvRB †hgb wfwWI Kiv †_‡K †Uwjwfk‡bi Rb¨ fv‡jv wi‡cvU©

Kxfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e ZvI Rvb‡Z n‡e| GLv‡bB K_v †kl bq| Ggb w`bKvj

37

wb

DRiæg eë¯’vcbv ej‡jB `„k¨c‡U cÖ_‡gB †f‡m

I‡V ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi K_v| KviY, ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi

evZ©v K‡ÿi Av`‡jB evZ©v ms ’v, †iwWI-wUwf Ges

AbjvBb gva¨‡gi KvR¸‡jv n‡q _v‡K| evZ©v mswkøó

KvR¸‡jv mvRv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| G Kv‡Ri avivUv ms‡ÿ‡c ejv

wbDRiæg eë¯’vcbv ej‡jB `„k¨c‡U cÖ_‡gB

†f‡m I‡V ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi K_v| KviY, ˆ`wbK

cwÎKvi evZ©v K‡ÿi Av`‡jB evZ©v ms¯’v, †iwWI-

wUwf Ges AbjvBb gva¨‡gi KvR¸‡jv n‡q _v‡K|

evZ©v mswkøó KvR¸‡jv mvRv‡bv n‡q _v‡K

wUwf wbDRiæg

eë¯’vcbv: wKQz cÖm½

KzìZ-B-gIjv

wbix¶v

38

c‡o‡Q †h, wbw`©ó wbDR ey‡jwUb ev Abyôvb eª vwÛs Kivi †KŠkjI Rvb‡Z

nq wbDRiæ‡gi AwaKZ©v Z_v evZ©v cÖavb ev cÖavb evZ©v-m¤úv`K‡K|

gbg‡Zv me Z_¨ cwi‡ekb ev Abyôvb ˆZwi Ki‡j Pj‡e bv; Uv‡M©U

`k©K‡ì Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡Z n‡j M‡elYv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡ì Kv‡Q

†cuŠQv‡Z KiYxq wVK Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv `k©‡Ki cQ›` nq|

wbDRiæg AwaKZ©vi AwZwi³ †hvM¨Zv n‡jvÑ mvsevw`KZvi

bxwZgvjv eRvq †i‡L mg‡qi ¯íZvi g‡a¨ Zuvi EaŸ©Zb KZ©ve¨w³‡K Zzó

†i‡L bZzb wb‡qvM cvIqv e¨w³i cÖwkÿY Ges †ivRKvi wbqwgZ msev`

ey‡jwU‡bi welqe ‘ wb‡q gZv‰bK¨ †gUv‡bv| GwW‡Uvwiqvj wgwUs‡qi

g‡a¨B Zuv‡K nq‡Zv †eªwKs wbD‡Ri w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡Z cv‡i, hv‡Z

c‡i Sv‡gjv bv nq| GQvovI Zv‡K Rvb‡Z nq †jvKej Pvjv‡bv, ev‡RU

ˆZwi I `vwg hš¿cvwZi Bb‡fw›Uª Kivi †KŠkj|

GKRb wbDRiæg AwaKZ©vi wbDRiæg fv‡jvfv‡e Pvjv‡Z Kv‡Ri

avivwU Z_v †jvKej Pvjv‡bvi g~j bxwZgvjv¸‡jv Kg‡ewk Ab¨vb¨ cÖPvi

gva¨‡gi g‡ZvB| †hgb: †jvKej †bqvi Av‡MB hZ ~i m¤¢e e¨w³i

Kv‡Ri gvb, AwfÁZv, gb-gvbwmKZv I Af¨vm hZ`~i m¤¢e †R‡b

wb‡qvM †`qv, hv‡Z K‡i Zv‡K mnmv ev` w`‡Z bv nq; we‡kl †ÿ‡Î

mgm¨v Gwo‡q bv wM‡q mswkøó e¨w³wUi w`‡K bRi †`qv| Kg©x‡ì

A¯úóZvq ivLv DwPZ bq : cwieZ©‡bi e¨vcv‡i Zv‡ì Rvbv‡bv ìKviÑ

hv Ki‡Z Pvb I †hw`b Ki‡Z Pvb Zv ¯úófv‡e mnKgx©‡ì Rvbv‡bv I

†m e¨vcv‡i Zv‡ì civgk© wb‡q KvR Kiv fvj| Ab¨ wUwf †÷k‡bi

KZ©ve¨w³‡ì m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM ivLv ìKvi wb‡R‡K mg„× Kivi Rb¨;

msev` RM‡Zi evB‡ii †jvKR‡bi m‡½ msev‡ì gvb Dbœq‡bi e¨vcv‡i

civgk© †bqvÑ Gi g‡a¨ †_‡K bZzb †Kv‡bv aviYv Avm‡Z cv‡i|

mnKg©x‡ì/ wU‡gi m`m¨‡ì yÕGKwU e¨w³MZ mgm¨v †R‡b ivLv ìKvi

Ges †m Abyhvqx Zv‡ì cÖwZ bRi †`qv _vK‡j Kg©x‡ì †KD

Amn‡hvwMZv ev mgm¨v m„wó K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡Z Zxeª cÖwZwµqv bv †`wL‡q,

eis †m Kx ej‡Z Pvq Zv †kvbv ev ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM †`qv hvq wK-bv

†`Lv| `‡ji g‡a¨ hv‡ì KvR fv‡jv, g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h ZvivI Pvq

Zv‡ì †mfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv †nvK, hviv Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Ki‡e Zv‡ì m¤¢ve¨

cwiKíbvi e¨vcv‡i Rvbv‡bv ìKviÑ †MvcbxqZvi ms¯‹……wZ Pvjy bv KivB

DËg gvbweK n‡Z n‡e h_v_©fv‡eÑ hvi Kv‡Q mgm¨vi K_v ej‡j weiƒc

dj n‡e †mLv‡b mgm¨vi K_v bv ejv, cÖksmv Kivi ixwZi cÖPjb ivLv,

hw` †Kv‡bv cwieZ©‡bi mgq †KD †Kv‡bv we‡kl Ae`vb iv‡L †mRb¨ Zvi

cÖksmv Ki‡Z n‡e, hw` †KD Lye fv‡jv wKQz K‡i Zvn‡j Zv‡K cÖksmvcÎ

w`‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU msev‡ì †k‡l g~j¨vq‡bi Pj ivL‡Z n‡e Ges †m

Abyhvqx cieZ©x w`K-wb‡`©kbv I eë ’v wb‡Z n‡eÑ cÖwZwU Abyôvb ev

msev` †mM‡g‡›Ui Rb¨ wgkb-†÷U‡g›U †jLvi Af¨vm Kiv, hv‡Z

cÖwZdwjZ n‡e Kviv GwUi Uv‡M©U †kÖvZv ev `k©K| wbqwgZ gvbweKZvi

D`vniY ivL‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z _vK‡e mgvbyf~wZ I Drmvn, †Lqvj ivLv

ìKvi hv‡Z †Kv‡bv Kv‡R †KD †hb wgkÖ ev fzj aviYv wb‡q N‡i bv

†d‡i|

wUwf wbDRiæ‡gi eë¯’vcbvq mdj n‡Z n‡j wmGbBÕ‡K

wbDRiæ‡gi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z me wefv‡Mi m‡½ Zvi Ges wbDR †W‡¯‹i

Ab¨vb¨‡ì mym¤úK© eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j cÖwZw`‡bi KvR my›ì I

myPviæfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z myweav n‡e| KviY, †Uwjwfk‡bi KvRwU

wUgIqvK©Ñ Kv‡iv GKK cÖ‡Póvq GKwU wbDR ey‡jwUb m¤úªPvi m¤¢e bq|

cÖ_‡gB aiv hvK wi‡cvwU©s wefv‡Mi K_v| wi‡cvU©vi‡ì weªd K‡i

K¨v‡givcvimbmn ¯ú‡U cvVv‡bv I mgqg‡Zv wi‡cvU© Av`vq Kiv Ges

wfwWI GwWUi‡ì gva¨‡g w¯ŒÞ Abyhvqx cÖwWDmvi‡ì ZË¡veav‡b

wfwWI-dz‡UR h_vh_fv‡e QweMuv_vi KvRUv wbwðZ Kiv| Qwemn

cÖwZ‡e`bwU m¤úv`bv †k‡l Kw¤úDUvi mvf©v‡i Rgv Kiv nq AvBwU

wefv‡Mi mnvqZvq| wbw`©ó msev` ey‡jwU‡bi Av‡M wmwiqvj Abyhvqx,

wcwmAvi (wcÖwÝcvj K‡›Uªvj iæg) G e‡m cÖwZwU cÖwZ‡e`b msMÖn I

mvRv‡bvi KvRwU mv‡ib cÖwWDmviiv| cvkvcvwk P‡j †cÖ‡R›Uvi ev

A¨vb&Kvi‡ì †gKAv‡ci KvR| w¯ŒÞ covi Rb¨ ÷zwWIÕ‡Z A‡UvwKD

cÖ ‘Z Kiv| Zvici msev` cÖPvi A_©vr `k©‡Ki Kv‡Q Zv Dc ’vcbv| G

KvRwUI mvi‡Z nq h‡Zœi mv‡_| GLv‡bB †kl bq| weÁvcb-wk‡ivb-

vgmn wKQz wRwbm Ges mvwe©K I me©‡kl KvRwU wbf…‡Z mv‡i GgwmAvi

(gv÷vi K‡›Uªvj iæg) Kg©xiv| wcwmAvi †_‡K cÖwWDmviiv ÷zwWIÕi

msev` ev Abyôvb cÖPv‡ii KvRwU wbqš¿Y Ki‡jI m¤úªPv‡ii g~j PvweKvwV

wKš‘ GgwmAv‡ii Kv‡Q| †mLvb †_‡K m¤cÖPvi eÜ K‡i w`‡j evB‡ii

`k©K wbw`©ó msev` ev AbyôvbwU †`L‡Z cv‡eb bv| e‡j ivLv ìKvi †h,

eªWKv÷ I AvBwU wefv‡Mi cÖ‡KŠkjx I Ab¨vb¨ Kg©xiv m¤cÖPv‡ii

KvwiMwi w`KwU †`Lfvj K‡ib| mvgvwRK MYgva¨g Z_v †dmey‡Ki

`vc‡U wUwfÕi msev` I Abyôvb I‡qemvB‡U Ges †dmeyKmn Ab¨vb¨

mvgvwRK gva¨‡g †cv÷ Kivi evaëvaKZv G‡m †M‡Q| ZvB, G Kv‡Ri

Rb¨ c„_K wefvM KvR K‡i _v‡K|

me wgwj‡q wbDRiæ‡gi KvRwU myPviæfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z wbDR

G¨vsKi, wi‡cvU©vi, K¨v‡giv cvimb, I‡qegv÷vi, cÖwWDmvi, wfwWI

GwWUi, w¯ŒÞ GwWUi, wbDR eªWKv÷ †UKwbwkqvb I BwÄwbqvi wb‡q

KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| „wói Avov‡j g¨vc I w¯’i Qwe Ges G RvZxq Kv‡Ri

mnvqZv Ki‡Q MÖvwd· wefvM| cyivZb wfwWI dz‡UR mieivn K‡i

AvK©vBf wefvM| ZvQvov, †h WªvBfviwU Mvwo Pvwj‡q ¯ú‡U hv‡”Q wKsev

†h †g‡mÄvi wewfbœ Kv‡R mnvqZv Ki‡Q Zvi Ae`vb Kg bq| mevB‡K

wb‡q cÖwZw`b KvR Ki‡Z n‡e GKRb mdj wbDRiæg AwaKZ©v‡K, †nvK

†m wmGbB ev †nW Ae wbDR|

†jLK: wmGbB, XvKv evsjv P¨v‡bj

wbDRiæ‡gi KvRwU myPviæfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z wbDR G¨vsKi, wi‡cvU©vi, K¨v‡giv cvimb,

I‡qegv÷vi, cÖwWDmvi, wfwWI GwWUi, w¯ŒÞ GwWUi, wbDR eªWKv÷ †UKwbwkqvb I BwÄwbqvi

wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| `„wói Avov‡j g¨vc I w¯’i Qwe Ges G RvZxq Kv‡Ri mnvqZv Ki‡Q

MÖvwd· wefvM| cyivZb wfwWI dz‡UR mieivn K‡i AvK©vBf wefvM| ZvQvov, †h WªvBfviwU

Mvwo Pvwj‡q ¯ú‡U hv‡”Q wKsev †h †g‡mÄvi wewfbœ Kv‡R mnvqZv Ki‡Q Zvi Ae`vb Kg bq|

mevB‡K wb‡q cÖwZw`b KvR Ki‡Z n‡e GKRb mdj wbDRiæg AwaKZ©v‡K, †nvK †m wmGbB

ev †nW Ae wbDR

wbeÜ

†Uwjwfk‡b| Avwg fxlY †Ubk‡b c‡o †Mjvg| GZ †QvU ev‡·i g‡a¨ GZ gvbyl

aij wK K‡i| c‡i gv‡K K_vUv ej‡ZB wZwb Avgv‡K me eywS‡q ej‡jb| ïay Avwg

bB, †Uwjwfkb wb‡q G iKg †KŠZ~nj Kg‡ewk mKj gvby‡li g‡b _vKvUvB

¯vfvweK|

lv‡Ui `k‡K evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi R‡b¥i ci evsjv bvU‡Ki gva¨‡g

†Uwjwfkb wgwWqvq e¨vcK Av‡jvob m„wó n‡qwQj| ZLb evsjv bvUK gv‡bB Drmvn

wb‡q wUwfÕi mvg‡b e‡m _vKv| evsjv bvUK gv‡bB `k©K g‡bi wfbœ wfbœ †KŠZ~nj|

ejv hvqÑevsjv‡`‡ki bvUK †`Lvi Rb¨ GKmgq gywL‡q _vKZ cvk©eZx© †`‡ki

evsjv fvlvfvlx gvbylI| GZ Av‡jvob Avi Avo¤i †h bvUK wb‡q Zvi wbg©vY

m¤ú‡K©I i‡q‡Q mvaviY gvby‡li g‡b †ek †KŠZ~nj| †Uwjwfkb Lyj‡jB †Kv‡bv bv

†Kv‡bv bvU‡Ki Ask †Pv‡L c‡o| mvaviY `k©K g‡b g‡b cÖkœ K‡ib, †h bvUK cÖPvi

n‡”Q Zv wK mivmwi †`Lv‡bv n‡”Q? bv GwU aviYK…Z? cybtcÖPvi n‡j †Zv

†NvlYv‡ZB Zvi D‡jøL _v‡K|

GKmgq gÂ bvU‡Ki g‡Zv †Uwjwfk‡bI jvBf bvUK †UwjKv÷

n‡Zv| ax‡i ax‡i DbœZ cÖhyw³i Kj¨v‡Y jvBf bvUK m¤úªPvi eÜ

n‡q‡Q| Pvjy n‡q‡Q †iKW© wm‡÷‡gi bvUK cÖPvi| †Uwjwfk‡b wZb

cÖKvi bvUK cÖPvwiZ n‡q _v‡K|

LÐ bvUK ev GKK bvUK : mvaviYZ 40 †_‡K 45 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨

wbg©vY Kiv nq GKK ev LÐ bvUK|

†Uwjwdj¥ ev †UwjQwe : 60 †_‡K 90 wgwbU ch©šÍ wbg©vY Kiv nq

†Uwjwdj¥ ev †UwjQwe|

avivevwnK ev †WBwj †mvc : 13 wgwbU †_‡K ïiæ n‡q P¨v‡bj ev

`k©‡Ki Pvwn`v ch©šÍ wbg©vY Kiv n‡q _v‡K avivevwnK ev †WBwj †mvc|

fviZxq wUwf P¨v‡b‡j G avivi bvUKB wmwiqvj Wªvgv bv‡g L¨vZ|

eZ©gvb mg‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U GKwU bvUK wbg©vY KivUv KL‡bv Lye

mnR Avevi KL‡bv Lye Sv‡gjvc~Y©| GKRb bvU¨ wbg©vZv PvB‡jB bvUK

wbg©vY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ bvUK wbg©v‡YB‡Zv Avi bvU¨Kv‡ii Rb¨ †kl

K_v bq| bvUKwU h_vh_fv‡e hLb †Kv‡bv P¨v‡b‡j cÖPvwiZ n‡e ZLb

Avm‡e bvU¨ wbg©vZvi mdjZv| Z‡e GLv‡bB †kl bq| i‡q‡Q

A_©jMœxKvi‡Ki jvfmn UvKv †diZ †`qvi `vq|

GKUv mgq wQj, hLb A_©jMœxKviKiv KvD›Uvi Ly‡j ivL‡Zb

bvU‡K UvKv LvUv‡bvi Rb¨| Zviv P¨v‡b‡j P¨v‡b‡j Ny‡i bvUK cÖPv‡ii

AbygwZcÎ wbZ| Zvici †LuvR Kiv n‡Zv bvU¨Kvi Ges bvU¨

cwiPvj‡Ki| mvaviYZ P¨v‡bj Ges bvU¨cwiPvj‡Ki ga¨Kvi mgšqK wQ‡jb

A_©jMœxKviK (Financer) ev cÖ‡hvRK| wKš‘ eZ©gvb mg‡q cÖ‡hvRK kãUvi A_©

cwieZ©b n‡q †M‡Q| †h †KD A_© vZv wn‡m‡e bvUK cÖ‡hvRbvq Avm‡Z cvi‡Qb|

†gvÏvK_v, A_© vZv n‡qI bvU¨ cÖ‡hvRK wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf Ki‡Qb A‡b‡KB|

G‡Z eZ©gvb mg‡q bvUK cÖ‡hvRbv Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev P¨v‡b‡j cwiwPwZi

†Zgb †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| wKQz UvKv †Kv‡bv GK bvU¨cwiPvj‡Ki nv‡Z Zz‡j

39

Avgvi Rb¥ MÖv‡g| Lye g‡b Av‡Q, miKvwi PvKzwii myev‡`

cÖ_‡gB gvÕi †cvw÷s n‡qwQj kn‡i| evmvq ZL‡bv

†Uwjwfkb Avbv nqwb| Avwg ZLb A‡bK †QvU|

†Uwjwfk‡bi m‡½ cÖ_g cwiPq gv‡qi GK Kwj‡Mi evmvq|

G mg‡q m¤¢eZ †Kv‡bv bvUK cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj evsjv‡`k

lv‡Ui `k‡K evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi R‡b¥i ci

evsjv bvU‡Ki gva¨‡g †Uwjwfkb wgwWqvq e¨vcK

Av‡jvob m„wó n‡qwQj| ZLb evsjv bvUK gv‡bB

Drmvn wb‡q wUwfÕi mvg‡b e‡m _vKv

wUwf bvUK wbg©vY-

e¨e¯’vcbv :

wKQz cÖm½

Bivbx wek¦vm

wbix¶v

40

w`‡q cÖ‡hvRK n‡q wZwb wbwðšÍ g‡b Nywg‡q _v‡Kb| Pzw³ Abyhvqx 3 gvm

ev 6 gvm ci jvfmn UvKv †diZ †c‡jB wZwb Lywk| A‡bKUv my‡` UvKv

jMœx Kivi g‡ZvB welqUv|

Avgv‡ì †`‡k GLb A‡bK P¨v‡bj| P¨v‡bj¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZw`b

cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ A‡bK bvU‡Ki ìKvi nq| Gme bvUK P¨v‡b‡j cÖPv‡ii

Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖwµqv Aej¤b Kiv nq| P¨v‡bj KZ…©cÿ mivmwi wbR¯

cwiPvjK w`‡q wKQz bvUK wbg©vY K‡ib| wewfbœ cÖ‡hvRbv ms ’v †_‡KI

wKQz bvUK wK‡b †bb| wewfbœ cwiPvjK‡ì bvUK wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨

AbygwZcÎmn A¨vmvB›U Kiv nq| Avevi KL‡bv P¨v‡bj KZ…©cÿ

cwiPvjK ev cÖ‡hvRK‡K m¤úªPvi mgq eivÏ w`‡q _v‡Kb| GUv‡K ejv

nq Pv¼| Pv¼ KL‡bv †kqvwis‡qi gva¨‡g eivÏ †`qv nq| Avevi KL‡bv

UvKvi wewbg‡q Pv¼ wK‡b †bb cÖ‡hvRK ev cwiPvjK|

bvUK wbg©v‡Yi cÖavb DcRxe¨ n‡jv ev‡RU ev A_© eivÏ| Gi

IciB wbf©i Ki‡Q bvUKwUi ¸YMZ gvb| Avevi A‡bK mgq wbg©vZvi

wbR¯ †KvqvwjwUi IciI wbf©i K‡i bvUKwUi ¸YMZ gvb| KviY bvU¨

wbg©vZvi †KvqvwjwU bv _vK‡j ev‡RU †ewk n‡jI wZwb ¸YMZ gv‡bi

bvUK wbg©vY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Avgv‡ì †`‡k bvU¨cwiPvjK‡ì †Kv‡bv

†kÖwY wbe©vPb Kiv †bB| †h Kvi‡Y bvUK wbg©v‡Yi ev‡RU eiv‡ÏI †Kv‡bv

cv_©K¨ †bB| wmwbqi bvU¨cwiPvj‡Ki Ges Rywbqi cwiPvjK‡ì Rb¨

Avjv`v †Kv‡bv K¨vUvMwi †bB| KZ…©cÿ‡K ev cÖ‡hvRK‡K Lywk K‡i †h

hZ cvi‡Q bvUK wbg©©v‡Yi ev‡RU eivÏ wb‡”Q| G‡Z GK‡kÖwYi

A‡ckv`vi †jvK wb‡R‡K cwiPvjK cwiPq w`‡q dvq`v jy‡U wb‡”Q| G

ai‡bi Z_vKw_Z cwiPvjKiv mvaviYZ bZzb

†Kv‡bv eëmvqx ev weËkvjx‡K wewfbœ †jvf

†`wL‡q A_©jMœx Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡ib| Zviv g‡b

K‡ib, GKRb fv‡jv K¨v‡givg¨vb Ges GKRb

fv‡jv mnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡jB bvUK wbg©©vY n‡q

hvq| Gfv‡e bvUK wbg©v‡Yi bv‡g Pj‡Q cÖnmb|

hvi d‡j Gme cwiPvj‡Ki bvUK A‡bK mgq

cÖPvwiZ nq bv| wbwg©Z bvUK c‡o _v‡K Wªqvie›`x

n‡q| d‡j bZzb cÖ‡hvRKiv wbiærmvwnZ nb|

bZzb cÖ‡hvRK‡ì wgwWqvi bvUK wbg©vY Ges

cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ wewµi welqwU ARvbvB †_‡K hv‡”Q|

GB my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q A‡b‡KB B”Qvg‡Zv

bvU‡Ki ev‡RU wb‡q bvUK wbg©vY Ki‡Qb| wKš‘

cÖ‡Z¨K †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj GKB ev‡R‡Ui bvUK

cÖPvi Ki‡Q bv| Avgv‡ì †`‡k eZ©gv‡b †cÖvMÖvg

wfwËK P¨v‡bj Av‡Q †ekwKQz| Z‡e me P¨v‡bj

GKB gv‡bi bvUK cÖPvi K‡i bv| †h Kvi‡Y

bvU‡Ki gvb ev bvU‡Ki ev‡R‡U _v‡K eo

eëavb| ZvQvov, GK P¨v‡bj K‡gwWwfwËK bvUK

cÖPv‡i AvMÖnx †ewk| Ab¨ A‡bK P¨v‡bj kû‡i

†cÖ‡gi bvUK cÖPv‡i AvMÖn †ewk| Avevi Ab¨ P¨v‡bj mg‡qvc‡hvMx

g¨v‡mRagx© bvUK cÖPv‡i AvMÖnx nq| GQvovI †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv P¨v‡b‡ji

we‡`wk Av`‡ji bvUK cÖPv‡ii AvMÖnI _v‡K|

GLv‡b i‡q‡Q AvwU©÷ wbe©vP‡bi welq| G‡KK P¨v‡b‡j G‡KK

wkíxi Pvwn`v †ewk| GQvovI i‡q‡Q GBP wW K¨v‡givi Pvwn`v| bigvj

K¨v‡giv Ges dzj GBP wW K¨v‡givi fvovq i‡q‡Q cv_©K¨| K¨v‡giv

Acv‡iU‡ii g‡aÏ i‡q‡Q cv_©K¨| †h Kvi‡Y me wgwj‡q bvU‡Ki

ev‡R‡Ui ZviZg¨ NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| GK K_vq ejv hvq, hZ ¸o ZZ

wgwó| Z‡e GKUv K_v ej‡ZB nq, ¸o †ewk w`‡j wgó nq wVKB, n‡e

¯v‡ì welqwU wfbœ| iuvaywbi wbR¯ ¸Y bv _vK‡j hZB ¸o †`qv †nvK,

¯v` nq bv| GKwU GKK bvUK wbg©vY Ki‡Z mvaviYZ 2-3 w`b mgq

jv‡M| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b bvU‡Ki ev‡RU K‡g hvIqvi Kvi‡Y cÖ‡hvRK ev

cwiPvjK GKw`‡bi g‡a¨ wbg©v‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ib| G‡Z

bvU‡Ki gvb K‡g hv‡”Q|

bvUK wbg©v‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g Mí ev w¯ŒÞ ìKvi| A‡bK mgq

P¨v‡bj KZ…©cÿ bvU‡Ki Mí ev w¯ŒÞ wbe©vPb K‡i †`b| Avevi KL‡bv

KL‡bv cwiPvjK ev cÖ‡hvRK KZ©„K Mí ev w¯ŒÞ cQ›` n‡j bvUK

wbg©v‡Yi wm×všÍ †bqv nq| Gici ìKvi wkíx wbe©vPb| G‡ÿ‡ÎI GKB

cÖwµqv Aej¤b Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq wkíx wbe©vP‡b N‡U bvbv wecwË|

M‡íi cÖ‡qvR‡b wkíx‡K wbe©vPb Kiv nq| †`Lv hvq, ïwUs‡qi wba©vwiZ

w`‡b wZwb mgq w`‡Z cvi‡Qb bv| A_ev ev‡R‡Ui †P‡q AwaK UvKv `vwe

K‡i em‡Qb| KL‡bv KL‡bv ïwUs‡qi w`b-ZvwiL me wVKVvK| nVvr K‡i

ïwUs‡qi Av‡Mi iv‡Z Rvwb‡q w`‡jv †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y wkíx Amy¯’| A_ev

†gvevBj †dvb Ad K‡i e‡m Av‡Qb A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv †cÖvMÖv‡g A¨v‡UÛ

K‡i‡Qb| Ggb A‡bK NUbvB NU‡Q Avgv‡ì wgwWqv‡Z| wmwbqi

cwiPvjK n‡j ZeyI Zviv cÖwZev` Kivi mvnm cvb| wKš‘ Rywbqiiv G

weo¤bv mn¨ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| bZzb A‡bK †gavex cwiPvjK wgwWqv †_‡K

gyL wdwi‡q wb‡”Qb ïaygvÎ wKQz wkíx‡ì A‡ckv`vwi‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y| P¨v‡bj

Ges cÖ‡hvRK A‡bK mgq wkíxi bvg D‡jøL K‡i †`b| †m‡ÿ‡Î

wba©vwiZ wkíx bv †c‡j cwiPvjK KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Avevi

ïwUs‡qi w`b Abycw ’wZi Kvi‡Y ZvrÿwYK Ab¨ wkíx cvIqvI gykwKj|

Avevi †mB gyn~‡Z© ïwUs c¨vKvc Ki‡j A_© Ð w`‡Z nq| Gme wgwj‡q

welqwU ZLb GKRb cwiPvj‡Ki Rb¨ kv‡Ki KivZ n‡q hvq|

GKRb bvU¨Kvi ev bvU¨cwiPvjK wbtm‡›`‡n GKRb m„Rbkxj

gvbyl| wZwb Ab¨ 10Rb gvby‡li †_‡K Avjv`v| A_P GB †kÖwYi gvby‡li

g~j¨vqb n‡”Q bv| KviY GKRb wkíx cÖwZw`b †h cvwikÖwgK wb‡”Qb, †mB

cwigvY cvwikÖwgK cv‡”Qb bv GKRb bvU¨Kvi ev bvU¨cwiPvjK| †h

Kvi‡Y wkíx Zvi `vw¤¢KZv cÖKvk Ki‡Qb cvwikÖwg‡Ki †Rv‡i| GKwU

bvUK hw` GKwU wewìs nq, Zvn‡j GKRb bvU¨Kvi †mUvi bKkv Gu‡K

†`b| GKRb cwiPvjK AeKvVv‡gv M‡ob| GKRb wkíx †mLv‡b evB‡ii

AveiY wn‡m‡e KvR K‡ib| Gfv‡e GKwU bvUK wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ bvU¨Kvi-

cwiPvjK-wkíx A½v½xfv‡e RwoZ|

mewKQz wVK nIqvi ci i‡q‡Q wba©vwiZ w`‡b ïwUs‡qi KvR| ïwUs

Kivi Rb¨ XvKv kn‡ii DËivmn K‡qKwU ’v‡b i‡q‡Q ïwUs nvDm|

GQvovI XvKvi Av‡kcv‡k cyevBj, MvRxcyi, bvivqYMÄ, gyÝxMÄ,

gvwbKMÄmn mviv‡`‡k ïwUs Kiv nq|

bvU‡Ki †ÿ‡Î GwWwUs GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| mvaviYZ GwWwUs‡K

bvU‡Ki †gKvc ejv n‡q _v‡K| GQvov i‡q‡Q wgDwRK, Kvjvi

Kv‡iKkb, mvDÛ e¨v‡jÝÕi KvR| me †kl n‡jB c~Y©v½fv‡e GKwU bvUK

P¨v‡bj KZ…©c‡ÿi Kv‡Q Rgv †`qvi Dchy³ nq|

Avkvi K_v, wKQzw`b Av‡M evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb wgwWqvi

cwiPvjK‡ì msMVb wW‡i±iÕm wMì-Gi wbe©vPb n‡q‡Q| bZzb KwgwU

wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q †h, wW‡i±iÕm wM‡ìi m`m¨ Qvov †KD bvUK wbg©vY Ki‡Z

cvi‡e bv| G wm×v‡šÍi m‡½ †Uwjwfkb cÖ‡hvRK mwgwZ, wkíx mwgwZ,

K¨v‡givg¨vb mwgwZ, mnKvix cwiPvjK mwgwZ, K¨v‡giv nvDm mwgwZ,

jvBU nvDm mwgwZ Ges ïwUs nvDm mwgwZ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|

me †k‡l ej‡Z PvB, †Uwjwfkb bvUK GKwU MYgva¨g wkí| Gi

m‡½ RwoZ mKj Kgx© KjvKzkjxi DwPZ G wkí‡K euvwP‡q ivLv| Avmyb,

†ewk K‡i †`wkq ms¯‹…wZ aviY Kwi, †`kR ms¯‹…wZ‡K Zz‡j a‡i bZzb-

bZzb bvUK ˆZwi Kwi|

†jLK : bvU¨Kvi I bvU¨cwiPvjK

Avkvi K_v, wKQzw`b Av‡M evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb wgwWqvi

cwiPvjK‡ì msMVb wW‡i±iÕm wMì-Gi wbe©vPb n‡q‡Q| bZzb

KwgwU wm×všÍ wb‡q‡Q †h, wW‡i±iÕm wM‡ìi m`m¨ Qvov †KD bvUK

wbg©vY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| G wm×v‡šÍi m‡½ †Uwjwfkb cÖ‡hvRK

mwgwZ, wkíx mwgwZ, K¨v‡givg¨vb mwgwZ, mnKvix cwiPvjK

mwgwZ, K¨v‡giv nvDm mwgwZ, jvBU nvDm mwgwZ Ges ïwUs nvDm

mwgwZ GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡i‡Q

wbeÜ

¯vaxbZvi cwicš’x| KviY, wgwWqvq hviv weÁvcb †`q Zv‡ì bvbv Ab¨vq I

A‰bwZK Aby‡iva-Ave`vi ïb‡Z nq †m wgwWqv‡K| bv ïb‡j weÁvcb bv cvIqvi

fq †_‡K hvq| Avi G fqwU msev`c‡Îi ¯vaxbZv‡K Le© K‡i| B‡”Q _vK‡jI

`yÕKjg †jLv hvq bv, B‡”Q _vK‡jI GKwU AbymÜvbx cÖwZ‡e`b cÖPvi Kiv hvq bv|

GKUv RyRyeywoi fq wgwWqv‡K †cQ‡b Uvb‡Z _v‡K| cvVK I `k©‡Ki Pvwn`v ZLb

†MŠY wel‡q cwiYZ nq| RbgZ, Rb¯v_© Ges mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vqe×Zv BZ¨vKvi

welq¸‡jv ZLb ïay K_vi K_vq cwiYZ nq| AwZgvÎvq weÁvcb-wbf©iZv

wgwWqv‡K `k©K-cvVK †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †d‡j| mvsevw`KZvi bxwZgvjv, Av`k©,

