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Chapter 14

Musculoskeletal System

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Functions of the Skeletal System

Provides a framework for the body, protects the soft body parts such as the brain, stores calcium, and produces blood cellsThe body contains 206 bones.Provides movement, posture, joint stability, and heat productionThe body consists of more than 600 muscles.

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Bone Structure

periosteum: outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissuecompact bone: dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteumcancellous (spongy) bone: contains small spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact boneendosteum: membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

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Bone Structure (cont’d)

diaphysis: shaft of the long bonesepiphysis (pl. epiphyses): ends of the long bonebone marrow: material found in the cavities of bones

red marrow: thick, blood-like material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones (location of blood cell formationyellow marrow: soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

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Bone Structure

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Skeletal Bones (Jawbones)

maxilla: upper jawbonesmandible: lower jawbone

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vertebral column: made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (sing.) through which the spinal cord runs

cervical vertebrae (C1-C7): first set of 7 forming the neckthoracic vertebrae (T1-T12): second set of 12 vertebraelumbar vertebrae (L1-L5): third set of 5 larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of spine

Skeletal Bones (Vertebral Column)

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Skeletal Bones (Vertebral Column) (cont’d)

vertebral column (cont’d)sacrum: next five vertebrae, which fuse together coccyx: four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbonelamina (pl. laminae): part of the vertebral arch

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Skeletal Bones (cont’d)

clavicle (2): collarbonescapula (2): shoulder bladesternum: breastboneupper extremities: arm and hand boneshumerus (2) carpals (16) ulna (2) metacarpals (10)radius (2) phalanges (28)

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Skeletal Bones (cont’d)

pelvic bones (3 pairs fused together)illium (2)ischium (2)pubis (2)

lower extremities: leg and foot bonesfemur (2) tarsals (4)patella (2) metatarsals (10)tibia (2) phalanges (28)fibula (2)

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Skeleton (Anterior)

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Skeleton (Posterior View)

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Joints

joint: holds bones together and make movement possibleligament: flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a jointtendon: band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bonebursa: small, fluid-filled sac that allows easy movement of one part of a joint over another

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Joints (cont’d)

meniscus: crescent-shaped cartilage found in the kneeintervertebral disk: cartilaginous disk found between each vertebra in the spinesynovia: fluid secreted by the synovialmembrane; found in joint cavities

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Knee Joint

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Muscles

skeletal muscles (striated): attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. Also known as voluntary musclesbecause we have control over these muscles.

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Muscular System (Anterior)

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Muscular System (Posterior)

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Muscles (cont’d)

smooth muscles (unstriated): located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also called involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily.cardiac muscle: forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat.

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Types of Body Movements

Bones and muscles work together to produce various movements. Some are listed below:

abduction inversionadduction pronationeversion rotationextension supinationflexion

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Types of Body Movements

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Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System

carp/oclavic/o, clavicul/ocost/o crani/ofemor/ofibul/o

humer/oili/oischi/olumb/omandibul/omaxill/o

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Combining Forms for the Musculoskeletal System (cont’d)

patell/opelv/i, pelv/ophalang/opub/orachi/oradi/o

sacr/oscapul/ospondyl/o, vertebr/ostern/o tars/otibi/ouln/o

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Combining Forms for Joints

aponeur/oarthr/oburs/o chondr/odisk/o menisc/osynovi/oten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

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Combining Forms Commonly Used with Musculoskeletal System Terms

ankyl/okinesi/okyph/olamin/olord/o

myel/omy/o, myos/ooste/opetr/oscoli/o

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Prefixes

inter-supra-sym-, syn-

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Suffixes

-asthenia-clasia-clasis, -clast-desis-physis-schisis

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts

arthritisarthrochondritisbursitisbursolithcarpoptosischondromalaciafibromyalgiakyphosislordosis

myastheniamyelomaosteitisosteoarthritis (OA)osteofibromaosteosarcomarachischisisscoliosistenosynovitis

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Knee Joint

A, Normal. B, Osteoarthritis.

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Disease and Disorder TermsNot Built from Word Parts

bunioncarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)Colles fracturefracturegoutherniated diskmuscular dystrophy (MD)osteoporosisrheumatoid arthritis (RA)

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Terms Known by Other Names

slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated nucleus pulposus

herniated diskspurbunion

spina bifidarachischisis

hunchbackkyphosis

Also called…Term

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Bunion

A, With bunion. B, After bunionectomy.

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Colles Fracture

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Types of Fractures

A, Greenstick; B, transverse; C, oblique; D, spiral; E, comminuted; F, compression.

Gout

Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts

arthroclasiaarthrodesisarthroplastybursectomycarpectomychondroplastycostectomycraniotomydiskectomy

laminectomymeniscectomymyorrhaphyosteoclasisrachiotomyspondylosyndesistenomyoplastyvertebroplasty

Herniated Disk

Diskectomy

Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts

Diagnostic imagingarthrography

Endoscopyarthroscopy

Otherarthrocentesiselectromyogram (EMG)

(joint) / cv / (visual examination)

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts

arthralgiaatrophybradykinesiadyskinesiaintervertebral

intracranialishiofibularosteoblastvertebrocostal

Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts

chiropodist, podiatristchiropractororthopedicsorthopedistorthoticsosteopathosteopathyprosthesis

Abbreviations

C1-C7CTSEMGL1-L5MD

MGOAorthoRAT1-T12

OBJECTIVES

dentify the organs and other structures of the musculoskeletal systemDefine, pronounce, and spell types of body movementsDefine and spell the word parts Build and analyze medical terms using word parts

OBJECTIVES (cont’d)

Define, pronounce, and spell the disease nd disorder, diagnostic, surgical, and omplementary terms for the

musculoskeletal systemnterpret the meanings of the abbreviationsRead medical documents and interpret medical terminology contained in themdentify and use plural endings