INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION CHAPTER 15. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION SECTION 15-2.
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CONDITIONAL EVOLUTION OF LIFE Museum of future science José Tiberius
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CONDITIONAL
EVOLUTION OF LIFE
Museum of future science
José Tiberius
GLOBAL EDITION
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With over 40 million visitors and two million booksdownloaded in PDF format, he is undoubtedly one of themost widely read authors in Spanish of scientific essays in thecurrent millennium.
There are more than 10000 links to Jose's website, where hisbooks on theoretical physics, theory of evolution, quantitativegenetics, cognitive theory, philosophy of science,metaphysics, and children's stories are showcased in fivelanguages. Many of these links –to all these different fields–come from universities, projects done by university studentsand blogs created by teaching professionals and EducationalSpecialists.
Moreover, it is interesting to note that these links are usuallytogether with links to Wikipedia or pages such as NationalGeographic.
♦The only antidote for the egocentrism
of pure reason is Love.
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Conditional Evolution of Life978-84-15328-75-9978-84-15328-13-1*978-84-15365-82-2**
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Intelligence, Intuition, and Creativity 978-84-15328-15-5
Memory, Language, and other BrainAbilities 978-84-15328-16-2
Willpower and Artificial Intelligence 978-84-15328-17-9
The EDI Study - Evolution and Design of Intelligence 978-84-15328-18-6
Original Fairy Tales for Children978-84-15328-00-1978-84-15328-76-6*978-84-15964-24-7**
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CONDITIONAL EVOLUTION OF LIFE
1. Science and evolutiona. Philosophy of evolutionb. A different theory of evolution
2. Evolution, life and vital impulse systemsa. Definition of biological evolution of life
Biological evolutionHistorical and human evolution
b. Origin and broad concept of lifeThe logical approachMetaphysical approach
c. Freedom of living beingsVitalism and vital impulse systems
3. Criticism of previous evolutionary theoriesa. Creationism - Intelligent Designb. Lamarck - Charles Darwinc. Mendelian geneticsd. Neo Darwinism - Synthetic Theory
4. Genetics and evolutiona. Evolutionary geneticsb. Objectives of life and human evolution
Guaranty and securitySexual differentiation
Efficacy and optimizationGenotype and phenotypeResources and natural selectionDominant and recessive genes
Internal coherence or compatibilityc. Genetic variabilityd. Mechanisms of evolution
PAG.
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105109115115119121127139139145159165173183
5. General theory of evolution
a. Conditional Evolutionb. Origin of life
6. Evolutionary scientific theorya. The Darwinout experiment b. Theoretical basis for The EDI Studyc. Menssalina experiment
7. Esnuka game with simulation of evolution8. Social development and evolution9. Theories of human origin
a. Creationism, - Intelligent Design,b. Lamarck - Charles Darwinc. Gregor Mendel's lawsd. Neo Darwinism - Synthetic Theorye. Conditional Evolution
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MOLWICKPEDIA Museum of the science of future
Philosophy of evolution, history, and lifeNew paradigms of Physics, Biology, and Psychology
CONDITIONAL EVOLUTIONOF LIFE
1. SCIENCE AND EVOLUTION
1.a) Philosophy of evolution
The advance of science is marked throughout history by majorrevolutions produced primarily by the discovery orexplanation of natural events, the formulation of theories, andthe development of new technologies.
Usually, these great leaps in science go with names such asAristotle, Pythagoras, Galileo, and Newton. Nevertheless,their discoveries or theories were also the product of theculture and scientific environment of their times.
Likewise, we cannot forget the influence that philosophictendencies and religions of different civilizations have had andstill have on science evolution. On the other hand, manypeople consider that each step taken by science brings humanbeings closer to such philosophical-religious ideas.
Perception, intuition, and logic are the three means used byhumans to increase their dominion over nature. The scientificmethod has three main variants based on these threeinstruments.
In this sense, perception and logic are concepts on two ends,while intuition would be in the middle. The latter allows theformulation of theories that could surpass those through logicand perception. To a certain extent, every approach is acombination of the three.
The goal of this book is to present the concerns we all have toa greater or lesser extent about fundamental concepts of lifeand evolution. Throughout the last few years, a set of ideas
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have started forming that were somewhat vague anddisconnected, yet had a broad meaning, and some were morepoetic than scientific.
We have attempted to avoid at all times the use of strictlyscientific terms to facilitate comprehension withoutdiminishing the precision of the vocabulary used.
Undoubtedly, the area of focus has been vast, ranging fromelementary particles and energy to the genetic evolution,sexual differentiation, the human brain, and complex systemsthat conceptually behave as if they were living beings; so,some of the ideas will unavoidably be erroneous or incorrect,and many others already known.
Overall, as small as creativity may be, it needs to take somerisks to assert itself. In any case, all of the ideas represent atleast an element of consideration in the long road of scientificknowledge.
In the second edition, there is scientific news, especially thoserelated to biological evolution that appeared in recent yearsbut later than the initial essay on the Conditional Evolution ofLife. The intention is to offer a vision of what, how, and whenthe public reaches the advances in science. Also, how some ofthe new proposals confirmed since their appearance in 1990.Before, when they looked foolishness and strange reflectionsof the creator of the free billiards game, Esnuka, where thistheory of evolution appeared in the instructions.
The book discusses, on the one hand, the cause of changes ingenetic information (DNA) and, on the other side, the formof transmitting to descendants. Its proposals are closer to thetheories of Lamarck and Mendel than to the evolutionarytheory of Darwin.
Likewise, this theory presents numerous lines of investigation,
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Evolution
development, and further exploration of a broad subjectbearing in mind the innovative approaches it contributes.
In particular, a directdevelopment of theConditional Evolution ofLife (CEL) has been theGlobal Cognitive Theory.Both theories address thecentral theme ofintelligence, itsmechanisms, origin, andevolution from variousperspectives.
Another related book isThe EDI Study -Evolution and Design of Intelligence; this statistical study isempirical research about some considerations of the GlobalCognitive Theory.
Finally, the Global Scientific Method has a section about thetheory of evolution methodology.
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1.b) Philosophy of a different theory of evolution
Every theory has a philosophical substratum, including theirexperimental approaches –even philosophers usually study theconcept of perception. Within a model related to the idea oflife, this duality is more apparent. Therefore, it is advisable tohave both points of view not to mix them and let a differentphilosophic-religious position affect the acceptance orrejection of the evolutionary theory’s scientific content.
In the general formulation of this theory, it is clear itsphilosophical substance. The formalization needs a brief andconcise definition of life. Consequently, the most basic ideaappears, “The fundamental characteristic of life is freedom.”Nonetheless, its scientific content does not need thisaffirmation.
The definition of the different evolutionary theory has helpeda lot with its development and perfection as if it were the keyto solve a puzzle.
Title II has a brief philosophical exposition of the concepts ofevolution and life within the following sections:
The first one, relating to the evolution, refers to itstemporal and spatial perspectives: long-term and short-term development, and the micro and macroevolution.The Darwinian Theory alters this concept because it didnot know microevolution on Cellular Biology, and itpractically omits the existence of short-term changes insuperior animals.
The second one is about the broad notion of life.
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Lastly, the vital impulse systems that behave like livingbeings, at least, concerning the characteristics of theirevolutionary processes.
In title III, there is an initial critique of other theories.However, there are a few objections throughout the book,mainly on the theory of Darwin. It appears that he is losingmomentum in the science world, given the advances inEvolutionary Biology and Genetics.
New ideas about the evolution of life are in title IV, dividedinto four major sections. The first introduces a generaldescription; the second deals with improvements using alogical argumentation –whose scientific contrasting areplausible–, the third on sources or origins of the geneticmodifications. The last one relates to the means, methods,processes, and mechanisms throughout the materialize.
The new thoughts are about the changes in geneticinformation and its transmission to descendants. Theproposals are conceptually closer to Lamarck and Mendel’stheories than to Darwin.
The different theory of Conditional Evolution explains thefunctionality of the sexual differentiation allowing greaterprecision in the concepts of dominant and recessive genes.Another practical implication is the possible non-existence ofthe missing link. The evolutionary jumps are typically theresult of two or more branches.
There is also an instructive example of the Logical Verificationof Information method (LoVeInf) within a car’s evolution.
This title mainly refers to the standard field of Genetics,searching for the immediate causes of the modifications ofgenetic information that pass on to descendants. Although
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analogies with the vital impulse systems will appear, it will bemainly for exposition purposes.
Next, title V focuses on the definition of the ConditionalEvolution of Life –CEL– incorporating its formulation asconcisely as possible while conserving its essence.
The next step would be empirical verification or logical proof.Title VI discourses the difficulty of proving the whole theorywhile verifying its partial aspects is less problematic.
The analysis of thecharacteristics ofthe newevolutionary theoryshows its scientificvocation.
Hence, an entirelydevelopedmathematical-statistical model ofthe evolution ofintelligence tries to test the method of Logical Verification ofInformation (LoVeInf) in terms presented in title IV, basedon the hypothesis of the heritability of intelligence.
The results of the EDI Study confirm beyond any doubt theLoVeInf method.