KwgU‡g›U Ges wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv (Credibility) ZLb cÖkœwe× n‡q I‡V| A‡bK

mgq cvVK, †kªvZv wKsev `k©K †mB wgwWqv †_‡K gyL wdwi‡q †bq| GK ch©v‡q G‡m

weÁvcb hviv †`q ZvivI gyL wdwi‡q wb‡Z _v‡K| weÁvcb`vZv e¨w³ wKsev

cÖwZôvb¸‡jvI ZLb Kwg‡q w`‡Z _v‡K weÁvcb| KviY, GKwU wgwWqv †m wcÖ›U

wgwWqvB †nvK Avi B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvB †nvKÑ `k©K, cvVK wKsev

†kªvZv-wcÖqZv bv _vK‡j †KD Zv‡K weÁvcb †`q bv| d‡j, GK~j I

IK~j-`yÕK~jB nviv‡Z nq †mB wgwWqv‡K| Avi GKevi G MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv

nviv‡j cieZ©x‡Z Zv AR©b Kiv KwVb n‡q c‡o|

wgwWqvi AwZgvÎvq G weÁvcb-wbf©iZv †hgwb ÿwZKi †Zgwb

ÿwZKi weÁvcb-wegyLZv Ges weÁvcbnxbZvI| KviY, weÁvcb Qvov

ïay cwÎKvi mvKz©‡jkb w`‡q †Kv‡bv KvMR wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|

B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi K_v G‡ÿ‡Î ejvB evûj¨| KviY, B‡jKUªwbK

wgwWqvi Av‡qi GKwU gvÎ DrmB n‡jv bvbv cY¨ I †mevi weÁvcb|

GLv‡b bvbv P¨v‡b‡ji g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gv‡S `k©K a‡i ivLv †hgb

¸iæZ¡c~Y©, †Zgwb weÁvcb`vZv‡K a‡i ivLvI mg¸iæZ¡ iv‡L| †m‡ÿ‡Î

Abyôvb, bvUK, UK‡kv, m½xZvbyôvb BZ¨vwì mv‡_ weÁvc‡bi GKUv

Check and Balance Ki‡Z nq| wgwWqv eë¯’vcK‡K n‡Z nq

†KŠkjx| k¨vg ivwL bv Kzj ivwLÑ G mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq

eë¯’vcK‡K| G KvRwU Ki‡Z wM‡q Abyôvb cwiKíbv I wbg©v‡Y

weÁvcb`vZv eo eo eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb I cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi gZvgZ I

civgk©‡K g~j¨ w`‡Z nq| bvU‡Ki cwiPvjK, KjvKzkjx Ges Mv‡bi

wKsev bv‡Pi wkíx wbe©vP‡bI Zv‡ì cQ›`-AcQ‡›ì w`‡K bRi ivL‡Z

nq P¨v‡bj¸‡jv‡K| GgbwK msev` Ges msev‡ì wk‡ivbvg wba©vi‡YI

Zv‡ì †cÖmwµckb _v‡K| weÁvcb`vZv‡ì Gai‡bi Lei`vwi ev

`v`vwMwi cÖvqkB `k©K cvV‡Ki Kv‡Q ¯úó n‡q aiv c‡o| we‡kl K‡i wUwf

msev‡ì ïiæ‡ZB hLb ejv nq, GLb ïbyb AgyK msev` wk‡ivbvg wKsev AgyK

e¨vsK msev` wk‡ivbvg, ZLb †mB msev‡ì e¯‘wbôZv I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wb‡q `k©K-

g‡b m‡›`n DuwKSuywK w`‡Z _v‡K êwK| Le‡ii KvM‡Ri cÖ_g cvZvi wb‡P wZb-

PZz_©vsk Ry‡o hLb †K‡bv nvDwRs †Kv¤úvwbi eo weÁvcb Qvcv nq ZLb H nvDwRs

†Kv¤úvwbi cøU-MÖnxZv hviv eywKs gvwb I wKw¯Íi UvKv me©mvKz‡j¨ cwi‡kva K‡iI

41

we

Ávcb MYgva¨‡gi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq| weÁvcb

wgwWqvi Av‡qi Drm| GRb¨ weÁvcb‡K ejv nq

Wheel of the Press| weÁvcb GKwU A ¿|

†cÖm‡K wbqš¿Y Z_v †cÖ‡mi jvMvg LvwbKUv a‡i ivLvi

nvwZqvi| GRb¨ AwZgvÎvq weÁvcb-wbf©iZv msev`c‡Îi

weÁvcb MYgva¨‡gi Rb¨

AZ¨vek¨Kxq| weÁvcb wgwWqvi

Av‡qi Drm| GRb¨ weÁvcb‡K

ejv nq Wheel of the Press

weÁvcb eë¯’vcbv:

awi gvQ, bv QuyB cvwb


wbix¶v

42

eQ‡ii ci eQi ¯‡cœi cøUwU cv‡”Qb bv, Zv‡ì g‡b H cwÎKvi

e¯‘wbôZv I wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv wb‡q bvbv cÖkœ I‡V _v‡K| GKB mv‡_ wUwfi

c`©vq †Kv‡bv Abyôvb Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nVvr hw` c`©vq †Kv‡bv

wbgœgv‡bi Uz_‡c÷ wKsev k¨v¤úy BZ¨vwì weÁvcb cÖPvwiZ nq ZLb

weiw³i D‡ ªK nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi RvqMvUv‡ZI dvUj a‡i

hvq| wcÖq P¨v‡bjwUI Gfv‡e Av‡ Í-Av‡ Í AwcÖq n‡q I‡V| weÁvcb Qvov

†h P¨v‡bj Pj‡Z cv‡i bvÑ G gnvmZ¨wU `k©‡Ki Dcjwä‡Z _vK‡jI

g‡b g‡b GKwU weiw³ KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K|

weÁvcb wgwWqvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| weÁvc‡bi Pvwn`vI i‡q‡Q| cÎ-

cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ wb‡qvM weÁwß, PvKwi cÖv_©x‡ì Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i|

PvKwi cÖv_©xiv cwÎKv Ly‡jB wb‡qvM weÁwß †`L‡Z Pvb| †hme cwÎKv

†ewk K‡i wb‡qvM weÁwß Qv‡c †m¸‡jvB Zv‡ì Kv‡Q wcÖq| Ggwbfv‡e

hviv Rwg wKsev cøU wKb‡Z AvMÖnx, Zviv cwÎKvi cvZvq GZ`msµvšÍ

weÁvcb †`L‡Z Pvb| Avevi hviv wVKv`vi Zviv cÎ-cwÎKvq †UÛvi

weÁwß †Luv‡Rb| GK mgq Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK¸‡jvq †`wk-we‡`wk †UÛvi

weÁwß Qvcv n‡Zv| ZLb eëmvqxiv Bs‡iwR ˆ`wbK¸‡jv †ewk K‡i

coZ| B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv‡Z †hme weÁvcb cÖPvi nq †m¸‡jviI `k©K-

Pvwn`v wKš‘ i‡q‡Q| weÁvc‡bi i‡q‡Q evaëvaKZvI| miKvwi †Kv‡bv

Awd‡m wKsev GgwcIfz³ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi bZzb wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î

cwÎKvq weÁwß cÖKvk eva¨Zvg~jK| e¨w³MZfv‡e Kv‡iv †Kvb wkÿvMZ

†hvM¨Zv mb`cÎ nvwi‡q †M‡j wKsev mvwU©wd‡K‡U Rb¥ ZvwiL ev Abyiƒc

†Kvb Z_¨ ms‡kvab Ki‡Z †M‡j Aek¨B cwÎKvq weÁwß cÖKvk Ki‡Z

nq| AvBb-Av`vj‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq weÁwß cÖKv‡ki| GK mgq

miKvwi me weÁvcb wQj wWGdwc-i wbqš¿‡Y| wWGdwc miKvwi

bxwZgvjv AbymiY K‡i Le‡ii KvM‡Ri mvKz©‡jkb, L¨vwZ BZ¨vwì

wbwi‡L weÁvcb eÈb KiZ| GLb wWGdwc-i nv‡Z miKvwi weÁvcb

†bB| weÁvcb P‡j †M‡Q cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi nv‡Z| cÖwZôvb¸‡jv weÁvcb

w`‡”Q wbR¯ bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K| A_©vr Gme cÖwZôv‡b hviv KvR

Ki‡Qb Aek¨B ZvivI †Kv‡bv bv †K‡bv bxwZgvjvi wfwË‡Z KvR

Ki‡Qb| AvÛviMÖvDÛ †cÖm¸‡jvi wel‡q Zv‡ì mZK© _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|

KviY, Gme AvÛviMÖvDÛ †cÖm bvbvfv‡e mvsevw`KZvi †ckv`vwiZ¡ I

mybvg ÿzYœ K‡i| weÁvcb eë ’vcbvi welqwU Zv‡ì IciI wbf©i

Ki‡Q| wcÖ›U wgwWqvi †ÿ‡Î weÁvcb wbg©v‡Y wgwWqv‡K †KŠkjx n‡Z

n‡e| weÁvc‡bi Dc ’vcbv, Mí I g‡Wj wbe©vP‡b ˆkwíK I KvwiMwi

w`‡Ki cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| wKQz g‡Wj Av‡Qb hviv bvU‡KI my›ì,

hv‡ì MvbI wcÖq Ges weÁvc‡bI hviv AvKl©Yxq| m¤cÖwZ Gi g‡a¨

K‡qKRb Av‡Qb, †hgb- we`¨v wmbnv gxg, Rqv Avnmvb, bykivZ dvwiqv

cÖgyL g‡Wj †`‡ki mxgvbv †cwi‡q we‡`‡ki RbwcÖq wgwWqv‡Z ZviKv

L¨vwZ †c‡q‡Qb| Zv‡ì‡K w`‡q ˆkwíK gvbm¤úbœ weÁvcb ˆZwi n‡Z

cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k wKQz AvšÍR©vwZK gv‡bi weÁvcb-wbg©vZv Aek¨B

Av‡Qb hviv `k©‡Ki Pvwn`v/cQ›`-AcQ‡›ì welqwU ey‡Sb, Zviv G‡ÿ‡Î

Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡ib|

GKwU K_v cÖvqB †kvbv hvq, Media cannot live withoutadvertisement and media cannot live only with adver-tisement. weÁvcb †ewk n‡jI Lvivc Avevi weÁvcb bv n‡jI P‡j

bvÑ G ev¯ÍeZv‡K gv_vq †i‡L Pj‡Z n‡e MYgva¨g‡K| gvQwU ai‡Z

n‡e, cvwb †Quvqv hv‡e bv| mPj ivL‡Z n‡e wgwWqv‡K| `k©K, cvVK I

†kªvZv‡K weÁvcb-evÜe K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| GK w`‡b wKsev GK iv‡Z

wKš‘ GZeo GKwU êcix‡Zï Aemvb nq‡Zv n‡e bv| GRb¨ Abyôvb

cwiKíbv, wbg©vY, Dc¯’vcbv I weÁvcb eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ GKwU

†evSvcov I mgšq _vK‡Z n‡e| Abyôvb I weÁvcb wefvM‡K G‡K

A‡bï weKí g‡b bv K‡i eis G‡K A‡bï cwic~iK wn‡m‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z

n‡e| msev` wKsev Abyôv‡bi duv‡K-duv‡K `yÕGKUv weÁvcb Pj‡Z cv‡i,

wKš‘ Zv n‡Z n‡e mnbxq| Z‡e, msev‡ì g‡a¨ `xN© weÁvcb Aek¨B

weiw³Ki| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡k A‡bK¸‡jv †emiKvwi wUwf P¨v‡bj

Abyôvb m¤cÖPvi Ki‡Q| wKš‘ Gi c‡iI we‡`wk P¨v‡bj¸‡jvi `k©K-

wcÖqZv jÿYxq| G myev‡` †`wk c‡Yï weÁvcbI P‡j hv‡”Q we‡`wk wKQz

wUwf P¨v‡b‡j| wKQz wkíxI we‡`wk wgwWqvgy‡Lv n‡”Qb| Gme wb‡q fvee-

vi mgq G‡m‡Q|

†jLK: mn‡hvMx m¤úv`K, wcAvBwe

wgwWqvi AwZgvÎvq G weÁvcb-wbf©iZv †hgwb ÿwZKi †Zgwb ÿwZKi

weÁvcb-wegyLZv Ges weÁvcbnxbZvI| KviY, weÁvcb Qvov ïay cwÎKvi

mvKz©‡jkb w`‡q †Kv‡bv KvMR wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi K_v

G‡ÿ‡Î ejvB evûj¨| KviY, B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi Av‡qi GKwU gvÎ DrmB

n‡jv bvbv cY¨ I †mevi weÁvcb| GLv‡b bvbv P¨v‡b‡ji g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi

gv‡S `k©K a‡i ivLv †hgb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, †Zgwb weÁvcb`vZv‡K a‡i ivLvI

mg¸iæZ¡ iv‡L| †m‡ÿ‡Î Abyôvb, bvUK, UK‡kv, m½xZvbyôvb BZ¨vwì mv‡_

weÁvc‡bi GKUv Check and Balance Ki‡Z nq

wbeÜ

MYmgvR ZË¡ GKUv KvVv‡gvMZ gZv`k© Ges gvK©mev` avivi †d«gIq©vK wg‡j

wgwWqvi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© we‡køl‡Yi Rvg©vb `k©‡bi gZv`‡k©i AbywgwZ ˆZwi nq

(†e‡bU, 1982: 47)| gvK©m DwjøwLZ †d«g Iqv‡K©i ÔwfwËÕ n‡jv GKUv wbw`©ó

mgv‡R we`¨gvb A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv| GB A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv ev Drcv`b c×wZ

(†gvW Ae †cÖvWvKkb) AZ¨šÍ Mfxi I g~jZ RwUj cÖwµqvq GKUv we‡kl mgv‡Ri

ÔDcwiKvVv‡gvÕ ev cÖwZôvbmg~n I g~j¨‡PZbv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|

mgvRwe‡k‡l we‡klKv‡ji mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbmg~n, `k©beë¯’v, ag©xq cÖwZôvb

I wkí-ms¯‹…wZi gvidZ DcwiKvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li g‡b aviYvi we Ívi N‡U|

†`Lv hvq, cuywRev`x †h KvjL‡Ð Avgiv emZ KiwQ Zv †KejB GKUv A_©‰bwZK

eë¯’v bq, GUv Awbevh©fv‡e Avgv‡ì `„wófw½, g~j¨‡eva, e¨w³‡Z¡i aib Ges

Avgv‡ì ms¯‹…wZ‡KI cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|

¶gZvai †Mvôx¸‡jv Aek¨B Rbmvavi‡Yi wPšÍvi RMr‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z

Pvq| KviY gvbyl‡K we‡kl we‡kl aviYvq `xw¶Z Ki‡Z cvi‡j

mgv‡Ri ¶gZv I m¤ú`kvjx e¨w³eM©, hviv cuywRev`x †`k¸‡jv‡Z

we`¨gvb mvgvwRK web¨v‡mi myev‡` me‡P‡q jvfevb nq, w¯’Zve¯’v

wUwK‡q ivL‡Z cv‡ib| kvmK‡kªwYi G ZrciZv‡K gvK©m-G‡½jm

e¨vL¨v K‡ib Gfv‡e:

mKj Kv‡jB kvmK‡kªwYi aviYv¸‡jvB n‡jv AvwacZ¨Kvix aviYv

A_©vr, †h †kªwYwU mgv‡Ri e ‘MZ kw³-m¤ú` wbqš¿Y K‡i †m †kªwYB

e ‘Z eyw×e„wËK kw³-m¤úÌ wbqš¿Y K‡i| †h †kªwYwUi `L‡j mgv‡Ri

Drcv`‡bi Dcvqmg~n _v‡K, †mB †kªwY mgv‡Ri gvbwmK Drcv`bI

wbqš¿Y K‡i| myZivs, mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, gvbwmK Drcv`‡bi

Dcvq¸‡jv‡Z hv‡ì NvUwZ i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì aviYv¸‡jv mvaviYZ

AvwacZ¨Kvix‡ì Aaxb ’ n‡q c‡o (gvK©m Ges G‡½jm 1965: 61)|

mnRfv‡e ejv hvq, GKUv we‡kl hy‡Mi aviYvmg~n e¯‘Z AwacwZ

†kªwYi Øviv wb‡R‡ì ¯v‡_© we ÍvwiZ I †jvKwcÖq K‡i †Zvjv aviYv|

AwacwZiv †hgbfv‡e Pvq me©mvaviY †Zgb K‡iB aviYv¸‡jv AvZ¥ ’

K‡i †bq|

AwacwZ †kªwYi g‡a¨B GK`j aviYv wbg©vZv _v‡K, gvK©m-

G‡½j‡mi g‡Z hviv ÔGB Kg©wU‡KB A_©vr aviYv-Drcv`b I

cwikxj‡bi gva¨‡g †kªwY Ae¯’v‡bi weåg Qov‡bv‡KB Zv‡ì RxweKvi

cÖavb Aej¤b K‡iÕ (gvK©m Ges G‡½jm, 1965: 62)| ÔgZv`k©Õ

ej‡Z †hŠw³Kfv‡e msnZ Ges e¨vcKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK †h

†Kv‡bv wek¦vmeë ’v‡K †evSv‡bv hvq| GB ZË¡vbymv‡i, kvmbKvix AwacwZ †kªwY

Ggb GK gZv`k© Rbg‡b mÂvwjZ K‡i hv †kªwYwUi we‡klvwaKv‡ii b¨vh¨Zv †`q

Ges me©mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ cxob I †kvl‡Yi cwiw ’wZ Dcjwä KwVbZi K‡i †Zv‡j|

gZv`k© msµvšÍ GgbZi e¨vL¨vq †`Lv hvq, GUv wgwWqvi mv‡_ wZbwU †¶‡Î

mswkøó| cÖ_gZ, mvgvwRK wbqš¿‡Yi ¶gZv wn‡m‡e gZv`k© cwievwnZ nq wgwWqvi

43

The press is required to make a profit and thattherefore it cannot do anything but reproducea capitalist ideology and it is very survival as

an institution is dependent upon the dominance ofcapitalist ideologyTeun A. van Dijk.

†Kv‡bv NUbv Kxfv‡e MYgva¨‡gi wel‡q cwiYZ

nq| Ke Ges GjWvi g‡b K‡ib, GB Bmy¨

mgv‡R we`¨gvb `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †Mvôxi g‡a¨

Ae¯’vb I m¤ú` eÈ‡bi Ø›Ø Øviv wbwg©Z nq

MYgva¨‡gi

Av‡jvP¨m~wP I

gvwjKvbvi gZv`k©

W. gymZvK Avn‡g`

wbix¶v

44

gva¨‡g| GLv‡b †K›`ªxq cÖkœwU n‡jv: wgwWqvi gvwjKvbv KvVv‡gv Ges

LyeB mvaviYfv‡e, †h c×wZ‡Z AwacwZ †kªwY wgwWqv‡K wbivcËv

†Ìqvi e¨vcviUv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡iÑ †m m¤ú‡K©| wØZxqZ, AvbyôvwbK

we‡køl‡Yi G ch©v‡q, Av‡iKUv cÖkœ n‡jv: cÖvhyw³Kfv‡e KxK‡i

wmMwbdvBwqs wm‡÷g wgwWqvK‡g©i ga¨w`‡q cÖPvwiZ n‡q `k©K-†kªvZv-

RbmvaviY‡K h_vh_fv‡e Zz‡j bv-aivi m¶gZv AR©b K‡i| me©‡klwU

n‡jv, cÖwZUv welq we‡ePbvq wb‡q †`Lv hvq, †mme GUv Bw½Z K‡i †h,

wgwWqv ivóªwbqwš¿Z| gvK©mev‡ì weZ‡K©i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK MV‡bi

A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK Ges gZv`wk©K ch©vq m¤ú‡K© mswkøó †_‡K Ges

G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ n‡q GKUv mgv‡jvPbvg~jK Ae¯’vb MÖnY

K‡i MwVZ nq (†e‡bU, 1982: 49)|

mmy¨‡ii fvlvZË¡, †jwW÷ª‡mi KvVv‡gvZMZ b„-weÁvb, †iuvjv ev‡_©i

†mwgIwUK Ges juvKvi gbtmgxÿY-GB wZ‡bi mgš‡q wgwWqvi KvVv‡gv

ZvwË¡K aviv M‡o D‡V‡Q| GB avivi †K›`ªxq g‡bv‡hvM n‡jv A_© I

wi‡cÖ‡R›U Kivi cÖwµqv Ges c×wZi w`‡K| Gi ga¨w`‡q Pjw”PÎ,

d‡UvMÖvd, †Uwjwfkb Abyôv‡bi Ges G‡ì Ô†U·UÕ we‡kølY Kiv nq|

GBw`K †_‡K hwÌ GUv mbvZb gvK©mev` wek¦vmx‡ì Øviv mgv‡jvwPZ

nq ZviciI KvVv‡gvMZ ZvwË¡K avivwU ms¯‹vi nIqv gvK©mev`

fvev`‡k©i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| GUv wgwWqv BÛvw÷ª Ges mgv‡Ri A_©‰bwZK

wfwËi cÖwZ”Qwei fvev`‡k©i aviYvi mv‡_ wgwWqv‡K m¤úK©hy³ K‡i

gvK©mev‡ì g‡a¨ wgwWqv Aa¨q‡bi APjve ’v‡K AwZµg K‡i (¸‡iwfP

cÖgyL, 1982: 23-24)|

fvev`‡k©i A¨vj_ymv‡ii ms¯‹iY ZË¡wU ¯úófv‡eB gvK©mev`x

wPšÍvavivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b wb‡q Av‡m| A¨vj_ymv‡ii `„wófw½‡Z

fvev`k© n‡jv e¨w³i we`¨gvbZvi ev Íe Ae ’vi mv‡_ KvíwbK m¤ú‡K©i

Dc¯’vcb- hv ev¯ÍeZvi GKwU weK…Z cÖwZ”Qwei mgwšZ wPÎ|

A¨vj_ymv‡ii GB `„wófw½ ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i †h, ev¯Íe we‡k¦i mv‡_

m¤úK©hy³ gvby‡li gva¨‡g fvev`k© w_g Ges wi‡cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi cÖKvk

K‡i| A¨vj_ymv‡ii `„wófw½ Abyhvqx, fvev`‡k©i memgqB GKwU e¯‘MZ

Dcw ’wZ i‡q‡Q| GUv Gi D‡Ïk¨ Ges PP©vi g‡a¨B wbwnZ _v‡K|

fvev`k© Dci †_‡K Pvcv‡bv ev Acwinvh© †Kv‡bv wKQzi †P‡q eis GUv

Ggb GKUv gva¨g hvi g‡a¨ we‡k¦i mg Í gvby‡li AwfÁZv mwbœ‡ewkZ

_v‡K| hwÌ A¨vj_ymv‡ii DcwiKvVv‡gvi cwic~Y© aviYvB eRvq iv‡L

Ges Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv A_©‰bwZK `„pKiY| A¨vj_ymv‡ii †d«gIqv‡K©i

ga¨Kvi wgwWqv cÖavbZ fvev`‡k©i gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq; Zviv g~jZ

fvev`wk©K wee„wZi mwbœ‡ek hv A‡bK K¬vwmK¨vj `gbg~jK wee„wZi

mwbœ‡e‡ki wecixZ ai‡bi| Gfv‡eB wgwWqvi Kvh©KvwiZv fzj wPšÍvavivi

wKsev AvPiY cwieZ©‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i| eis Am‡PZb Ges Gi Ici

wbf©i K‡i hvi ga¨w`‡q cwiw¯’wZ wi‡cÖ‡R›U Ges cixwÿZ nq|

†U·U Drcv`b I fvev`k©

1

cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvi Dci-wbP ÿgZv I gZv`‡k©i †U·U Drcvw`Z|

KviY GB †U·U-Gi gva¨‡g cÖfvekvjx‡ì ÿgZvi ewntcÖKvk nq| wfbœ

K_vq ejv hvq †U·UB ÿgZv| wgwWqv cÖwZôv‡b `yBfv‡e †U·U

Drcvw`Z nq| cÖ_gZ, Af¨šÍixY I wØZxqZ evwn¨Kfv‡e| GKwU

MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY Kgx©‡ì AvPiY, K_vevZ©v, g~j¨‡eva,

wek¦vm, ivR‰bwZK fvev`k©, agx©q „wófw½ BZ¨vwì cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wgwWqv

†U·U wbwg©Z nq| Avevi evwn¨Kfv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡i hviv KvR K‡i

†hgb cÖwZwbwa, ÷vd cÖwZ‡e`K, ey¨‡iv cÖavb‡ì AvPiY, K_vevZ©v,

g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, ivR‰bwZK fvev`k©, ag©xq `„wófw½ BZ¨vwì

cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wgwWqv †U·U wbwg©Z nq|

2

ïay ZvB bq, GKRb

wgwWqvKg©xi mvgvwRKfv‡e †e‡o IVvi cwi‡ek I wkÿv Gme welq

wgwWqv †U·U wbg©v‡Y AbyNU‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

MYgva¨‡gi Ae ’vb mgv‡Ri †fZ‡i| Avgiv mvaviY †Pv‡L †`wL-

MYgva¨g mgv‡Ri NUbv Dc ’vcb K‡i| wKš‘ Zv bq| MYgva¨g Avm‡j

aviYv enb K‡i| MYgva¨g Ggb NUbv †e‡Q †bq hvi msev`g~j¨ Av‡Q

Ges Ggb fvlvMZ KvVv‡gv †e‡Q †bq hv cÖwZ‡e`‡b eënvi Kiv hv‡e|

G‡ÿ‡Î ejv n‡”Q †h, MYgva¨g wbe©vwPZ cÖZ¨qmg~n eënvi K‡i _v‡K|

†hgb, MYgva¨g ÔAvgv‡ìÕ cÖZ¨qwU eënvi K‡i `k©K-†kÖvZv‡K Zv‡ì

†Mvôxfy³ K‡i †d‡j| GgbwK wKQz MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi wbR¯ fvlv

MYgva¨‡gi Ae¯’vb mgv‡Ri †fZ‡i| Avgiv mvaviY †Pv‡L †`wL- MYgva¨g

mgv‡Ri NUbv Dc¯’vcb K‡i| wKš‘ Zv bq| MYgva¨g Avm‡j aviYv enb

K‡i| MYgva¨g Ggb NUbv †e‡Q †bq hvi msev`g~j¨ Av‡Q Ges Ggb fvlvMZ

KvVv‡gv †e‡Q †bq hv cÖwZ‡e`‡b eënvi Kiv hv‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î ejv n‡”Q †h,

MYgva¨g wbe©vwPZ cÖZ¨qmg~n eënvi K‡i _v‡K| †hgb, MYgva¨g ÔAvgv‡ìÕ

cÖZ¨qwU eënvi K‡i `k©K-†kÖvZv‡K Zv‡ì †Mvôxfy³ K‡i †d‡j| GgbwK

wKQz MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi wbR¯ fvlv ch©šÍ i‡q‡Q| Avevi MYgva¨gKgx©‡ì

mvgvwRK-AeaviYMZ wfwËI wgwWqv †U·U wbg©v‡Y KvR K‡i

ch©šÍ i‡q‡Q| Avevi MYgva¨gKgx©‡ì

mvgvwRK-AeaviYMZ wfwËI wgwWqv †U·U

wbg©v‡Y KvR K‡i|

wgwWqv cÖwZôv‡bi `yÕai‡bi fvlv Av‡Q|

GKwU cÖv_wgK wWm‡Kvm© †hgb, cÖwZ‡e`K,

†jLK I cwÎKvi e³e¨ Ges †m‡KÛvwi

wWm‡Kvm© †hgb, cÖwZôvb I msMV‡bi e¨w³‡ì

fvlv hv‡ì e³e¨ D×…wZ wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv

nq|

fvev`‡k©i mvgvwRK Kg© n‡jv wewfbœ

†Mvôxi m`m¨‡ì mvgvwRK jÿ¨ I mvgvwRK

wbivcËv m¤ú‡K© Kvh©Kifv‡e Zv‡ì ¯v_© wel‡q

Abyaveb ˆZwi Kiv| GKBfv‡e msev`c‡Îi

m¤úv`Kxq wKsev cÖwZ‡e`b cwÎKvi Ae ’vb

wel‡q cvVK‡K fvev`wk©Kfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|

†hgb, Av‡gwiKvmn we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj †`‡k

iÿYkxj, Wvbcš’x-evgcš’x BZ¨vw` e„nr †Mvôxi

¯v_© we‡ePbv K‡i|

gZv`k©MZ †U·U Drcv`‡bi bgybv wk‡ivbvg

wgwWqv nvD‡mi †U·U Drcv`b gZv`‡k©i

wfwË‡Z nq Kx-bv Zv K‡qKwU bgybv wk‡ivbvg

D`vniY wn‡m‡e Avgiv Zz‡j ai‡Z cvwi| G

ai‡Yi M‡elYv

3

n‡qwQj bwUsn¨vg

wek¦we`¨vj‡q 2008 mv‡j| Wxb nvW©g¨vb weªwUk

msev`c‡Îi wk‡ivbvg bgybv wn‡m‡e Zz‡j a‡i

†m¸‡jvi gZv`k©MZ wWm‡Kvm© we‡kølY

K‡i‡Qb| †mB Avw½‡K 26 †g 2016 Zvwi‡Li

evsjv‡`‡ki Wvbcš’x-evgcš’x cwÎKvi K‡qKwU

wk‡ivbvg Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:

