Beyond High & Low: How Comics and Museums Learned to Co-Exist
Museums to Net Zero Buildings - Lessons Learned with LED Lighting
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Transcript of Museums to Net Zero Buildings - Lessons Learned with LED Lighting
Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include
content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner ofhandling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product.
___________________________________________
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
AbstractRecent advancements in LED lighting have made the source an applicable solution in all building types… but the question remains, how do we incorporate it successfully into our designs?
A selection of case studies will be used to review lessons learned in designing with LED lighting- from light characteristics, managing product quality, controls, and design parameters for multiple building types
Learning Objectives Review important characteristics to consider when
selecting LED Luminaires Review design parameters for using LEDs for
general/ambient lighting Review design parameters for using LEDs as a directional
lighting source (i.e. for spot lighting/museum applications) Understanding LED and lighting control compatibility Discuss methods to manage the submittal and
construction process when designing with LED luminaires
Why LED lighting?• LED invented in 1960s, entered
commercial lighting market in 1980s• 2013 U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) report states LEDs have passed many conventional lighting sources in energy, efficiency, versatility, color quality, lifetime.
• Consulting reports estimate that LED lighting will amount to about 60% of the international lighting market by 2020.
Product TypeLuminous
Efficacy (in lm/W)
LED A19 lamp (warm white) 78
LED PAR38 lamp (warm white) 67
LED troffer 2'x4' (warm white) 93
LED high/low-bay fixture (warm white) 90
High intensity discharge system (high watt) 115
Linear fluorescent system 108High intensity discharge system (low
watt) 104
Compact fluorescent lamp 70Halogen 20
Incandescent 15
LED lighting characteristicsAdvantages of LEDs• LED lighting does not ‘burn out’- continues to
dim overtime• No/very minimal UV/IR in spectrum• Instant On/Off
• Ideal for emergency egress lighting• Typical Rated Life of 50,000 hours
• 70% lumen depreciation• Continuously increasing in efficacy
(Lumens/Watt)• Performs well in lower temperatures• 180 degree source- less internal luminaire loses
for direct fixture optics than fluorescent/MH/HPS
LED lighting characteristicsPossible Challenges• Requires coordination with dimming
type and controls• Some inconsistency in product
standards/materials• Heat build up can decrease product life
and light output• Cost of various products must be
reviewed• Components may not all be
replaceable- must review each individually
• Moves away from the traditional lamp-ballast-fixture separation of components
• Changes how products are purchased
What’s important for lighting in buildings?
Light Quality• Color Temperature/Quality• Color Shift & Maintenance• Color Rendering• Dimming Characteristics
Product Quality• Heat Management• Component Replacement
Options• Product testing/standards• Warranty
Light Quality- Initial Color Consistency- The same “number” doesn’t always
mean the same appearance- Source can be anywhere within
standard CCT variance allowances- but color can be drastically different.
- Some manufacturers also publish a range of CCT (+/-)
In Design/Construction:- Review product samples to select color
temperatures for consistency in a space
- Review cut sheets for CCT +/- x, or allowable Macadam Ellipse Step/SDCM
Light Quality- Color Shift and Maintenance- Color shift over life of the LED- Replacement products can look
drastically different next to existing
In Design/Construction: - Review manufacturer allowable color
variance- Require a tighter band when washing
a wall surface or grazing- color variation is more apparent
- Color Maintenance ‘C’ value- allowable color shift on CIE color space over rated life
Light Quality- Color Rendering- Color Rendering Index (CRI) metric
only looks at 8 colors- pastel tones to determine color rendering capabilities of a light source.
- Full 14 color spectrum (including C9- vibrant Red) not included in standard metrics.
- Important to see full spectrum lighting for LED
In Design/Construction:- Request standard CRI (Ra) plus R9
color rendering information- TM30-15
Light Quality- Dimming Characteristics- Multiple different methods for Dimming.- “Yes- LEDs are inherently dimmable” is not enough- Dimming Types: Forward Phase, Reverse Phase, 0-
10V, DMX, DALI
In Design/Construction:- Important to understand the quality of dimming
when selecting type- Down to what percent?- Smooth dimming curve or large variations over
spectrum- For sensitive areas- recommend testing product
with dimming control system prior to selecting driver types
- Confirm compatibility of each fixture and driver with the control system- make sure correct dimming module provided
Product Quality- Component Replacement- LED fixtures originally required
replacing the entire product upon failure
- Most products require component replacement- but how much?
In Design/Construction- Request information on replacement
requirements- LED module, heatsink, driver, full fixture
- How are they replaced? By Who?- What are the costs?- Manufacturer maintain product
consistency across generations?
Product Quality- Heat Management- LEDs are heat sensitive
- Excessive heat affects light output and lifespan of LED
- Important to manage junction temperature of LEDs
In Design/Construction:- Review manufacturer information for ambient
temperature requirements for quoted LED life- Review manufacturer information for LED lumen
depreciation curve over rated life- Rated life for LED- time for light to depreciate to
70% output.
Product Quality- Product testing/standards- Industry has created testing and
reporting standards for LED sources and luminaires
- LM-79- Approved Method for the
Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products.