Likewise, other specific models could also withstand empiricalcontrasting.
In 2011, it roused the proposal of the Darwin-out experimentto confirm the results of the EDI Study – Evolution andDesign of Intelligence. In 2015, the CEL book incorporated anewly designed, more straightforward Menssalina experiment.
Iguana - Cancun
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However, they have not been carried out yet due to the lack ofappropriate data and means.
Title VII briefly describes the Esnuka program designed in1990 to allow the assimilation of the CEL proposals byintroducing them through a computer-simulation on billiardsgame.
The validation of the purely scientific aspects of the theorywould have consequences for the development of Biology andGenetics by providing these sciences with a coherentlytheoretical base, especially for the advances already made.
It would also give off significant consequences for otherbranches of knowledge, such as psychology and history. Intitle VIII, there are some hints about these consequences.There is a double purpose of this title. On the one hand, theimplications of the Conditional Evolution of Life –CEL– and,on the other hand, to allow a better understanding of thesocial reality and its historical development.
A brief exposition of main theories on evolution is in title IX.
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BIOLOGY NEWS
All of the biology news appeared in the newspaper El País onthe indicated date, and they are, to a certain extent, aboutcontemporary topics. In case the biology news relates to anarticle in an international magazine, it appears following thedate.
The science and biology news is not part of the text. In otherwords, sometimes the book and the story have the sameopinion and sometimes the opposite.
The attempt is to offer what, how, and when some advancesof scientific knowledge reach the public. In short, it tries toexpress how academia and general culture is changing forbiological evolution. Of course, the book remarks thecoincidences with the Conditional Evolution of Life of 1990.
At times, the most significant is not the content of the newsbut rather the form, the time, the origin, or the effect.
A special mention is due to the crucial psychological supportthat gave the published article in a special supplementaryedition in the newspaper El País 26.11.1992 by Eric. H.Davidson (a) –author of the term intelligent genes!– about theclassic concept of the parasite from a copycat gene in the text.
Another interesting article is from 02-10-2002 about theNational Conference of Ethology (h) that presents a similarvision of life to the Conditional Evolution.
All of the news is posterior the CEL
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All of the news is after the CEL
1992-11-26 Living systems1992-11-26 Evolutionary discoveries1992-11-26 Regulatory instructions1992-11-26 Enormous quantities of genetic information1993-01-10 Choose the gender of calves1993-01-10 To modify the theory of evolution1993-01-15 The Spanish mountain cats1993-01-15 Environment1993-04-26 Wilm’s tumor1993-05-12 Men suffer more genetic mutations2001-00-00 Microbes that live without carbon2001-02-19 Horizontal transference2001-02-19 The evolutionary progress2001-02-28 Hitch-hikers2001-03-14 Eukaryotes2001-03-19 The simplest way of life2001-10-04 The language gen2002-01-11 Modern human behavior2002-01-23 Olfactory preferences2002-01-23 Women have an excellent sense of smell2002-02-10 Time waste2002-02-20 Human or a chimpanzee2002-02-20 Rough sketch of the human genome2002-04-05 The genes of animals2002-04-25 Genome of rice2002-05-27 Dyslexia
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2002-10-02 Evolutionary strategy2002-12-20 Each person is different, but not because ofhis/her race2002-12-20 Genetic variability2003-02-26 Democratic behavior2003-06-12 Oldest fossils2003-06-21 Human Y chromosome2003-06-21 Chromosome Y2003-08-14 Human genome and genetic functions2003-09-04 American Indians2003-09-10 Enigma of the bees2003-09-10 The concealed face of the genome2003-09-18 Justice, the primates2003-09-18 We understand almost nothing about thehuman genome2005-03-30 Backup copy2008-05-10 The inheritance of the acquired characters2008-09-03 Appetite and reproduction2010-01-13 chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes2010-11-24 Resistance of bacteria2010-12-16 Hybrid love and X chromosome2012-09-06 A lot to learn...2014-01-30 What we have of Neanderthal2014-02-06 The mysterious behavior of the Xchromosome2014-03-28 Synthetic life is here2016-11-03 la naturaleza utiliza solamente dos sexos(es)*2018-04-23 DNA structures formed in the human cells*
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2. CONCEPT OF EVOLUTION, LIFE, ANDVITAL IMPULSE SYSTEMS
2.a) The definition of evolution
If we ask ourselves what evolution is, a good idea would be toconsult a dictionary. The General Dictionary of the SpanishLanguage gives the following definitions:
1. The action of things developing or transforming by gradually passingfrom one state to another: the ~ of species; the ~ of a theory, of apolicy
2. The effect of things developing or transforming by moving progressivelyfrom one state to another
3. p. ext. Movement, change or transformation, in general: the evolutionof a dance
4. Movement, change of troop or ship formation for defense or offensepurposes
5. Fig. - Change of conduct, purpose or attitude6. BIOL. - Derivation of the species from living organisms, from others
already in existence, through a process more or less gradual andcontinuous
7. PHILOS. The hypothesis that attempts to explain all phenomena bysuccessive transformations of a solitary original entity
The first characterization of things developing andtransforming themselves from one state to another is thegradual pace; if it were fast or accelerated, it would be theconcept of revolution.
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The second observation is there are two primary meanings,one being point 1) “The action of things developing...” and of point2) “The effect of... “. The first refers to the internal dynamics ofthings that makes them develop or transform. The secondrelates to its external appearance that is nothing else but theexternal perception of the effect or result of internalevolution.
Together with the twoprimary meanings ofevolution, internal andexternal, there are otherspecific acceptions. Inpoint 6), there is anespecial mention ofbiological evolution.The definition onlyadds the long-term forthe typical dynamics ofthe species. It isexplicitly talking aboutthe Darwinian Theoryand its subsequent adaptations; that is, the specific typereferred to in point 2).
The general idea of the evolution of life in biology is differentfrom the above two central concepts of development. Instandard biology, it refers to the external perception of thechanges or transformations and limits itself to a long-termprocess.
For the general theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life –CEL–, the concept of evolution refer to both short-term andlong-term internal dynamics. Development in the long-termwould not be just the addition of changes but instead the
Sphinx of Egypt(2620 BC) Museum of the Louvre
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differences in each generation.
The next section will explain the consequences of one focusor another of evolution.
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2.a.1. The biological evolution
Various aspects hinder the understanding of theories onbiological evolution because the immediate or intuitiveperception of certain relationships is low in fields outside theeveryday world.
Especially in complex systems theory, there are two typicalcases, on the one hand, the study on a different spatial scale –either microscopic or macroscopic about our size– and, on theother side, within a long-term analysis.
In biological evolution and genetics, the cellular growth orlower range like DNA, protein, bacteria, or virus ismicroevolution. Our regular scale, where we humans findourselves is the macro or macroscopic level. If we were talkingabout astronomy, the concepts would vary accordingly.
The human beings interact on the microscale in genetics,which implies a non-intuitive world.
When the news talks about 325 billion cells; it makes nodifference to if it says 830 billion cells; and, not to mention, ifit talks about molecules or the number of DNA letters.
When it states the monkey’s genome differs by only 1% fromthe human, it seems like they are very similar. What wouldhappen if it tells the same, but with the absolute quantity ofthe known letters of DNA in which they differ? As well, whatdoes one DNA letter mean?
Nonetheless, a trick not to get lost is to reason about thefractal theory where specific models maintain their structureswhen changing the scale. In the case of biological evolution,life would behave similarly in the micro and macro range.
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It does not mean at all that it is not possible to adjust somevariables or concepts. At times, the change of scale creates anoticeably different model because new forces or relationshipscome into play. The classic example could be the individual'sbehavior against the crowds.
An essential element of evolutionary theory is itscharacterization as internal dynamics or external perception.
Firstly, the simple combination of some elements will alwaysgive a subset; that is, a new item will never appear in themixture, so evolution could not exist. Using a simple analogyof a game with a Spanish pack of cards, a card from anEnglish deck will never appear when distributing the cards.Likewise, the same occurs going backward, that is, to see theorigin of life.
As a result, even for the biological evolution understood asexternal perception, it is necessary to accept internal changes.Now then, if those internal changes are entirely unknown, thestandard solution for science is to declare them implicitly orexplicitly random.
A considerable imagination is needed to believe with randomchanges in the points of each card's pattern could appear acard from an English deck.
Moreover, let us look at the significance of choosing onefocus or another for some real, but non-biological, examplesof modern society:
The development of cars
This example allows us to see two types of approaches. Onthe one hand, we could argue that the consumers havecreated the market's demand by making their choice. Thisdemand makes it so that those cars more adapted to their
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preferences are bought and, thereby, allowing companiesto continue their production.
However, the market reaches an equilibrium when supplyand demand are equal. The former will depend accordingto the cost of production, among which frequently is ofmaterials, labor, and research and development.
Remaining just with demand as a cause of the evolution ofvehicles would be ignoring all of the efforts of men andwomen in improving materials and productivity of labor.
On the other hand, the demand and supply of cars is theresult of the general objectives of the car industry. Amongwhich we can cite improving performance or velocity,increasing security, and the speediness in transmitting thetechnological advances to the market.