Ô†WBwj †gB‡ji PvÂj¨Ki Z_¨: wiRvf©

Pywii g~j †nvZviv fvi‡ZÕ, bqvw`MšÍ,

e„n¯úwZevi, 26 †g 2016; XvKv, evsjv‡`k;

ÔRvcv‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖavbgš¿xi XvKv Z¨vMÕ,

RbKÉ, 26 †g 2016, 12 ˆR¨ô 1423,

e„n¯úwZevi, XvKv, evsjv‡`k;

Ô`yM©Z‡ì cv‡k †bB †KDÕ, w`bKvj,

e„n¯úwZevi, 12 ˆR¨ô 1423, 18 kvevb

1437, 26 †g 2016;

Ô†gŠjfxevRv‡ii cvuPR‡bi weiæ‡× 5

gvbeZvwe‡ivax Awf‡hvMÕ, hyMvšÍi,

e„n¯úwZevi, 26 †g 2016;

ÔAvm‡Q †ivRv ZvB evo‡Q hvbRUÕ, cÖ_g

Av‡jv, e„n¯úwZevi , 26 †g 2016;

Ôwkí aŸs‡m †kl †c‡iKÕ, mgKvj,

e„n¯úwZevi, 26 †g 2016;

ÔLv‡j`v wRqvmn 38 R‡bi weiæ‡×

PvR©wkU MÖnYÕ, BbwKjve, XvKv, e„n¯úwZevi,

26 †g 2016|

wgwWqv †U·U Aa¨q‡bi Avgv‡ì †`‡ki

wµwUK¨vj avivi ZvwË¡Kiv DwjøwLZ wk‡ivbvg

Kxfv‡e gZv`wk©K Ae¯’vb cwi®‹vi K‡i‡Q Zv

mn‡R eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|

m¤úv`Kxq

4

I fvev`k©

GKwU cwÎKvi m¤úv`Kxq mPivPi wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b

I GKB c„ôvq Qvcv nq| msev`c‡Îi Ab¨vb¨

cvZvi †P‡q m¤úv`Kxq cvZvi m¾v, †jLv-

welqe ‘ BZ¨vw` Avjv`v| g~jZ: GKwU wbw`©ó

AvqZ‡bi †fZ‡iB m¤úv`Kxq Qvcv nq|

m¤úv`Kxq‡Z †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welq m¤ú‡K©

msev`c‡Îi gZvgZ I `„wófw½ Zz‡j aiv nq|

m¤úv`Kxq Ggb GK wbeÜ hv wbw`©ó wel‡q

m¤úv`K ev cÖKvk‡Ki gZvgZ ev fvebv`k©

5

|

MYgva¨‡gi gvwjKvbv I fvev`k©

MYgva¨‡gi gvwjKvbv , fvev`k©Ñ gva¨g

eë ’vcbvi †¶‡Î AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welq|

gvwjKvbv fvev`‡k©i Ici wbf©i K‡i

MYgva¨‡gi PwiÎ| MYgva¨g eëmv‡Kw›`ªK n‡e

bvwK Rb‡mevagx© n‡e Zv gvwjKvbv wba©viY K‡i

†`q| Kg©eë¯’vcbv †Kgb n‡e Zv gvwjKvbvi

fvev`k©B e‡j †`q| gvwjK-Kg©Pvix m¤úK©

gvwjKvbv KvVv‡gvi gZv`‡k©i Ici wbf©i K‡i|

AvR‡Ki cyuwRev`x mgv‡Ri MYgva¨‡gi

Av‡jvP¨m~wPi Ici gvwjK‡kÖwYi wek¦vm,

g~j¨‡eva, wPšÍvKvVv‡gvi cÖfve †ek ¸iæ‡Z¡i

mv‡_ Av‡jvwPZ n‡”Q| G wel‡q Av‡jvPbv

Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Avgv‡ì Rvbv ìKvi

Av‡jvP¨m~wP ej‡Z Kx †evSvq|

wWqvwis Ges †ivRvm© ej‡Qb, G‡RÛv

†mwUs GKwU MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq Ggb e¨vL¨v

ùvo K‡i hv n‡jv mKj wel‡q bq, GKwU wbw`©ó

wel‡q, RbMY Z_¨cÖvß nq| ïay ZvB bq,

Z_¨cÖvwßi cvkvcvwk †mB wel‡q wPšÍv I

g‡bv‡hvM cÖ vb K‡i| eZ©gvb cÖe‡Üi GB

As‡k MY‡hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi Av‡jvP¨m~wPi

Ici gvwjKvbv-gZv`k© Kxfv‡e, Kx cwigv‡Y

cÖfve †d‡j Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| GB

welqwU MYgva¨‡gi gvwjKvbv m¤úwK©Z g‡W‡ji

mvnv‡h¨ cÖgv‡Yi †Póv Kiv n‡e| GLb ch©šÍ

gZv`k©MZ †Mvôxi wfwË‡Z MYgva¨‡gi

gvwjKvbvi wZbwU g‡W‡ji mÜvb Avgiv

†c‡qwQ| K. Ks‡jvgv‡iU evwYwR¨K g‡Wj, L.

cvewjK mvwf©m g‡Wj Ges M. KwgDwbwU

g‡Wj| wewfbœ iK‡gi gvwjKvbv-KvVv‡gvi j¶¨

GK iKg bq, MYgva¨‡gi Av‡jvP¨m~wP wbg©v‡Y

G‡ì fvlv-kã Ges †KŠkjI Avjv`v|

cÖ_‡g G‡RÛv †mwUs Z‡Ë¡i aviYvMZ w`K

Avgv‡ì cwi®‹vi Kiv ìKvi| Zvici

MYgva¨‡gi gvwjKvbv m¤úwK©Z wZbwU g‡Wj

GKKfv‡e, KL‡bv GKUvi mv‡_ AbÜvi

Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e, †KvbUv †Kv_vq cÖ‡hvR¨,

Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

gvwjKvbv-KvVv‡gvi cÖfve Av‡jvPbv

Ki‡Z wM‡q GLv‡b wgwWqv mgv‡jvPK †bvqvg

Pgw¯‹, †eb evMwWwKqvb, Rb wcjMvi-Gi hyw³-

Z‡K©i Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Aek¨ G‡Z

†KD Avgvi †SuvK-cÖeYZv wb‡q cÖkœ Zzj‡Z

cv‡ib| wKš‘ GK_v A‡b‡KB ¯xKvi K‡ib,

we`¨gvb MYgva¨g eë ’v, mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK

cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e MYgva¨g I Gi gvwjKvbv I

kvmb-KvVv‡gv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j

Gme MYgva¨g mgv‡jvP‡Ki Kv‡Q †h‡Z nq|

WweøD †Rgm wWqvwis I Gfv‡iU Gg.

†ivRvm© Ggb wKQz wel‡qi AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb

†h¸‡jv G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi †¶Î eyS‡Z LyeB

ìKvwi| Zviv ej‡Qb: An agenda is “aset of issues that are communicatedin a hierarchy of importance at a

point in time”| GLv‡b GKK †Kv‡bv

G‡RÛv bq, Avgiv MYgva¨‡g K_v ewj,

RbM‡Yi I bxwZwba©viYx K_v|

cÖ_g welq n‡”QÑ †Kv‡bv NUbv Kxfv‡e

MYgva¨‡gi wel‡q cwiYZ nq| Ke Ges

GjWvi g‡b K‡ib, GB Bmy¨ mgv‡R we`¨gvb

`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †Mvôxi g‡a¨ Ae ’vb I m¤ú`

eÈ‡bi Ø›Ø Øviv wbwg©Z nq| wWqvwis I †ivRvm©

G‡¶‡Î ej‡Qb, GB we`¨gvb Ø›Ø †Kv‡bv

Bmy¨‡K msev`‡hvM¨ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i,

MYgva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †cŠuQv‡bv

nq|

G‡RÛv †mwUs-Gi ¸iæZ¡ n‡jvÑ theposition of an issue on the mediaagenda importantly determines thatissue’s salience on the public agen-da.

Avm‡j Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©viY gv‡b n‡”Q

`k©K-†kªvZv, cvVK‡K myomywo †Ìqv, D¯‹vwb

†Ìqv Avi †Pv‡L gjg jvMv‡bv| gvRwjwb Ges

µzjR g‡b K‡ib, mass media presentsonly a highly selective sample ofnewsworthy events from a continu-ous stream of occurrences.

G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi mv‡_ G‡¶‡Î †d«wgs

Gi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Ges †d«wgs ¸iæZ¡c~Y©I n‡Z

cv‡i| Framing is “the subtle selec-tion of certain aspects of an issue bythe media to make them moreimportant and thus to emphasize aparticular cause of some phenome-non”.

WweøD †Rgm wWqvwis I Gfv‡iU Gg.

†ivRvm© ej‡Qb: “under certain condi-tions the media of mass communica-tion tells us how to think aboutissues, and therefore, what to think”.

GB cUf~wgi Av‡jv‡K GLb Avgiv

gvwjKvbv-KvVv‡gvi wZbwU g‡Wj AbymÜvb K‡i

MYgva¨‡gi Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©vi‡Y gvwjKvbv

KvVv‡gvi cÖfve LwZ‡q †`Le|

Ks‡jvgv‡iU evwYwR¨K g‡Wj

evMwWwKqvb wgwWqv Rvqv›U Gi K_v e‡jb|

wZwb gv‡K©U †kqvi Gi aviYv †`b| MYgva¨‡gi

†¶‡Î, evMwWwKqv‡bi g‡Z, GKB ai‡bi

aviYv, cY¨ cÖ‡gvU Kivi Rb¨ GKwU gva¨g

†hfv‡e eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i Ab¨wUI GKBfv‡e

eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| 1997 mv‡j evMwWwKqvb

e‡j‡Qb, 33 kZvsk Av‡gwiKvb msev`cÎ

m¤úv`Kiv Zv‡ì AwffveK dvg© ¶wZMÖ Í n‡e

Ggb welq Zviv gy`ª‡Y ¯v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡ib bv|

nvig¨vb I Pgw¯‹ g‡b K‡ib †h, A_© I

¶gZv gy`ª‡Yi welqe¯‘ wba©vi‡Y m¶g| Zviv

g‡b K‡ib †h, A_© I ÿgZv MYgva¨‡gi

m¤úv`Kxq wba©viY K‡i †`q, GgbwK †Kv‡bv

wel‡qi msev`‡hvM¨ZvI wbiƒcY K‡i| e¨w³MZ

¯v_© m¤úwK©Z evZ©v wgwWqvi mvnv‡h¨ RbM‡Yi

Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q|

45

wbix¶v

MYgva¨‡gi gvwjKvbv wbqš¿Y I gybvdvgywLbZv

g~javivi MYgva¨g n‡”Q †emiKvwi gvwjKvbvaxb Ges Zv m¤ú`kvjx

e¨w³ I K‡cv©‡ikb¸‡jvi Øviv wbqwš¿Z| wecyj cwigvY Znwe‡ji Kvi‡Y

Gme MYgva¨g gvwjK‡ì cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨kxj n‡Z eva¨ Ges GKB Kvi‡Y

gybvdvgyLx| `k©K-†kªvZvi Kv‡Q K_v ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| GUv nq wZb

fv‡e| K) weÁvcb wbf©i A_©vqb, (L) msev`m~Î wbg©vY, (M) gZv`wk©K

PwiÎ|

weÁvcb wbf©i A_©vqb

wb‡R‡ì Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ g~javivi wgwWqv e¨vcKfv‡e weÁvcb

†_‡K AwR©Z Av‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i| msev`c‡Îi †¶‡Î GB ivR¯^

Avq kZKiv 70 kZvsk Ges †Uwjwfk‡bi †¶‡Î 95 kZvsk| Z‡e

weÁvcb`vZviv bMœfv‡e n Í‡¶‡ci gva¨‡g wgwWqvi Av‡jvP¨m~wPi Ici

cÖfve †d‡j bv| eis †Kej Abyôv‡bi †fZi evwYwR¨K evZ©v w`‡q

weÁvcb`vZvi ¯v_© †`Lv nq| GKB mv‡_ AevwYwR¨K evZ©vi cÖwZ êwi

g‡bvfve †`Lv‡bv nq|

msev`-m~Î wbg©vY

MYgva¨‡gi wbqwgZ I wbf©i‡hvM¨ msev`-m~‡Îi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G m~Î

Zviv miKvwi-†emiKvwi cÖwZôvb †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K| d‡j Hme

cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi mym¤úK© eRvq †i‡L Pj‡Z nq †h

m¤úK©‡K K~U‰bwZK m¤úK©m~ÎI ejv nq| GB m¤úK© wgwWqv¸‡jvi

msev` wbg©v‡Yi iƒc‡iLv wba©viY K‡i †`q|

d¬ vK ev ûgwK-avgwK

wgwWqvi msev` wKsev Ab¨ Abyôv‡bi cÖwZ †bwZevPK mvov cÖ vbB ûgwK-

avgwKi ch©v‡q c‡o| wPwVcÎ, †Uwj‡dvb Kj, eqK‡Ui gZ msNe×

eë ’v, AvBwb c`‡¶c, kvw¯Íg~jK eë ’v MÖnY ûgwK-avgwKi g‡a¨

c‡o| hLb †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³ ûgwK cÖ vb K‡i ZLb Zv wgwWqvi

Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©vi‡Y cÖfve †d‡j| weÁvcb`vZv ev wewfbœ cÖwZôvb

Zv‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i|

gZv`wk©K PwiÎ

†Mvôxi wfwË‡Z gZv`‡k©i welqwU Av‡m weËevb, ivRbxwZwe` I eëmvqx

†kªwYi KvQ †_‡K| wewfbœ †`‡ki gZv`wk©K PwiÎ GK iKg bq| Kv‡iv

KwgDwbRg we‡ivwaZv, Kv‡iv cyuwRev` we‡ivwaZv, Kv‡iv gyw³hy×

we‡ivwaZv BZ¨vw`|

cvewjK mvwf©m eªWKvw÷s g‡Wj

eZ©gvb Av‡jvPbvi wØZxq g‡Wj GwU| e ‘wbôZv, wbi‡c¶Zv, mgZv

BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨q‡K enb K‡i wgwWqv GwM‡q hvq e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| wewf-

bœ †`‡k cvewjK mvwf©m eªWKvw÷s KvVv‡gv wfbœ wfbœ| g‡b Kiv nq,

miKv‡ii n‡q RbMY‡K †mev †Ìqv, Dbœqbg~jK Abyôvb cÖPvi Kiv

cvewjK mvwf©m eªWKvw÷s-Gi g~j j¶¨| Z‡e cvewjK mvwf©m

eªWKvw÷s-Gi cªavb `ye©jZv n‡jv Gi Avw_©K KvVv‡gv| Gi Av‡qi Drm

miKvi I miKvwi cÖwZôvb| cÖvß Znwej ivR‰bwZK cÖPv‡i eënvi Kiv

nq|

hwÌ g‡b Kiv nq, cvewjK mvwf©m eªWKvw÷s ÔRbbxwZi nvwZqviÕ

wKš‘ †kl wePv‡i GwU ivóªxq cÖPviYvh‡š¿ cwiYZ nq|

KwgDwbwU g‡Wj

m¤cÖPvi gva¨g miKvwi wKsev evwYwR¨K bq| ewÂZ gvby‡li fvlv

cÖKv‡ki gva¨g n‡”Q KwgDwbwU wgwWqv| GB g‡Wj weKwkZ n‡q‡Q

KwgDwbwU †iwWI, KwgDwbwU msev`cÎ‡K †K›`ª K‡i| A_©‰bwZK ¯v_©

gyL¨ bq; ’vbxq gvby‡li Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| cÖkœ n‡”Q- G‡ì

gvwjKvbv KvVv‡gv‡Z Kviv _vK‡e Zv we‡eP¨ welq| A_v©qb mgm¨v|

†Kv‡bv `vZv‡Mvôx A_v©qb Ki‡j Zvi †cQ‡b mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii j¶¨

wbwnZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡ì ¯v_©‡K ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqvi cÖkœ _vK‡Z cv‡i|

d‡j `vZv‡Mvôxi fvev`k©-Gi cÖwZ KwgDwbwU gva¨‡gi Kgx©i `ye©jZv

_vKv ¯vfvweK|

Dcmsnvi

eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©vi‡Y MYgva¨‡gi

fvev`wk©K Ae¯’vb †Kgb nq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB fvev`wk©K Ae¯’vb †U·U wbg©vY,

m¤úv`Kxq wWm‡Kvm©, †Kv‡bv †Mvôxi cwiPq wbg©vY

BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K e‡j Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q

¯úó n‡q‡Q| wWm‡Kv‡m©i ga¨w`‡qI MYgva¨g

fvev`k©MZ Ae¯’vb cwi®‹vi K‡i| Av‡iv †h

welqwU eZ©gvb cÖe‡Ü ¯úó n‡q‡Q Zvn‡jv

MYgva¨g †Kv‡bv wel‡q BwZevPK I †bwZevPK

cwiPq wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK gZv`k©MZ

Ae¯’vb †bq| Z‡e eZ©gvb wel‡q MfxiZi

Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, M‡elYvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q

Avgv‡ì †`‡k|

Z_¨ wb‡`©k

1. …ideologies may be very succinctlydefined as the basis of the social repre-sentations shared by members of agroup (Teun A. van Dijk , 2008,

Ideology: A Multidisciplinary Approach, SAGEPublications Ltd.

2. …ideologies are formed, changed and reproducedlargely through socially situated discourse andcommunication.

3.

M‡elYvwUi wk‡ivbvg wQj: Political Ideologies andIdentity in British Newspapers Discourse, DeanHardman, 2008.

4. An editorial as a discourse may carry and enactsome type of ideology. The notion of ‘ideology’ iswidely being used in social sciences, politics, andmass media.

5. (Ansari & Babaei, 2004: 7). Ansary H, Babaii E(2004). The generic integrity of newspaper edito-rials: A functional perspective. (Asian EFLJournal. Retrieved from the web. 25/9/2004,www.asian-efljournal.com/Sept_04_ha&.pdf)

†jLK: mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvM, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq

46

fvev`‡k©i mvgvwRK Kg© n‡jv wewfbœ †Mvôxi m`m¨‡ì

mvgvwRK jÿ¨ I mvgvwRK wbivcËv m¤ú‡K©

Kvh©Kifv‡e Zv‡ì ¯v_© wel‡q Abyaveb ˆZwi Kiv|

GKBfv‡e msev`c‡Îi m¤úv`Kxq wKsev cÖwZ‡e`b

cwÎKvi Ae¯’vb wel‡q cvVK‡K fvev`wk©Kfv‡e

cÖfvweZ K‡i

wbix¶v

wbeÜ

RxebB †nvK bv †Kb, ci¯ú‡ii wbf©ikxjZv _vK‡j †mLv‡b gvbyl‡K †hvMv‡hvM

Ki‡ZB nq (gvbœvb, 1931: 3)| Avm‡j ÒAvgiv †hvMv‡hvM bv K‡i Pj‡Z cvwi bv|

Avgv‡ì †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡ZB nqÓ (m¤úv`Kxq, †hvMv‡hvM, 1997:2)| Z‡e

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wKQz mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| †hgb, ÒAvgiv hZLvwb wPšÍv Kwi

ZZLvwb cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvwi bv| gvbyl cÖwZ wgwb‡U 400 †_‡K 500 kã ch©šÍ wPšÍv

Kivi ÿgZv iv‡L; wKš‘ ej‡Z cv‡i gvÎ 125 k‡ãi g‡Zv| Avi wjL‡Z cv‡i

Av‡iv Kg, gvÎ 25 †_‡K 30 kãÓ (Terry and Franklin, 1994: 354)|`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ wPšÍvaviv, we‡kl NUbvi weeiY, Abyf~wZ ev

gZvgZ wewbgqB n‡”Q †hvMv‡hvM| j‡iÝ wW †eªbvb †hvMv‡hvM‡K msÁvwqZ

K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e:

Mutual Exchange of facts, thoughts and opinions andrequiring presentation and reception, resulting in com-mon understanding among all parties but does notnecessarily imply agreement (Brennan, 1954:1).

GKwU msMVb ev cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ ev D‡Ïk AR©‡b †hvMv‡hvM Kxfv‡e

eë ’vcK‡K mnvqZv K‡i †mwU we‡kølY KivB GB wbe‡Üi g~j cÖwZcv ¨ welq|

evRvi ej‡Z †hgb Avgiv †Kv‡bv ’vb we‡kl‡K eywS bv, wVK

†Zgwb msMVbI †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi e¯‘MZ KvVv‡gv‡K †evSvq bv|

evRvi n‡”Q †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó c‡Yï Pvwn`vi cwigvc| Avi yB ev

Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i GK ev GKvwaK jÿ¨vR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë mymse× Ges

mymgwšZ cÖ‡Póvi bvgB msMVb| G‡ÿ‡Î AvbyôvwbK (formal)gvbweK m¤ú‡K©i e¨vcviwUB gyL¨, e ‘MZ KvVv‡gv bq| GKwU

msMVb‡K myôz cwiPvjbvi mvwe©K `vwqZ¡ I KZ©„Z¡ eë ’vc‡Ki nv‡Z

b¨¯Í _v‡K| eë¯’vcbvi `vwqZ¡wU me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvbweK Kvh©µg

wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq (Kootz and O’Donnel, 1976)| GKwU

msMV‡bi mdjZv H cÖwZôv‡bi eë ’vcK ev eë ’vcKe„‡›ì mg_©b

Ges B”Qvkw³i Ici wbf©i K‡i| eZ©gvb wek¦ cY¨, †mev-myweav Ges

Kg©ms ’v‡bi Rb¨ cÖv_wgKfv‡e eë¯’vc‡Ki Ici wbf©i K‡i| msMVb

g~jZ mKj cÖKvi cY¨`ªe¨ Ges †mevmvgMÖx Drcbœ K‡i hv gvby‡li

Aw ÍZ¡ iÿv Ges we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq| Avi GB msMVb¸‡jv

wbqwš¿Z nq eë ’vc‡Ki ØvivB (Kotler, 1982)| †ewk †ewk cY¨`ªe¨

Ges †mevmvgMÖx Drcv`b Ges †fv³v‡ì Kv‡Q †m¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q w`‡q eë ’vcKiv

cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mgv‡R RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Q (Mazur, 1947: 138)|

Kvh©Ki (efficiency) ebvg djcÖm~ (effective) †hvMv‡hvM

m¤¢eZ †hvMv‡hvM GKRb eë ’vc‡Ki hveZxq Kvh©µ‡gi kZKiv 50 †_‡K 90

fvM `Lj K‡i †bq (Mintzberg, 1973)| †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv eë¯’vcK Zv‡ì

47

f~wgKv

gvbeRxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwU c`‡ÿ‡ci m‡½ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e

RwoZ| Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB gvby‡li Rxeb †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨B AwZevwnZ nq| mvgvwRK Rxeb,

ivR‰bwZK Rxeb, ag©xq Rxeb, A_©‰bwZK Rxeb, †hiKg

gvbeRxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwU

c`‡ÿ‡ci m‡½ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e

RwoZ| Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB gvby‡li

Rxeb †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨B AwZevwnZ nq

†hvMv‡hvM I eë¯’vcbvi

AvšÍtwbf©ikxjZv:

GKwU ZvwË¡K ch©v‡jvPbv

†gv. IqvwjDj Bmjvg

wbix¶v

48

mg‡MvÎxq Ab¨vb¨‡ì †P‡q djcÖm~ †hvMv‡hvMKvix wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nb|

Kvh©Kix I djcÖm~ kã `yÕwU mgv_©K bq| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq Zviv

Avjv`v Avjv` kãv_© enb K‡i (Terry and Franklin, 1994:356)| eë ’vcbv we‡klÁ wcUvi Gd WªvKvi welq `yÕwU Lye Aí K_vq

e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb: Efficiency means doing things right andeffectiveness means doing the right thing (Stoner andothers, 1997:9).

†h eë ’vcK h_vm¤¢e ¯íe¨‡q `ÿZvi m‡½ BbcyU‡K AvDUcy‡U

iƒcvšÍ‡ii Ki‡Z cv‡ib wZwbB Kvh©Kix eë¯’vcK| wKš‘ djcÖm~

e¨vcviwU mwVK jÿ¨ wba©vi‡Yi m‡½ mswkøó| †hgb, evRv‡i hLb ¯í

Ak¦kw³i cÖvB‡fU Kv‡ii Pvwn`v Zz‡½ ZLb hw` eë ’vcK †ewk kw³-

m¤úbœ Mvwo ˆZwii cwiKíbv K‡ib, Z‡e Zv n‡e AdjcÖm~ wm×všÍ, hwÌ

wZwb KvRUv Kvh©Kifv‡eB m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ZvB, msMVb-

eë ’vc‡Ki Kv‡Q Kvh©KvwiZv Ges djcÖm~Zv yÕwUB Kvg¨| ÒKvh©Kix

†hvMv‡hvM ZvB hv mvgwMÖK Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ vb cÖ‡Póvi mgq Ges e¨‡qi

welqwU memgq b~¨bZg ch©v‡q ivLvi †Póv K‡iÓ (Terry andFranklin, 1994: 357)| Ab¨w`‡K djcÖm~ †hvMv‡hvM n‡”Q Z‡_ï

mwVK Av`vb-cÖ vb, †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki Z‡_ï e³e¨ m¤‡Ü m¤ú~Y©

Dcjwä jvf Ges me‡k‡l Z_¨ wewbgq mgvcbv‡šÍ †m Abyhvqx c`‡ÿc

MÖnY Kiv (Terry and Franklin, 1994:358)|eë ’vcbv ˆbcyY¨

msMV‡bi mvdj¨ eë ’vc‡Ki mvd‡jï Ici wbf©ikxj| GKwU msMVb

Zvi D‡Ïk¨ Ges mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡mg~n KZUv mvd‡jï m‡½ cvjb Ki‡Z

cvi‡e Zvi `vwqZ¡ eûjvs‡k eë ’vcK enb K‡ib| hw` eë ’vcK Zvi

KvR¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e m¤úbœ K‡ib A_©vr eë ’vcbv ˆbcyY¨ ev `ÿZv

AwR©Z nq Z‡e mvsMVwbK jÿ¨vR©‡bi c‡_ †Kv‡bv evav _v‡K bv|

†÷vbvi e¨¯’vcbv ˆbcyY¨‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb jÿ¨vR©‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv I

djcÖm~Zvi gvÎv w`‡q| Zvi fvlvq :

The measure of how efficient and effectivea manager is-how well he or she determinesand achieves appropriate objectives (Stonerand others: 1997:9).

msMV‡bi mvdj¨ †hgb eë ’vc‡Ki mvd‡jï Ici †hgb wbf©i

K‡i wVK †Zgwbfv‡e eë¯’vc‡Ki mvdj¨ Zvi Kvh©Kix I djcÖm~

†hvMv‡hvM-`ÿZvi Ici wbf©ikxj| evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk msMV‡bi

AmdjZvi †cQ‡bi KviY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM mgm¨vwU me‡P‡q

¸iæ‡Z¡i `vwe`vi| eë¯’vcbv A`ÿZvi KviY¸‡jv AvcvZ`„wó‡Z

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi m‡½ m¤ú„³ bv n‡jI P~ovšÍ we‡køl‡Y GUvB cÖgvwYZ n‡e

†h, G¸‡jv Avm‡j AKvh©Kix I AdjcÖm~ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiYwZ

(Hoque, 1987:95)| Kv‡RB GKRb `ÿ eë ’vcK msMV‡bi mvdj¨

AR©b Ges Kg©x‡ì `ÿZv-AwfÁZv e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ Aek¨B †hvMv‡hv‡Mi

Kvh©KvwiZv A_©vr mgq I e¨q ms‡KvPb Ges djcÖm~Zv A_©vr m‡e©v”P

djvd‡ji w`KwU we‡ePbv Ki‡eb (Terry and Franklin,1994:357)| G Kvi‡YB †evanq †P÷vi AvB evb©vW© e‡j‡Qb,

eë ’vc‡Ki cÖ_g KvRB n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v DbœZ Kiv Ges Zv eRvq

ivLv (Bernard, 1946)|eë ’vcbv cÖwµqv Ges †hvMv‡hvM

†nbwi d‡qj †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i AvR ch©šÍ eû bvgKiv eë¯’vcbv wekvi`

eë ’vcbv‡K GKwU cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| eë ’vcbv cÖwµqvi

wewfbœ avç‡jvi wefvR‡b I bvgKi‡Y Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©KÏ cwijwÿZ

nq| Z‡e AwaKvsk eë¯’vcbv Z‡Ë¡ cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv ev

cwiPvjbv Ges wbqš¿Y‡KB eë ’vcbvi †gŠwjK Kvh© Íi wn‡m‡e D‡jøL

Kiv n‡q‡Q (wofford and others, 1977:9)| wb‡gœv³ Av‡jvPbvq

eë ’vcbv cÖwµqvi cÖwZwU av‡ci m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Kxfv‡e IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e

RwoZ Zvi cÖgvY cvIqv hv‡e|

cwiKíbv

cwiKíbv eë¯’vcbvi cÖv_wgK I me©v‡cÿv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| Kx Ki‡Z

n‡e, Kxfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e, KLb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Kvi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ki‡Z n‡e

Zv c~e© †_‡KB wba©viY Kiv‡K cwiKíbv e‡j| GUv msMV‡bi fwel¨r

Kvh©m~wPi bKkv| A_©vr fwel¨‡Z cvjbxq Kg©cš’vi GKwU c~Y©v½ gvbwmK

wPÎB n‡”Q cwiKíbv| eë ’vcK cwiKíbvi wewfbœ av‡c fwel¨r

Kvh©µ‡gi †KŠkj, bxwZ, ev‡RU Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY MvBWjvBb cÖYqb

K‡ib| †÷vbvi cwiKíbvi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e: Planning is theprocess of establishing goals and a suitable course ofaction for achieving those goals (Stoner and others,1997:11).

cwiKíbv Ges †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© I

AvšÍtwbf©ikxjZv i‡q‡Q| eë ’vcKiv cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_ï mieivn bv

†c‡j cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †Kej

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi gva¨‡gB eë¯’vc‡Ki nv‡Z †cuŠ‡Q| Avevi

cwiKíbvi djvdjmg~n A_©vr †KŠkj, bxwZ BZ¨vwì msMV‡bi Kv‡Q

†Kv‡bv g~j¨B _vK‡e bv hw` Zv Kg©x‡ì Kv‡Q mwVK †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi

gva¨‡g †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv bv hvq| eë¯’vcK Zvi wbR¯ msMV‡bi Kg©x Ges

evB‡ii cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek †_‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi

Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib| Zvici †m¸‡jvi Ici wfwË K‡i fwel¨r Kg©cš’v

wba©viY K‡ib|

msMVb

cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨mg~n msMVb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g

AwR©Z nq| †÷vbv‡ii fvlvq msMVb n‡jv:

The Process of arranging and allocatingwork, authority and resources amongan organization’s goals (Stoner and oth-ers, 1997:11).