- LM-80- Measuring Lumen Maintenance of
LED light sources
In Design/Construction- Request report information for each
product/LED module
Product Quality- Warranty• 3-5 year typical for general warranty• Review if lighting quality warranty is available• Update project specifications to include specific requirements
about replacement and labor costs
• Opened in 1964 as the National Museum of History and Technology
• Mission: ‘Collection, care and study of objects that reflect the experience of the American people.’
• 3 Million Artifacts• Star-Spangled Banner• Jefferson’s Desk• Lincoln’s Top hat • Dorothy’s Ruby Slippers
• Illuminate the very light sensitive to the light indestructible. • Light level Range
• 1 – 25 footcandles range throughout the museum
• 110,000SF renovation to west wing public spaces of NMAH museum
• Renovation included circulation, exhibition, music hall, performance plaza, landmark object display
LED for point sources- museum lighting:- For wall washing and illuminating
objects, color consistency & product flexibility was important
- LED module selected with maximum 2 macadam ellipse shift
- 1% dimming option - 98 CRI- Manufacturer has color
consistency warranty, and 5 year general warranty
- Heads had field changeable reflectors and beam patterns for flexibility (20-60 degree)
Layered Lighting for flexible museum use• LED downlights-
general lighting• LED multiple
fixtures- accent lighting
• Combination of LED, MH, and Halogen track heads for wall displays and exhibits
All lighting connected to centralized dimming control system with theatrical-based dimmer racks- provides control of normal, emergency, exhibit, and theatrical lighting
• Fixtures in performance areas were tested by lighting control manufacturer
• Dimming driver type selected based on quality of dimming low-end light output
• All LED fixtures required to have 5 year warranty
• 3000K color temperature used to coordinate with other sources in the space
• 90+ CRI where possible
All LED fixtures specified with dimming capabilities:LED Downlights: 0-10V dimmingLED multiples- ELV dimmingLED track heads- ELV dimming
Black box galleries included flexible dimming options for fit out:- Utilized distributed
dimming bars with DMX control
- Connected to central control system for operation with house lighting
- Supports LED and halogen sources
- Required coordination of dimming types
• Created by Alexander Calder in 1968
• Calder’s first major commission in Washington
• DC’s first major modern and abstract public sculpture
• Black painted steel abstract Stabile
• Named after Gwendoyln Cafritz (donor)
• 40ft tall
• 71 piece structure connected by 1271 bolts
• Dedicated at NMAH in 1969, placed in the center of reflecting pool on west lawn of NMAH
• Relocated in 1983 to the northwest corner of the property in an area of dense tree cover
• Lighting Goals• Reference original
installation- highlighting the contrasting shapes with NMAH as the backdrop
• Use the reflecting pool as a luminous base for the sculpture
• Integrate new technologies for reduced maintenance and lighting flexibility
Sculpture lighting:• LED submersible
wet-dry flood lights used to illuminate from water
• LED adjustable ingrade fixtures used to graze upward
Mock up goals:• Fixture quantity• Color temperature• Distribution• Distance
Pool Lighting:• Submersible linear LED
fixtures mounted horizontally
• End to end configuration for continuous illumination
• Graze base of reflecting pool with light
• Mounted to L-bracket for ease of removal for maintenance
• Connected to remote transformers with dimming capability
• 6 story office building new construction with full height central atrium, street level retail, integrated parking garage
• New building as part of existing campus
• Net Zero Design• Natural ventilation• Earth Labyrinth• Digitally Addressable lighting
system• ~1MW PV array• Daylight harvesting for full
extent of floor plan
Lighting Goals:• Minimize requirement for electric light usage during operating hours• Maximize useful daylight while controlling glare• Minimize installed power density with high efficiency fixtures and tuned lighting
levels- LED sources with high lumens/watt• Provide occupant interface with lighting system- see energy
consumption/impact on the building
Lighting Goals: • Provide daylight 100% of
occupied spaces
• Design with adequate daylight for 70-80% of occupied hours for perimeter spaces
• Reduced installed lighting power density to 0.6W/SF overall
• Integrated controls for reporting and energy management
Office Zone:- LED luminaire
with individually addressable 4ft sections
- Photocell control to 25FC
- Wireless vacancy sensor and wall controller
Breakout space:- LED luminaires-
individually addressable
- Wireless occupancy sensor control
Interior Corridor:- LED individually
addressable downlights
- Photocell control from atrium daylight to 10fc
- Occupancy Sensor control in zones
• Fixture types & manufacturers selected based on highest lumens/watt
• Minimize different manufacturers for product consistency
• Maintainable fixtures- easily opened houses, replaceable parts within US to extent possible
• Compatibility with DALI type drivers or interface devices
• 80+ CRI, 4000K fixtures selected• Tracked fixture
quantities/pricing/manufacturer locations through design
Summary• It’s important to include both product quality and light quality
characteristics in specifications and luminaire schedules for LED fixtures
• Not a one size fits all light source type• Determine appropriate areas on a project by project basis for LED-
depends on budget, control requirements, building type needs.• Hold specification requirements to get LED product information for
review before final approval of products.
Resources EwingCole www.ewingcole.com US Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy US Department of Energy NVLAP Smithsonian Institution Archives “LED Luminaire Life Time: Recommendations for Testing and Reporting”- next generation lighting industry alliance-
LED systems reliability consortium