Muslim World Chapters 21 and 26. Common Terms Ottomans Persia Shah Shah Jahan Sikhs Mughals ...
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Transcript of Muslim World Chapters 21 and 26. Common Terms Ottomans Persia Shah Shah Jahan Sikhs Mughals ...
Muslim WorldChapters 21 and 26
Common Terms Ottomans
Persia
Shah
Shah Jahan
Sikhs
Mughals
Asia Minor
Suez Canal
Boxer Rebellion
Chapter 21 and 26 Years 1453
Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (restore it)
Ending the Byzantine Empire
1501 Ismail I conquers Tabriz
Begins Safavid Dynasty (modern day Iran) 1501-1722
Between Ottomans (W) and Mughals (E)
Shia becomes official and only religion
1912 Revolution led by Sun Yat-Sen
Fall of the Qing Dynasty
Creates the Republic of China
Chapter 21 Identify Battle of Chaldiran (1514)
Between Ottomans (win) and Safavids
Stops spread of Shia state (firearms importance shown)
Part of the larger Ottoman-Persian War
Babur Turkish leader founded Mughal Dynasty (1526)
Janissaries Ottoman Infantry
Conscripted youths from conquered areas
Red Heads Name given to Safavid followers due to headgear (tassle)
Din-i-Ilahi Religion that Akbar started (short lived)
Blend Hinduism and Islam
Chapter 26 Identify Sultan Selim III (Ottoman sultan) (1789-1807)
Attempted to improve administration and military
Assassinated by Janissaries
Mahmud II (Ottoman sultan) Crushed the Janissaries and initiated Western reforms
Tanzimat Reforms Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876;.
Young Turks Members of the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress
Seek the return of the 1876 constitution
Gained power through a coup in 1908.
Nurhaci United the Manchu
Defeated the Ming and established the Qing dynasty in China
forced submission of nomadic peoples in the west
compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma
Chapter 26 Identify Lin Zexu (19th-century Chinese official)
Charged with ending the opium trade
Led to the Opium War.
Opium Wars (1839) Fought between Britain and Qing China
British victory demonstrated Western superiority over China.
Taiping Rebellion (1850’s-1860’s) Massive rebellion in S China (Semi-Christian)
Tried to overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism.
Mamluks (slave soldiers) Rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans
defeated by Napoleon in 1798 (shows Muslim vulnerability)
Khedives Descendants of Muhammad Ali; rulers of Egypt until 1952.
3 Early modern Islamic Empires
Mongols crushed Abbasids etc
All 3 come from Turkic nomads 1. Ottoman (1299-1923) Osman I
Based out of Anatolia
Sunni Muslim (Court spoke Turkish)
Rule Christians and Muslims
2. Safavid (1501-1736) Ismail I Based out of Persia
Shia rule mostly Muslims
3. Mughal (1526-1857) Babur Based out of India
Sunni rule mostly non-Muslims
Ottomans
Constantinople/Istanbul
Hagia Sophia
Ottomans Timur
Conquers part of OE and Egypt (Europe is worried WHY?)
Eventually Mehmed II restores OE (captures Constantinople)
Military Naval power
Able to capture major Med islands
But can’t prevent Europeans from Indian Ocean trade (Problem?)
Portugal is the 1st to threaten trade
Janissaries (Who are they?)
Control artillery and firearms (superior to Aristocratic cavalry)
Succession Not clearly defined
What problems does that cause?
Ottomans M, C, J merchants are important
WHY?
Artisans in Constantinople Built guilds (just like Europeans)
Why?
Muhammad Ali Egypt Reforms (1801)
Muhammad Ali takes control (French defeated by British) Introduce conscription (Hire French advisors)
Import western arms
Rebuild irrigation systems
Improve industry (FAILED)
Europeans stop MA taking over OE WHY?
Khedives (MA had died)
Get greedy
Rely heavily on cotton export (increase debt)
Europeans invest in Suez Canal
Army officer revolt against gov (1882)
Britain intervenes & takes control of Egypt
Tanzimat Reforms Tanzimat Reforms (Mahmud II)
Attempt to preserve weakened empire
Western Education (newspapers established)
Postal and telegraph systems
Railroads constructed
Legal reforms
1876 European style constitution
ARTISANS SUFFER WITH INCREASED EUROPEAN COMP
Women gain little b/c Islamic influence
Polygamy, seclusion, veiling continue
Sultan Abdul Hamid wants return to despotic absolutism
1878-1908 Overthrown by Young Turks (continue West reform)
Ottoman Downfall Decline of Civilization
1. Internal weakness (corruption, pursuit of pleasure, ideology differences, poor com)
2. External pressure
When empire expands less problems WHY? 1. Rulers lose touch
2. Succession issues produce division
3. Western Europe grows stronger (unlike during the Abbasid era)
Early 18th century A-H gains territories
Late 18th century Russia is a major threat
As a result Britain supported them (stop Russian advance to Med)
1830 Greece gets independence (1st successful rebellion)
4. Greed and corruption of local officials
5. Oppressive officials cause problems (WHY?)
Ultimately Ottoman Dynasty lasts over 600 years (unmatched)
Safivid
Safavid Abbas I (1587-1629)
Height of empire
Fearing plots against him
Eliminate suitable heirs
Eventually ends 1736
Nadir Shah (1736) attempts to restore empire but fails
Mughals
Mughals Akbar (reformer)
Start a new religion
Regulate consumption of alcohol
Improve women’s position (end seclusion)
Allow widow remarriage
Discourage child marriage
Prohibit sati
Reforms failed but left strong empire
Jahangir and Shah Jahan (successors) Wives become influential (women decline elsewhere)
Child marriage etc returned WHY?
Eventually Hindu suppression (Aurangzeb etc) and European interests cause downfall
Qing China Last dynasty
Nurhaci unites Manchu Invade China (Ming are weak)
Take Beijing in 1644
Keep Exam system, social order (scholar gentry)
Reform minded Improve rural unrest and distress
1. Decrease taxes
2. Repair infrastructure
Failed 1. Huge population growth
2. Disappearance of open lands
19th century Qing decline
1. unfair exam system
2. food shortages Leads to migrations
Leads to thieves
3. Massive gov growth (Why is this a problem?)
4. Diversion of money to private accounts
1912
Last emperor of China Republic of China
Opium Wars Britain unhappy with trade with China (unfair to Brit)
Reverse flow of bullion
Bring in the Opium trade from India
Fixes balance of trade Silver now comes out of China
Lin Zexu?
Outcome?