Awfjÿ¨ AR©b I cwiKíbv ev Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq Kvh©vw`

†kªwYe× I mgwóKiY, m¤úv`‡bi fvi Dchy³ KZ©„c‡ÿi Ici Ac©Y I

Zv‡ì †fZi mn‡hvwMZv weavb‡K msMVb ejv hvq| eë¯’vcK msMVb

Kv‡h©i AvIZvq hveZxq `jMZ Kvh©vejx‡K GKwU KvVv‡gv‡Z iƒc †`b,

Kg©xi e¨w³K f~wgKv wba©viY K‡ib Ges m‡e©vcwi cÖwZôv‡bi g~j

jÿ¨vR©‡bi Rb¨ DwjøwLZ Kvh©mg~‡ni g‡a¨ m¤úK© ’vcb K‡ib|

cwiKíbvi g‡Zv mvsMVwbK Kvh©I eë ’vc‡Ki Kvh©Kix I djcÖm~

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ici wbf©ikxj| G‡ÿ‡Î †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb; †Kbbv GKwU

eë ’vcK‡K msMV‡bi mvwe©K jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G

jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨mg~n‡K Dcjwäi Ici wfwË K‡i eë ’vcK c‡i wbgœ

ch©v‡qi mve-BDwb‡Ui `vwqZ¡ I Kvh©vejx mvwe©K jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡kï m‡½

mvgÄm¨ †i‡L wba©viY K‡ib| †hLv‡bB GKvwaK e¨w³ mvsMVwbK Kvh©vw`

m¤úv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dcw ’wZ †mLv‡b Aek¨B Riæwi|

eë ’vcK Zvi mvsMVwbK cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi ci Zv ev Íevq‡bi Rb¨

Kg©x‡ì A_©vr hviv cÖK…Z ev¯ÍevqbKvix Zv‡ì AewnZ K‡ib| me‡k‡l

mvsMVwbK cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi ci ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ Kg©x‡ì A_©vr hviv

cÖK…Z ev ÍevqbKvix, Zv‡ì AewnZ K‡ib| me‡k‡l, mvsMVwbK

cwiKíbv ˆ`bw›`b ev Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI djcÖm~ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vcK‡K

cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vw` mieivn K‡i|

wb‡`©kbv ev cwiPvjbv

†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb, cÖ‡Yv`bv †hvMv‡bv Ges †bZ…Z¡ v‡bi m‡½ eë ’vc‡Ki

wb‡`©kbv cÖwµqv RwoZ| wbe©vnx wb‡`©kbvejx I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© Aa¯Í‡bi

my¯úó aviYv bv Rb¥v‡j mwVK wb‡`©kbv e¨vnZ nq (ingvb: 223)|

wb‡`©kbv cwiKíbv Ges msMV‡bi †P‡q AwaK gvÎvq ev Íe Kvh©wfwËK|

†Rwi wm D‡dvW©-Gi fvlvq: ‘Directing might be defined as theglobal set of behaviors which are used by the managerto encourage the organization members to perform asrequired by organization need, plan and design’(Wofford and others, 1977:11).

e¨vcK A‡_© †bZ…Z¡ vb, cÖ‡Yv`bv, mgšqmvab Ges †hvMv‡hvM

¯’vcbÑ G mg Í Kvh©vw` wb‡`©kbvi AvIZvfz³|

†hvMv‡hvM Qvov wb‡`©kbv m¤¢e bq| D‡dvW© Av‡iv e‡jb : The

minimum requirement in directing isthat the manager must communicateto the subordinates his or her expec-tations concerning their job per-formance. (Wofford and others,1977:12)| eë¯’vcK Zvi Aa¯Íb‡ì

g~j¨‡eva, AvPiY, gvbwmKZv, Abyf~wZ Ges

Kvh©cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ K‡ib hv‡Z

cÖZ¨vwkZ Kvh© ÿZv AR©b m¤¢e nq|

wbqš¿Y

wbqš¿Y eë ’vcbv cÖkvmbh‡š¿i me©‡kl I

P~ovšÍ cÖwµqv| wbqš¿Y hš¿ Øviv Kxfv‡e

cwiKíbv iƒcvwqZ n‡”Q, cwiKwíZ gvb I

AwR©Z d‡ji g‡a¨ KZUzKz eëavb †`Lv hv‡”Q,

jÿ¨c_ †_‡K KZUzKz wePz¨wZ NU‡Q BZ¨vw`

Ges Zv‡ì KviY eë ’vcK AbymÜvb K‡ib

Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabxi eë¯’v K‡ib|

†÷vbv‡ii fvlvq:

Controlling is the process ofensuring that actual activitiesconformed to planned activi-ties (Stoner and others,1997:12).

wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvi Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb¸‡jv

n‡”Q cwigvc, ZzjbvKiY, wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges

djveZ©b ev ms‡kvabx eë¯’v MÖnY| GB

Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU cÖwZwU †hvMv‡hvM ev

Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi gy³cÖev‡ni m‡½ m¤ú„³|

AwR©Z djvd‡ji m‡½ gv‡bi Zzjbvg~jK

cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î cwigvc I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y

†K›`ªxq eë ’vcbvq `dZ‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_ï

mieivn _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Avevi eë ’vcK

†Kv‡bv ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi wm×všÍ

wb‡j, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi mnvqZvq `ªæZ Zv

Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î Aew ’Z Kg©x‡ì AewnZ Kiv nq|

wbqš¿Y ¯Í‡i †hvMv‡hvMnxbZvi djvdj

mvaviYZ fqven n‡q _v‡K| KviY mgqg‡Zv

ms‡kvabx eë¯’v MÖnY bv Ki‡j Kvh©m~wP

AbymiY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv Ges Ah_v wej‡¤i

Kvi‡Y ev‡RU †dj Kivi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q|

Gjev‡m©i Ôeë¯’vcbv I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi

AvšÍtwbf©ikxjZvÕ g‡Wj

mKj msMV‡b eë ’vcbv I Aaxb¯’ Kg©x‡ì

g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi iƒc I aib GKB iKg bq|

Ae¯’v‡f‡` eë¯’vcK EaŸ©gyLx, wbgœgyLx,

mgvšÍivj ev †KŠwYK A_ev AvbyôvwbK ev

AbvbyôvwbK A_ev †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi aib Aej¤b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

eë¯’vc‡Ki Kvh© cÖwµqvi cÖwZwU av‡c

†hvMv‡hvM Aek¨¤¢vex| †Kvb cwiw ’wZ‡Z †Kvb

iK‡gi †hvMv‡hvM aib Ges gva¨g eënvi

Ki‡Z n‡e †m e¨vcv‡i eë¯’vcK mywPwšÍZ

wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡eb| eë¯’vcbv cÖwµqv

PjvKv‡j Aek¨B mywbw`©ó wKš‘ cwieZ©bkxj

†hvMv‡hvM m¤úK© eë¯’vcK I Aaxb ’‡ì gv‡S

weivR Ki‡e| Gjev‡m©i g‡Z AwfgyLx

†hvMv‡hvM (forward communication)n‡e mvaviY wb‡`©kbvg~jK cÖK…wZi| Avevi

†hvMv‡hvM Dj¤fv‡e eë ’vcbvi ¯Íi †e‡q

wb‡Pi w`‡K Avm‡Z cv‡i A_ev mgvšÍivjfv‡e

cÖwZôvbe¨vcx cÖevwnZ n‡Z cv‡i| Dfq †ÿ‡Î

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Aaxb ’ Kg©x‡ì Kg©

m¤úv`b m¤úwK©Z eë¯’vcbv KZ©„c‡ÿi eZ©gvb

cÖZ¨vkv AewnZ Kiv|

wPÎ: eë ’vcbv cÖwµqv I †hvMv‡hvM

djveZ©b EaŸ©gyLx †hvMv‡hvM cÖev‡ni

we¯Ívi NUvq Ges eë ’vcK‡K Aaxb ’ Kg©Pvixi

Kvh©m¤úv`b I mswkøó mgm¨vw` m¤ú‡K© AewnZ

K‡i| Giƒc djveZ©b cwi®‹vifv‡e eë ’vc‡Ki

wbqš¿Yg~jK Kv‡h©i m‡½ m¤úwK©Z| Dfq cÖKvi

†hvMv‡hvM (AwfgyLx I EaŸ©gyLx) eë ’vc‡Ki

Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Zvi wb‡Ri Ges

cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ Dfq cÖKvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi

Ici eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| GLv‡b GKwU welq

¯§iY ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h, GB cÖwµqv ’wei bq,

MwZkxj| beZi cwiw¯’wZi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z

cwieZ©b N‡U, KviY †hvMv‡hvM P¨v‡b‡ji cÖK…wZ

êwPÎ¨gq| MwZgq P¨v‡bj AvbyôvwbK, Avevi

wKQz-wKQz P¨v‡bj AvbyôvwbKZv ewR©Z| meiKg

P¨v‡bjB †hvMv‡hv‡M AskMÖnYKvix‡ì g‡bvfve

I g~j¨‡eva Øviv cÖfvweZ nq|

Dcmsnvi

†hvMv‡hvM Kvievi eë¯’vcbvi me©‡ÿ‡Î

cwie¨vß| †nbwi wgbRevM© eë¯’vc‡Ki wZb

ai‡bi f~wgKvi †hgb: AvšÍe© w³K, Z_¨MZ I

wm×všÍ MÖnYg~jKÑ cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡ZB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi

f~wgKvi Acwinvh©Zvi Ici †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb

(Stoner, 1997: 526)| eë¯’vcKxq

ˆbcy‡Yï ZvwM‡` †hvMv‡hvM‡K Ggbfv‡e

eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv Aa¯Íb‡ì AvPiY

e`jv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i, cwieZ©b‡K BwZevPK

K‡i, Z_¨‡K Kvh©Kix K‡i Ges m‡e©vcwi

jÿ¨mg~n AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i (Kontz andWeihrich, 1989:461)| eë¯’vcK‡K g‡b

ivL‡Z n‡e, cwienbZš¿ gvbe kix‡i †h f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi Z_¨cÖevn

GKwU msMV‡b wVK Abyiƒc f~wgKvB cvjb K‡i

_v‡K (Newstrom and Davis, 1995:91)|Kv‡RB eë¯’vcK‡K Zvi msMV‡b Ggb GKwU

¯Zš¿ I Dc‡hvMx †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z

n‡e hv‡Z Kvh©Ki I djcÖm~ †hvMv‡hvM wbwðZ

nq (Hersey and Blanchard, 1995)|Z_¨wb‡`©k

1. gvbœvb, Gg G W. (1991), eëmvwqK

†hvMv‡hvM Ges mwP‡ei Kvh©cÖYvjx, i‡qj

jvB‡eªix, XvKv|

2. m¤úv`Kxq (1997), †hvMv‡hvM, 1g el©, 1g

msL¨v, XvKv|

3. Terry, George and Franklin,Stephen R (1994), Principles ofManagement, AHBS, India.

4. Brennan, Lawrance D (1954),Business Communication, Journalof Communication, Spring.

5. Koontz, Harold and O’Donnel, C(1976), Management: A System andContingency Analysis ofManagement Functions, McGrawHill Kogakushu Ltd. Tokyo.

6. Kotler, JP (1982), The GeneralManager, The Free Press, NewYouk.

7. Mazur, PM (1947), DoesDistribution Cost Enough, FortuneMagazine, Vol. xxxvi, NO. 5.

8. Mintzberg, Henry (1973), Thenature of Managerial Work, Harperand Row, New York.

9. Stoner, James A F, Freeman,Edward R and Daniel R Jr. (1997),Management, Prince-Hall of Indiaprivate Ltd., India.

10. Hoque, Dr. Khondoker Bazlul(1987), Problems ofCommunication in the JuteIndustries of Bangladesh: A CaseStudy of Four Firms, DhakaUniversity Studies, Part c. Vol. vi,No. 1, Dhaka.

11. Barnard, Chester I (1946),‘Functions and Pathology of StatusSystem in Formal Organizations’.In William F. Whyte (ed), Industryand Society, McGraw Hill BookCompany, New York.

12. Wofford, Jerry C, Gerloff, Edwin Aand Cummins, Robert C (1977),Organizational Communication:The Key Stone to ManagerialEffectiveness, McGraw Hill BookCompany, New York.

13. Koontz, Harolds. Weihrich, Heinz(1989), Management, McGraw HillBook Company, New York.

14. Newstrom, John W and Davis, Keith(1995), Organizational Behavior:Human Behavior at Work, Tata-McGraw Hill Edition, New Delhi.

15. Hersy, Paul and Blanchard,Kenneth H (1995), Management ofOrganizational Behavior: UtilizingHuman Resources, Prentice-Hall ofIndia Pvt. Ltd., India.

†jLK: XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eë¯’vcbv

wefv‡Mi mv‡eK QvÎ

49

Aa Íb Kg©x‡ì

Kvh©m¤úv`bv

eë ’vcbv (cwiKíbv, msMVb,

wb‡ ©kbv I wbqš¿Y)

AwfgyLx-†hvMv‡hvM

(cwiKíbv, cÖZ¨vkv Ges

wPšÍv-fvebvi wbgœgyLx A_ev

cvwk¦©K cÖevn)

djveZ©b-†hvMv‡hvM

(djvdj, cÖZ¨vkv Ges

wPšÍv-fvebvi EaŸ©gyLx

cÖevn)

wbix¶v

wbeÜ

e¨vcK msL¨K gvbyl †hgb GKxf~Z n‡”Q, iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q; †Zgwb Ôwek MÖvgÕ-G

AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zviv AvR GK KvZv‡i wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| G GKxf~ZKiY mnR

†Kv‡bv cÖwµqv bq| G cÖwµqvq MYgva¨g GLb cÖvq mewKQz wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z PvB‡Q,

A‡bK‡¶‡Î Zv Ki‡QI| MYgva¨g mgv‡Ri cuywRev`x-ÿgZvevb‡ì c‡ÿ G‡RÛv

†mwUs ev Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi gZvgZ‡K GKwU

wbw`©ó aviYvi ev gZvg‡Zi c‡ÿ wb‡q †h‡Z Pvq| Z‡e G‡RÛv †mwUs †h memgq

mivmwi †bwZevPK welq Zv wKš‘ bq| G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi gva¨‡g A‡bK BwZevPK

welqI MYgva¨g Zz‡j a‡i, Z‡e AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Zv‡Z AšÍwb©wnZ _v‡K

AwW‡qÝ‡K wbqš¿‡Yi †KŠkj| Gfv‡e MYgva¨g MªvnK I `k©K-†kÖvZvi gw¯Í®‹ ev

wPšÍv‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri ÿgZvevb †Mvôxi G‡RÛv‡K ev Íevqb Ki‡Z

memgq m‡Pó _v‡K (Lippmann, 1922)|gvÎ K‡qK `kK Av‡MI mviv c„w_ex‡Z wgwWqv wQj g~jZt ivóªxq wbqš¿‡Y|

cieZ©x‡Z wgwWqv‡Z weÁvcb`vZv I e¨w³gvwjKvbvi Avwef©ve N‡U|

cuywRi cÖej cÖfv‡e GKmgq ivóªxq wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i wgwWqv‡K

†emiKvwi Lv‡Z †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvi evB‡i

†emiKvwi wgwWqvi weKvk N‡U‡Q| †iwWI wb‡q †h weZK© n‡qwQj,

†Uwjwfk‡bi †¶‡Î †m weZK© nqwb| e¨w³ LvZ Abvqv‡m bvbv wKwm‡gi

P¨v‡bj Lyj‡Z †c‡i‡Q| me Z_¨ gva¨‡gi g‡Zv Kw¤úDUvi Ges

B›Uvi‡bUI miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| †c›UvMb I

b¨vkbvj mv‡qÝ dvD‡Ûk‡bi cÖZ¨¶ ZË¡veav‡b B›Uvi‡bU ax‡i-ax‡i

weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q| G cÖm‡½ †bvqvg Pgw¯‹ e‡jb, Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹…Z

n‡qwQj miKvwi Li‡P Ges miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M| 1950-Gi `k‡K hLb

Kw¤úDUvi weKvk jvf KiwQj ZLb Gi Li‡Pi kZKiv 100 fvM wQj

miKv‡ii| GKB e¨vcvi wQj B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †¶‡ÎI (Funkhouser,1998)|

Ab¨w`‡K, wgwWqvi gvwjKvbv †hgb cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q †Zgwb

cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q MYgva¨‡gi aibI| e¯‘Z, MYgva¨g Ges

mvsevw`KZv `y‡Uv aviYvB ci¯úi A½xf~Z Ges mvsevw`KZvq

†ckv`vwi‡Z¡i m~Pbv nq MYgva¨‡gi cÖvwZôvwbK hvÎv ïiæi ci †_‡KB|

e ‘Z wgwWqvi weKvk Ges mg‡qi cwiµgvi ga¨w`‡q wgwWqv †hme

HwZnvwmK avivµg Ges wPšÍv-†PZbvi ga¨w`‡q GwM‡q‡Q

mvsevw`KZvi aibI wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q †mfv‡e|

RbgZ MV‡b MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi cÖfve ev f~wgKv †evSvi Rb¨

Avgv‡ì‡K MYgva¨g I Zvi KvR, RbgZ I Gi êwkó¨, G‡RÛv †mwUs, Gi

cÖwµqv, Gi m‡½ RwoZ wewfbœ c¶ BZ¨vw` welq Rvbv Riæwi| Werner J.Severin Ges James W. Tankard Jr.-Gi g‡Z, Àgenda setting is one of thepossible ways that the mass media can have an effect on the public.Agenda setting is the idea that the news media, by their display of

50

f~wgKv

wek¦vq‡bi eZ©gvb †cÖ¶vc‡U wgwWqv ev MYgva¨‡gi Ae ’vb

†K‡›`ª| wek¦vqb (Globalisation) we‡k¦i mgMÖ †cÖ¶vc‡U

MwZkxjZvi m„wó K‡i‡Q, †m MwZkxjZvi cÖfve MYgva¨‡gI

¯úó| MYgva¨‡gi Aeva Z_¨ mieiv‡ni ga¨w`‡q we‡k¦i

mgv‡Ri Ici MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKv KZUv Mfxi I

my ~icÖmvix †mUv Avi bZzb K‡i Av‡jvPbvi A‡cÿv

iv‡L bv| ejv n‡q _v‡K †h, mgv‡Ri we`¨gvb

Rb‡Mvôxi †PvL I Kv‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q MYgva¨g

RbgZ MV‡b MYgva¨‡g

G‡RÛv †mwUs-Gi

f~wgKv: bvbv cÖm½

gvnveyeyi ingvb

wbix¶v

51

news, come to determine the publicthinks about and talks about (McCombsand Shaw, 1978) |

mgv‡Ri Ici MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKv KZUv

Mfxi I my ~icÖmvix †mUv Avi bZzb K‡i

Av‡jvPbvi A‡cÿv iv‡L bv| ejv n‡q _v‡K

†h, mgv‡Ri we`¨gvb Rb‡Mvôxi †PvL I Kv‡b

cwiYZ n‡q‡Q MYgva¨g| MYgva¨g RbM‡Yi

mvg‡b wVK K‡i w`‡”Q †KvbUv fv‡jv, †KvbUv

g›`, †Kvb&Uv BwZevPK, †Kvb&Uv †bwZevPK,

†Kvb&Uv MÖnY‡hvM¨, †Kvb&Uv AMÖnY‡hvM¨

BZ¨vw`| e¨w³i wPšÍv-fvebvi c¨vUvb©‡K

mywbw`©ó K‡i †`q MYgva¨g| gvbyl MYgva¨g

wb‡`©wkZ c‡_B nuvU‡Z, wPšÍv Ki‡Z I fve‡Z

eva¨ n‡”Q (Weaver et.al, 1985)| KviY,

MYgva¨g Zvi cQ›` Abyhvqx †Kv‡bv GKwU

Bmy¨‡K e¨w³i mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i wKsev Gwo‡q

hvq| †h Bmy¨wU‡K MYgva¨g Zz‡j a‡i, †mw`‡K

RbM‡Yi `„wó wbewÜZ nq| RbMY †m m¤ú‡K©

fve‡Z, wPšÍv Ki‡Z wKsev Av‡jvPbv-

mgv‡jvPbvi my‡hvM cvq| Avi †h Bmy¨wU‡K

MYgva¨g Gwo‡q hvq, †mUv mvaviY gvby‡li

`„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Z Amg_© nq| mgv‡jvPK‡ì

g‡Z, MYgva¨g mvaviYZt †m Bmy¨wU‡KB Zz‡j

a‡i hv Zvi gvwjK-m¤úv`K-weÁvcb`vZv I

Ab¨vb¨ ¯v_©mswkøó †Mvôxi ¯v_©‡K mgybœZ iv‡L

A_©vr hv MYgva¨‡gi Rb¨ evwYwR¨Kfv‡e

jvfRbK| Ab¨w`‡K gvwjK-weÁvcb`vZv

evwY‡Rï Rb¨ ûgwK n‡Z cv‡i GiKg welq

MYgva¨g Gwo‡q hvq| †m wel‡q gvby‡li AvMÖn

_vKzK ev bv _vKzK| Avi Gfv‡eB MYgva¨g

mgv‡R Av‡jvP¨m~wP ev G‡RÛv wba©viY K‡i

†`q|

RbgZ

RbgZ m¤úwK©Z aviYvi DrcwËi BwZnvm

A¯úó, Z‡e G msµvšÍ aviYv †gvUvgywU cÖvPxb|

wKš‘ ivóªweÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq RbgZ K_vwU

bZzb bq| wMÖK I †ivgvb AvB‡b RbgZ

m¤úwK©Z aviYvi mÜvb cvIqv hvq| ga¨hy‡MI

G aviYv wQj| Z‡e G mgqKvi wPšÍvwe`‡ì

†jLvq G wel‡q my¯úó I weÁvbm¤§Z

Av‡jvPbvi Afve wQj| me©cÖ_g divwm

`vk©wbK iæ‡kvi iPbvq ÔRbgZÕ-Gi ivR‰bwZK

cwiPq cvIqv hvq| MYZš¿ m¤úwK©Z a¨vb-

aviYvi weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ RbgZ aviYvwU

we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ jvf K‡i‡Q| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j

RbgZ m¤ú‡K© †hme ivóªweÁvbx we¯ÍvwiZ

Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jb

Bluntscli, Henry Maine, Lord Bryu,Kimball Young cÖgyL|

Rbg‡Zi msÁv I cÖK…wZ

MYZš¿ n‡jv eZ©gvb we‡k¦i me©Rb¯^xK…Z

kvmbeë ’v| Avi RbgZ n‡jv †mB MYZ‡š¿i

cÖvY¯iƒc| Ggb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I †gŠwjK

welq m¤ú‡K© ivóªweÁvbx‡ì g‡a¨ gZcv_©K¨

we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| RbgZ kãwUi msÁv wb‡qI

ZvwË¡K‡ì g‡a¨ h‡_ó gZ‡f` Av‡Q|

mvaviYfv‡e A‡b‡K e‡jb †h, RbM‡Yi gZB

n‡jv RbgZ| wKš‘ RbgZ m¤ú‡K© G ai‡bi

mij e³e¨ †ek A¯úó| †`‡ki mKj gvbyl‡K

hw` RbMY aiv nq Zvn‡j Ggb †Kv‡bv welq

†bB, hv‡Z mevB GKgZ n‡e| gvby‡l-gvby‡l

wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y †h †Kv‡bv wel‡q gZwe‡iva

†`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i Ges GUv‡KB MYZ‡š¿i

†mŠ›`h© g‡b Kiv nq| ZvQvov RbM‡Yi

msL¨vMwiô AskB †ewki fvM †¶‡Î AmsMwVZ,

AÁ Ges D`vmxb| ZvB Zviv me wel‡q gZ

†`bI bv| †mRb¨ RbgZ wn‡m‡e †hme

AwfgZ e¨³ Kiv nq Zv Avm‡j memgq

RbM‡Yi gZ bq|

Rbg‡Zi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q Aa¨vcK

†M‡Uj e‡j‡Qb, ÔRbgZ RbM‡YiI bq Ges

gZI bq|Õ Avevi RbM‡Yi msL¨vMwi‡ôi

gZ‡KI RbgZ ejv nq bv| KviY,

msL¨vMwi‡ôi AwfgZ Aev Íe I AKj¨vYKi

n‡Z cv‡i| †Kv‡bv GKwU gZ RbgZ nIqvi

Rb¨ RbM‡Yi mK‡ji ev msL¨vMwiô As‡ki

mg_©b Avek¨K bq| Rbg‡Zi m‡½ mg_©K‡ì

msL¨vi †P‡q Av ’vi `„pZvB †ewk ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

Aa¨vcK Lowell e‡jb, Ô…a majority is

not enough and unanimity is notrequired.’ A_©vr, RbgZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ nIqvi

Rb¨ msL¨vMwi‡ôi gZB †kl K_v bq Ges

RbM‡Yi mvgwMÖK HK¨gZI G‡ÿ‡Î Avek¨K

bq| J.A Corry-Gi g‡Z, `Public opinionis a view relating to Government heldstrongly by a considerable number ofpeople to dispose them to a put foraction.’ mgvRweÁvbx wRbm&evM© g‡b K‡ib,

Ôwewfbœ g‡bi wµqv-cÖwZwµqvi mvgvwRK djB

n‡jv RbgZÕ (Canel et.al., 1996)|Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Rbg‡Zi

cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi wKQz êwkó¨

cwijw¶Z nq| Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:

1. †Kv‡bv gZ RbgZ n‡Z n‡j Zv RbM‡Yi

mvgwMÖK Kj¨v‡Yi mnvqK n‡e n‡e| †h gZ

RbKj¨vYKvgx bq, Zv msL¨vMwi‡ôi gZ

n‡jI RbgZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|

2. mg_©KM‡Yi msL¨vi †P‡q Av ’vi `„pZv

Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨| mg_©KMY

gZwU‡K `„pZvi m‡½ mg_©b Ki‡eb Ges

Zvi we¯Ív‡ii e¨vcv‡i mwµqfv‡e

cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v †b‡eb|

3. †hme e¨w³ GB gZ‡K mg_©b K‡ib bv

ZvivI Gi ¸iæZ¡ AMÖvn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb

bv| A_©vr GUv †h we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

AwfgZ Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z †gvUvgywU

mK‡jB Kvh©Zt eva¨ n‡eb|

4. RbgZ n‡jv mgKvjxb, mvgvwRK,

ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv

wel‡q mymsev` I my`„p AwfgZ|

RbgZ MVb I cÖKv‡ki gva¨gmg~n

RbgZ MYZ‡š¿i cÖvY¯iƒc| mymsMwVZ Ges

m`vRvMÖZ RbgZ Qvov MYZš¿‡K euvwP‡q ivLv

hvq bv| ïay ZvB bq, MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï g~j

wfwË n‡jv my¯’ I mywPwšÍZ RbgZ| ZvB

MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª RbgZ MVb I cÖKvk‡K we‡kl

¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| RbgZ MVb I cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î

wKQz gva¨‡gi f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G gva¨g¸‡jvi

g‡a¨ cÖavb K‡qKwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

gy`ªYhš¿ ev QvcvLvbv

RbgZ MVb I cÖKv‡ki †¶‡Î gy`ªYh‡š¿i

f~wgKv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gy`ªYh‡š¿i Kj¨v‡Y

msev`cÎ, mvgwqKx, eB BZ¨vw` Qvcv n‡q

_v‡K| Avi Gi gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv Lei ev

gZvgZ Lye mn‡R AwaK msL¨K gvby‡li g‡a¨

Qwo‡q †`qv hvq| Gme gva¨‡g gvbyl †`k I

we‡`‡ki bvbv NUbv I welq Rvb‡Z cv‡i|

G‡Z K‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv ˆZwi nq|

d‡j, Zviv †h †Kv‡bv Bmy¨ m¤ú‡K© Avjvc-

Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g RbgZ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|

GQvov, msev`c‡Îi fvl¨ I m¤úv`Kxq RvZxq

I AvšÍR©vwZK wel‡q Rbmvavi‡Yi gZvgZ‡K

cÖfvweZ K‡i| Avevi msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ

wbix¶v

gvÎ K‡qK `kK Av‡MI mviv c„w_ex‡Z wgwWqv wQj g~jZt ivóªxq

wbqš¿‡Y| cieZ©x‡Z wgwWqv‡Z weÁvcb`vZv I e¨w³gvwjKvbvi

Avwef©ve N‡U| cuywRi cÖej cÖfv‡e GKmgq ivóªxq wbqš¿‡Yi

evB‡i wgwWqv‡K †emiKvwi Lv‡Z †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| miKvwi

c„ô‡cvlKZvi evB‡i †emiKvwi wgwWqvi weKvk N‡U‡Q| †iwWI

wb‡q †h weZK© n‡qwQj, †Uwjwfk‡bi †¶‡Î †m weZK© nqwb

wPwVc‡Î gvbyl wb‡R‡ì gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z

cv‡i| e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi mv‡_ wbR¯ a¨vb-

aviYv wewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e Z_¨, aviYv

I gZvg‡Zi cvi¯úwiK wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g

RbgZ M‡o I‡V| GQvov eB-cy¯Í‡Ki gva¨‡gI

†Rviv‡jv RbgZ M‡o †Zvjv nq|

†eZvi, Pjw”PÎ I †Uwjwfkb

msev`c‡Îi cÖfve †Kej wkw¶Z mgv‡Ri g‡a¨

mxgve× _v‡K| wKš‘ †eZvi I Pjw”P‡Îi

Av‡e`b wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z wbwe©‡k‡l me

gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q hvq| Gm‡ei gva¨‡g

RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK msev` †`‡ki gvby‡li

g‡a¨ Lye ªæZ Qwo‡q †`qv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î

†UwjwfkbI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

Gi gva¨‡g gvbyl †h †Kv‡bv welq †`Lvi mvv‡_

mv‡_ ïb‡ZI cv‡i| d‡j, `k©K-†kÖvZvi Ic‡i

Gi cÖfveI nq †ewk| eZ©gv‡b weke¨vcx

†UwjwfkbB me‡P‡q kw³kvjx I eûj eëüZ

MY‡hvMv‡hvM gva¨g| ZvB Gi gva¨‡g AwZ`ªæZ

†h †Kv‡bv Z_¨ I gZvgZ gvby‡li Kv‡Q

†cuŠQv‡bv m¤¢e|

wk¶v cÖwZôvb

RbgZ MV‡b wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡

enb K‡i| ¯‹zj-K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡q wewfbœ

cvV¨ wel‡qi ga¨w`‡q RbgZ ˆZwi nq| Gme

Av‡jvPbvq †`‡ki mgmvgwqK mvgvwRK,

ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK cÖf…wZ mgm¨v I Gi

mgvavb ’vb cvq| Gi d‡j wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨

Gme wel‡q mg¨K aviYv Rb¥vq| ZvQvov

wk¶K‡ì e¨w³Z¡ Ges ivR‰bwZK gZvgZ

wk¶v_©x‡ì Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|

mfv-mwgwZ

eZ©gv‡b mfv-mwgwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvgvwRK

Abyôvb| Gme msMV‡b gvbyl ¯cÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q