In short, the demand for carshas always existed; surely, theRomans would have also wantedto have modern vehicles! Thatis, the driving force in theevolution of vehicles has beenthe improvement in the supplythat has materialized each time adifferent model comes out.
We should take into accountthat although the example is notof pure biological evolution, themarket for cars is a direct resultof human activity or man'snatural progression.
Personal computers
La GiocondaLouvre Museum
Leonardo da Vinci
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This case includes the supply, demand, and all the elementsand reasoning in the previous example with greater clarity.
Moreover, there is an additional fact, in which the creationof software is necessarily parallel to the development ofhardware. It would be useless having the Windows 2000program if we have a personal computer with a chip-type386 AT, at 16 kHz, and only 640 Kb of memory. In otherwords, this program would not exist if there were not anyfaster computers.
Admittedly, in the biological evolution of man, thedevelopment of specific elements needs others or thatsome conditions are present.
A new aspect from the previous example is the similaritiesbetween the personal computer and the human brain.Deep down, there are two different systems, but with thesame purpose: keeping and maintaining a vast quantity ofinformation.
Languages
Languages are different; they evolve and perfectthemselves, but the laws of supply and demand of themarket are not part of a personal system. Nonetheless, thestudy of the general intrinsic objectives of any languagecontinues surprising because it seems quite a bit as theevolution of man, like those previously mentioned.
Language accepts fast changes but always within astructure of increasingly strict grammar rules guaranteeingits continuation. Usually, the linguistic system will try tomaintain the coherence of the meaning to hold desirablecommunication. Of course, it will increase the number ofwords and concepts associated with them insofar as it ispossible; that is, of the subjects' semantic capacity.
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This last point is crucial since, in short, it is what is goingto give mostly the evolution of language.
Modern nation
The analogy with a state is complicated since there are notany clear market laws here either. However, they appearwith greater clarity at the root of the current globalizationof the economy and other aspects of human activity.
Each system will have particular objectives, but it is easy todetect the general goals quickly. In a state or nation, thepolitical system is essential for its development.Nonetheless, in a broad sense, its political system tends torelate to the cultural development of its citizens.
On the other hand, the states belong to a different scalefrom the human level, and the results of any short-termanalysis will be subject to countless factors. In a long-termreview, their strength will depend on the evolution of thecitizens.
A person’s life
A more straightforward example is the development of aperson because we are intimately familiar with it. Thesuccess of personal goals depends on the competition, butthe critical factor is the individual capacity and job. That is,own evolution depends on oneself. Of course,surroundings affect the internal dynamics, but innerdynamics are still responsible for the particularadvancement.
The artist
The example of the artist is also illuminating somecharacteristics of biological evolution. Analyzing the
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development of a famous painter's work throughout lifeprobably allows us to identify different stages in thepainting. For instance, it will be easier to discover thetheme or the use of colors or tones.
In the evolution of the paintings will be elements like theartist's work, age, economic situation, and the individualposition in the face of social development. Otherwise, itwould deny the artist's influence on the progression of thework.
In light of these examples, the concept of biological evolution,in the strict sense, refers to the global change of things andnot only of their appearance. This view of the philosophy oflife will help a better understanding of the origin of life.
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2.a.2. Historical and human evolution
Changes of scale can affect particular objectives of a system,and relevant variables may be different from short-term andlong-term variables. Likewise, internal dynamics in human andbiological evolution can change according to the scale.
When speaking about the limits of knowledge, the temporaland spatial horizon may impede the logical reasoning whenoperating as limits of the perception.
The perception of a dynamic system in the long-term wouldlook like a film. The movie will give the effect of the internaldynamics, but not the proper internal dynamics.
Perhaps it is a typical effect of long-term models, that in manycases, the interest is focused on long-term dynamics regardlessof their ultimate causes. You may also try to carry out a partialanalysis because you cannot cover the entire problem.
The theory based on natural selection has its internaldynamics. However, it only refers to one of the factors ofevolution, which operates on the result of real development.
Since natural selection refers to the non-elimination of thebetter-adapted beings; it needs, on the one hand, to impose arandom character on the rest of the possible conditions ofbiological evolution. On the other, for the long term toproduce effects similar to those of real progression.
Information with an excellent presentation of the history ofhuman evolution along the last 160.000 years and thegeographic routes taken by our ancestors are in Journey ofhumankind - The Peopling of the World.*
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A long-term study of the history of humans implies a changeof scale. Let us cite a summary of the problems arising to agreater or lesser extent:
There is a tendency to lose the temporal notion in thelong-term analysis and the spatial context of a differentscale from the human one.
Exponential growth perception
Understanding the changes in relations betweenrepresentative variables
The same problem can appear about the internalrelationships of the system, the individual, and theirparticular objectives.
Not only can the variables change, but also they can altertheir nature. For example, a discrete short-term variablemay end being a continuous variable.
When changing the spatial or temporal reference within a
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
A human and a chimpanzee diverge by a littlemore than 1% of the genome, only ten timesmore than the very difference between twoindividual humans.
The estimation of the genetic difference betweenhumans and chimpanzees lies in no more than400 million nucleotides (the elements of DNA)from 3 billion.
El País 20-02-2002 (The 1% could be slightlyimprecise)
specific analysis of historical evolution, all alterationsshould explicitly appear.
Genetics is on a different scale from the human body, andhuman evolution needs a long-term analysis.
The next graph shows how long-term analysis eliminates theperception of short-term changes. The figure displays anexponential growth whose ratio is 1.25, but by only triplicatingthe period, satisfactory visual outcome acts.
With the change of scale and despite exponential growth, wecannot stop thinking that, in the second figure, there is hardlyany growth during the first 15 periods. It is worth noting thatexponential growth is typical of temporal sequence models.
The ability to measure such small differences is lower whenthe intuitive scale corresponds to the latest period.
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Some studies illustrate the limits of the human mind when itcomes to the logical perception of variables and relationships.In other words, the conclusions could be fragile.
These considerations lead us to think about the implicationsof understanding only long-term human evolution andeliminating the short-term due to its little perception andsociological acceptance.
Scribes - Louvre MuseumEgypt 2500 BC and 1450 BC
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Let us quote some of the generally accepted facts of humanhistory that are incorrect or could cause confusion with amisinterpretation:
The intellectual capacity of the Homo sapiens has notsubstantially changed during the last 30,000 – 50,000 years.
The ability to make fire is a great evolutionary leap inhuman evolution, keeping in mind the cerebral capacity offirst humans to achieve it.
Another significant milestone for their small intellectualcapacity is the discovery, surely by accident, of the wheel.
Despite human mental capacity, at the beginning of ourspecies, we did not talk much nor create large grammaticalstructures. Either it was not worth the time, or we had towait for the vocal cords to develop through randommutations of the transmitted genetic information.
In ancient Egypt, humans developed an excellent ability
Scribes - Louvre MuseumEgypt 2500 BC and 1450 BC
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for construction with the pyramids; managing the wallswould not fall over for an extended period. There must bea reason they are the only ones of the seven wonders stillstanding!
Before the Greeks, the scientific philosophy did notinterest us, except for some honorable exceptions.
Some Greeks believed the practical application ofknowledge meant reducing it and, therefore, should onlystand in the world of ideas.
Romans technology allowed building aqueducts but not aclosed pipe since they had not noticed for some unknownweakness that the level of water tends to be the same. Theseamen did not realize this fact despite the nooks wherethe land and water meet in many places.
Without knowing the exact origin, another tremendousRoman contribution was beginning to count with sticks,going so far, even representing five sticks with a V, whichsimplified mathematic calculi considerably.
The idea that the Earth was spherical was a little difficultto believe, especially given the moon and the Sun. Theshape of the half-moon was unknown, not seen anywhereelse, even by aiming a light onto an orange in the dark.Finally, thanks to the accumulated knowledge transmittedfrom generation to generation, 500 years ago, there was theconviction it was spherical and revolved around the Sun.Even though it may have gotten someone into trouble–Galileo (1564-1642), the reason could be a generationalleap.
We were fortunate when it occurred to Newton (1642-1727), thanks to his weakness for apples and the trend for
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thinking during his time, he expanded on his feebleness.He proved, amazingly, that something similar occurred tothe Sun and the moon.
Miguel Servet (1511-1553) was not so lucky about hisideas on pulmonary circulation and the role it has inrespiration with the transformation of venous blood intoarterial. Admittedly, he did not present them with the samepoetic feeling as the apple of Newton.
There are no doubts about the long-term increase inhuman intellect, the different scales used to measure IQ –intelligent quotient– need to adjust every 20 to 25 years atmost due to the Flynn effect.
Some authors estimate the IQ of some geniuses ofhumanity adjusting the IQ to the corresponding era. Itcould be like double relativity! If there were a similarmeasure for height, it would turn out that Romans were astall as Italians are nowadays. Admittedly, it will be anotherquantum effect of the relativity of space and time!
In short, examples are unlimited; on the other hand, we aresorry for having used a certain irony in these last points, butwe too have some weaknesses.
At no time is there any attempt to diminish the contributionfrom those mentioned above; besides, it is quite the contrarysince those advances make up part of the history of humanevolution. They demonstrate the gradual improvement of thecapacity of the human mind since the origin of man.
