Must Everyone in the Community Participate?

Must everyone in the community participate?

Must everyone in the community participate?Module B08 - Participatory Process of Urban Transformation

Seminar 3, 15 November 2002

Hizrah Muchtar, Katja Schäfer, Dyfed Aubrey


Session 1 Introduction to the moduleParticipation - Why, what and how?

Session 2 Overview of Intervention TechniquesSession 3 Intervening in CommunitiesSession 4 Ensuring InclusivitySession 5 Identifying Community NeedsSession 6 Problem DefinitionSession 7 Strategy GenerationSession 8 Monitoring and EvaluationSession 9 ImplementationSession 10 Participation in Practice, Review

Building and Urban Design in Development

Module B08 - Participatory Process of Urban Transformation


Participation

• ´Empowering the weakest and poorest´

• ´a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives, decisions and resources which affect them´

• Effectiveness and sustainability of project outcome depend on commitment of interested parties

Nelson, N. and Wright S. Power and participatory Development. Theory and Practice. Intermediate Technology Publications. 1995


Key Stakeholder

PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

SECONDARY STAKEHOLDERS

KEY STAKEHOLDERS

• Any person, group or institution that has an interest in an aid activity, project or programme

• Share common interest

• Includes intended beneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers + involved or excluded from decision-making processes


Community

Primary Stakeholders

Social Class

Abilities/ Vulnerability

EthnicityLocation

Gender/ Age

Caste/ Clan/ Tribe

Religion

Income/ Wealth


Secondary Stakeholders

Community

Donor Organistions

Local Government

Religious GroupsNeighbouring Communities

NGOs

Focus Groups/ Societies

Trade Unions

Consultancy Companies


Identification

Appraisal

Discussion

Approval

Implementation

Completion

Lessons

Evaluation

Monitoring

Design

Source: Wakely et al, 2001

Considerations

1. PROJECT CYCLE


2. Money• Participatory approaches can be labour intensive involve high

administrative costs at the expense of implementation cost

3. Time frame• Participation can be take a long time, and consideration must be given to

the availability of the community to participate, and the timeframes imposed by secondary stakeholders eg donor organizations

Considerations

4. Scale of the project• Effect number of stakeholders involved• Effect types of stakeholders involved

5. Relevance of the Project• Who in the community does the project affect?


Who should be encouraged and assisted to participate?

• Identify and define the characteristics of key stakeholders

• Assess manner in which they might affect or be affected by the programme/ project outcome

• Understand relation between stakeholders (assessment of real or potential conflicts of interest, expectations between stakeholders)

• Assess capacity of different stakeholders to participate

Stakeholder Analysis


Case Studies

2001- European Agency for Reconstruction Housing Programme, KosovoTimeframe: 1st March – 31st December

“Goal” programmeScope: 450 houses in PecMethod: Participation with municipality,

village leaders and donorOutcome: Good proportion of funds

available for contractorsProject finished on time70% occupancy (April 2002)

“WVI” programmeScope: 600 houses in Podujeve/SRekaMethod: Participation with elected

community members, KFOR,HandiKos, Municipality and donor

Outcome: Limited contractor funds, increased reliance on self helpProject finished late91% occupancy (April 2002)


Case Studies

“OTISTA CONTROL COMMUNITY”, Building Community Participation Within Street-vendors and Their Surrounding Community at Otista street, Bandung, Indonesia December 1999 – December 2001

• Initiates by street-vendors

• no certain time frame

• Learning by doing process

• Long-term goals

• Participatory as an ends (“wild project”)


Early stage• Scope/clients: 200 street-vendors• Method:

• Facilitating street-vendors to design their working neighborhood

• use design as a stimulate tool for higher kind of participation

• stakeholders: street-vendors community & PRAKSIS

• Outcome/goals: willingness to participate in broader level

Case Studies

Street-vendors

Donor Organistions

Local Government


NGOs


Trade Unions

Consultancy Companies


next stage• Scope/clients: community within the area• Method :

• Set up a dialogue forum within community and local authorities


• stakeholders: street-vendors, local people, store owners, PRAKSIS, Local Government, Academics

• Goals : • consensus on trading rules • Improving the quality of streetscape

Case Studies

Community

Donor Organistions

Local Government


NGOs


Trade Unions

Academics


Last stage• Scope/clients: community within the area• Method :

• Set up a dialogue forum within community and local authorities


• stakeholders: street-vendors, local people, store owner, PRAKSIS,Local Government,

Donor Organisation

• Goals : • consensus on trading rules • Control Comitee of Otista• local monetary institution

(Cooperation) • Improving the quality of streetscape• Improving awareness of informal

sectors issues within city development

Community

Donor Organistions

Local Government


NGOs


Trade Unions

Academics

Case Studies


Case Studies

before

after


Conclusion

• Participation is effective

• Should include all relevant stakeholders at relevant stages

• Identification of stakeholders should be subject to stakeholder analysis

• Incorporation of project considerations

Must Everyone in the Community Participate?

Technology

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