Ask †bq Ges cvi¯úwiK bvbvb Bmy¨‡Z

HKgZ¨ ˆZwi K‡i| Gfv‡e gvby‡li g‡a¨

†hvMv‡hvM ev‡o| d‡j, RbgZ MV‡bi c_

A‡bK mnR nq| we‡kl K‡i MÖvgvÂ‡j RbgZ

MV‡b mfv-mwgwZ A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Ki nq|

ivR‰bwZK `j

¯Zš¿ D‡Ïk¨, Av`k© I Kvh©µ‡gi wfwË‡Z

†`‡k wfbœ wfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j M‡o I‡V|

cÖwZwU `‡ji D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv RbgZ MVb K‡i

wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf Kiv Ges †`‡ki kvmbKv‡h©

†bZ…Z¡ cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Rb‡mev Kiv| Gme

ivR‰bwZK `j †`‡ki wewfbœ mgm¨v wPwýZ

K‡i Zvi mgvavbK‡í RbgZ MVb K‡i| †h

ivR‰bwZK `j wb‡Ri G‡RÛvi c‡ÿ hZ †ewk

RbgZ MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡ì wbe©vP‡b

Rqjv‡fi m¤¢vebv ZZ †ewk| Gme ivR‰bwZK

`‡ji Pvjv‡bv cÖPvi-cÖPviYvi gva¨‡g mvaviY

gvbyl bvbvb wel‡q Z_¨ Rvb‡Z cv‡i| cÖvß Z_¨

I cvi¯úwiKfve wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv

Bmy¨‡Z RbgZ ˆZwi nq|

G‡RÛv †mwUs

MY‡hvMv‡hvM Avgv‡ì mgv‡R ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Gi D‡Ïk¨Ñ Pjgvb Ges

N‡U hvIqv NUbv ev AZx‡Zi NUbv gvbyl‡K

Rvbv‡bv| GwU Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv †hLv‡b

†ckvMZ †hvMv‡hvMKvixiv weivU Rb‡Mvôx‡K

cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g

†fŠ‡MvwjK `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi

Kv‡Q evZ©v †cuŠ‡Q †`q| MY‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq

AwW‡qÝ †Kvb& Z_¨ Rvb‡e, Kx †`L‡e, Kx

ïb‡e Zv wVK K‡i †`q MYgva¨g|GwUB

MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs| wgwWqv GLv‡b

Øvii¶K ev †MUwKcv‡ii f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

wgwWqv G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi gva¨‡g msev`, Z_¨

Ges we‡bv`b RM‡Z Avgv‡ì cÖ‡ek‡K wbqš¿Y

K‡i|

†MUwKwcs n‡”Q †PK‡cv‡÷i GKwU

µgaviv, hvi ga¨w`‡q msev`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡q

Rbm¤§y‡L Avm‡Z nq| G cÖwµqvq A‡bK¸‡jv

e¨w³i wm×v‡šÍ wba©vwiZ nq †Kvb& msev`wU

cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e ev cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e bv|

†Kvb&wU msev` n‡e Avi †Kvb&wU n‡e bv|

†MUwKwcs hviv K‡ib Zv‡ì ejv nq

†MUwKcvi| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb wi‡cvU©vi, mve-

GwWUi, wbDR GwWUi, m¤úv`K, cÖKvkK,

gvwjK, weÁvcb`vZv, ivR‰bwZK †bZv

BZ¨vw`| Avi G †MUwKwcs cÖwµqvi c‡iB Av‡m

G‡RÛv †mwUs|

Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©viY ev G‡RÛv †mwUsm

welqwU we‡køl‡Yi c~‡e© Avgv‡ì‡K eyS‡Z n‡e

G‡RÛv ev Av‡jvP¨m~wP Kx| Melvin L.Defiler Ges Everett E. Dennis g‡b

K‡ib, ÔAn agenda is a selection ofitems arranged to give some itemsmore importance than others. A_©vr

KZ¸‡jv mywbw`©ó welqe ‘ †_‡K ¸iæZ¡vbyhvqx †h

welq‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq,

†mUvB G‡RÛv| Joseph R. Dominick-Gi

g‡Z, ÒG‡RÛv n‡jv KZ¸‡jv wel‡qi mgwó hv

wPšÍv ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wbe©vPb Kiv nqÓ

(Takeshita, 1993)|

Gevi Avgiv †`Le G‡RÛv †mwUs ej‡Z

MYgva¨g ZvwË¡Kiv wK †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

James Watson Ges Anne Hill-Gi g‡Z,

ÔAgenda setting … used to describethe way the media set the order ofimportance of current issues, espe-cially in the reportage of news.’ A_v©r

G‡RÛv †mwUs ej‡Z †evSvq wgwWqv Zvi

wi‡cvwU©s-Gi †ÿ‡Î mv¤úªwZK wewfbœ Bmy¨¸‡jvi

ga¨ †_‡K †h c×wZ‡Z ¸iæ‡Z¡i µg wba©viY

K‡i †Kv‡bv GKUv welq‡K RbM‡Yi

Av‡jvPbvi wel‡q cwiYZ K‡i| StanelyBaron Ges Dennis Davis G‡RÛv

†mwUs‡K e¨vL¨v K‡ib Gfv‡e: ÔThe ideathat media don’t tell people what tothink, but what to think about.’ A_©vr

G‡RÛv †mwUs n‡jv †mB aviYv †hLv‡b

MYgva¨g gvbyl‡K wK wPšÍv Ki‡e †mUv bq eis

wK wel‡q wPšÍv Ki‡e †mUv mywbw`©ó K‡i †`q|

Joseph R Dominick-Gi g‡Z,

Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©vi‡Y wgwWqvi f~wgKv Av‡Q

ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ eySvB wgwWqvi mvg_©

Av‡Q †Kv‡bv GKwU mywbw`©ó welq‡K wbe©vPb

K‡i AwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Zy‡j aivi Ges

RbMY‡K welqwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wnmve MÖnY

Ki‡Z eva¨ Kivi (Becker andMcCombs, 1978)|

myZivs, Avgiv ej‡Z cvwiÑ MYgva¨g

mgv‡R msNwUZ bvbv Bmy¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †_‡K

wbRš wPšÍv I gZv`k© Abyhvqx wKQy welq‡K

wbe©vwPZ K‡i RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zy‡j a‡i Ges

†mB Bmy¨¸‡jvB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wn‡m‡e RbM‡Yi

Av‡jvPbvi, fvebvi wel‡q cwiYZ nq| Avi

GB cÖwµqvB n‡jv Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©viY ZË¡ ev

G‡RÛv †mwUs ZË¡|

James R. Wilson Ges Roy S.Wilson Zv‡ì ‘Mass media, Massculture’ eB‡Z G‡RÛv †mwUs †evSv‡Z wM‡q

e‡j‡Qb, ÔAgenda setting is theprocess wherby the mass mediadetermine what we think and worryabout.’ A_©vr G‡RÛv †mwUs GKwU cÖwµqv

†hLv‡b MYgva¨g wm×všÍ †bq Avgiv †Kvb& welq

wb‡q wPšÍv Kie ev DwØMœ _vKe (King,

1997)| 1920 mv‡j Walter LippmanncÖ_g G‡RÛv †mwUs welqwU ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib|

wZwb gšÍe¨ K‡ib, MYgva¨g Avgv‡ì gw Í‡®‹

†Kv‡bv wel‡qi wPÎ aviY‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| Zuvi

g‡Z, RbMY cÖK…Z aviYvi cÖwZ cÖwZwµqv K‡i

bv eis Avgv‡ì gw Í‡®‹ aviYK…Z wP‡Îi cÖwZ

cÖwZwµqv K‡i| AwaKš‘ Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k

msNwUZ mKj NUbvi mv‡_ RbMY cwiwPZ

nIqvi Av‡MB †m¸‡jv‡K wi-g‡Wj K‡i

msw¶ß iƒc `vb Ki‡Z G‡RÛv †mwUs cÖwµqv

eëüZ nq (Lippmann, 1922)|Maxwell Mccombs Ges Donald

Shaw cieZ©x‡Z wjcg¨v‡bi aviYv‡K AbymiY

K‡ib| Zuviv Zuv‡ì Èmergence ofAmerican Political Issues’ eB‡Z

MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs cÖwµqvwU mwVKfv‡e

Dc ’vcb K‡ib| GLv‡b Zviv †`Lvb †h,

m¤úv`K I cÖPviKg©xiv Zv‡ì cÖvZ¨wnK Kv‡Ri

Ask wn‡m‡e msev` wba©viY Ges Zv cÖKv‡ki

gva¨‡g G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi †¶‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Qb| MYgva¨g wek¦‡K

gvbwmKfv‡e k„•LwjZ I msMwVZ K‡i

Dc ’vc‡bi mvg_© iv‡L e‡jI Zviv gZ cÖKvk

K‡ib| ms‡¶‡c ej‡Z †M‡j, Avgiv wK wPšÍv

Kwi Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z MYgva¨g nq‡Zv mdj

bq, Z‡e Avgiv †Kvb& wel‡q wPšÍv Kie Zv

wba©vi‡Y MYgva¨g e¨vcK mdj| MccombsGes Donald Shaw-Gi fvlvq, the massmedia may not be successful intelling us what to think, but they arestuningly successful in telling uswhat to think about (Mccombs &Shaw, 1990).MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs cÖwµqv

G‡RÛv †mwUs cÖwµqvq `yÕwU avc i‡q‡Q| G

m¤ú‡K© Ôw_Iwim Ae KwgDwb‡KkbÕ MÖ‡š’ ejv

n‡q‡Q, cÖ_g av‡c ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv wba©viY

Kiv nq Ges wØZxq av‡c welq¸‡jvi †Kvb&-

52

wbix¶v

†Kvb& Ask ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zv wba©viY Kiv nq| G

`yÕwU av‡ci ga¨w`‡q G‡RÛv †mwUs aviYvwUi

Kvh©m¤úv`b cÖwµqv Rvbv hvq|

ÔG‡RÛv †mwUs wimvP©Õ MÖ‡š’ iRvm© Ges

wWqvwis-Gi e³e¨ Abyhvqx, G‡RÛv †mwUs

cÖwµqvwU wZbwU As‡k wef³| cÖ_g As‡k

MYgva¨g Av‡jvwPZe¨ Bmyï ¸iæZ¡ Zz‡j a‡i|

RbM‡Yi wPšÍvi ai‡bi Ici MYgva¨‡g

Av‡jvwPZ Bmy¨ †h cÖfve †d‡j Zv G cÖwµqvi

wØZxq Ask| GUv‡K cvewjK G‡RÛv e‡j Ges

me‡k‡l cvewjK-G‡RÛv cwjwm-G‡RÛv‡K

cÖfvweZ K‡i hv G‡RÛv †mwUs cÖwµqvi Z…Zxq

Ask| A_©vr wgwWqv-G‡RÛv cvewjK-

G‡RÛv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges cvewjK-G‡RÛv

cwjwm-G‡RÛv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i (Rogers &Dearing, 1989)|

G‡RÛv †mwUs cÖwµqvq cÖfveK n‡Z cv‡i

m¤úv`K, gvwjKvbv KvVv‡gv, g¨v‡bRvi I wewf-

bœ evwYwR¨K Drm| GQvov evwn¨K cÖfve Avm‡Z

cv‡i †hgb, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I cÖfvekvjx

e¨w³| G‡¶‡Î Gme e¨w³i ¶gZv Abyhvqx

wgwWqv G‡RÛvi cÖfv‡ei gvÎv wba©viY K‡i

_v‡K| G‡RÛv †mwUs welqwU AvcvZ`„wó‡Z

†bwZevPK g‡b n‡jI Gi A‡bK fv‡jv w`KI

i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, Avgiv hv †`L‡Z PvB ev ïb‡Z

PvB MYgva¨g ZvB cÖPvi I cÖKvk K‡i Ges

msev‡ì wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K Zz‡j a‡i|

GQvov RbgZ MV‡b G‡RÛv †mwUs cÖwµqv

e¨vcKfv‡e KvR K‡i| ivR‰bwZK †¶‡ÎI

G‡RÛv †mwUs welqwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, KviY

cvewjK-G‡RÛv cwjwm-G‡RÛv‡K cÖfvweZ

K‡i| d‡j, ivR‰bwZK cÖv_©xiv RbAvMÖ‡ni

w`‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`q|

Norton Long msev`gva¨‡gi

Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©viY cÖm‡½ e‡jb: In a senseNewspaper is the prime morer in set-ting the territorial agenda. It has agreat past in determining what themost of the people will be talkingabout, what the most of the peoplewill think the facts are and what themost of the people will regard as theway problems are to be dealt with’(Mikami, et.al.)| jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq,

Avgv‡ì mgv‡Ri Av_©-mvgvwRK ivR‰bwZK I

mvs¯‹…wZK BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Bmy¨¸‡jv‡Z MYgva¨g

Zvi gZv`k© ev ideology Abyhvqx evZ©v Zz‡j

a‡i Ges gZv`k©‡K mg_©b K‡i bv Ggb

Bmy¨¸‡jv Gwo‡q hvq| d‡j, MYgvby‡li Pvwn`v

ev AvMÖn _vKzK ev bv _vKzKÑ wgwWqvi mg_©‡bi

Afv‡e AmsL¨ Bmy¨ Kv‡ji M‡f© Pvcv c‡o|

wfbœ gZvej¤x‡ì e³e¨ nvwi‡q hvq| (myZivs

†`Lv hvq, wgwWqv Zvi gvwjK-weÁvcb`vZv‡ì

¯^v_©; m¤úv`Kxq bxwZgvjv, evwYwR¨Kfv‡e

jvfRbK BZ¨vw` Bmy¨¸‡jv‡KB G‡RÛv wn‡m‡e

†mU K‡i)| Aek¨ G‡RÛv †mU Kivi †ÿ‡Î

ˆbKUÏ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve †d‡j| †hgb,

ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q QvÎ msN‡l© 2 R‡bi g„Zy¨

A‡cÿv XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q QvÎ msN‡l© 2 R‡bi

g„Zzï NUbv XvKvi ˆ`wbK¸‡jvi Kv‡Q A‡bK

†ewk ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Kfv‡iR cv‡e|

Walter Lippmann G‡RÛv †mwUs

cÖwµqv‡K we‡kølY K‡i e‡jb, A‡bK mgq

e¨w³ Zvi Pvicv‡ki msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbv‡K

¸iæZ¡ w`‡q MÖnY K‡i bv, †`L‡jI †mUv Zv‡K

ZZUv cÖfvweZ K‡i bv| wKš‘ wgwWqv †m welqwU

Zz‡j a‡i e¨w³i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i

Ges e¨w³i wbR¯ wm×všÍ‡K wgwWqv cÖfvweZ

Ki‡Z cv‡i| (Walter Lippmann,1922)| wgwWqvi cÖfvweZ Kivi e¨vcviwU

Avgiv jÿ¨ Kwi wbe©vP‡bi mgq MYgva¨‡gi

f~wgKvi w`‡K `„wó w`‡j| wbe©vP‡bi mgq

†fvUvi‡ì cÖfvweZ Kiv, AvPiY cwieZ©‡bi

†ÿ‡Î MYgva¨g ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

Robert W. Sasson-Gi gZvbymv‡i

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g wnmv‡e AvaywbK

MYZvwš¿K mgv‡R MYgva¨‡gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

i‡q‡Q| Z‡_ï cÖavb Drm wn‡m‡e RbMY

MYgva¨‡gi Ici wbf©i K‡i, hvi Ici wfwË

K‡i Zv‡ì MYZvwš¿K AvPiY I †fvwUs wm×všÍ

wba©vwiZ nq| G †cÖÿvcU¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i

MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K©

Avgiv aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvwi| wgwWqv wKQy

mywbw`©ó e¨w³ cÖwZôvb ev mvgvwRK †kªwY‡K

Zz‡j a‡i, Zv‡ì m¤ú‡K© Kfv‡iR w`‡q

MYgva¨g Zvi evwYwR¨K ¯v_© jy‡U †bq|

weÁvcb`vZv‡ì ¯v_© mgybœZ ivLvi Rb¨ wgwWqv

Zv‡ì gZv`‡k©i mn‡hvMx G‡RÛv¸‡jv‡K Zz‡j

a‡i Ges wecixZ gZv`k© ‡jv †P‡c hvq|

Bagdikian †`wL‡q‡Qb †h, AvRKvj wgwWqvi

A‡bK †bZ…e„›`B Zv‡ì wi‡cvU©vi‡ì wb‡`©k

†`b weÁvcb`vZv‡ì ¯v‡_©i cÖwZ bRi †i‡L

Ges Zv‡ì gvwjK‡ì Ab¨vb¨ Amvsevw`Kmyjf

¯^v‡_©i cÖwZ bRi †i‡L wi‡cvU© Ki‡Z

(Kiousis, 1997)|myZivs Avgiv †`wL †h, wgwWqv Zvi

gvwjK-m¤úv`K-cÖKvkK, weÁvcb`vZv Ges

Ab¨vb¨ mg¯v_©MZ †Mvôx¸‡jvi ¯v_© mgybœZ

ivL‡e GiKg Bmy¨¸‡jvi c‡ÿ cÖPvi-cÖPviYv

Pvwj‡q †m¸‡jv‡K G‡RÛv wn‡m‡e wbg©vY K‡i

Ges wecixZ gZv`k© ‡jv †P‡c hvq| A‡bK

†ÿ‡ÎB †`Lv hvq, †Kv‡bv GKUv Bmy¨‡K evievi

Zz‡j a‡i wgwWqv hLb G‡RÛv ˆZwi K‡i ZLb

†m wel‡q miKvi c`‡ÿc †bq A_P cvkvcvwk

A‡bK NUbvi w`‡KB miKvi åæ‡ÿc K‡i bv|

jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, wgwWqvi †hgb

GKwU wbR¯ kw³ Av‡Q †Zgwb Gi Ici wewf-

bœ mgq ÿgZvevb cÖfvekvjx‡ì PvcI i‡q‡Q,

hv Zvi G‡RÛv wbg©v‡Y f~wgKv iv‡L| †hgb,

wgwWqv Zvi wbR¯ ÿgZv w`‡q nq‡Zv †Kv‡bv

GKUv wmwfK Bmy¨‡K G‡RÛvq cwiYZ K‡i|

GUv wgwWqvi wbR¯ kw³| Avevi cÖfvekvjx

†Mvôxi Pv‡c wgwWqv A‡bK mgq wewfbœ Bmy¨‡K

PvB‡jI G‡RÛvq cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

†hgb, evsjv‡`‡k weMZ Riæwi Ae¯’vq

MYgva¨g‡K mvgwiK evwnbx msµvšÍ †h †Kv‡bv

†bwZevPK Z‡_ï Ici †mjd †mÝiwk‡ci

Av‡ivc Ki‡Z nq| Aek¨ GB Pvc m‡e©v”P

cwigvY cÖ‡qvM K‡i weÁvcb`vZviv| Jameskurran & W. Seaton hy³iv‡óªi †ÿ‡Î

†`wL‡q‡Qb †h, weÁvcb`vZviv gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª

wW d¨v‡±v jvB‡mwÝs KZ„©c‡ÿ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|

†Kbbv, Zv‡ì mg_©b bv †c‡j wgwWqvi Avi

A_©‰bwZKfv‡e wU‡K _vKvi mvg_© _v‡K bv

(Weaver, 1991)|wgwWqv Zvi Ici m„ó GB Pv‡ci Kvi‡Y

G‡RÛv wbg©v‡Y †ÿ‡Î GK ai‡bi fvimvg¨

Avbvi †Póv K‡i| †hgb, evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î

Avgiv †`wL, ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv ÿgZvq

_vKvKvjxb Zv‡ì mxgvnxb †bwZevPK Kvh©µg

_vK‡jI ïaygvÎ weÁvcb, wbDRwcÖ›U, wewfbœ

AvBb BZ¨vwì f‡q wgwWqv Zv Lye mxwgZ

AvKv‡i Zz‡j a‡i‡Q Ges †m m¤ú‡K© G‡RÛv

wbg©vY K‡i‡Q| Avevi Riæwi Ae ’v †NvlYv

nIqvi ci MYgva¨g ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi

weiæ‡× cÖKv‡k¨ e¨vcK Ae ’vb wb‡q‡Q Ges

Riæwi Ae ’v I ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii c‡ÿ

G‡RÛv wbg©vY K‡i‡Q| hwÌ `xN©Kvjxb Riæwi

Ae ’v weivRgvb _vKv Ges Awbe©vwPZ miKvi

ÿgZvq _vKvi d‡j RbM‡Yi ¯vaxb fvebv-

wPšÍv, gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi iæ× n‡q‡Q| Gi g~j

53

wbix¶v

wgwWqvi †hgb GKwU wbR¯ kw³ Av‡Q †Zgwb Gi Ici wewfbœ

mgq ÿgZvevb cÖfvekvjx‡ì PvcI i‡q‡Q, hv Zvi G‡RÛv

wbg©v‡Y f~wgKv iv‡L| †hgb, wgwWqv Zvi wbR¯ ÿgZv w`‡q nq‡Zv

†Kv‡bv GKUv wmwfK Bmy¨‡K G‡RÛvq cwiYZ K‡i| GUv wgwWqvi

wbR¯ kw³| Avevi cÖfvekvjx †Mvôxi Pv‡c wgwWqv A‡bK mgq

wewfbœ Bmy¨‡K PvB‡jI G‡RÛvq cwiYZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv

KviY n‡jv, Riæwi Ae ’vq MYgva¨‡gi Ici wKQz AwjwLZ wb‡lavÁv wQj,

hvi d‡j †mbvevwnbx mgw_©Z ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii weiæ‡× G‡RÛv wbg©vY

mnR bq| Gfv‡e Avgiv †`wL, wgwWqv Zvi mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡kxj f~wgKvi

Kvi‡Y †hLv‡b G‡RÛv wbg©vY K‡i †Zgwb gvwjK, weÁvcb`vZv, evwYwR¨K

¯v_©, ÿgZvevb I cÖfvekvjx‡ì Pv‡ci Kvi‡YI G‡RÛv wbg©vY K‡i|

G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi aviYvi weKvk

1922 mv‡j Walter Lippmann cÖKvwkZ ÔcvewjK AwcwbqbÕ eB‡Z

cÖ_g G‡RÛv †mwUs welqwUi Avfvm cvIqv hvq| †mLv‡b Ô`¨ Iqvì©

AvDUmvBW `¨ wcKPvi Bb AvIqvi †nWÕ kxl©K Aa¨v‡q WalterLippmann hyw³ †`Lvb †h, we‡k¦ N‡U hvIqv NUbv Ges Rbg‡b Zvi

cÖwZ”Qwei g‡a¨ g~j ms‡hvRK n‡jv MYgva¨g| Walter LippmannÔG‡RÛv †mwUsÕ aviYvwU GB Av‡jvPbvq mivmwi eënvi K‡ibwb, Z‡e

cÖKviv‡šÍ aviYvwU cy‡ivcywi e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb (Lippmann, 1922)|cieZ©x mg‡q 1963 mv‡j evb©vW© †Pv‡nb †`Lvb †h, msev`gva¨g nq‡Zv

memgq gvby‡li wPšÍv‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z mdj bq; wKš‘ MYgva¨g Zvi

`k©K‡ì †Kvb& wel‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e †mUv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z e¨vcK

mdj| †Pv‡nb Av‡iv e‡jb, wewfbœ e¨w³i Kv‡Q wek¦ wewfbœfv‡e

Dc ’vwcZ nq| GUv nq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó msev` ev NUbv‡K msev`gva¨‡gi

†jLK, m¤úv`K Ges cÖKvkK-`k©K‡ì mvg‡b †hfv‡e Dc ’vwcZ K‡i

Zvi wfwË‡Z| 1960-Gi `k‡KB †Pv‡nb G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi aviYv e¨³

K‡ib hv cieZ©x‡Z Mccombs Ges Donald Shaw-Gi gva¨‡g

msMwVZ iƒc jvf K‡i| Mccombs K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi

wkÿK _vKv Ae¯’vq †Pv‡nb G wel‡q KvR K‡ib| GUvB Mccombs I

c‡i Donald Shaw-†K G‡RÛv †mwUs wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i

†Zv‡j| Gici 1968 mv‡ji gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bi mgq Zviv

`yÕRb wg‡j K¨v‡ivwjbvi P¨vcUvi wnj AÂ‡j G‡RÛv †mwUs Ici GKwU

M‡elYv K‡ib| G M‡elYvq Zviv wgwWqvi G‡RÛvi mv‡_ wm×všÍnxb ev

wØavMÖ Í †fvUvi‡ì wm×v‡šÍi g‡a¨ m¤úK© hvPvB K‡ib Ges Gi gva¨‡g

wjcg¨v‡bi gw Í‡®‹ wPÎ wbg©vY msµvšÍ aviYvwU‡K cix¶v K‡i †`‡Lb|

GLv‡b Zviv G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi cÖgvY wn‡m‡e †`‡Lb †h, wgwWqv G‡RÛvq

†hme welq cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q †fvUvi‡ì G‡RÛv‡ZI †mme welq cÖvavb¨

†c‡q‡Q (Mccombs & Shaw, 1978) |G. Ray Funkhouser bv‡gi Av‡iK cwÐZ GKB mgq Av‡iKwU

mv`„k¨c~Y© M‡elYv K‡ib| GB wZbRb GKB cÖvwZôvwbK m‡¤§j‡b Zv‡ì

cÖvß djvdj cÖKvk K‡ib| wKš‘ Funkhouser G‡RÛv †mwUs w_Iwi

Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ Ab¨ `yÕR‡bi g‡Zv L¨vwZ jvf K‡ibwb| Gfv‡iU Gg.

iRv‡m©i g‡Z, Gi †cQ‡b `yÕwU KviY i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ, FunkhouserZË¡wUi †Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbK bvg †`bwb| wØZxqZ, wZwb Zvi M‡elYvi

†¶‡Î G‡RÛv †mwUs msµvšÍ Avw` Av‡jvPK‡ì AbymiY K‡ibwb| iRvm©

Av‡iv e‡jb, Funkhouser M‡elYvKv‡j †fŠ‡MvwjKfv‡e wew”Qbœ

Ae ’vq wQ‡jb| AvMÖnx M‡elK‡ì mv‡_ Zvi †hvMv‡hvM wQj bv †hLv‡b

Mccombs Ges Donald Shaw-Gi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ AvMÖnx M‡elK‡ì

†hvMm~Î wQj (Spiro, 2000)|

ZvwË¡K „wó‡KvY I M‡elYvi djvd‡ji Av‡jv‡K MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs

wewfbœ mgq MYgva¨g, M‡elK I ZvwË¡Kiv wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K

MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs welqwU‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Bernard Cohen-

Gi g‡Z,’It may not be successful much of the time in tellingpeople what to think, but it is storming successful in telling itsreader what to think about’ (Rossler and Schenk, 2000). A_v©r

MYgva¨g RbMY‡K wK wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e †mUv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z mg_© bv

n‡jI wK wel‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e †mUv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cy‡ivcywi mdj|

Cohen e¨vL¨v K‡ib, wgwWqvi Dc¯’vwcZ Bmy¨¸‡jv `k©K-†kªvZv †f‡`

c„_Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY n‡q M„nxZ nq| d‡j, wgwWqvi GB G‡RÛv

MÖvnK‡ì Kv‡Q KZUzKz Kvh©Ki n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i wgwWqv Zv c„_K

MÖvnK-†kªwYi Rb¨ wKfv‡e Zy‡j ai‡Q| A_©vr AwW‡q‡Ýi Kv‡Q

Dc ’vc‡bi aibB wgwWqvi G‡RÛv MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv KZUzKz n‡e Zv wba©viY

K‡i|

Avevi Maxwell E Macomb’s & Donald Shaw G‡RÛv

†mwUs m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì we‡køl‡Y e‡jb, ÔivR‰bwZK ev ÍeZv Zz‡j aivi

Rb¨ †Kv‡bv msev` wbe©vPb I cÖPv‡ii †ÿ‡Î m¤úv`K, msev`Kgx© Ges

gvwjK-†kÖwY AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Zviv msev`‡K

wb‡R‡ì g‡Zv K‡i AvKvi w`‡q _v‡Kb| msev`wU‡Z Z‡_ï mwbœ‡ekb

Ges cwÎKvK‡ÿ msev`wUi Ae ’vb †`‡L cvVKiv ïay msev` Bmy¨wU

m¤ú‡K©B bq, eis msev`wU KZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wn‡m‡e Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q, †m

m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| MYgva¨g w ’i K‡i †`q †Kvb& Bmy¨wU AwaK

¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Gfv‡e MYgva¨g †Kv‡bv GKwU Bmy¨ m¤ú‡K© G‡RÛv wba©viY

K‡i †`q (Maxwell E Macomb’s & Donald Shaw, 1989)|ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j Avgiv †`wL †h, †Kv‡bv GKwU wbw`©ó Bmy¨ wb‡q

msNwUZ NUbv msev` AvKv‡i G‡KK cwÎKvq G‡KKfv‡e Av‡m| A_©vr

msev`c‡Îi m¤úv`Kxq bxwZgvjv Abymv‡i wUªU‡g›U Avjv`v-Avjv`v nq|

GKwU wbw`©ó Bmy¨‡K w`‡q mKj cwÎKvB G‡RÛv wbg©vY Ki‡Z Pvq bv|

ïaygvÎ †mB me cwÎKvB Pvq, †hme cwÎKvi Rb¨ Bmy¨wU‡K G‡RÛvq

cwiYZ Kiv †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e jvfRbK| Gfv‡e MYgva¨g Zvi

jv‡fi LvwZ‡i †Kv‡bv GKwU Bmy¨‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq KvVv‡gv †`q Ges

G‡RÛvq cwiYZ K‡i|

Maxwell E Macomb’s & Donald Shaw 1968 mv‡j

hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bi c~‡e© †fvUvi‡ì Ici MYgva¨‡gi

G‡RÛvi cÖfve †Kgb †m m¤ú‡K© GKwU M‡elYv K‡ib| Zviv †m‡Þ¤i

I A‡±vei gv‡m 100 †iwR÷ªvW© †fvUv‡ii Ici M‡elYv K‡ib, hviv

ZLbI wm×všÍ †bqwb wicvewjK ev †W‡gvµ¨vU‡ì †fvU w`‡e| cieZ©x‡Z

Zviv †fv‡Ui c~e©ch©šÍ wcÖ›U I B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi wewfbœ wbe©vPbx

Av‡aq¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv I ch©‡eÿY K‡ib Ges H 100 †fvUv‡ii Ici

cybe©vi M‡elYvq †`‡Lb †h, MYgva¨‡gi cÖevwnZ Av‡aq GB †fvUvi‡ì

wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q| Zviv e‡jb, ÒMYgva¨g

†fvUvi‡ì Ici GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© cÖfve †d‡j|... M‡elYvi djvdj,

cÖgvY K‡i †h, MYgva¨g †hmKj wbe©vPbx Bmy¨¸‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I

Zvrch© w`‡q cÖPvi K‡i‡Q Zvi m‡½ †fvUvi‡ì wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvi

GKwU Nwbô m¤úK© i‡q‡Q (Macomb’s & Shaw, 1969)|

myZivs Avgiv †`wLÑ MYgva¨‡gi cÖevwnZ evZ©v e¨w³i wm×všÍ‡K,

wPšÍvi aib‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i I cwieZ©‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| 1968 mv‡j Rb

iwebmb hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bi Ici M‡elYv K‡i wm×v‡šÍ