Going back to the usual seriousness and regarding theprevious figures of exponential growth, the Homo sapienshave had 4,000 generations at most, according to the latestpaleontological estimations. Also, according to some authors,
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Found in Ethiopia, the oldest fossils -three skullsfrom 160,000 years agoGiven the small differences with the skulls of thecurrent species, those responsible for thediscovery are in favor of naming a newsubspecies for these fossils; Homo SapiensIdàltu, but specifying that by shape and size theyare very close to the Homo Sapiens (the currenthumans)
El País 12-06-2003 Nature
IQ shifts 10 points every 20 years, which means approximately10 points every generation.
Advances in biology and genetics are showing the changes ingenetic information in the short-term evolution, which willundoubtedly make classic approaches to become surpassshortly.
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2.b) Theories on the origin of life
These theories are not within the limits of knowledge butrather in the limits of philosophy. The meaning of life is themost direct and challenging concept for a philosopher.
The explanation of the Conditioned Evolution does not seemto need to enter into philosophical subjects because it is notits primary objective. However, a philosophical foundationhelps to capture the global conception of the evolutionarytheory. Besides, it is a pleasure, and it is difficult to resist whenthe script requires it. Indeed, the philosophy of life and itsorigin are exciting topics.
There are at least two possible complementary approaches:logic and metaphysics or mysticism.
The logic method could use the dictionary definition of lifetrying to find its origin, essence, or Life in capital letters.
Club Med - Cancun
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The definition of life has been changing with time; therefore,it should be better to keep a certain distance from thescientific perspective to attain a more permanent concept.
The second one is a direct approach to the concept of lifefrom within oneself, where words do not count. Thoughts areso fast that we perceive them only as feelings –those genuinefeelings not needing logic because they are coherent in ofthemselves.
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2.b.1. The logical approach and the broad conceptof life
The General Dictionary of the Spanish Language provides uswith numerous meanings for the word “life” in exactcorrespondence to its multiple uses. It would be excessive tocomment on all of them, for which we shall stay with the mostrelevant:
1. A fundamental internal force through which acts the being thatpossesses it
2. The nature that distinguishes plants and animals from other beingsand presents itself through metabolism, growth, reproduction, andadaptation to the environment
3. The union of the soul and body4. The existence of the soul after death
Given that the word “being” appears in the definitions, wenote two of its meanings:
1. Essence, or nature
2. Entity (that exists)
The first definition of life is philosophical, and it seemspractically perfect. Since it is not sure which beings have thatinternal force and which ones do not, it points out “... the beingthat possesses it.”
The second concept relates to plants and animals, which arethe only beings that seem to possess such force according tohuman perception, both direct and with instruments. If
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science does not have proof, it restricts the concepts; on thecontrary, philosophy needs evidence to be able to limit them.
It also displays the classical definition of life with the influenceof the theory of natural selection, “Nature that distinguishes theplants and animals... and adaptation to the environment.” In the end,if we are not yet, we will end up being super adapted!
The philosophy of adaptation “as scientific truth” of lifeevolution is most convenient for the system. In short, whatindividuals have to do is to adapt themselves to it, because itdoes not make any sense trying to change it. Moreover,alternative theories on the origin of life and human evolutionappear as hateful ideologies like racism or xenophobia. It isdifficult to do it any better from an established system!
Perhaps it would be more appealing and correct to say, “Theplants and animals develop and try to improve.” This way, “accordingto the environment” and “to extend independence from the environmentalrestrictions” would be implicit.
It seems that “evolution by adaptation to the environment”and “conditional evolution” –by the environment– are thesame. However, the difference is significant. The first elementstresses the adaptation for survival as the cause of evolution;on the contrary, the second one emphasizes living andimproving to become independent and surpass theenvironmental restrictions. Furthermore, the second alsorefers to logical conditioning.
On the other hand, the concept of life could be more preciseusing an enumeration of necessary and sufficient conditions oflife existence.
The third and fourth definitions are religious about living inthis world, “body, and soul” and beyond, “the existence of the soulafter death.” Now then, life is evident in plants and animals, but
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
"Discovery of a colony of microbes that livewithout carbon.
They live 200 meters deep in hot springs, it is thefirst example found on Earth of what life couldbe under the surface of other planets, in totallyinhospitable environments, where there is nosunlight or organic carbon exists "
El País 2001 Nature
scientists have not managed to locate it.
It would be much more suitable for life to be closer to energythan matter.
The approach to life as energy corresponds to the broadconcept of life. It is a philosophical perspective because itcannot provide evidence. To a certain extent, it shares thereligious approach, but the underlying support is scientificbecause, from a strictly logical point of view, it seems to bemore probable.
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2.b.2. The metaphysical definition of life
The second approach to the concept and origin of life comesfrom philosophy and personal thoughts.
When we ask ourselves, “what are we?” we realize that we donot have the appropriate words because words like “soul” or“spirit” have metaphysical and philosophical connotations. Itwould not be an essential question if others could respond toit. Then you gradually lose yourself in what you think andwrite until, finally, naturally, words emerge, words that are notwords but poetry. Meaning what it feels like right now!
Thus, you begin to wonder, to feel the proximity of others onthe journey in space and time, and you try to imagine Lifewithout those memories. You realize that it would make nosense. Life without intelligence it would not make any sense.Life without Love would make even less sense.
Windsurfina
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All of them are internal conditions, necessary and sufficientfor life. Therefore, any theory on the origin of life should takeinto account that those elements or characteristics will existsince the beginning.
The foundation of those characteristics is out of the scientificscope.
Memory appears because memory without an internal systemto retrieve information is not memory but a file. Intelligencebecause it is precisely that internal system that operates,among others, with concepts filed in internal memory. AndLove, just because
There are also the necessary characteristics, such as space andtime.
In any case, each of them involves the others. It alwaysappears another, the Freedom.
Freedom is a frequent topic in metaphysics, but it does notmean that we cannot comment and get closer to the concepts.To be able to exercise Freedom, it is necessary to haveoptions, which must be in memory. There should be adecision-making system; eventually, to decide without Love?
Freedom and Love are at a superior poetic level than memoryand intelligence; Love, being elemental, sounds too poetic forcharacterization of life. Therefore, we prefer to summarize, as“The essential nature of Life is Freedom.”
Nonetheless, from metaphysics and philosophy of Love, oreven better, from a poetic characterization of the origin of life,“The first concept included in genetic information is Love.”Finally,creating little scientific poetry or pure metaphysics in saying,“We have been talking about the scientific existence of the Soul.”
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Is not love more real than reality itself?
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
“A Spanish group describes the purest form oflife.
How many genes could sustain life? Perhaps 395are enough. Buchnera was a bacterium of freelife and very similar to Escherichia coli, the mostcommon of the microbes of the human intestine.The comforts of symbiotic life have made it lose85% of its genes since then.
Buchnera is now halfway between a bacteriumand an integral component of the cells of plantlouse.”
El País 19-03-2001. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences
2.c) The freedom of living beings
The origin of living beings can be engaging in a personalcontext. However, it is not relevant for the exposition orvalidation of the scientific aspects of the ConditionalEvolution of Life –CEL.
Energy, or gravity itself, could the origin of living beings ifthey had some degrees of freedom so small that we would nothave the means of perceiving them. Therefore, we would nothave another alternative than to include in the correspondingmodel of scientific behavior random components derived
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
“Ethology
Some animals display democratic behavior ingroups. When the deer stand up, and the beesdance, they are not merely stretching their legs orindicating where the nectar is, according to a newstudy. As strange as it seems, they are votingwhether to move to greener fields or better-offflowers. Scientists state that the process issubconscious.”
El País 26-02-2003. Nature
from the gods of science Ale and Hator.
Another example, we cannot perceive suffering from theplants when they die, and we would assume that plants do notlike it at all.
We could say the same about small animals.
Nonetheless, the broad concept of life allows the mind tomeditate about the goals of the evolutionary system with ahigher degree of trust in applied logic. In short, what wouldwe do in its place? Of course, Life would have done anythingimaginable and much more.
The above concept of Life lets to overcome anthropologicalpositions, or of biological reductionism.
To be precise, regarding positions such as:
Man is the only rational being (Plato - Aristotle)
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
“In the majority of the trials (carried out in pairs)in which a service or exchange does not followthe rules of justice, the primates end theconflict. At times, they rebel by throwing theobject of the trial or the received trophy up intothe air.”
El País 18-09-2003. Nature
He is a political animal (Aristotle)
He is unique for possessing the gift of language.
He is unique for creating (not using) instruments(Paleontology.)
He is unique for transmitting his culture (Behaviorism –learning in contrast to instinct)
Necessary laws govern nature and the cosmos, but only theman has freedom.
Man is an animal, and in this sense, everything is instinct,that is, the biological pre-determinism, to a certain extent,it is a result of Darwin’s contribution (Innatism.)
From a scientific or philosophical point of view, the humanbeing is one being more, with particular or specific traits, butwith the general characteristics of living beings and intrinsic toLife.