Av‡mb †h, Òwbe©vP‡bi mgq msev`c‡Îi m¤úv`Kxq †fvUvi‡ì AvPi‡Y

cÖfve †d‡j|... †fvUvi‡ì cQ›` MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|Ó

Avevi 1976 mv‡j J.C. Martin Zuvi M‡elYvq †`‡Lb, Òwbe©vP‡b

MYgva¨g RbM‡Yi AvPiY cwieZ©‡bi †P‡q Z_¨ †hvMv‡Z †ewk Kvh©Ki|

cÖvß Z_¨ cieZ©x‡Z cwievi, eÜz-evÜe I mvgvwRK Ab¨vb¨ †kªwYi mv‡_

Av‡jvPbvmv‡c‡ÿ †fvwUs AvPi‡Y cÖfve †d‡jÓ| (Martin,1976)DwjøwLZ M‡elYv¸‡jvi djvdj I M‡elK‡ì gZvgZ ch©v‡jvPbv

Ki‡j Avgiv †`wL, wgwWqv msev‡ì ¸iæ‡Z¡i avivµg †hfv‡e mw¾Z

K‡i, hv‡ì c‡ÿ cÖPviYv Pvjvq, e¨w³i Ae ’vb Zvi ¯c‡ÿ †bwZevPK

n‡jI e¨w³i wPšÍvi c¨vUvb©‡K wgwWqvi wbwg©Z G‡RÛv e`‡j †`q|

†d«wgs

G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi m‡½ m½wZc~Y© GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv †d«wgs|

Werner J Severin & James Tankand Jr †d«wgs welqwU‡K e¨vL¨v

K‡ib Gfv‡e: ‘Framing is the process in which the mediaattens to some issues and not others and thereby altersthe standards by which people evaluate election candi-dates’ (Severin & Tankand, 1978). A_v©r †d«wgs n‡jv Ggb

GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g MYgva¨g wKQz Bmy¨‡K ev` w`‡q wKQz mywbw`©ó

Bmy¨‡K Zz‡j a‡i Ges Gi gva¨‡g wbe©vP‡b cÖv_©x‡ì m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi

aviYv cwieZ©b K‡i|

S. lyenger I Ab¨vb¨‡ì g‡Z, †d«wgs n‡jv, ... drawingattention to some aspects of political life at the expenseof Framing others.’ A_©vr wbe©vPbx cÖv_©x‡ì ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi

wKQz NUbv‡K ev` w`‡q wKQy welq‡K Zz‡j aiv| ivR‰bwZK `j ev cÖv_©x

wbe©vPb Kivi Rb¨ MYgva¨g hLb †Kv‡bv GKUv Bmy¨‡K msev` Kfv‡i‡Ri

gva¨‡g AwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Zy‡j a‡i Zvi djvdjB n‡jv †d«wgs

(Tversky and Daniel, 1978)|54

wbix¶v

aiv hvK, evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM I weGbwcÕi kvmbvg‡ji wewfbœ

BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv AvIqvgx jxM mgw_©Z †Kv‡bv GKwU

MYgva¨g G‡RÛv wn‡m‡e RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zy‡j ai‡Q| Avi G Zy‡j aivi

†ÿ‡Î MYgva¨g AvIqvgx jx‡Mi kvmbvg‡ji BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv AwaK

¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Zy‡j a‡i RbM‡Yi mvg‡b AvIqvgx jxM m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK

fveg~wZ© ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨| Avi G welqwUB n‡jv †d«wgs| M‡elYvq †`Lv

†M‡Q, wgwWqvi †d«wgs-Gi gva¨‡g mgv‡R G‡RÛv ˆZwi nq|

GQvov wbe©vPbx G‡RÛv Zz‡j aivi †ÿ‡Î †Kv‡bv cÖv_©xi c‡ÿ ev

`‡ji c‡ÿ wgwWqvi cÖPviYvi aib †hgb, msev`Mí cÖ_g cvZvq, †kl

cvZvq, †fZ‡ii cvZvq wKsev wifvm© w¯Œb, wifvm©, e¨vbvi, e·, dvg©U

wjf A_ev †Uwjwfk‡b Lei ïiæ Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g msev` ev †fZ‡ii

msev`, weÁvc‡bi c‡ii msev` BZ¨vw` †`‡L `k©K-†kªvZv eyS‡Z cv‡i

†Kvb& welqwU AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, †Kvb& ‡jv Kg| Gfv‡eB Framing-Gi

gva¨‡g MYgva¨g †Kvb Bmy¨‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Zz‡j a‡i †m m¤ú‡K©

G‡RÛv ˆZwi K‡i|

hviv G‡RÛv †mU K‡i

wek¦e¨vcx MYgva¨g welqK M‡elYv¸‡jv †_‡K GUv cÖgvwYZ nq †h,

MYgva¨g cvewjK G‡RÛv wba©viY K‡i †`q| Zvn‡j GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖkœ

n‡jv, MYgva¨g hw` cvewjK G‡RÛv wba©viY K‡i †`q Zvn‡j wgwWqv

G‡RÛv wba©viY K‡i Kviv? G cÖkœwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, KviY GUv G‡RÛv

†mwUs M‡elYv‡K GKwU ¯vaxb PjK †_‡K GKwU Aaxb Pj‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ

K‡i| MYgva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY Ges evwn¨K wKQz Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q hv

MYgva¨‡gi Av‡aq‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi gva¨‡g G‡RÛv †mwUs‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| MYgva¨gKg©x‡ì e¨w³MZ `„wófw½ Ges cvwicvwk¦©K

Ávb, mvsevw`K‡ì †ckvMZ bxwZgvjv, evwYwR¨K bxwZgvjv, gvwjKvbvi

aib, A_©‰bwZK cwjwm, weÁvcb`vZv Ges me©‡kl miKvi MYgva¨‡gi

Av‡aq‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi m‡½ RwoZ K‡qKwU c¶

m¤ú‡K© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

K. MYgva¨gKg©x

MYgva¨‡gi Av‡aq MYgva¨gKg©x †hgb- wi‡cvU©vi, m¤úv`K, msev`

cÖwZwbwa, msev` Dc ’vcK Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| MYgva¨gKg©x‡ì e¨w³MZ

`„wófw½, g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, Av`k©, †ckvMZ `¶Zv, wk¶v I mvgvwRK

cUf~wg, Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek, †ckvMZ cUf~wg BZ¨vw` welq Av‡a‡qi Ici

mivmwi cÖfve †d‡j| mvsevw`K‡ì †ckvMZ AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡ì

f~wgKv I ˆbwZKZv M‡o I‡V| Avi MYgva¨g Av‡a‡qi Ici Zv‡ì

f~wgKv I †ckvMZ ˆbwZKZvi cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve i‡q‡Q| MYgva¨g ms¯’vi

Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek, mvsevw`K‡ì mieivnK…Z my‡hvM-myweav we‡kl K‡i

MYgva¨gKg©x‡ì †eZb KvVv‡gv MYgva¨g Av‡aq‡Z cÖfve †d‡j| ïay

Kg©cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y AwfRvZ MYgva¨‡gi Av‡a‡qi m‡½ A‡c¶vK…Z

†QvU MYgva¨‡gi Av‡a‡qi cv_©K¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| msev` Drcv`b

cÖwµqvq mvsevw`K‡ì e¨w³MZ, ivR‰bwZK `„wófw½ I ag©xq

g~j¨‡ev‡aiI cÖfve i‡q‡Q|

mv¤úªwZK mg‡q gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª msev` Av‡a‡qi Ici mvsevw`K‡ì

cÖfve Rvbvi Rb¨ GKwU Rwic Pvjv‡bv nq| bgybv mvsevw`K‡ì g‡a¨

kZKiv 11 fvM ¯xKvi K‡ib †h, Zviv msev` Av‡aq‡Z memgqB wbR¯^

`„wófw½ cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| 46 `kwgK 4 fvM ¯xKvi K‡ib †h, Zviv cÖvqB

GUv K‡i _v‡Kb| Avi 92 `kwgK 5 fvM e‡jb, Zviv gv‡S-gv‡S msev`

Av‡a‡qi A¨v‡½j cwieZ©b K‡ib| GQvov, 72 `kwgK 3 fvM mvsevw`K

e‡jb, Zviv wbR¯ `„wófw½‡K mg_©b Ki‡Z †cÖm wiwjR †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn

K‡ib| 20 fvM e‡jb, Zviv GUv Lye Kg K‡i _v‡Kb Avi 5 `kwgK 3

fvM e‡jb, Zviv KL‡bv GUv K‡ib bv| gRvi welq n‡jv, G Rwi‡c

AskMÖnYKvix‡ì 89 `kwgK 2 fvM Rvbvb, Zviv msev‡` e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY

w`‡q _v‡Kb| Avi gvÎ 10 `kwgK 4 fvM †Kv‡bv ms‡hvRb QvovB Z_¨

Dc ’vcb K‡ib|

L. MYgva¨‡gi iæwUb ev Kvh©cÖYvjx

cÖvq me MYgva¨gKg©xB GKwU MZvbyMwZK iæwU‡bi g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ cvjb

K‡ib| MYgva¨‡gi iæwU‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †MUwKwcs Kiv, †WWjvB‡bi

g‡a¨ msev` †cuŠQv‡bv, Awdwmqvj †mv‡m©i Ici wbf©iZv Ges msev`

ms ’v¸‡jvi ci¯ú‡ii Ici wbf©iZv| Gid‡j MYgva¨g GKwU wbw`©ó

KvVv‡gvi ga¨w`‡q cwiPvwjZ nq| MYgva¨‡gi Av‡aq G RvZxq iæwUb

Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| Gme iæwUb MYgva¨g Øviv wPÎvwqZ mvgvwRK

ev¯ÍeZv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| mvsevw`Kiv mvaviYZ msev‡ì Rb¨ wewfbœ

Dr‡mi Ici wbf©i K‡i| wKš‘ †mvm©I Zvi wbR¯ `„wófw½, e¨w³MZ

AvMÖn msi¶Y K‡iB Z_¨ cÖ vb K‡i| GKBfv‡e wbDR G‡RwÝ Ges

Iq¨vi mvwf©‡miI MYgva¨g Av‡a‡qi Ici `„p cÖfve i‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ

msev`cÎ¸‡jv w`‡bi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Lei wbDR G‡RwÝ †_‡KB

mieivn K‡i _v‡K|

N. Ab¨vb¨ MYgva¨g

MYgva¨g ms ’v¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii G‡RÛv wba©viY Kivi †Póv K‡i|

GRb¨ Zviv AZ¨šÍ mZK©Zvi m‡½ ci¯ú‡ii msev` Kvwnbx Dc ’vcb I

Kfv‡iR ch©‡e¶Y K‡i| hw` †Kv‡bv msev`gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv GKwU

msev`‡K AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Zvn‡j Ab¨ msev`gva¨gI

msev`wU wb‡Ri cvV‡Ki Rb¨ GKBfv‡e Dc ’vc‡bi †Póv K‡i|

msev`cÎ¸‡jv mvaviYZ †iwWI I †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj †_‡K A‡bK Lei

wb‡q _v‡K| Shoemaker and Reese-Gi g‡Z, ÔJournalists relyheavily on each other for ideas and this reliance consti-tutes an important organisational routine (Willnat andZhu, 1996).’ A_©vr, mvsevw`Kiv Z_¨ ev aviYvi Rb¨ G‡K Ac‡ii

Ici wbf©i K‡i hv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvsMVwbK iæwUb ˆZwi K‡i| G Kvi‡YB

GKwU msev` GKevi cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci Zv wewfbœ MYgva¨‡g cÖPvi

n‡ZB _v‡K| KviY, MYgva¨g¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P msL¨K `k©K ev

MÖvnK‡K AvK…ó Kivi Rb¨ GKUv wbweo cÖwZ‡hvwMZv we`¨gvb| Avi

Gfv‡e Zviv G‡K A‡bï G‡RÛv wba©vi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

O. cÖvwZôvwbK cÖfve

cÖwZwU MYgva¨‡giB wbR¯ j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i me eo evZ©v

ms ’vB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv cÖfvekvjx e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi gvwjKvbvaxb

i‡q‡Q| Gme cÖwZôvb I Zvi gvwjK mvaviYZ mvsevw`K ev MYgva¨‡gi

m‡½ mivmwi RwoZ bq| †hgb: evsjv‡`‡k Kv‡ji KÉ cwÎKvwU emyÜiv

bv‡gi Av‡iKwU eo eëmvqx MÖæ‡ci gvwjKvbv I eë ’vcbvax‡b i‡q‡Q|

Avevi cÖ_g Av‡jv n‡jv UªvÝKg MÖæ‡ci gvwjKvbvaxb| GKBfv‡e hgybv

†Uwjwfkb hgybv MÖæ‡ci, Gwewm †iwWI UªvÝKg MÖæ‡ci BZ¨vw`| ZvB G

mKj MYgva¨g G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi †¶‡Î wbR-wbR K‡c©v‡iU MÖæ‡ci

¯v‡_©i welqwU gv_vq ivL‡e-GUv A¯vfvweK bq|

P. gybvdvi wPšÍv

DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi AwaKvsk MYgva¨‡gi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv A_©

DcvR©b Kiv| m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b Kiv Zv‡ì P~ovšÍ j¶¨| Avi G

ai‡bi Avw_©K we‡ePbv MYgva¨‡gi m¤úv`Kxq bxwZ‡Z e¨vcK cÖfve

†d‡j| weL¨vZ cwÐZ wmMvj Zuvi M‡elYvi Ici wfwË K‡i e‡jb:

ÔProfit maximazition provides no guideposts, only con-straints.’ A_©vr, gybvdvi m‡e©v”PKiY mxgve×Zv Qvov †Kv‡bv

c_wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z cv‡i bv| Shoemaker and Reese e‡jb,

evwYwR¨K MYgva¨g¸‡jv weÁvcb`vZv‡ì Kv‡Q `k©K‡K wewµ K‡i UvKv

DcvR©b K‡i _v‡K| †h MYgva¨g hZ †ewk `k©K AvK…ó Ki‡Z cv‡i

weÁvcb`vZv‡ì Kv‡Q Zvi `vg ZZ‡ewk (Shanto Iyengar andAdam Simon, 1996)| GQvov G MYgva¨g¸‡jv weÁvcb`vZv‡ì

AbyK~‡jI msev` cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| MYgva¨g ms¯’v¸‡jv µgvš‡q

K‡c©v‡iU ms ’vi Aaxb n‡q hvIqvq mvsevw`KZvi ¯vqËkvmb I ¯vaxbZv

wb‡q mvivwe‡k¦B D‡ØM †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| hwÌ MYgva¨‡gi m¤úv`KivB

msev` Av‡aq I eëmvwqK w`K wbqš¿Y K‡ib, ZviciI g~j ¶gZv Gi

gvwj‡Ki Kv‡QB _v‡K|

Q. fvev`k©

msev`gva¨‡gi G‡RÛv wba©vi‡Y fvev`k© GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb

K‡i _v‡K| †eKv‡ii fvlvq fvev`k© n‡jv, ÔAn ideology is an

55

wbix¶v

integrated set of frames of reference through which eachof us sees the world and to which all of us adjust ouraction.’ A_©vr, fvev`k© n‡jv KvVv‡gvMZ m~‡Îi msnZ GKUv iƒc hvi

ga¨ w`‡q Avgiv wek¦‡K †`wL Ges Zvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© AvPiY Kwi

(Brosius and Kepplinger, 1997)| †hgb, Biv‡bi †ewki fvM

gvby‡li fvev`‡k©i g~j RvqMv n‡jv Bmjvg| GLb GLv‡b †KD †Kv‡bv

MYgva¨g cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z ev msev` Av‡aq wVK Ki‡Z Aek¨B

Bmjvg‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q we‡ePbv Ki‡e| Avi G ai‡bi fvev`k©

MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi †¶‡Î cÖfve we Ívi K‡i|

Altschul (1984) fvev`k© wb‡q Av‡iKwU aviYv †`b| wZwb

e‡jb, MYgva¨g‡K hviv A_© mieivn K‡i, MYgva¨g Zv‡ì Av`k© cÖPvi

K‡i| G‡¶‡Î wZwb PviwU Dr‡mi K_v e‡j‡Qb| Zv n‡jv:

1. `vdZwiK KvVv‡gv Øviv MYgva¨g iv‡óªi gva¨‡g wbqwš¿Z nq, A_©vr

iv‡óªi fvev`k© cÖPvi K‡i|

2. evwYwR¨K w`K w`‡q MYgva¨g weÁvcb`vZv I gvwjK-†kÖwYi

fvev`k© cÖPvi K‡i|

3. Avw_©K mnvqZvKvix MÖæc †hgbÑ ivR‰bwZK `j ev ag©xq MÖæ‡ci

Av`k© cÖPvi K‡i|

4. hviv `„wófw½i Dbœqb NUv‡Z Pvq, MYgva¨g Zv‡ì fvev`k© cÖPvi

K‡i|

GB welq¸‡jv ¯’vb I Kvj‡f‡` wfbœ wfbœ iƒc †bq| Altschul-Gi cÖ Ë

aviYv Abyhvqx wgwWqv memgq A_© vZvi fvev`k© cÖPvi K‡i| Gfv‡e

cyuwRcwZ Ges †c-gv÷vi Øviv MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv wba©vwiZ nq

(Weaver, 1991)|

R. wgwWqvi evB‡ii cÖfve

MYgva¨‡gi evB‡ii wKQz welq I cÖwZôvb MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi

†¶‡Î cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Gm‡ei g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³eM©,

Rbms‡hvM Kg©KvÐ, we‡`wk msev` ms¯’v BZ¨vw`| GQvov wewfbœ mvgvwRK

cÖwZôvb †hgb, wk¶v eë ’v, ag©, ivóª eë ’v BZ¨vw`| miKvi I

weÁvcb`vZv‡ì Avw_©K mnvqZv Qvov MYgva¨¸‡jvi wU‡K _vKv cÖvq

Am¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î MYgva¨g¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì A‡_©i †hvMvb`vZv‡ì Ab~K~‡j

msev` ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| GQvov wewfbœ mvgvwRK, ag©xq I ivóªxq

cÖwZôv‡bi mivmwi we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y MYgva¨g B‡”Qg‡Zv msev` Av‡aq

wVK Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

Agenda building ev G‡RÛv wbg©vY

G‡RÛv †mwUs n‡jv Micro level effects perspective hv ¯í

cwim‡i KvR K‡i| wKš‘ Agenda Building n‡jv Macro levelperspective hv e„nËi `„wófw½‡Z KvR K‡i| Protes I Ab¨vb¨‡ì

g‡Z, Agenda Building n‡jv, ‘the often complicatedprocess by which some issues become important in pol-icy making arenas | A_©vr G‡RÛv wbg©vY n‡jv GKwU RwUj cÖwµqv,

hvi gva¨‡g wKQz Bmy¨‡K bxwZwba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡i †Zvjv nq|

Kurt Lang & Gladys Lang G‡RÛv wbg©v‡Yi e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb Av‡iv

my¯úófv‡e, ÔAgenda Building a more apt term than agen-da- setting (as) a collective process in which media,government and the citizens reciprocally influence oneanother.’ A_©vr G‡RÛv wbg©vY n‡jv Agenda setting-Gi †P‡q

AwaK h_v_© cÖwµqv †hLv‡b MYgva¨g, miKvi Ges bvMwiKiv †Kv‡bv

GKwU Bmy¨‡Z ci¯úi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| jÿ¨ Ki‡j Avgiv †`wL †h,

G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi †ÿ‡Î wgwWqvB g~j f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wKš‘ G‡RÛv

wewìs‡qi †ÿ‡Î miKvi, MYgva¨g I bvMwiKiv cvi¯úwiKfv‡e wm×všÍ

†bq Ges G‡K Aci‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i ( Blood and Phillips,2000)| †hgb, †Kv‡bv GKwU Bmy¨‡Z wgwWqv cÖPvi-cÖPviYvi gva¨‡g

RbM‡Yi `„wófw½‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i RbgZ ˆZwi K‡i| RbgZ ˆZwi

nIqvi ci MYgva¨g miKvi ev KZ©…cÿ‡K †m Bmy¨wU Ges mswkøó

Rbg‡Zi e¨vcv‡i g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i| RbgZ ˆZwi nIqvi d‡j miKviI

Bmy¨wU‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q we‡ePbv K‡i| d‡j miKvi, RbMY I wgwWqvi

e³e¨ I wPšÍvi wfwË‡Z wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| Gfv‡e wÎgyLx f~wgKvi g‡a¨

G‡RÛv wbg©vY nq| GB wZbwU c‡ÿi g‡a¨ †K, KLb, KZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©

f~wgKv cvjb K‡i †mwU wba©viY Kiv mnR bq| hwÌ Severin &Tankand g‡b K‡ib, Agenda building is accelerated whenwell-known and credible individuals begin to speak outon an issue (Severin & Tankand, 1978). myZivs ejv hvq, GB

wZbwU c‡ÿi mgwšZ cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g MYgva¨g †Kv‡bv GKUv Bmy¨‡Z

HKg‡Z¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi †Póv K‡i| Aek¨ Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK we‡iva

_vK‡Z cv‡i|

Av‡jvP¨m~wP wba©vi‡Yi avcmg~n

Maxwell E. Macomb’s Ges Donald Shaw g‡b K‡ib, G‡RÛv

†mwUs `yÕwU ch©v‡q KvR K‡i _v‡K| h_v- Object level I Attributelevel| Object level-G wba©vwiZ nq, wgwWqv Kfv‡iR †Kv‡bv GKwU

Bmy¨, cÖv_©x, NUbv wKsev mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K KZUv cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z

n‡q‡Q| Avi Attribute level-G G‡m Framing effect cwigvc

Kiv nq| Object level G e¨w³i Ici m„ó wgwWqvi cÖfve KZUv

Kvh©Kix n‡q‡Q, †mUvB n‡jv Framing effect ( McCombs andShaw, 1978) |

†hgb, wbe©vP‡bi mgq ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi AZxZ Kvh©©µg, cÖv_©x

wbe©vPb, cÖv_x©i c‡ÿ-wec‡ÿ Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbv MYgva¨‡gi gva¨‡gB

RbM‡Yi mvg‡b dy‡U I‡V| MYgva¨‡gi GB cÖPvi-cÖPviYvi d‡j RbMY

cÖv_©x ev ivR‰bwZK `j m¤ú‡K© †h cÖv_wgK BwZevPK ev †bwZevPK aviYv

ˆZwi K‡i †mUv n‡jv Object level hvi Attribute level-G G‡m

e¨w³ wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i †Kvb& cªv_©x ev ivR‰bwZK `‡ji c‡ÿ Zvi mg_©b

hv‡e| Gfv‡e MYgva¨g Object I Attribute level ch©v‡q KvR K‡i

G‡RÛv †mwUs h_vh_fv‡e m¤úbœ K‡i|

RbgZ MV‡b MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi f~wgKv

G‡RÛv †mwUs Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v g¨v·I‡qj g¨vK‡Kvg RbgZ MV‡b

MYgva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¯úó I my›ì K‡i Dc¯’vcb

K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, G welqwU‡Z MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKv Acwimxg|

MYgva¨g Kx Dc ’vcb Ki‡Q, Kxfv‡e Ki‡Q Ges †Kvb& welq Gwo‡q

hv‡”Q RbgZ MV‡b Gme ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| MYgva¨‡gi Gme

G‡RÛv wba©vwiZ nq Kx‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i? RbMY‡K Rvbv‡bvi mw`”Qv,

bvwK AwaKZi gybvdv AR©‡bi †jv‡fi Ici wfwË K‡i?

ivóª cwiPvjbvi G‡RÛv wba©viY Ges Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kv‡bv Bmy¨‡Z

RbM‡Yi g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kivi †¶‡Î msev`gva¨‡gi

¶gZv wekvj| msev`gva¨g †_‡K ïay RbMYB RbM‡Yi welqvw` m¤ú‡K©

cÖK…Z Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i bv, eis cvVK I `k©K Rv‡bb GKwU wel‡qi

¸iæZ¡v‡ivc Kivi RvqMvwU msev‡` hy³ Kiv KZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ˆ`bw›`b

msev‡ì gyL¨ welq m¤ú‡K© cvVK‡K AewnZ Ki‡Z MYgva¨g¸‡jv‡K

bvbvb ai‡bi dw›`-wdwKi Ki‡Z nq| †hgb, cÖ_g c„ôvq cÖavb msev`,

e·, e¨vbvi BZ¨vw`| †Uwjwfkb msevÌ Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev` m¤ú‡K©

AwW‡qÝ‡K aviYv w`‡Z wM‡q bvbvb †KŠkj Aej¤b K‡i _v‡K| cÖvBg

UvBg msev`, msev` cÖPv‡ii ïiæi w`‡Ki msev`, msev‡` eivÏ mg‡qi

cwigvY BZ¨vw`| cÖwZwU Bmy¨‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ w`‡bi ci

w`b GB welq¸‡jv cybive„wË n‡”Q|

Avgiv hv Rvwb, wgwWqv Avgv‡ì hv ej‡Z Pvq †mwUi IciB wek¦

RbgZ e„nrfv‡e wbwg©Z nq, M‡o I‡V| Av‡iv mywbw`©ófv‡e ej‡j,

MYgva¨‡gi GB e¨vcK-we Í…Z Rgvbvq wgwWqvi AMÖvwaKvi kw³kvjxfv‡e

RbM‡Yi AMÖvwaKvi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| wgwWqv G‡RÛvi cÖavb

Dcv`vb¸‡jv RbM‡Yi g‡b m~²fv‡e Xz‡K c‡o| wesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m

mgvRweÁvbxiv mvaviYfv‡e MYgvbyl m¤úwK©Z Bmy¨¸‡jvi Ici

msev`gva¨‡gi G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb|

G‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv G‡RÛv ˆZwi Kivi †ÿ‡Î MYgva¨g

mßvn, gvm, eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i G‡RÛv †mwUs‡qi Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q

hv‡”Q| Avgv‡ì Pvwicv‡k msNwUZ NUbv¸‡jvi ga¨ †_‡K MYgva¨g Zvi

gZv`k© Abyhvqx wKQz Bmy¨‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡ †`q Avevi wKQz Bmy¨‡K Gwo‡q

P‡j| D‡jøL¨, GLv‡b G‡RÛv kãwU eY©bvZ¥K| cÖwZwU msev`gva¨‡gi

wbw ©ó G‡RÛv i‡q‡Q| mPivPi Ggb †Kv‡bv Dcjÿ ˆZwi nq bv hv

56

wbix¶v

c~e©cwiKwíZ D‡Ïk¨ †_‡K MYgva¨g‡K wePz¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| wgwWqv-

G‡RÛv †h †Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z©i msev` m¤ú‡K© mvsevw`K Ges †MUwKcvi‡ì

wm×všÍ †gvZv‡eK RbM‡Yi mvg‡b djvdj Dc¯’vcb K‡i|

Avevi †h wbw`©ó Bmy¨wU m¤ú‡K© e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi AvMÖn i‡q‡Q

KL‡bv-KL‡bv MYgva¨g †mwUi c‡ÿI G‡RÛv ˆZwi K‡i mgv‡Ri

msL¨vMwiô gvby‡li c‡ÿ Ae ’vb K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î msL¨vjwNôiv hw`

mwVKI nq ZviciI wgwWqv Zvi gZv`k© cwieZ©b K‡i bv| g~jZ,

wbe©vP‡bi mgq MYgva¨‡gi g‡a¨ G ai‡bi G‡RÛv †mwUs Kvh©µg

cwijwÿZ nq| Avevi MYgva¨g KL‡bv-KL‡bv wb‡RB G‡RÛv †mU K‡i

†m wel‡q RbgZ ˆZwi K‡i Avgv‡ì Rxebhvc‡b GK ai‡bi Av‡ivwcZ

wek wbg©vY Kivi †Póv Pvjvq|

1968 mv‡ji gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bi mgq hLb b_©

K¨v‡ivwjbvi P¨v‡cj wn‡j †fvUvi‡ì wbe©vPb m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì `„wófw½

e¨³ Ki‡Z ejv n‡qwQj| †`Lv hvq †h, Zv‡ì gZvgZ Av‡Mi K‡qK

mßv‡ni msev` Kfv‡i‡Ri m‡½ Nwbôfv‡e AvšÍtm¤úwK©Z| †`Lv †M‡Q,

†hme †fvUvi B‡Zvc~‡e©I msev`cÎ, †iwWI-†Uwjwfk‡bi wbe©vPb welqK

Abyôvb †`‡L‡Qb ev Lei c‡o‡Qb Zv‡ì cÖwZwµqv MYgva¨‡gi Zz‡j aiv

evZ©vi mv‡_ A‡bKLvwb msMwZc~Y©| DwjøwLZ M‡elYvwU cieZx©‡Z

wek¦e¨vcx wZbkÕi AwaK cÖKvwkZ M‡elYvq msev`gva¨‡gi cÖfve

m¤úwK©Z `wjj wn‡m‡e ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q (Blood and Phillips, 2000)|

cwi‡kl

cwi‡kl Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, G‡RÛv †mwUs Z‡Ë¡i g~j welq

n‡jv †Kv‡bv GKUv Bmy¨ ev wel‡qi cÖwZ MYgva¨gB gvby‡li `„wó wbewÜZ

K‡i Ges welqwU‡K ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i Zz‡j a‡i| †mB Bmy¨ m¤ú‡K©

RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ G‡RÛv wbg©vY K‡i| G‡RÛv †mU Kivi †ÿ‡Î MYgva¨‡gi

wbR¯ ¯v_©, cÖfvekvjx ev ÿgZvmxb‡ì Pvc, mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡kxjZv

BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L Ges MYgva¨g Zvi wbR¯^

gZv`k© Abyhvqx RbgZ‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi Rb¨ G‡RÛv †mU K‡i _v‡K|

MYgva¨g gvwjKvbv KvVv‡gv, weÁvcb`vZv I Ab¨vb¨ mg¯v_©MZ †Mvôxi

¯v_© iÿvq G‡RÛv wbg©v‡Yi GB cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i|

Z_¨m~Î

1. Walter Lippmann (1922), Public opinion. NewYork: Macmillan.

2. Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw (1978),The agenda-setting function of mass media,Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176-187.

3. David Weaver, Doris Graber, Maxwell McCombsand Chaim Eyal (1981), Media Agenda Setting ina Presidential Election: Issues, Images andInterest Greenwood, Westport, CT.

4. Ray Funkhouser, The issues of the sixties, PublicOpinion Quarterly, 37, 1973, 62-75.

5. Maria Jose Canel, Juan Pablo Llamas, andFederico Rey, Federico (1996), ‘El primer niveldel efecto agenda setting en la informacion local:Los ‘problemas mas importantes” de la ciudad dePamplona’. [‘The first level agenda setting effecton local information: The ‘most important prob-lems’ of the city of Pamplona’.] Comunicacion ySociedad, 9, 1&2 pp.17-38.

6. Toshio Takeshita (1993), ‘Agenda-setting effectsof the press in a Japanese local election’, Studiesof Broadcasting, 29, pp.193-216.

7. Lee Becker and Maxwell McCombs (1978), Therole of the press in determining voter reactions topresidential primaries, Human CommunicationResearch, 4 pp.301- 307.

8. Pu-tsung King (1997), The press, candidateimages, and voter perceptions in Communicationand Democracy, eds. Maxwell McCombs, Donald

Shaw and David Weaver. Mahwah, NJ: LawrenceErlbaum Associates, pp.29-40.

9. Shunji Mikami Toshio Takeshita, Makoto Nakadaand Miki Kawabata (1994), ‘The Media coverageand public awareness of environmental issues inJapan’. Paper presented to the InternationalAssociation for Mass Communication Research.Seoul, Korea.

10. David Cohen (1995), ‘A report on a non-electionagenda setting study’. Paper presented to theAssociation for Education in Journalism. Ottawa,Canada, 1975.

11. David Weaver (1977), Political issues and voterneed for orientation. In The emergence ofAmerican political issues, Donald Shaw andMaxwell McCombs, eds. St. Paul, MN: West,Pp.107-119.

12. Eugene F. Shaw (1979), ‘Agenda-setting andmass communication theory’, Gazette, 25, p.101.

13. Spiro Kiousis (2000), ‘Beyond salience:Exploring the linkages between the agenda settingrole of mass media and mass persuasion’.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University ofTexas at Austin.

14. Patrick Rossler and Michael Schenk (2000),‘Cognitive bonding and the German reunification:Agenda-setting and persuasion effects of massmedia’, International Journal of Public OpinionResearch, 12, pp.29-47.

15. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman (1973),‘Availability: A heuristic for judging frequencyand probability’, Cognitive Psychology, 5 pp.207-232.

16. Lars Willnat and Jian-Hua Zhu (1996),‘Newpaper coverage and public opinion in HongKong: A time-series analysis of media priming’,Political Communication, 13 pp.231-246.

17. Shanto Iyengar and Adam Simon (1997), ‘Newscoverage of the Gulf crisis and public opinion: Astudy of agenda-setting, priming and framing’ inDo the media govern? Politicians, voters, andreporters in America, eds., Shanto Iyengar andRichard Reeves ,Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA,pp.248-257.

18. Hans-Bernd Brosius and Hans MathiasKepplinger (1992), ‘Beyond agenda setting: Theinfluence of partianship and television reportingon the electorate’s voting intentions’, JournalismQuarterly, 69 pp.893-901.

19. Deborah J. Blood and Peter C.B. Phillips (2000),‘Economic headline news on the agenda: Newapproaches to understanding causes and effects’ inCommunication and Democracy, eds. McCombs,Shaw and Weaver, pp.97-114.

20. David Weaver (1991), ‘Issue salience and publicopinion: Are there consequences of agenda- set-ting?’ International Journal of Public OpinionResearch, 3 pp.53-68.

21. J. C. Martin (1976), Recent Political Theory onMass Media Potential in Political Campaigns,vol.8, pp.54-89

†jLK: mnKvix Aa¨vcK, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefvM,

ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq

57

wbix¶v

msev`Y gv a¨ gM

mvsevw`‡Ki wPwKrmvq

cªavbgš¿xi mnvqZv

evsjv‡`k msev` ms¯’v (evmm)-Gi wmwbqi

mvsevw`K kvnwiqvi knx‡ì wPwKrmvi Rb¨ 9B

A‡±vei 2016 cuvP jvL UvKvi Avw_©K

mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q‡Qb cªavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv| G

Dcj‡ÿ cªavbgš¿xi †cªm mwPe Bnmvbyj Kwig

e‡jb, kvn&wiqvi knx‡ì DbœZ wPwKrmvi Rb¨

cªavbgš¿x cuvP jvL UvKv eivÏ w`‡q‡Qb|

wKWwb AKvh©Ki nIqvi ci m¤cÖwZ Zuv‡K

A¨v‡cv‡jv nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© Kiv nq| (m~Î:

10.10.16, cÖ_g Av‡jv)

XvKv wi‡cvU©vm© BDwbwU eiY

K‡i wbj bZyb m`m¨‡ì

bZyb m`m¨‡ì AvbyôvwbKfv‡e eiY K‡i

wb‡q‡Q XvKv wi‡cvU©vm© BDwbwU (wWAviBD)|

kªg I Kg©ms¯’vb cªwZgš¿x gywReyj nK Pybœyi

Dcw¯’wZ‡Z 28†k †m‡Þ¤i 2016 msMV‡bi

mvMi-iæwb wgjbvqZ‡b eiY Abyôv‡bi

Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| G‡Z mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib

wWAviBDÕi mfvcwZ Rvgvj DÏxb| mvaviY

m¤úv`K ivRy Avn‡g‡ì mÂvjbvq e³e¨

iv‡Lb mvsMVwbK m¤úv`K †kL gyn¤§` Rvgvj

†nvmvBb, bZyb m`m¨‡ì c‡¶ ÔewYK evZ©vÕi

bvRgyj nK Zcb I BwÛ‡c‡Û›U †Uwjwfk‡bi

dviRvbv †kvfv cªgyL e³e¨ iv‡Lb|

wWAviBDÕi g‡Zv †ckv`vi I kw³kvjx

msMV‡bi bZyb m`m¨‡ì Awfb›`b Rvbvb kªg

cªwZgš¿x| †ckv`vi mvsevw`K‡ì G msMV‡bi

jvB‡eªwii Rb¨ kªg gš¿Yvj‡qi Aby`vb

mnvqZviI †NvlYv †`b wZwb| wZwb e‡jb,

AvR‡K huviv bZzb m`m¨c` †c‡jb Zuviv

AvMvgx‡Z Zv‡ì †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi

gva¨‡g G cÖwZôvb‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡eb|

mfvcwZi e³…Zvq Rvgvj DÏxb e‡jb,

†hvM¨Zv _vKvi ciI GZw`b hviv m`m¨c`

cvbwb Zv‡ì m`m¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Avkv

Kwi, bZyb m`mïv msMV‡bi AMªhvÎvq mnvqK

f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb| (m~Î: 29.9.16,

B‡ËdvK)

GweGg g~mv‡K wb‡q

¯§viKMÖš’ cÖKvk

cÖexY mvsevw`K GweGg g~mv‡K ¯§iY K‡i

wewkóRbiv e‡j‡Qb, wZwb wQ‡jb Abb¨ mvnmx

mvsevw`K| mvgwiK RvšÍv‡ì i³P¶z‡K

D‡c¶v K‡i wZwb e¯‘wbô mvsevw`KZv

K‡i‡Qb| mv¤cÖ vwqKZvwe‡ivax †PZbv e„w× I

evOvwj RvZxqZv‡eva ˆZwi‡ZI f‚wgKv

†i‡L‡Qb wZwb| Zuvi †jLbx wQj ¶ziavi|

UK‡kv‡ZI wZwb wQ‡jb ¯úófvlx| Zuvi KxwZ©

58

RvZxq †cÖm K¬v‡e Ôe½eÜy wgwWqv Kg‡cø·Õi wfwËcÖ Íi ¯’vcb Abyôv‡b e³e¨ iv‡Lb cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv

mvsevw`KZvi bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pjyb: cªavbgš¿x

cªavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv e‡j‡Qb, †`‡k MYgva¨g I mvsevw`K‡ì c~Y© ¯vaxbZv i‡q‡Q|

Z‡e mvsevw`Kiv †Kej ¯vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡eb, myweav †b‡eb, `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡eb bvÑ

Zv n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡ì mgvR I †`‡ki cªwZ `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q, gvby‡li cªwZ `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q|

G e¨vcv‡i Zv‡ì m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| mvsevw`KZvi bxwZgvjvI gvb‡Z n‡e|

MZ 20†k A‡±vei RvZxq †cªm K¬v‡ei 62Zg cªwZôvevwl©Kx‡Z 31 Zjvwewkó

ÔRvZxq †cªm K¬veÑ e½eÜy wgwWqv Kg‡cø·Õ-Gi wfwËcª Íi ’vcb Abyôv‡b wZwb GK_v

e‡jb|

mvsevw`K‡ì ¯vaxbZv cªm‡½ e½eÜyi e³‡eï D×„wZ w`‡q cªavbgš¿x AviI e‡jb,

MYZ‡š¿i bxwZgvjv _vK‡e, mvsevw`K‡ì bxwZgvjv _vK‡e bv, Zv n‡Z cv‡i bv| †`‡k

mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨ †h bxwZgvjv i‡q‡Q, Zv †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|

Abyôv‡b we‡kl AwZw_i fvl‡Y Z_¨gš¿x nvmvbyj nK Bby Rw½ev`‡K MYZš¿ I

gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvi gnvkÎæ AvL¨v w`‡q Rw½we‡ivax msMªv‡g MYgva¨g‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv

cvj‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| wZwb e‡jb, cªavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbvi †bZ…‡Z¡ Rw½ev` `g‡bi

Pjgvb hy×‡K mvd‡jï †kl av‡c wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| Avi Rw½, mš¿vmx Ges Zv‡ì

c…ô‡cvlK‡ì gy‡Lvk D‡b¥vPb Kivi gva¨‡g G hy‡× MYgva¨g‡K mvnmx f~wgKv ivL‡Z

n‡e|

Abyôv‡b e³…ZvKv‡j cªavbgš¿xi Z_¨ Dc‡`óv BKevj †mvenvb †PŠayix e‡jb, AvR

cªavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv †hfv‡e †bZ…Z¡ w`‡”Qb, Zvi weKí †bB| e½eÜyi g‡Zv wZwbI

Avg„Zz¨ Avgv‡ì †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q hv‡eb, Avgiv †KD K¬všÍ n‡ev bv|

evsjv‡`k m¤úv`K cwil` mfvcwZ I mgKvj m¤úv`K †Mvjvg mviIqvi e‡jb,

cªavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv ¯cœ †`‡Lb, P¨v‡jÄ wb‡q †mB ¯cœ ev ÍevqbI K‡ib| cªavbgš¿x

Rxeb-g…Zy¨‡K cv‡qi f…Z¨ K‡i mš¿vm-Rw½ev` I lohš¿-PµvšÍ †gvKv‡ejvi gva¨‡g

†`k‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hv‡”Qb|

mfvcwZi e³‡e¨ RvZxq †cªm K¬v‡ei mfvcwZ gyn¤§` kwdKyi ingvb e‡jb, e½eÜy

GKwU ¯vaxb-mve©‡fŠg RvwZivóª cªwZôvi ¯cœ ev Íevqb K‡i w`‡q †M‡Qb| Zvi Kb¨v †kL

nvwmbv ¯cœ †`L‡Qb †mB RvwZivóª‡K GwM‡q †bIqvi|

RvZxq †cªm K¬v‡ei wmwbqi mn-mfvcwZ I weGdBD‡RÕi mfvcwZ gbRyiæj

Avnmvb eyjey‡ji mÂvjbvq Abyôv‡b ¯vMZ e³e¨ iv‡Lb RvZxq †cªm K¬v‡ei mvaviY

m¤úv`K Kvgiæj Bmjvg †PŠayix| (m~Î: 21.10.16, mgKvj)

wbix¶v

msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z cieZ©x cÖRb¥ †mLvb

†_‡K wk¶v wb‡Z cv‡i|

MZ 30†k †m‡Þ¤i RvZxq †cÖm K¬v‡e

GweGg g~mv ¯§viKMÖ‡š’i cÖKvkbv Drm‡e e³viv

Gme K_v e‡jb| GweGg g~mv- †mZviv g~mv

dvD‡Ûk‡bi D‡`¨v‡M Av‡qvwRZ G Abyôv‡b

we‡kl AwZw_ wQ‡jb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi

DcvPvh© cÖ‡dmi W. Av Av g m Av‡iwdb

wmwÏK| ¯vMZ e³e¨ iv‡Lb ¯§viKMÖ‡š’i

m¤cv`KgÐjxi mfvcwZ Bwg‡iUvm cÖ‡dmi W.

Avwbmy¾vgvb| cÖavb Z_¨ Kwgkbvi cÖ‡dmi W.

†Mvjvg ingv‡bi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Av‡jvPbvq Ask

†bb wcAvBwei †Pqvig¨vb I mgKvj m¤cv`K

†Mvjvg mviIqvi, wbDR Uz‡W-i m¤cv`K wiqvR

DwÏb Avn‡g`, cÖvewÜK ˆmq` Aveyj gvKmy ,

weGdBD‡RÕi mfvcwZ gbRyiæj Avnmvb eyjeyj,

c~e©-cwðg wewW WUK‡gi m¤cv`K cxi nvweeyi

ingvb, weGdBD‡RÕi GKvs‡ki gnvmwPe Gg

Ave`yjøvn, d‡Uvmvsevw`K GweGg iwdKzi

ingvb, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MY‡hvMv‡hvM I

mvsevw`KZv wefv‡Mi mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK

†ivev‡qZ †di‡`Šm, ¯§viKMÖ‡š’i cÖKvkK gvIjv

eªv`v‡m©i ¯Z¡vwaKvix Avn‡g` gvngy yj nK cÖgyL|

abëv` Ávcb K‡ib dvD‡Ûk‡bi mvaviY

m¤cv`K I GweGg g~mvi †g‡q cvifxb myjZvbv

Szgv| Abyôvb mÂvjbv K‡ib ¯§viKMÖ‡š’i

m¤cv`KgÐjxi m`m¨ mvsevw`K nvmvb nvwdR|

Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb GweGg g~mvi cZœx †mZviv g~mv|

(m~Î: 1jv A‡±vei 2016, mgKvj)

mvsevw`K AvjZvd gvngy` wQ‡jb

wbf©xK I mZZvi cªZxK

wWAviBDÕi ¯’vqx m`m¨ Ges evsjv‡`k

†dWv‡ij mvsevw`K BDwbqb (weGdDB‡R)-Gi

mv‡eK mfvcwZ AvjZvd gvngy‡ì ¯§iYmfvq

e³viv e‡j‡Qb, mvsevw`KZv †ckvq AwaKvi

Av`v‡qi Av‡›`vj‡b wZwb wQ‡jb wbf©xK I

mZZvi cªZxK| †ckv`vwi‡Z¡i †¶‡Î wZwb

†hgb `vwqZ¡kxj wQ‡jb, †Zgwb †UªW BDwbq‡bi

†bZv wn‡m‡eI wQ‡jb wb‡ew`Z-cÖvY|

MZ 17B A‡±vei we‡K‡j wWAviBD

mvMi-iæwb wgjbvqZ‡b XvKv wi‡cvU©vm© BDwbwU

(wWAviBD) Av‡qvwRZ ¯§iYmfvq e³viv Gme

K_v e‡jb|

wWAviBDÕi mfvcwZ Rvgvj DÏx‡bi

mfvcwZ‡Z¡ I mvaviY m¤úv`K ivRy Avn‡g‡ì

cwiPvjbvq ¯§iYmfvq cªavbgš¿xi Z_¨ I

MYgva¨g welqK Dc‡`óv BKevj †mvenvb

†PŠayix, weGdBD‡RÕi mfvcwZ gbRyiæj

Avnmvb eyjeyj, gnvmwPe Igi dviæK,

wWAviBDÕi mv‡eK mfvcwZ †gv¯ÍvK †nv‡mb I

kv‡n` †PŠayix, weGdBD‡RÕi hyM¥-gnvmwPe

cyjK NUK, wWBD‡RÕi mvaviY m¤úv`K

†mv‡nj nvq`vi †PŠayix cªgyL e³e¨ †`b|

e³viv e‡jb, mvsevw`K‡ì kxl© †bZv

nIqv m‡Ë¡I AvjZvd gvngy` AZ¨šÍ mvaviY

Rxebhvcb K‡i‡Qb| †Kv‡bviKg †jvf-jvjmv

ev cª‡jvf‡bi Kv‡Q wZwb gv_v bZ K‡ibwb|

wZwb wQ‡jb wb‡j©vf, wbinsKvi I Abb¨

e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix| (m~Î: cÖ_g Av‡jv:

18.10.16)

MYgva¨‡gi mKj ch©v‡q bvixi

AskMÖn‡Yi mycvwik

MYgva¨‡g bxwZwba©viYx †_‡K mKj ch©v‡q

bvixi AšÍf©z³Ki‡Yi mycvwik K‡i‡Q mvsevw`K

I bvix †bZ…e„›`| cÖwZwU wgwWqv nvD‡m

AšÍZc‡¶ 30 kZvsk bvix‡K wb‡qvM †Ìqvi

Avnevb Rvbvb Zviv| MZ 6B A‡±vei Ô†RÛvi

†mbwmwUf MvBWjvBb di DB‡gb Bb †gB‡Wb

mvD_ GwkqvÕ kxl©K GK RvZxq civgk© vbKvix

Av‡jvPbvmfvq Gme K_v ejv nq| XvKv

wek¦we`¨vj‡qi beve bIqve Avjx †PŠayix wm‡bU

fe‡b AbywôZ GB mfv †hŠ_fv‡e Av‡qvRb

K‡i gvby‡li Rb¨ dvD‡Ûkb, BD‡b‡¯‹v Ges

mvD_ Gwkqv DB‡gbm †bUIqvK© (†mvqvb)|

`w¶Y Gwkqvi bvix mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨

MvBWjvBb ˆZwi Kivi D‡`¨v‡Mi Ask wn‡m‡e

GB mfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| G MvBWjvB‡b

†`‡ki kxl© ’vbxq mvsevw`K I bvix †bZ…e„›`

Zv‡ì AwfÁZv Ges civgk© Zz‡j a‡ib| (m~Î

: 7B A‡±vei 2016, B‡ËdvK)

mvnmx mvsevw`KZvi Rb¨ m¤§vbbv

†c‡jb gvn&dyR Avbvg

mvsevw`KZv I mvsevw`KZvi †¶‡Î `…p

msK‡íi Rb¨ m¤§vbbvq f~wlZ n‡jb Bs‡iwR

ˆ`wbK †WBwj ÷vi-Gi m¤úv`K I cªKvkK

gvn&dyR Avbvg| fviZ, AvdMvwb¯Ívb,

wdwjcvBb I kªxj¼vi Av‡iv cvuP mvsevw`K‡K

G m¤§vbbv w`‡q‡Q hy³ivóªwfwËK msMVb B÷

I‡q÷ †m›Uvi|

fvi‡Zi ivRavbx bqvw`wjø‡Z 9B †m‡Þ¤i

ÔmvD_ Gwkqv jywKs B÷Õ kxl©K GK m‡¤§j‡b

gvn&dyR Avbvg I Ab¨ mvsevw`K‡ì

AvbyôvwbKfv‡e G m¤§vbbv †`qv nq|

cyi¯‹vicªvß Ab¨ cuvP mvsevw`K n‡jb:

†ivIqvB`v Aviwngv †dv‡jv‡mv g¨vKvivgeb

(wdwjcvBb), †÷jv cj (fviZ), Rvdi

BKevj †kL (fviZ), nvwee Lvb †ZvZvwLj

(AvdMvwb¯Ívb) I jvmvš’v weµgvZy‡½

(kªxj¼v)| jvmvš’v gi‡YvËi G cyi¯‹vi cvb|

2009 mv‡j Kj‡¤vq ¸wj‡Z cªvY nvivb wZwb|

m‡¤§j‡b AvÂwjK wewfbœ msev`c‡Îi

†R¨ô m¤úv`K, L¨vwZgvb MYgva¨g we‡klÁ,

MYgva¨g †ckvRxex, M‡elK, 40wUi †ewk

†`‡ki MYgva¨g cªwZôv‡bi cªwZwbwamn cªvq

350 Rb mvsevw`K Ask †bb| (m~Î: cÖ_g

Av‡jv, 20.9.16)

AbymÜvbx mvsevw`KZvi Rb¨

wUAvBwe cyi¯‹vi

evwj©bwfwËK yb©xwZwe‡ivax ms¯’v UªvÝcv‡iwÝ

B›Uvib¨vkbvj (wUAvB)-Gi †Pqvicvimb †nv‡m

Kv‡j©vm DMvm e‡jb, evsjv‡`‡k mvsevw`KZv

A‡bK KwVb| cvkvcvwk GLv‡b KvVv‡gvMZ

`yb©xwZI Av‡Q| GB yb©xwZ †iv‡a mvsevw`K,

wmwfj †mvmvBwU, GbwRI Ges †emiKvwi LvZ‡K

GKÎ n‡q KvR Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbvb wZwb|

AbymÜvbx mvsevw`KZvi Rb¨ UªvÝcv‡iwÝ

B›Uvib¨vkbvj evsjv‡`k (wUAvBwe) Av‡qvwRZ

cyi¯‹vi weZiY Abyôv‡b GK_v e‡jb wZwb| MZ

16B A‡±vei ivRavbxi avbgwÐ‡Z gvBWvm

†m›Uv‡ii †gNgvjv Kbdv‡iÝ iæ‡g G AbyôvbwU

AbywôZ nq|

GeQi bqRb MYgva¨gKg©x G cyi¯‹vi

†c‡jb| Zuviv n‡jb: wcÖ›U wgwWqv (RvZxq)

K¨vUvMwi‡Z Rv‡MvwbDR24.K‡gi ÷vd

wi‡cvU©vi kv‡n` kwdK I wcÖ›U wgwWqv

(AvÂwjK) K¨vUvMwi‡Z Puv`cy‡ii ˆ`wbK

Bj‡kcvo cwÎKvi hyM¥-evZ©v m¤úv`K †iRvDj

Kwig| GQvov B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv cÖwZ‡e`b

K¨vUvMwi‡Z GbwUwfi kwdK kvnxb, gvQivOv

†Uwjwfk‡bi eìæ‡ÏvRv evey, B‡jKUªwbK

wgwWqv cÖvgvY¨ Abyôvb K¨vUvMwi‡Z hgybv

†Uwjwfk‡bi †gv. AvjvDwÏb Avn‡¤§` I

wRGg dqmvj Avjg, wfwWI wPÎMÖvnK gnmxb

gyKzj, KvRx †gvnv¤§v` BmgvBj I †Mvjvg

wKewiqv G cyi¯‹vi cvb| (m~Î: 17B A‡±vei

2016, cÖ_g Av‡jv)

Abb¨v m¤§vbbv †c‡jb 11

KxwZ©gvb bvix

MZ 3iv †m‡Þ¤i ivRavbxi dvg©‡M‡Ui

K…wlwe` Bbw÷wUDkb wgjbvqZ‡b ÔAbb¨vÕ-Gi

Av‡qvR‡b 11Rb mdj bvix‡K m¤§vbbv cÖ vb

Kiv nq| m¤§vbbvcÖvß‡ì nv‡Z ¯§viK, †µ÷

I mb`cÎ Zy‡j †`b bvix Av‡›`vj‡bi wZb

†bÎx gvndzRv LvZzb, Lykx Kwei Ges Wv. `xcy

gwb| Abb¨v m¤úv`K I cÖKvkK Zvmwggv

†nv‡m‡bi mÂvjbvq m¤§vbbv cÖ vb ce©wU

cÖvYešÍ n‡q I‡V|

AvVv‡iv eQ‡i P¨v‡bj AvB

c_Pjvi 17 eQi cvi K‡i MZ 1 jv A‡±vei

18 eQ‡i c`vc©b K‡i‡Q P¨v‡bj AvB| G

Dcj‡ÿ¨ P¨v‡bj AvB Kvh©vj‡q w`be¨vcx

Abyôvbgvjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| G‡Z Ask

†bb P¨v‡bj AvB‡qi eë ’vcbv cwiPvjK

dwi`yi †iRv mvMi, cwiPvjK I evZ©v cÖavb

kvBL wmivRmn MYgva¨‡gi m¤úv`Ke„›`, wmw-

bqi mvsevw`K, P¨v‡bjwUi KjvKzkjx I

AwZw_iv| m~Î: 1jv A‡±vei 2016 mgKvj

Zzi‡¯‹ m¤úv`K AvUK

Zzi‡¯‹ miKviwe‡ivax cwÎKv Kzgûwi‡qZ-Gi

m¤úv`K gyivZ mveyb‡Rv I cwÎKvwUi AvURb

¸iæZ¡c~Y© msev` Kg©x‡K m¤cÖwZ AvUK K‡i‡Q

cywjk| ivóªxq msev`gva¨g Avbv‡`vjy Rvbvq,

B Ív¤^yj †_‡K Kzgvûwi‡qZ cwÎKv mswkøó huv‡ì

AvUK Kiv n‡q‡Q Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ Avqw`b GbwRb

I ¸ivB IR bv‡gi `yÕRb Kjvg †jLKI

i‡q‡Qb| hy³ivóªwfwËK ag©xq †bZv †dZzjøv

59

60

wbix¶v

¸‡j‡bi m‡½ Gu‡ì m¤ú„³Zv Av‡Q e‡j m‡›`n Kiv n‡”Q| (m~Î: 1jv

b‡f¤i 2016, cÖ_g Av‡jv)

gvwK©b wbe©vP‡b MYgva¨‡gi PgK

†Wvbvì Uªv‡¤ci weR‡q Pg‡K †M‡Q wek¦| mviv c„w_exi msev`gva¨‡gI

†mB Pg‡Ki cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| hy³iv‡óªi cÖfvekvjx msev`gva¨g

IqvwksUb †cv÷ GK wk‡ivbv‡g wj‡L‡Q, ÔUªv‡¤ci Rq RqKviÕ| Gi

wb‡P †QvU A¶‡i †jLv: Ôw ’Zve¯’vi weiæ‡× †fvUvi‡ì AeÁvB wnjvwii

wech©q †W‡K AvbjÕ|

wek¦ wgwWqvq bvbvfv‡e Uªv¤ú

A‡÷ªwjqvi `¨ †WBwj †UwjMÖvd †cÖwm‡W›U Uªv‡¤ci fvlY †Ìqvi GK

wekvj Qwe w`‡q cwÎKvi cÖ”Q` mvwR‡q‡Q| Zv‡Z †jLv, ÔWweøD wU GdÕ|

Gici cwÎKvi GK`g wb‡P †QvU K‡i Gi A_© mwe Ív‡i ejv Av‡Q|

Zv‡Z †jLv, ÔDBj Uªv¤c d¬vwik...Ai †dBjÕ| A_©vr Uªv¤c wK mdj

n‡eb, bvwK e¨_©?

hy³iv‡óªi me©vwaK cÖPvwiZ cwÎKv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PZz_© Ae¯’v‡b _vKv

`¨ wbDBqK© †WBwj wbDR cÖ”Q‡` †nvqvBU nvD‡mi Qwe eënvi K‡i‡Q|

Zvi Ic‡i †jLv ÔnvDm Ae niimÕ ev ÔfzZz‡o evwoÕ| Gi wb‡P †jLv,

Ôwef³ Av‡gwiKv‡K KeRvq wb‡jb Uªv¤cÕ|

evZ©v ms ’v iqUvm© wj‡L‡Q, Ôwek¦‡K Pg‡K w`‡q †nvqvBU nvD‡m

Uªv¤cÕ| Ab¨w`‡K GKwU ¯c¨vwbk cwÎKv wk‡ivbv‡g wj‡L‡Q, ÔCk¦i

Av‡gwiKv‡K ¶gv K‡i‡QbÕ|

KwgK wn‡iv G· g¨vb wmwi‡Ri Av`‡j Rvg©vwbi cwÎKv `vB I‡që

Zv‡ì cÖ”Q` ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| †mLv‡b A¨v‡cv‡Kwjcm bv‡gi Lj PwiÎ

wn‡m‡e Uªv¤c‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wk‡ivbvg n‡jv, ÔGLb

A¨v‡cv‡KwjcmÕ| Lj PwiÎwUi Ic‡i d‡Uvkc K‡i Uªv‡¤ci gv_v ewm‡q

†Ìqv n‡q‡Q|

Rvcv‡b RvZxq m¤cÖPvigva¨g GbGBP‡K e‡j‡Q, Ôhw` Uªv¤cB

†cÖwm‡W›U nb, Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki g‡Zv RvcvbI A_©bxwZ wb‡q

AwbðqZvq co‡e|

d«v‡Ýi cwÎKv wjev‡ikb hy³iv‡óªi wewfbœ AÂ‡j gvwiRyqvbv

bv‡gi gv`K`ªe¨ êa Kivi welqwU Zz‡j G‡b wk‡ivbv‡g wj‡L‡Q, ÔAšÍZ

GLb Zviv gvwiRyqvbv eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eÕ| gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vPb

wb‡q hy³iv‡Rï GKwU d¨vkb g¨vMvwRb me‡P‡q mv`vgvUv GKwU cÖ”Q`

K‡i‡Q| Zv‡Z †fvU‡K‡›`ª hvIqv †fvUvi‡ì Qwei GK cv‡k †Ìqv

n‡q‡Q bZzb †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Qwe| Avi †jLv GKwU kã, ÔkU!Õ| (m~Î: 10

b‡f¤i 2016, cÖ_g Av‡jv)

fvi‡Z GbwWwUwfi m¤cÖPvi 1 w`b e‡Üi

wb‡ ©‡k mvsevw`K‡ì †ÿvf

GK w`‡bi Rb¨ GbwWwUwf BwÛqv †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡b‡ji m¤cÖPvi e‡Üi

wb‡`©k †`q fviZ miKvi| GB wb‡`©kbv‡K wN‡i ïiæ nq †`kRy‡o

mgv‡jvPbv| miKvwi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx, MZ 9B b‡f¤i 24 NÈvi Rb¨

P¨v‡bjwUi m¤cÖPvi eÜ ivLvi wb‡`©k †`qv nq| miKv‡ii GB wm×všÍ‡K

Riæwi Ae ’vi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i GwWUim wMì Ae BwÛqv e‡j‡Q, ÔGwU

bwRiwenxb wm×všÍ| wgwWqvi ¯vaxbZvi Ici GwU mivmwi AvµgY|

MZ 3iv b‡f¤i GK miKvwi wee„wZ‡Z G wb‡lavÁvi K_v Rvbv‡bv

nq| Awf‡hvM, cvVvb‡KvU© wegvbevnxbxi QvDwb‡Z Rw½ nvgjvi ci

GbwWwUwf BwÛqv †ek wKQz Ô¯úk©KvZi mvgwiK welqÕ m¤cÖPvi K‡i‡Q|

welqwU LwZ‡q †`Lvi fvi †Ìqv nq Z_¨ I m¤cÖPvi gš¿Yvj‡qi GKwU

we‡klÁ KwgwUi Ici| Zviv †Kej wUwf †bUIqvK©m †i¸‡jkb AvBb

Abyhvqx eë ’v †bIqvi mycvwik K‡i| †mB mycvwik Abyhvqx MZ 9B

b‡f¤i 24 NÈvi Rb¨ GbwWwUwf BwÛqvi m¤cÖPvi cy‡ivcywi eÜ ivLvi

K_v ejv nq| GbwWwUwf Zvi weiæ‡× Avbv hveZxq Awf‡hvM A¯xKvi

K‡i e‡j‡Q, Zviv AvZ¥cÿ mg_©‡bi me ai‡bi Dcvq LwZ‡q †`L‡Q|

gy¤vB †cÖm K¬ve mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡j‡Q, GKwU P¨v‡bj hviv

miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv K‡i, Zv‡K wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv gZ cÖKv‡ki