The ethnocentrism, cultural relativism and universalism forget about
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this last aspect since all of them refer to the human being withunique characteristics without specifying them concerning therest of the living creatures.
This philosophical approach would assume all beings areliving beings. However, we will continue using the standarddefinition referred only to plants and animals, given that it is asuitable term to speak about genetics.
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2.c.1. Philosophy and theory of Vitalism
2.c.1.a) Vital impulse systems
An adequate philosophical antecedent of the ConditionalEvolution is the theory of Vitalism.
NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION“Scientific progress and society
That is, the individual genes in each cell areperipheral elements that follow the developmentalprocess of the whole system, and yet, each one isresponsible for decisions of integration.
Living systems
Perhaps it is too futuristic speculation, but I think itis worth considering how we could use theprinciples of genetic information processing. We arelearning from the study of complex biologicalsystems.”
El País 26-11-1992. Eric H. Davidson
The vital impulse systems behave, for one reason or another,as if they were living beings, or at least have their essentialcharacteristics.
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
“British scientists manage to choose thegender of calves.
Besides being expensive since it implies in-vitro fertilization, scientists are quick to addthat the technique does not apply to humanbeings.”
El País 10-01-1993.
The superior animals are like symbiotic macro-societies ofmore basic units with a life of their own, like cells.
The problematic relates to the complexity of the structure ofthe brain. Modularity and connectionism are two thoughtfulapproaches that could easily be complementary.
The following types are by order of intuitive proximity:
The first type of vital impulse systems will be thosesystems whose components are, in turn, living beings –nation, state, beehive, ecosystems.
Another type will be the effect of the activity of groups ofindividuals with a specific purpose. Therefore, theprotagonists will not be individuals but the particularobject of their actions –economic markets of products.
Internal dynamics of systems derived from partial qualitiesof the individuals –languages
Any work or objective of a living being will have the same
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evolutionary dynamics as living beings. While developingand achieving the goal, the relationships and conditionsmake up a vital impulse system –the evolution ofcomputers, a computer program, and the construction of ahouse.
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2.c.1.b) Vitalism and characteristics of living beings
The features commented above would be more or lessidentifiable, but in some way, they will be present in all ofthem.
It is also possible to distinguish between essentialcharacteristics and those derived from the objectives that allvital impulse systems must-have.
Vital impulse systems should have the followingcharacteristics:
They should have a decision-making process to choosebetween different options to achieve their purpose. On theone hand, it will imply the existence of degrees of freedomin the system and, on the other, operative intelligence.The system will take the options according to theinformation available, for which the existence of an archivewill be necessary.
Water-skiing
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The good faith of the system will exist a priori, and,confidently, it will always have it a posteriori.
The system must be a teleological system, that is, withobjectives. Even if these cannot be precisely determined, oneshould always try to identify the intermediate targets as well asthe methods, processes, and specific instruments for obtainingthem.
The objectives will be:
Improvement of efficiencyGuarantee and certaintyInternal coherence and compatibilityOptimization of the resources
If a system complies with the characteristics, it should behaveas if it had a genuine vital impulse.
Beside living beings, a practical method of identification ofthese systems will be to check:
Systems conceptually delimited according to the proposalsof the theory of chaos.
Systems had behavioral or evolutionary graphics withfractal forms. It would not be surprising if the fractalstructure had the shape of an arrow tip; the interpretationof this shape would give some clues about the purpose orobjectives of the system.
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3. PREVIOUS EVOLUTIONARYTHEORIES
Science changed a lot in the past century –the 20th century.Yet, regarding the theory of evolution, it has not alteredsignificantly.
Although there are small updates, the accepted theory is theDarwinian presented in The Origin of the Species in 1859.
According to Darwin, individuals present random variations,and evolution comes about by natural selection. Thesevariations are also named random mutations to point out theirsupposedly unguided nature. However, to date, no one knowswhat statistical distribution these mutations have.
The Darwinian theory punched the theory proposed by
Crocodile cancunning
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Lamarck, where traits acquired during the life of individualspassed on to their descendants. A classic example is thegiraffes. According to Lamarck, the first giraffes, by constantstretching of their necks to obtain food, managed to lengthenthem and subsequently to breed descendants with it a littlelonger. As for Darwin, he maintained that random giraffesborn with longer necks were luckier than the average, survivedmore, and bred more descendants.
Among the theories of evolution, strictly speaking, we find thelaws of Mendel (1865) about genetic inheritance, whosefundamental elements are the combination of genes and theirdominant or recessive trait.
At the end of the 19th century, this theory remained unknownand not because Mendel did not try to publish it, as someorthodox fields kept saying for an extended period. Recently,they maintain Mendel's papers contained many formal errors.They will end up affirming he was not an excellent pedagogue,and he lacked assertiveness.
In short, the ideas presented by Lamarck, Darwin, and Mendelmake up the general body of biological evolution regardingthe evolution of the species. Nonetheless, it is also worthpointing out the existence of minor derived theories andothers of religious nature.
Regarding the Conditional Evolution of Life –CEL–,nowadays, there is evidence of new processes like:
Horizontal transmission of genetic information withalterations due to viruses and bacteria
Foam type evolution, i.e., close species communicatesthrough some individuals, so that it does not follow thetypical tree structure, which biologists thought in the past.
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Therefore, it should be challenging to find an inexistentmissing link.
There is the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
The answer to the new evidence by academia is not anadaptation of Darwin's theory, as occurred during thetwentieth century. Now it makes concepts relative and blatantchanging of notions to avoid recognizing past mistakes. Itmust be the mistake was the design of the books of generaleducation of the population.
Nowadays, according to academia, the discovered inheritanceof acquired characteristics is not anymore the evolutionpropounded by Lamarck. Still, it comes from moleculesinherited, although not part of DNA. It seems Darwin was anexpert in genetics and epigenetics and distinguished betweenheritable DNA and other units. Moreover, alleles are nolonger different versions of genes for small chemicalvariations, but a gene that fulfills a similar function. However,a gene mutation to its functional allele would be virtuallyimpossible.
Even Wikipedia * in Spanish and French has incorporated theconcepts of new orthodox, but curiously not in Portuguese *or English * –Inheritance of acquired characteristics.
The previous links are to Internet pages as of the modification date of thisone; they may already be with the new orthodox version.
Doing some archeology of science to understand what ishappening with theories of evolution and the origin of man,we see that orthodox doctrine has not changed the definitionof the Royal Spanish Academy -RAE-, which says:
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Epigenesis.
f. Biol. Doctrine where the living being traits fix in thecourse of its development, without being established inthe fertilized egg.
Epigenetics * is no longer gene expression by environmentalconditions –such as the above RAE definition– but any geneexpression, even if it comes from the previous generationgenetic information, as far as it does not come from DNA. Itseems the intention is to incorporate mutations produced inthe life of earlier generations without recognizing thatLamarck was right and, incidentally, acknowledging andexplaining that DNA and also other molecules transmitgenetic information.
Either way, the inheritance of modifications of geneticinformation produced in the life of the previous generationsrelate to phrases “the organ creates the function” and “the inheritanceof acquired characteristics.” As a modernist expression, we couldsay epi-inheritance.
It is sad to have to remind the scientific community thatDarwin's theory was never proven, especially now that it isevident that Lamarck's theory is correct.
Nevertheless, as theories of the origin of man both agreebecause they are evolutionary theories.
The Conditional Evolution of Life has the philosophical rootsof Lamarck and Vitalism, as opposed to the emergentism ofDarwin's theory.
Let us go on now to carry out a critical analysis of the mostrelevant evolutionary theories.
Likewise, a brief description of those evolutionary theories is
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in the addendum about human origin.
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3.a.1. Theory of Creationism vs. evolution
We mention Creationism and other religious philosophiesbecause they relate to the theories of evolution, and manypeople agree with them in one or another way.
As this notion does not follow the scientific method, the criticcannot base on logical thinking, so we can only show our deeprespect for religious beliefs.
Similar problematic arises whenstudying the positions on theexistence of the soul-body (monismand dualism) and, although in asmaller degree, the concepts mind-brain (logical behaviorism -Wittgenstein, identity, andfunctionalism), because they are in thescope of theology and philosophymore than in science.
In any case, religious positions suchas Creationism can be compatiblewith any evolutionary theory, with ametaphorical interpretation ofspecific explanations to the origin of life with a religiouscharacter.
NotredameParis
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3.a.2. Intelligent Design
The general theory of the Conditional Evolution of Life –CEL– does not coincide with the Intelligent Designmovement, such as the pseudo-tautological idea of the designof the universe to admit biological life, as we know it.However, it coincides with its argument of the existence of ateleological or finalist evolution consequence of an intrinsicallyvital impulse.
Naturally, it undergoes the same attitudes when some humansconfuse the Intelligent Design –an evolutionary theory– withthe Creationism and do not accept its scientific nature. As ifexcluding a theory’s character without a strong reason waspurely an act of pure science!
Although the Conditional Evolution of Life is wholly rootedin the scientific method and experimental research, there is aconnection with the Intelligent Design movement. The CELsupports a spiritual vision to the extent to which all religionscome together. That is to say, the objective existence of theaforementioned vital impulse that seems to give meaning tolife.
However, any scientific evidence of evolution being finalistwould not imply, in its case, that any particular aspectsuggested by the movement or theory of IntelligentCreationism in a broad sense is correct, given its range andheterogeneous nature.
Furthermore, strictly speaking, the Conditional Evolution isnot a part of this trend or movement.
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Nevertheless, the subject of Intelligent Design seemsparticularly significant for the following reasons:
It is a crucial step that part of religion, call it IntelligentCreationism, Scientific Creationism Theory, or IntelligentDesign movement, decides to try to make its beliefscompatible with the physical reality of the scientific world.
Thus, science, or rather, the scientific community, will finditself forced to the corresponding; that is, not to rejectsomething that it has no evidence to disprove and,therefore, accepting that some ideas like those ofIntelligent Design could be valid.
The scientific community also would be obliged torecognize that their preferred evolutionary theory ofDarwin is neither proven nor rigorously formalized andthat they have made a severe error in the past by acceptingit as such.
The entry into science would prompt a greater seriousnessin the Intelligent Design as well as in the DarwinianTheory of evolution, or the currently widespread Neo-Darwinism.
For example, both theories should explain the concept ofLife, when and how they think the universe began andpersisted until the present time. Note that until now, onefocused on Life and the other on species!
Both Creationism and Darwinism should separate fromscience the non-verifiable assertions –such as a tautologyor anything appearing out of nowhere without being ableto say precisely when.
Another essential element of Intelligent Design’s dynamics
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is the small revolution within its ideas because it will needto place the designer in this world to produce evolution.
That is to say, there is an intelligence producing smallchanges throughout time, which makes evolution takeplace. Therefore, it seems sensible that this intelligencewould be tiny, not typically human, and even belonging toa micro-scale. In other words, with a ScientificCreationism, humans are no longer the only intelligentbeings and with the spirit of improvement.
With the revolutionary movement, the religious sentimentwould be transcending beyond humanity regardingintelligence, which is encouraging because it implies becomingmore rational.
Now all needed for modern science is to undertake a similarroute and abandon some of its nineteenth-century premises,preventing it from being neutral regarding essential concepts,such as the evolution of life.
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3.b.1. Lamarck's theory of evolution
It depends on environmental factors and summarized as “thefunction creates the organ.”
We consider Lamarck's theory of evolution as valid but notgeneral. Among other concepts, it should explain the controlsimposed by nature to avoid the development of modifiedcharacters due to non-permanent environmental changes.
Its philosophical implications indicate the existence of acreative intelligence different from the human one because forthe function to create the organ, there must be adequatemechanisms.
There is a brief description of the Theory of Lamarck inchapter 9.
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3.b.2. Criticism of Darwinism
According to Darwinian theory, the cause of the evolution isthe natural selection derived from the combined effect of therandom mutations and the adaptation to the environment.There is a brief description of this theory in chapter 9.
Despite its general acceptance, it has posed quite a fewproblems from the scientific point of view, and there hasalways been significant criticism of Darwinism.
Before the enumeration of the chief critics, there is an analysisof why it beat the theory of Lamarck. At the end of thissection, after the cited count, we will discuss the currentdifficulties for its rejection.
In the second half of the 19th century, the humanistrationalism had extended into all of the scientific circles andfound itself at full peak. There were already sufficientindications that the Earth was much older than previouslythought; the position of the human being in the planet'shistory needed a scientific theory.
Of course, the new theory had to comply with a seeminglylogical condition; it had to remove radically the religious ideasthat had hindered the scientific development so much. Thescientific community had not forgotten the old problems ofGalileo and Miguel Servet. Let us hope they always remember!
The Theory of Lamarck seems very logical and reasonable,but it suffered a problem: it offered a leading role to the lifeoutside the human dimension. There was something inside theplants and animals that improved when faced withenvironmental hitches.
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On the one side, the powerful influence of the religious ideasstill existing today could not allow losing a monopoly ofspirituality. On the other hand, the scientific community wasnot going to openly struggle with the establishment to shiftconsciousness and intelligent life to living organisms on aninternal scale but different from themselves. Although itmakes sense, there was not any scientific proof of theirexistence. In this case, we could talk about the thesis,antithesis, and synthesis; any theory that could resolve thecontradictions of the era with a minimum of rigor wouldundoubtedly triumph.
In this context, theDarwinian Theoryemerged, showing theeffects of the evolutionof the species; therewas no reasonabledoubt that mandescended from theape, and, that we knowof, no one hasquestioned it outside ofthe strictly religiousrealm such as theCreationist Theory.
Currently, even the predominantly religious confessions donot pose a sharp criticism of Darwinism.
Another aspect is that the title of Darwin's work comes aboutthe evolution of species and not life evolution for which itavoids having to define life. It is a problematic conceptbecause it is not clear whether the existence of life has ascientific or rather philosophical nature.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)(Public domain image)
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The aim is not to deny or diminish the enormous contributionof Darwin's theory to modern thought in anthropology, butrather to make a positive criticism delimiting its extension toavoid defective implications in the development of society. Itis worth pointing out that any theory of evolution has manyconsequences on philosophical and social thinking thatpervade any number of individual attitudes and acts; forexample, different approaches to particular problems of socialjustice or efficiency of the educational system.
Weak points of Darwinism are numerous and interrelated;nonetheless, they are in order of importance from amethodological perspective even if it means to repeat sometopics while presenting problems of a different nature:
1. The natural selection tries to explain the disappearance ofnon-optimal genetic modifications by lesser, or lack of, theadaptation of individuals to the environment. Conversely,it does not say anything about the origin of variations.
This argument implicitly denies or limits the slightestexpression of the very concept of evolution, given that thenew beings have the same genetic information as to theirancestors with supposed mutations that can have a positiveor negative effect.
The process of evolution is not in the changes in thegenetic information but rather the disappearance of theless favorable changes. At the time, there was no biologyknowledge, but they knew that something goes from onegeneration to the next.
Likewise, they indirectly assumed that where there is nonatural selection, there is no evolution.
2. The second issue of criticism is that the main argument of
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natural selection, "what exists is because it has survivedand has not disappeared," is a tautology. The onlypossible criticism is to point out the total lack of scientificseverity in it.
NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OFEVOLUTION
The Spanish mountain cats, direct descendantsof the wild cats of 20,000 years ago, see betterduring the day than the domestic cats. Therelevance lies in that it proposes a newmechanism of rapid adaptation of the species invery few years (between 15,000 and 20,000) inevolutionary terms.
The adaptation of animals to their environmenttakes place using the death of specific cells, inthis case: neurons, during the second half of fetaldevelopment.
El País 15-01-1993. Journal of Neuroscience
3. This model only works in the long-term or manygenerations and eliminates short-term evolution. That ishow some ideas emerge, like the Homo sapiens since thebeginning practically had the same intellectual capacity asnowadays, unnaturally intensifying the problems ofrandom evolutionary leaps.
4. Implicitly, the Darwinian Theory accepts the randomnessof genetic modifications, hence the name of randommutations, denying the existence of a real driving force of
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evolution without any scientific proof, when logicappeared to indicate the contrary. The lack of evidence isa clear issue of the criticism of Darwinism.
NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OFEVOLUTION
Complete sequencing of the small human Ychromosome
The surprise has been that a fourth is longpalindromes: genetic sequences that read equallyfrom left to right as the right to left and consistof two arms.
The investigators think the palindromes, whichcontain all of the testicles' genes, allow theinterchange of information within the samechromosome. Thus, the mutations repair ortransmit.
El País 21-06-2003.
5. Darwin did not scientifically show the randomness in allof the cases of the variation in genetic information, norwas it shown later; it became an axiom.
As far as we know, modern Neo-Darwinism still has nottold us which specific statistical distribution followsrandom mutations; it could be the uniform or normaldistribution, that of Poison or that of Fisher. Without adoubt, it is a great secret of science or a metaphysicalmystery.
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Under certain assumptions, the method of evolution usingrandom mutations or modifications can be acceptable. Weknow some bacteria produce different bacteria in a tinyproportion. If there were a change in environmentalconditions, such as acidity, those bacteria would survive.After numerous generations, these bacteria would make upthe new population. At the same time, it would produce atiny amount of the first bacteria that, where appropriate,would again allow the survival of the species.
The example tries to prove Darwin's theory but is only aparticular case in which generations change at a fast rate,with enormous quantities of descendants.
This argument of Neo-Darwinism is not free of criticismsince the attempted random mutations are not accidentalmodifications of elemental letters or units of DNA. Theycould easily be modifications allowed only in one orvarious parts of DNA, making up an efficient set regardingcharacteristics of the new being and preserving thestructural code in its totality. That is, the existentmechanism of natural selection does not itself deny othermethods to create the diversity of descendants.
NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OFEVOLUTION
The mysterious origin of the resistance ofbacteria
It is unknown yet from where the bacteriaborrow genes to make themselves resistant toantibiotics. The results of the search for thesegenes on different grounds have shown to benegative, as explained by professor Jorge
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Laborda.