¯vaxbZvi cwicš’x|

MZ 7B b‡f¤i †K›`ªxq Z_¨ I m¤cÖPvigš¿x †f¯‹vBqv bvBWzi m‡½

GbwWwUwf KZ©„c‡ÿi mvÿv‡Zi ci P¨v‡bjwUi m¤cÖPvi eÜ ivLvi

miKvwi wb‡`©k ’wMZ Kiv nq| Z_¨gš¿x‡K GbwWwUwfi cÿ †_‡K ejv

nqÑ cvVvb‡Kv‡U nvgjvi mgq P¨v‡bjwU‡Z †Kv‡bv Ô¯úk©KvZi `„k¨Õ

m¤cÖPvi Kiv nqwb Ges Zv Ggb †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡iwb hv Ab¨vb¨

P¨v‡bj I msev`c‡Î cÖKvk Kiv msev‡ì †P‡q wfbœ| m~Î: 5 I 9B

b‡f¤i 2016, cÖ_g Av‡jv)|

Awf‡bZv c¼R cv‡ji ci‡jvKMgb

wewkó Awf‡bZv I bvU¨ cwiPvjK c¼R cvj (67) 14B A‡±vei

ïµevi ivZ †cŠ‡b 1Uvq bMixi NvU dinv`‡e‡Mi wbR evmvq

ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|

wZwb ¯¿x, `yB †Q‡j, GK †g‡qmn eû ¯Rb I ¸YMÖvnx †i‡L

†M‡Qb| MZKvj kwbevi mKv‡j ejyqvi`xwN k¥kv‡b Zvi †klK…Z¨ m¤úbœ

nq| Zvi g„Zz¨‡Z †ÌqvbevRvi IqvW© KvDwÝji I c¨v‡bj †gqi

†PŠayix nvmvb gvngy` nvmbxmn wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK

msMV‡bi †bZ…e„›` †kvK Rvwb‡q‡Qb| (m~Î: mgKvj, 16.10.16)

wcAvBweÕi cÖKvkbv

†hvMv‡hvM

cÖKvkbv I wdPvi wefvM


3 mvwK©U nvDm †ivW

XvKv-1000

msev`

AvB we

wc

we‡kl AwZw_i e³…Zvq A_© cÖwZgš¿x Gg

G gvbœvb e‡jb, e½eÜz Avgv‡ì Awemsevw`Z

†bZv| GB gnvb †bZvi Rb¥ bv n‡j Avgiv

¯vaxb evsjv‡`k †cZvg bv| e½eÜz‡K wb‡q

Pjw”PÎ ˆZwii D‡`¨vM AZ¨šÍ cÖksmbxq

c`‡ÿc| Av‡iv Av‡MB G ai‡bi D‡`¨vM †bqv

DwPZ wQj|

wcAvBweÕi gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn

AvjgMxi e‡jb, e½eÜz‡K wb‡q Pjw”PÎ

wbg©v‡Yi D‡`¨vM cÖksmbxq| Av‡iv †ewk K‡i

G ai‡bi D‡`¨vM †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| Zvn‡j

fwel¨r cÖRb¥ e½eÜz‡K A‡bK †ewk Rvb‡Z

cvi‡e|

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k welqK MYgva¨g

mnvwqKv MÖ‡š’i †gvoK D‡b¥vPb

AwZ m¤úªwZ Z_¨cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki

Af~Zc~e© AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| G Lv‡Z

evsjv‡`k AvR ewnwe©‡k¦ `„óvšÍ iƒc| wWwRUvj

evsjv‡`k GLb †KejB GKwU †¯øvMvb bq, Gi

gva¨‡g Z_¨cÖhyw³i †mev gvby‡li †`vi‡Mvovq

†cuŠ‡Q †`qv n‡”Q| wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ©i

Av‡e`b, Rwgi cP©v, ¯v¯’ ‡mev, cvwb, we`y¨r I

M¨vm wej Rgv Ges cwi‡kva Ges †i‡ji

wUwKUmn mewKQzB AvR AbjvB‡b m¤¢e n‡”Q|

G‡Z mvaviY gvbyl DcK…Z n‡”Q|

MZ 11B wW‡m¤î evsjv‡`k †cÖm

Bbw÷wUDU Av‡qvwRZ ÔwWwRUvj evsjv‡`k :

Avgv‡ì MYgva¨gÕ kxl©K †mwgbvi I

mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k welqK

MYgva¨g mnvwqKv MÖ‡š’i †gvoK D‡b¥vPb

Abyôv‡b e³viv Gme K_v e‡jb| wcAvBweÕi

†mwgbvi K‡ÿ Av‡qvwRZ G Abyôv‡b

wcAvBweÕi †Pqvig¨vb I mgKvj m¤úv`K

†Mvjvg mviIqvi-Gi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b

cÖavb AwZw_ wQ‡jb cÖavbgš¿xi Z_¨ Dc‡`óv I

†WBwj AeRvifv‡ii m¤úv`K BKevj †mven-

vb †PŠayix| cÖavb AwZw_i e³‡e¨ BKevj

†mvenvb †PŠayix e‡jb, ÔRvwZi RbK e½eÜz

†kL gywReyi ingvb RvwZ‡K w`‡q‡Qb GKwU

¯vaxb †`k| cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv w`‡q‡Qb

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ gvÎ mvZ

eQ‡i wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Mov m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|

evivK Ievgv, b‡i›`ª †gvw`, wej †MUm

evsjv‡`‡ki G AR©‡bi cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb|

wek¦e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb e‡j‡Qb, evsjv‡`k GLb

Dbœq‡bi †ivj g‡Wj|Õ

mfvcÖav‡bi e³‡e¨ wcAvBweÕi †Pqvig¨vb

†Mvjvg mviIqvi e‡jb, evsjv‡`k Z_¨cÖhyw³

Lv‡Z AMÖcw_‡Ki g‡Zv GwM‡q Pj‡Q|

cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki †h

¯cœ †`‡L‡Qb Zv GLb ev Íe m‡Zï c‡_|

MYgva¨‡g Z_¨cÖhyw³i m‡e©vËg cÖ‡qvM Avgv‡ì

cÖZ¨vkv| Abyôv‡b e³…ZvKv‡j Z_¨cÖhyw³we` I

61

e½eÜz WKz¨‡g›Uvwi wdj¥

†dw÷fvj-Gi D‡Øvab

gyw³hy× welqK gš¿x Av K g †gvRv‡¤§j nK

e‡j‡Qb, RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi

ingv‡bi Rb¥ bv n‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥ n‡Zv bv|

`xN©w`b a‡i evsjv‡`‡k e½eÜz‡K wb‡q Pjw”PÎ

ˆZwii †Póv Pj‡Q| GB †Póv hv‡Z ªæZ mdj nq

†mRb¨ mKj‡K AvšÍwiKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|

weR‡qi gv‡m evOvwj RvwZi ¯cœ c~i‡Y KvR

Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z e½eÜz I evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K©

mevB Av‡iv †ewk AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i| MZ 14B

b‡f¤î mvK© Pjw”PÎ mvsevw`K †dviv‡gi

D‡`¨v‡M Av‡qvwRZ Ôe½eÜz WKz¨‡g›Uwi wdj¥

†dw÷fvjÕ-Gi D‡Øvab Abyôv‡b gš¿x GK_v

e‡jb| mvK© Pjw”PÎ mvsevw`K †dviv‡gi

mfvcwZ †i‡`vqvb L›`Kv‡ii mfvcwZ‡Z¡

Abyôv‡b Av‡iv e³e¨ iv‡Lb A_© I cwiKíbv

cÖwZgš¿x Gg G gvbœvb, evsjv‡`k †cÖm

Bbw÷wUD‡Ui gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi,

Drme D`hvcb KwgwUi AvnevqK iwdKz¾vgvb,

wewkó bRiæj m½xZ wkíx †di‡`Šm Aviv, exi

gyw³‡hv×v nvRx wjqvKZ Avjx, mvK© Pjw”PÎ

mvsevw`K †dviv‡gi mvaviY m¤úv`K kc_

†PŠayix, Drme D`hvcb KwgwUi m`m¨-mwPe

mvjvg gvngy , e½eÜz mvs¯‹…wZK †Rv‡Ui mvaviY

m¤úv`K AiæY miKvi ivbv cÖgyL|

gyw³hy‡× knx` mvsevw`K ¯§„wZ djK D‡b¥vPb

knx` mvsevw`K‡ì ¯§„wZi cÖwZ kÖ×v Rvwb‡q Z_¨gš¿x nvmvbyj nK Bby Ggwc e‡jb, gyw³hy‡×

e½eÜz wQ‡jb Amxn& Avi eyw×Rxex mvsevw`Kiv wQ‡jb gmxn&| Õ71 mv‡j cvwK Ívwb evwnbx I

ivRvKviiv Zv‡ì cÖavb kÎæ wn‡m‡e e½eÜz I †`‡ki RbMY we‡kl K‡i bvix, eyw×Rxex I

mvsevw`K‡ì aŸsm Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| wKš‘ nvi bv-gvbv msMÖv‡g Avgiv weRqx n‡qwQ| evsjv‡`k

†cÖm Bbw÷wUD‡U MZ 14B wW‡m¤i knx` eyw×Rxex wè‡m gyw³hy‡× knx` mvsevw`K ¯§„wZ djK

D‡b¥vPb Abyôv‡b wZwb G K_v e‡jb| wZwb AviI e‡jb, knx` mvsevw`K‡ì cÖwZ kÖ×v Rvbv‡Z

Avgv‡ì †`kR ms¯‹…wZ, mvwnZ¨ I MYgva¨‡gi weKvk Acwinvh©|

G mgq cÖavbgš¿xi Z_¨ Dc‡`óv BKevj †mvenvb †PŠayix, cÖavb Z_¨ Awdmvi G‡KGg

kvgxg †PŠayix, evsjv‡`k msev` ms ’vi cÖavb m¤úv`K I eë ’vcbv cwiPvjK Aveyj Kvjvg

AvRv`, Pjw”PÎ I cÖKvkbv Awa`ß‡ii gnvcwiPvjK †gvnv¤§` wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb, wcAvBweÕi

gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi, †fv‡ii KvMR m¤úv`K k¨vgj `Ë, knx` mvsevw`K knx yjøv

Kvqmv‡ii †g‡q kgx Kvqmvimn MYgva¨g cÖwZwbwaiv Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb| G dj‡K gyw³hy‡× 13

knx` mvsevw`K wd‡i G‡m‡Qb ¯§„wZi †d«‡g| GLv‡b mvsevw`K wmivRyÏxb †nv‡mb, knx yjøv

Kvqmvi, †Lv›`Kvi Avey Zv‡je, wbRvgyÏxb Avng`, Gm G gvbœvb (jvWz fvB), Av b g †Mvjvg

†gv Ídv, ˆmq` bvRgyj nK, G‡KGg knx yjøvn (knx` mv‡ei), Aveyj evkvi, wkemvab PµeZ©x,

wPk&Zx kvn& †njvjyi ingvb, gyn¤§` AvLZvi, †mwjbv cvifx‡bi Qwe msewjZ ¯§„wZdjKwU

evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUD‡Ui wØZxq Zjvi jvj-meyR M¨vjvwi‡Z ’vb †c‡q‡Q|

wcAvBwe‡Z gyw³hy‡× knx` mvsevw`K ¯§„wZ djK D‡b¥vPb Abyôv‡b Z_¨gš¿x nvmvbyj nK Bby Ggwc I

cÖavbgš¿xi Z_¨ Dc‡`óv BKevj †mvenvb †PŠayix

62

wbix¶v

†ewm‡mi mfvcwZ †gv¯Ídv ReŸvi e‡jb,

Z_¨cÖhyw³ Lv‡Z evsjv‡`k GLb eû †`‡ki

Kv‡Q „óvšÍ| †gvevBj †dvb, B›Uvi‡bUmn

Z_¨cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii w`K w`‡q Avgiv mvivwe‡k¦

AbymiY Kivi g‡Zv GKwU RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ

n‡qwQ| cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbvi Kvi‡YB Gme

AMÖMwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| wZwb 12B wW‡m¤i‡K

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k wèm A_ev RvZxq

Z_¨cÖhyw³ wèm †NvlYvi cÖ Íve †`b|

Abyôv‡b e³e¨ iv‡Lb evm‡mi cÖavb

m¤úv`K I eë ’vcbv cwiPvjK Aveyj Kvjvg

AvRv`, wcAvBweÕi gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn

AvjgMxi I mv‡eK gnvcwiPvjK Aa vcK W. †kL

Ave ym mvjvg, MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv

wefv‡Mi †Pqvig¨vb gwdRyi ingvb, weGdBD‡RÕi

gnvmwPe Igi dviæK, cÖ_g Av‡jvÕi hyM¥-m¤úv`K

†mvnive nvmvb, GUzAvB cÖK‡íi Rb‡cÖwÿZ

we‡klÁ bvCgy¾vgvb gy³v I bvix mvsevw`K

†K‡› ªi mfvcwZ bvwmgyb Aviv nK wgby|

`yb©xwZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a MYgva¨‡gi

f~wgKv kxl©K †mwgbvi

MZ 25†k A‡±vei wcAvBweÕi †mwgbvi K‡ÿ

Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Av‡qvR‡b Ô`yb©xwZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a

MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKvÕ kxl©K GK †mwgbvi

AbywôZ nq| G‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡i evsjv‡`k

†cÖm Bbw÷wUDU|

Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_ wQ‡jb yb©xwZ `gb

Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb BKevj gvngy | we‡kl

AwZw_ wQ‡jb wcAvBwe cwiPvjbv †ev‡W©i

†Pqvig¨b †Mvjvg mviIqvi I weGdBD‡Ri

mfvcwZ gbRyiæj Avnmvb eyjeyj| mfvcÖav‡bi

`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi mwPe

giZzRv Avng`| ï‡f”Qv e³e¨ iv‡Lb

wcAvBweÕi gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi|

g~j cÖeÜ cvV K‡ib XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi

MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefv‡Mi †Pqvig¨vb

gwdRyi ingvb| c¨v‡bj Av‡jvPbvq Ask †bb

k¨vgj `Ë, m¤úv`K, ˆ`wbK †fv‡ii KvMR;

†gvRv‡¤§j nK, eë ’vcbv cwiPvjK, GKvËi

†Uwjwfkb; W. †gv. kvgmyj Av‡iwdb,

gnvcwiPvjK, yb©xwZ `gb Kwgkb| abëv`

Ávcb K‡ib kvnRv`x AvÄygvb Aviv, AwZwi³

mwPe (m¤cÖPvi), Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq|

Kviv Kg©KZ©v‡ì Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y

evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU I Kviv Awa`ßi-

Gi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M GIZ -Gi Avw_©K

mn‡hvwMZvq `yÕw`be¨vcx ‘Training forprison officials on MediaManagement’ kxl©K cÖwk¶Y m¤úbœ

n‡q‡Q| MZ 6B †m‡Þ¤i wcAvBwe †mwgbvi

K‡¶ Av‡qvwRZ G cÖwk¶‡Yi mgvcb Abyôv‡b

Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb Z_¨ mwPe giZyRv Avng`|

we‡kl AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb GwWkbvj

BÝ‡c±i †Rbv‡ij Ae wcÖRbm K‡b©j †gv.

BKevj nvmvb| AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb

wRAvB‡RW-AvBAviGmIwc-Gi AvDUcyU

wjWvi wg. webq Kygvi Sv Ges cwjwm BDwb‡Ui

wUg wjWvi ˆmq` wRqvDj nvmvb| Abyôv‡b

mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib wcAvBwe gnvcwiPvjK †gv.

kvn AvjgMxi| G cÖwk¶‡Y Kviv Awa`ß‡ii

28 Rb Kg©KZ©v AskMÖnY K‡ib|

bxjdvgvix †Rjvi mvsevw`K‡ì

eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y

bxjdvgvix †Rjvi mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨ evsjv‡`k

†cÖm Bbw÷wUDU Av‡qvwRZ MZ 9-11B

A‡±vei ch©šÍ wZbw`be¨vcx eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y

AbywôZ n‡q‡Q|

cÖwk¶‡Yi mgvcb Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_

wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi

MY‡hvMv‡hvM I mvsevw`KZv wefv‡Mi

†Pqvig¨vb gwdRyi ingvb, we‡kl AwZw_

wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb wcAvBwe cwiPvjbv

†ev‡W©i m`m¨ KyÏym Avd«v` Ges mfvcÖav‡bi

`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib wcAvBwe gnvcwiPvjK †gv.

kvn AvjgMxi| G AvevwmK cÖwk¶‡Y bxjd-

vgvix †Rjvi 28 Rb mvsevw`K AskMÖnY

K‡ib| Abyôv‡b cÖwk¶Yv_©x‡ì gv‡S mb`

weZiY Kiv nq|

GUyAvB I wcAvBwei

mg‡SvZv-Pyw³ mB

cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi GK‡mm Uy Bbdi‡gkb

(GUyAvB) †cÖvMÖv‡gi D‡`¨v‡M Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi

mnvqZvq wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k ev Íevqb Ges Gi

Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© cÖPvi-cÖPviYvi j‡¶¨ GUyAvB

†cÖvMÖvg I evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU-wcAvBweÕi

g‡a¨ GKwU mg‡SvZvPyw³ mB n‡q‡Q| MZ 6B

b‡f¤i mKv‡j cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi GUyAvB

Kvh©vj‡q G Pyw³ mB nq| GUyAvB †cÖvMÖv‡gi

cÖKí cwiPvjK Kwei web Av‡bvqvi I

wcAvBweÕi gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi wbR

wbR cÖwZôv‡bi c‡¶ mg‡SvZv §viK mB K‡ib|

Abyôv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi

AwZwi³ mwPe (cÖkvmb) †gv. gbRyiæi ingvb|

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k welqK MYgva¨g mnvwqKvi cÖKvkbv Abyôv‡b cÖavbgš¿xi Z_¨ Dc‡`óv BKevj †mven-

vb †PŠayixi mv‡_ AwZw_e„›`

25 A‡±vei, 2016 Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq Av‡qvwRZ Ô yb©xwZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKvÕ kxl©K †mwgbv‡i y`K

†Pqvig¨vb BKevj gvngy`, Z_¨ mwPe giZzRv Avng`, wcAvBwe †Pqvig¨vb †Mvjvg mviIqvi I wcAvBweÕi

gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi (mevi ev‡g)

iƒcKí-2021 ev Íevq‡bi j‡¶¨ GUyAvB

cÖK‡í wewfbœ RbevÜe Kvh©µg ev Íevqb Ges

mKj †kÖwYi gvbyl‡K AeMZ I DrmvwnZ Kivi

j‡¶¨ cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z GUyAvB

I wcAvBwe GKm‡½ KvR Ki‡e| GB mg‡SvZv

¯§vi‡Ki gva¨‡g mviv †`‡k mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨

cÖwk¶‡Yi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡e| GQvov AbjvBb

Gi gva¨‡g ¯^í‡gqvw` cÖwk¶Y †Kv‡m©iI

Av‡qvRb Ki‡e wcAvBwe| GUyAvB-Gi cvV`vb

cø vUdg© ÕÕgy³cvVÕÕ eënvi K‡i AbjvB‡bi

gva¨‡g G cÖwk¶Y †Kvm© cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡e|

cÖwk¶Y †k‡l cix¶vq DËxY© wk¶v_©xiv

AbjvB‡bi gva¨‡g mb` MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvsevw`K‡ì Drmvn I cÖ‡Yv`bv cÖ v‡bi Rb¨

cÖwZeQi ÔwcAvBwe-GUyAvB MYgva¨g cyi¯‹viÕ

cÖ vb Kiv n‡e| GQvov G Pzw³i AvIZvq

wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k wb‡q †jLvi Rb¨ GKwU

ÔivBUvm© cyjÕ MVb Kiv n‡e|

†Kkecy‡i eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y

h‡kv‡ii †Kkecy‡i evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU

(wcAvBwe)-Gi Av‡qvR‡b wZb w`be¨vcx (13-

15 A‡±vei)mvsevw`KZvq eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y

AbywôZ n‡q‡Q| †Kkecyi †cÖm K¬ve

wgjbvqZ‡b msMV‡bi mfvcwZ Avkivd-DR-

Rvgvb Lv‡bi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ G cÖwk¶‡Yi D‡Øvab

Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb

evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUD‡Ui gnvcwiPvjK †gv.

kvn AvjgMxi| †Kkecyi †cÖm K¬v‡ei mvaviY

m¤úv`K †gvZvnvi †nvmvB‡bi mÂvjbvq

D‡Øvab Abyôv‡b we‡kl AwZw_i e³e¨ iv‡Lb

†Kkecyi †cŠimfvi †gqi iwdKyj Bmjvg

†gvoj, wcAvBweÕi cwiPvjbv †ev‡W©i m`m¨

gaym~`b gÐj I ˆ`wbK B‡Ëdv‡Ki we‡kl

cÖwZwbwa k¨vgj miKvi| ï‡f”Qv e³e¨ iv‡Lb

wewUwfÕi h‡kvi †Rjv cÖwZwbwa Invey¾vgvb

S›Uy| cÖwk¶‡Y 35 Rb msev`Kg©x Ask †bb|

kixqZcy‡i eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y

evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUDU (wcAvBwe)-Gi

Av‡qvR‡b kixqZcyi †Rjvi wewfbœ wcÖ›U I

B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvq Kg©iZ mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨

wZb w`be¨vcx (15-17B A‡±vei, 2016)

eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y kixqZcyi mvwK©U nvDm

wgjbvqZ‡b m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

G cÖwk¶‡Yi D‡Øvab Abyôv‡b cÖavb

AwZw_ wQ‡jb kixqZcy‡ii †Rjv cÖkvmK

gvngy`yj †nvmvBb Lvb|

kixqZcyi †cÖm K¬v‡ei mfvcwZ Abj

Kygvi †`Õi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b we‡kl AwZw_

wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb kixqZcyi †Rjvi cywjk

mycvi mvBdyjøvn Avj gvgyb, wcwcGg| G

cÖwk¶‡Y kixqZcyi †Rjvi †gvU 42 Rb

mvsevw`K AskMÖnY K‡ib|

Kzwóqvq m¤úv`K‡ì m‡½ msjvc

Kywóqvi wewfbœ AvÂwjK ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi

m¤úv`K‡ì m‡½ 27†k †m‡Þ¤i †Rjv cwil`

wgjbvqZ‡b wkï I bvix Dbœqb welqK GK

msjvc AbywôZ nq| Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_

wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb evsjv‡`k msev` ms¯’v-

evmm Gi cÖavb m¤úv`K I eë¯’vcbv

cwiPvjK Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`, we‡kl AwZw_

wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb Kywóqvi †Rjv cÖkvmK

Rwni ivqnvb, mfv cÖavb wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z

wQ‡jb wcAvBweÕi gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn

AvjgMxi| msjv‡c †gvU 32 Rb m¤úv`K

Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb|

PyqvWv½vq B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi

mvsevw`K‡ì eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y


Av‡qvR‡b PyqvWv½v †Rjvi B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvq

Kg©iZ mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨ wZb w`be¨vcx (28-

30†k A‡±vei) eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y PyqvWv½v

mvwK©U nvDm wgjbvqZ‡b m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

wcAvBwe gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi

D‡Øvab Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z

†_‡K Kg©kvjvi D‡Øvab K‡ib|

PyqvWv½vi †Rjv cÖkvmK mvqgv BDby‡mi

mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b we‡kl AwZw_ wn‡m‡e

Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb PyqvWv½v †Rjvi wmwbqi mnKvix

cywjk mycvi †gv. Qydx Djøvn I †Rjv Z_¨

Kg©KZ©v Avwgbyj Bmjvg| G cÖwk¶‡Y PyqvWv½v

†Rjvi †gvU 35 Rb mvsevw`K AskMÖnY K‡ib|

K·evRv‡i B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi

eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y


Av‡qvR‡b K·evRvi †Rjvi B‡jKUªwbK

wgwWqvq Kg©iZ mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨ Pvi

w`be¨vcx (12-15B b‡f¤i) eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y

m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

K·evRvi wnj WvDb mvwK©U nvDm

wgjbvqZ‡b AbywôZ G Kg©kvjvi mgvcb


wcAvBwe gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi|

K·evRv‡ii †Rjv cÖkvmK †gv. Avjx †nv‡m‡bi

mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b we‡kl AwZw_ wn‡m‡e

Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb K·evRvi mvsevw`K BDwbq‡bi

mfvcwZ Avey Zv‡ni| cÖwk¶‡Y K·evRvi

†Rjvi †gvU 35 Rb mvsevw`K AskMÖnY K‡ib|

63

27†k †m‡Þ¤i 2016 Kzwóqvq AvÂwjK ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi m¤úv`K‡ì mv‡_ wkï I bvix Dbœqb welqK

msjvc-G mfvcÖavb wn‡m‡e e³…Zv K‡ib wcAvBwe gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi

cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡q GUzAvB †cÖvMÖvg I wcAvBwe-Gi g‡a¨ mg‡SvZv Pzw³‡Z ¯vÿi K‡ib GUzAvB cÖK‡íi

cwiPvjK Kwei web Av‡bvqvi I wcAvBwe gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi

K·evRv‡i wcÖ›U wgwWqvi eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y


Av‡qvR‡b K·evRvi †Rjvi wcÖ›U wgwWqvq

Kg©iZ mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨ Pvi w`be¨vcx (13-

16B b‡f¤i) eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

K·evRvi wnj WvDb mvwK©U nvDm

wgjbvqZ‡b AbywôZ G Kg©kvjvi mgvcb


wcAvBwe gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi|

K·evRvi †Rjvi †Rjv cÖkvmK †gv. Avjx

†nv‡m‡bi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b we‡kl AwZw_

wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb K·evRvi mvsevw`K

BDwbq‡bi mfvcwZ Avey Zv‡ni| G cÖwk¶‡Y

K·evRvi †Rjvi †gvU 35 Rb mvsevw`K

AskMÖnY K‡ib|

Uv½vB‡j B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi

eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y


Av‡qvR‡b Uv½vBj †Rjvi B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvq


27†k b‡f¤î) eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y AbywôZ

n‡q‡Q|

Uv½vBj †Rjvi †cÖm K¬ve wgjbvqZ‡b

AbywôZ G cÖwk¶‡Yi D‡Øvab K‡ib cÖavbgš¿xi

Z_¨ Dc‡`óv BKevj †mvenvb †PŠayix| Abyôv‡b

we‡kl AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb evsjv‡`k

†dWv‡ij mvsevw`K BDwbq‡bi mfvcwZ

gbRyiæj Avnmvb eyjeyj I gnvmwPe Igi

dviæK Ges Uv½vBj †cŠimfvi †gqi †gv.

Rvwgjyi ingvb wgib| cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Øvab

Abyôv‡b mfvcÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib

wcAvBweÕi gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi| G

cÖwk¶‡Y Uv½vBj †Rjvi B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi

†gvU 35 Rb mvsevw`K AskMÖnY Ki‡Qb|

†kicyi †Rjvi B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi

mvsevw`K‡ì cÖwk¶Y


Av‡qvR‡b †kicyi †Rjvi B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvq


25†k b‡f¤i) eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y (AvevwmK)

m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

wcAvBwe †mwgbvi K‡¶ wcAvBweÕi

Aa¨qb I cÖwk¶Y wefv‡Mi cwiPvjK

Av‡bvqviv †eM‡gi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b cÖavb

AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb evsjv‡`k msev`

ms¯’v (evmm)-Gi cÖavb m¤úv`K I eë¯’vcbv

cwiPvjK Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`| Abyôv‡b we‡kl

AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb †fv‡ii KvM‡Ri

m¤úv`K k¨vgj `Ë|

G cÖwk¶‡Y †kicyi †Rjvi †gvU 28 Rb

mvsevw`K AskMÖnY K‡ib|

Uv½vB‡j eywbqvw` Ges wkï I bvix

Dbœqb welqK wi‡cvwU©s cÖwk¶Y


Av‡qvR‡b Uv½vBj †Rjvi B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvq


27†k b‡f¤i, 2016) eywbqvw` Ges wkï I

bvix Dbœqb welqK wi‡cvwU©s cÖwk¶Y (26-

27†k b‡f¤i, 2016) cÖwk¶Y m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

cÖwk¶‡Yi mgvcb Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_

wn‡m‡e Dcw ’Z wQ‡jb Uv½vB‡ji †Rjv cÖkvmK

†gv gvneye †nv‡mb| mgvcb Abyôv‡b

mfvcÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib Uv½vBj †cÖm

K¬v‡ei mfvcwZ Rvdi Avn‡g`| cÖwk¶Y

`y‡Uv‡Z Uv½vBj †Rjvi †gvU 60 Rb mvsevw`K

AskMÖnY K‡ib|

`ygwK‡Z eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y

cUyqvLvjx †Rjvi `ygwK Dc‡Rjvi

mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨ wZb w`be¨vcx (15-17B

b‡f¤î) eywbqvw` cÖwk¶Y m¤úbœ n‡q‡Q|

jy_¨vivb †nj_ †Kqvi †m›Uvi wgjbvqZ‡b G

Kg©kvjvi D‡Øvab Kiv nq| G‡Z D‡Øvab

Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_ wQ‡jb cUyqvLvjx weÁvb

I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi DcvPvh© cÖ‡dmi W.

†gv. kvgmyÏxb|

17B b‡f¤i cÖwk¶‡Yi mgvcb Abyôv‡b

Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb cvUyqvLvjx †Rjvi †Rjv cÖkvmK

G‡KGg kvwggyj nK wmwÏKx| mfvcÖavb wQ‡jb

evsjv‡`k †cÖm Bbw÷wUD‡Ui cwiPvjK

(Aa¨qb I cÖwk¶Y) Av‡bvqviv †eMg| `ygwK

†cÖm K¬v‡ei mfvcwZ GBP Gg Av‡bvqvi

†nv‡m‡bi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ Abyôv‡b e³e¨ iv‡Lb

DËiv BDwbfvwm©wUi cwiPvjK (wgwWqv) ingvb

gy¯ÍvwdR, jy_¨vivb †nj_ †Kqvi †m›Uv‡ii

wbe©vnx cwiPvjK wg. wcDm †Q‡iv Ges `ygwK

†cÖm K¬v‡ei mvaviY m¤úv`K RvwKi †nv‡mb I

mvsevw`K †gv. Av‡bvqviæ¾vgvb Pybœy cÖgyL|

64

wcAvBweÕ‡Z AbywôZ mvsevw`K‡ì Rb¨ AwURg welqK wi‡cvwU©s Kg©kvjv

Uv½vB‡j B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqvi mvsevw`K‡ì eywbqvw` cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Øvab Abyôv‡b cÖavbgš¿xi Z_¨ Dc‡`óv

BKevj †mvenvb †PŠayix e³…Zv K‡ib| cv‡k Dcweó wcAvBwe gnvcwiPvjK †gv. kvn AvjgMxi (ev‡g) Ges

weGdBD‡R mfvcwZ gbRyiæj Avnmvb eyjeyj (Wv‡b wØZxq)

m¤úv`Kxqpib.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/pib.portal...m¤úv`Kxq...

Documents

Transcript of m¤úv`Kxqpib.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/pib.portal...m¤úv`Kxq...