El País 24-11-2010
For some reason, natural selection fails to eliminate thesupposedly least adapted variant since this evolutionaryline does not disappear maintained as the same exampleshows.
Furthermore, another severe issue of the criticism ofDarwinism is that after taking as proven, mutations arerandom, academia accepts the opposite. The randommutations by delimited groups with specific points wouldbe utterly incompatible with the first randomness sopreviously established according to the scientific method.
6. In its day, there were criticisms of Darwinism about itslack of the scientific method; definitely, it is a theorysupported by the inductive reasoning from the observationof particular facts and making general inferences.
The inductive reasoning is perfectly valid, but thegeneralization it makes should comply with specificrequirements. One of the conditions is that if one exampledoes not satisfy the theory, it implies its refutation. Let uscite the following cases:
Genetic changes obtained by new techniques are notrandom but guided; moreover, the mechanism ofnatural selection is not bringing about the appearanceof the new beings, like in the agriculture field. We couldargue whether these changes made by humans arenatural or not, but we have to keep in mind thathumans, except for contrary evidence, make up a partof nature just as viruses do.
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Likewise, we are aware that viruses make changes inthe DNA of the invaded cells to reproduce themselves.It would not be surprising if they could performanother type of change, for example, to cheat theimmune system in the future, or that the reactionswould not transmit in the genetic sphere as a defenseagainst these aggressions.
Recently, new experiments in evolutionary genetics*openly contradict the updated Darwinian Theory. Theyare so numerous we cannot mention all here, some ofthem are throughout this book as literal quotes frombiology news, which have been appearing after theinitial formulation of the general theory of theConditional Evolution of Life –CEL– in 1990.
NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OFEVOLUTION
More than 200 of identified human genesseem to be the result of the horizontaltransference of the genes of bacteria(without passing through another organism inthe evolution)
El País 19-02-2001. Conference of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science
7. The theory has significant shortcomings when it comes toexplaining reality. Darwin tried to give sexualdifferentiation a broader sense than the pure specializationof specific tasks because he sensed the necessity to do so.
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However, he could not offer any explanation, exceptsaying it exists because it is one of the best methods ofevolution.
Of course, it does not explain why the descendants of verygenetically close individuals, such as in the case of siblings,are not feasible or presents severe glitches in superioranimals.
It seems sexual selection, about which Darwin wrote abook, goes conceptually against natural selection. The firstone tries to explain the evolutionary changes, while thesecond one implies the elimination of randommodifications for efficiency reasons.
Any farmer knows preeminence of sexual selection versusnatural selection. It makes sense Darwin needed going toGalapagos Islands to convince the public about the non-relevance of sexual preference; naturally, no farmer couldcorrect him because they were not in the GalapagosIslands.
The irony of life is that present engineers, farmers, orcattle dealers denominate natural selection to sexualselection of stallion or seed. Undoubtedly, it must beanother conquest of common sense.
8. Another critical shortcoming is the almost impossibility ofproducing the typically called evolutionary leaps; it isdifficult to logically argue a change in the basic structure ofgenetic code through mutations. The only option is toresort once again to long-term evolution with the addedadvantage of automatically lose the temporal notion.However, the very concept of evolutionary leap impedesusing the long-term in evolutionary terms.
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OFEVOLUTION
That fusion of two bacteria occurred first, andlater the mitochondria added.
The more significant evolutionary leap in theEarth's history is from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.The differences are enormous, and the shift isvery sudden.
El País 14-03-2001
9. A discussion of other aspects related to sexualdifferentiation and evolutionary leaps is in the sectionabout objectives of evolution; they belong to the centralargument of the CEL and are absent in the DarwinianTheory. It makes sense due to the time difference of both.However, neither the Neo-Darwinian Theory nor theModern Evolutionary Synthesis say anything on thismatter. Quite the contrary, they do not exist because life inthe scientific realm has no objective and does not makeany sense at all.
Given previous premises of criticism of Darwinism, thereshould be strong reasons to persist throughout the entire 20thcentury with the discovery of Mendel laws, and conceptualmodifications contributed by Neo-Darwinism and others likethe Modern Synthetic Theory. These modifications supposean update of the Darwinian Theory to avoid beingincompatible to new scientific discoveries. Thus, the theory isthe same one for the general population.
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The reasons are those that allowed acceptance. A scientifictheory should be independent of any philosophical or religiousapproach. Nowadays, to refute the Darwinian Theory,academia should admit the severe mistake in embracing a soweak evolutionary theory along the 18th, 19th, and 20thcenturies. Once more, the sociology of science of ThomasKuhn is right when saying the scientific method is notfoolproof.
The novelty of the Conditional Evolution of Life –CEL– isthe consideration of evolution as an internal improvementmechanism of living beings that, given the complexity ofinvolved aspects, uses multiple systems, methods, orprocesses, depending on each case according to its specificconditions.
For a large part of society, acceptance of CEL, or any otherevolutionary theory assuming the existence of internalimprovement mechanisms would mean a step back.Regardless of the scientific method application, recognizing anintelligent or teleological evolution guided by the veryinterior of living beings sounds like a religious idea about life.It distorts the distinction of the human being (is this notreligious?) and attacks the delightful anthropocentrism; inother words, it is unacceptable on principle.
Another significant part of society maintains its religious ideas,and as a result, some comments of the previous paragraph areequally applicable; again, it is unacceptable on principle.
In other words, the Theory of Darwin is very convenientsocially speaking and has an active idealist component;denying short-term evolution does not compromiseembedding of some genetic traits related to the desiredequality of opportunities. Consequently, academia makesefforts to keep evolutionary theory essence.
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The lack of satisfactory explanations of previous points 7) and8) allow methodological criticism of the essence of Darwiniantheory within biology and genetics despite bettercomprehension of sexual differentiation concerning its effectson germline evolution and sexual equality in society.
There have always been authors against the leading vision inevolutionary theory, although they have not managed toformulate an alternative set of ideas capable of shifting it. Onthe other hand, the expression of their thoughts could conveya professional marginalization and even considered close tocertain ideologies that have nothing to do with one oranother scientific option; without a doubt, this is due to theimaginary philosophical or social repercussions. Anyway, thereality is not going to change by a better understanding.
The list of authors would be too long, let us cite ofdistinguished English geologist Adam Sedgwick (1785-1873).Regardless of his attack on Darwinian Theory for religiousreasons –educated in the Creationist Theory, which wasdominant in his time–, after reading Darwin's theory, heexpressed:
"You have deserted –after a start in that tram-road of all solid physicaltruth– the right method of induction."
Adam Sedgwick, despite his creationist education, was notopposed to evolution or development in its broad sense. Hebelieved that the Earth was ancient, as Darwin recognizes inhis notes from Sedgwick's lectures at the university.
However, Adam Sedgwick maintained that evolution was afact of history, and he believed in the divine creation of lifeduring long periods. His notable objections to the theory ofDarwin were the corrupt and greedy nature of naturalselection and the abandonment of the scientific method.
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The Conditional Evolution of Life understands that naturalselection is just one method of evolution, but it is neitherunique, nor general, nor the most important. In addition, froma conceptual point of view, this method occurs after thechanges in the genetic information that allow the actualevolution.
The CEL will suffer the risk of appearance of being acreationist when criticizing Darwin and racist when talkingabout the inheritance of intelligence as a recurrent example.Let us defend the case because it has been the cause of thetheory development; therefore, not chosen to attract attentionintentionally. Moreover, it is not easy to design models ofevolution that can be statistically confirmable.
The page on Studies on the evolution of intelligence discussesthe EDI Study with its incredible results confirming theConditional Evolution. Besides, the Darwinout andMenssalina are experiments to verify the extremes of thescientific theory, with a much more straightforwardmethodology than the EDI Study.
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3.c) Laws of Mendel
Contrary to the theory of Darwin, the laws of Mendel havealways been a clear example of inductive reasoning. Somecontrolled experiments give place to an accurate theoreticalinterpretation within its context. However, we must keep inmind the existing knowledge at the time.
Usually, there is noattempt to present thelaws of Mendel as atheory of evolution –due to the distortion ofthe meaning ofevolution– since just acombination of genesdoes not producedifferent traits from theoriginals.
The fact that the lawsof Mendel introducepreviously unknownelements ormechanisms ofevolution did not help the theory of Darwin much either. It isno surprising the scientific community ignored Mendel’scontribution for 50 years; hard to understand without thesociology of science of Thomas Kuhn.
Due to the dynamics evolution implies, and given the multipleadvantages of sexual differentiation, the general theory of theConditional Evolution of Life –CEL– understands Mendel
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)(Public domain image)
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has provided a remarkable contribution to the theory ofevolution in its correct meaning. Moreover, it maintains itsapplicability with appropriate conceptual corrections.
The initial interpretation of the laws of genetic heritage doesnot raise any problems since it is accepted, and the generaladvancement of science has updated it. However, what canindeed pose some serious issues is how schools keepexplaining them.
The approach of the concept of the dominant and recessivegene is a little archaic. There can be conceptual difficulties,such as “What happens when two dominant genes cometogether?” The academia resorts to concepts like co-dominance, and it seems the genetic mechanisms areunknown. Nonetheless, scientists know those geneticmechanisms, at least partially, but they cannot elucidate themstraightforwardly based on the simple concept of dominanceand within the context of general randomness.
A little more challenging to clarify, with the classical ideas,would be the concept of co-recession.
According to the CEL, the concepts of dominant andrecessive genes alter by their essence on the evolutionaryprocess. A gene is not dominant or recessive, but instead, itbehaves depending on which another gene is working –theclassic thought shares this idea. However, a new conceptcontributed by the alternative theory CEL is that the behaviordepends on the restrictions of genetic informationdevelopment. The best example is the verification or non-verification of information between the two sources.
Currently, due to the relevancy of Mendel’s laws, it cannot beenough to say a gene is dominant or recessive; there have tobe arguments explaining why. Mostly, the concept maintains
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its original meaning because the traditional idea of discretegene characteristics –red, white, pink, but not tones in fullevolution–is more convenient for the prevailing notion ofevolution.
Basic concepts of dominant gene and recessive gene ceasemaking sense, and in the event of maintaining, they turn outto be incorrect. The so-called recessive gene ends up being themost powerful and modern when the verification is one of theconditions associated with the transmitted geneticinformation. Consequently, the CEL changes the terminology,categorizing the gene behaving as dominant as the significantgene.
There is a brief description of the Theory of Mendel inchapter 9.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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3.d.1. Criticism of Neo-Darwinism
Neo-Darwinism is the scientific current that encompasses thetheories of evolution that somehow maintain the essence ofDarwinian ideas; that is, random mutations of individuals andnatural selection.
It is a consequence of the development of science, like thelaws of Mendel and genetics, and affirms that the variations ofliving beings occur in their germination state. However, theproblems remain because when science cannot explainsomething always argues, it is random.
Current molecularbiology is discoveringhow nature carries outgenetic verification andother controls –without knowing, apriori, the reasonsjustifying them– as ascientific articlereferred to the piecesof DNA calledHistones.Nevertheless, it is notnecessary to resort tosuch in-depthknowledge ofmolecular biology, given that we know that some proteins,called factors of transcription, activate or inhibit theexpression of specific genes.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)(Public domain image)
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At the end of the ninetieth century the Neo-Darwinism wasone thing; in the middle of the twentieth century, somethingelse due to the Modern Synthesis Theory, and later on, itchanged again due to the Punctuated Equilibrium.
The Neo-Darwinism maintains because it changes accordingto its principle of tautological adaptation. By the way, when itcannot adapt, academia recourse to biological paradoxes, butthey call them isolated cases to avoid similarities with ModernPhysics.
The neo-Darwinian theory is still the prevailing doctrinedespite the name being considered old-fashioned. Now it isdirectly accepted that Darwin was right though, the reasoningwill be the last update; it is not so relevant if it is the ModernSynthetic Theory or the Punctuated Equilibrium.
There is a brief description of the Neo-Darwinism in chapter9.
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3.d.2. Criticism of the Synthetic Theory ofevolution
It is probably difficult for a non-biologist to distinguishbetween the trend of Neo-Darwinism and the SyntheticTheory; with the advancement of science, more knowledgeappears, and it is necessary to change to subsist.
The Neo-Darwinian theory and the Modern Synthetic Theory–Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, and George G.Simpson– are natural updates or conditional evolutions of theTheory of Darwin.
The name of the Modern Synthetic indicates it is a group ofideas from the development of genetics and biology.Nevertheless, at the same time, it shows there is not acompact scientific knowledge about this subject, which couldensure its fundamental characteristics. Contrary to whatacademia insistently states, the Synthetic Theory or the Theoryof Darwin are everything but scientifically proven.
Both accept the randomness of modifications in geneticinformation; the mechanism is still natural selection, although,its range of application has extended to microevolution.
Let us cite two examples:
The spermatozoon that manages to reach the ovum, thereason is its better adaptation for having a better system ofguidance, for having more strength and luck. It is notbecause nature has served from the process of naturalselection when it detects some problem in the production
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Appetite and reproduction
Some scientists from the USA have identified abiochemical substance in the brain that regulatesappetite and reproduction. Bodyweight andfertility are firmly related, and women who aretoo thin, for example, can have problems gettingpregnant.
El País 3-09-2008. Nature
of sperm. Like in a small hit or a change in temperature, tointentionally bring about some minor defect in thespermatozoon, because it is not interested in stopping theproduction line for reasons beyond this discussion.
When an individual is sterile, it is by accident and notbecause nature has detected some problem in the geneticcode and decided it does not want to continue thatparticular evolutionary line; though, of course, theindividual is healthy on the macro scale.
All criticisms made about the Theory of Darwin are equallyapplicable to Neo-Darwinism as well as the Synthetic Theoryof Evolution. What is more, some of the criticisms come fromnew scientific knowledge.
Nowadays, the topic of random mutations manages to surviveto common knowledge about modifications taking place muchmore frequently in some parts of the DNA. The reasons arenot chemical but somewhat logical or functional concerning
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the genome structure. Regardless, not even academia acceptsthe possibility that mutations are not random. It would be agood-bye axiom!
It would be interesting to know which statistical distributionfollows famous random mutations; it should be scientificknowledge. Perhaps the expression “random mutations” meanthat the origin or cause is unknown in the majority of thecases.
Finally, to remark that a tautological theory cannot bescientific and it is not worth to be continually changingaspects already proven because it seems that one gambles withthe scientific method and common sense.
Modern science would have to be humbler and recognizeneither the Evolutionary Synthesis nor the random characterof the genetic modifications is verified scientifically, which willnot prevent being the generally accepted theory in the present.
There is a brief description of the Synthetic Theory ofEvolution in chapter 9.
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Scientific progress and society
These biological systems are the result of morethan a billion years of evolutionary discoveries,rejections, trials, successes, and perfection, inwhich many of which has worked well in eachstep incorporates.
El País 26-11-1992. Eric H. Davidson.
4. GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
4.a) Evolutionary genetics
This title IV presents new ideas about the origin of lifeconcerning evolutionary genetics and its consequences on theevolution of the species.
It has four main sections. Firstly, there is a brief description ofgenetics and evolution.
The second section stages the objectives of life with thefundamental logical argument of why and how the evolutionof living beings develops.
In the majority of the superior evolutionary processes,inevitably, there would be genetic changes producedsimultaneously by the influence of the environment, randommechanisms, and methods of trial and error. Some changes
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will already have verification, sexual differentiation and naturaland sexual selection will be present.
The next two sections refer to the creation of primary andaccurate terminology concerning genetics and the theory ofevolution, and to cite some examples that may help tofamiliarize and identify the terms employed.
It is worth pointing out that the purpose is not to explainmodern biology or genetic engineering terms like types ofmolecules, proteins, their three-dimensional forms, specificbiological functions, or molecular processes of chemicalnature.
On the contrary, theanalysis focuses onwhat nature does, onthe general proceduresand methods that itprobably uses, theprocesses, and theparticular conceptualmechanisms.
For example, there arebiochemicalmechanisms that giveplace to randomprocesses, which arerelevant to the theoryof evolution; that is, its
functional character and not the molecular play, which wouldbe more typical of a course in chemistry, molecular biology orgenetic engineering.
The virtue of this approach is allowing any person to
Protein HNF1a and DNA(Public domain image)
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NEWS ABOUT THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Furthermore, the research has found numeroussequences devoid of known function –they donot run the production of protein– in all of thespecies studied. It indicates that they have beenthroughout evolution and strongly suggests thatthey have some biological function.
El País 14-08-2003. Nature
understand the reasoning.
However, sometimes the logic can become complicated due tothe amount of precision and nuances necessary in theexplanations.
Perhaps the main drawback of this exposition is to includeintuitive ideas contrary to what academia repeats and repeatswith suspicious insistence.
Consequently, one should not seek a perfect understanding ofthe explanations; instead, one should attempt to appreciate thereasoning behind the new proposals, thinking that some ofthem may be incorrect, but could be in the right direction.
Keep in mind that, now, the knowledge of the geneticmechanisms is insufficient regarding its actual magnitude inthe theory of evolution.*
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4.b) Objectives of life and theory of evolution ofman
Setting aside the purely philosophical position, the final aim ofLife is unknown; however, we can indeed analyze some of theinstrumental objectives that logically exist or should exist ingeneral.
Without trying to be exhaustive, the discussion will be aboutthe essential objectives, which are being present not only inthe evolution of man but rather in all vital impulse systems.Equally, the considerations relate to the Conditional Evolutionof Life –CEL– support and the contradictions or limitationsof other theories.
It is worth disclosing there is a conceptual interrelationbetween the discussed objectives and between the argumentsand examples used; nonetheless, the presentation separatesthem into the following.
1. Guarantee and certainty
2. Efficacy and optimization
3. Internal coherence or compatibility
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♦When Goblin finished writing the book,
Mª José told him:
–It seems that you have a phobia about genius; you’ve bumped Einstein and Darwin off.–
And Goblin answered:
–Oh, come on! I would have preferred to bang a couple of witches.
Besides,I really think Darwin and I would agree that:
“It’s funny to see how some animals deny the intelligence of other animals” –
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