Functional Anatomy Functional Anatomy and Physiologyand Physiology

Bones and JointsBones and Joints

Athlete Management Athlete Management Term 4Term 4

Terminology for the Location of Terminology for the Location of

Body StructuresBody Structures To allow people to describe the To allow people to describe the location of the body structure, we use location of the body structure, we use an an Anatomical Reference SystemAnatomical Reference System. . This reference system has three partsThis reference system has three parts

DirectionDirection PlanePlane CavityCavity

To give location of the body part, it is To give location of the body part, it is assumed that the body is in the assumed that the body is in the Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position. This is standing . This is standing erect, facing forward, arms by sides and erect, facing forward, arms by sides and palms forward.palms forward.

Body CavityBody Cavity A body structure may be located A body structure may be located in a particular cavity. Each cavity in a particular cavity. Each cavity contains particular organs. For contains particular organs. For example the Thoracic cavity example the Thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs and contains the heart and lungs and is separated from the abdominal is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.cavity by the diaphragm.

There are five major cavitiesThere are five major cavities Pelvic CavityPelvic Cavity Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavity Thoracic Cavity – Thoracic Cavity – pleural (lungs)pleural (lungs)

Pericardial (heart)Pericardial (heart) Spinal CavitySpinal Cavity Cranial CavityCranial Cavity

Body structure and Movement of the Body structure and Movement of the

Musculoskeletal System.Musculoskeletal System. The musculoskeletal system is a The musculoskeletal system is a combination of the skeletal, combination of the skeletal, muscular and articular systems of muscular and articular systems of the body and is responsible for the the body and is responsible for the movement and locomotion of the movement and locomotion of the body.body.

Skeleton – frameworkSkeleton – framework

Muscles – forceMuscles – force

Joints – movementJoints – movement

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal SystemSome facts:Some facts: The human skeleton is anThe human skeleton is an endoskeleton endoskeleton ie it lies ie it lies

within the soft tissue of the body. It differs from the within the soft tissue of the body. It differs from the exoskeletonexoskeleton of an insect or crayfish. of an insect or crayfish.

It is the major supporting structure of the bodyIt is the major supporting structure of the body It is a It is a living structureliving structure, capable of growth, adaptation , capable of growth, adaptation

and repair.and repair. The human body contains a total of The human body contains a total of 206 bones.206 bones.

Bones are approximately 50% solid matter and 50% waterBones are approximately 50% solid matter and 50% water By weight, bone is 65% mineral and 35 % cells, fibres and By weight, bone is 65% mineral and 35 % cells, fibres and

blood vesselsblood vessels Bones are living structures containing blood vessels and Bones are living structures containing blood vessels and

nerves that grow, adapt and repairnerves that grow, adapt and repair Bones continue to grow in length until girls are 13 – 15 Bones continue to grow in length until girls are 13 – 15

years and boys are 16 – 18 years.years and boys are 16 – 18 years. Is 20% of total body weight.Is 20% of total body weight.

Functions of the Skeletal SystemFunctions of the Skeletal System The skeletal system has four main functions:The skeletal system has four main functions:

Body MovementBody Movement – there are up to 206 bones in the skeleton, all of which – there are up to 206 bones in the skeleton, all of which provide sites for muscle attachment. When a muscle contracts, it moves provide sites for muscle attachment. When a muscle contracts, it moves the bones to which it is attached and thus creates movement. Any the bones to which it is attached and thus creates movement. Any irregularity on a bone surface provides a possible site for muscle irregularity on a bone surface provides a possible site for muscle attachment.attachment.

Support and ProtectionSupport and Protection – the skeleton provides support for the body – the skeleton provides support for the body and helps battle forces of gravity. The strong protective skeletal layer and helps battle forces of gravity. The strong protective skeletal layer protects vital organs eg the rib cage protects heart, lungs, kidneys from all protects vital organs eg the rib cage protects heart, lungs, kidneys from all but the most traumatic injuries.but the most traumatic injuries.

There are two main types of bone tissue:There are two main types of bone tissue: Compact boneCompact bone – found in the shaft (diaphysis of the long bone. It surrounds – found in the shaft (diaphysis of the long bone. It surrounds

the cavity of the long bone, giving body rigid framework. Collagen is the the cavity of the long bone, giving body rigid framework. Collagen is the central ingredient in providing compact bone rigidity and strength.central ingredient in providing compact bone rigidity and strength.

Cancellous boneCancellous bone – or spongy bone, provides some of the shock absorption – or spongy bone, provides some of the shock absorption required at end of long bones or at edges of more irregular bones.required at end of long bones or at edges of more irregular bones.

Mineral storage sitesMineral storage sites – bone tissue stores a number of minerals – bone tissue stores a number of minerals important for health. Calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium all important for health. Calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium all contribute to maintenance of bone tissue as well as other roles in the contribute to maintenance of bone tissue as well as other roles in the body.body.

Production of blood cellsProduction of blood cells – essential production of new Red Blood Cells – essential production of new Red Blood Cells occurs within cavity of the long bones. Production levels are high during occurs within cavity of the long bones. Production levels are high during growth years, reducing as age increases and need for high rates of RBC growth years, reducing as age increases and need for high rates of RBC decreases. Haemoglobin transports 02 inside RBC and much of adult’s decreases. Haemoglobin transports 02 inside RBC and much of adult’s bone activity are filled with yellow bone marrow, a source of long-term bone activity are filled with yellow bone marrow, a source of long-term energy.energy.

Bones of the BodyBones of the Body

BonesBones

BonesBones

BonesBones

BonesBones

BonesBones

BonesBones

BonesBones

Major bones of the SkeletonMajor bones of the Skeleton The skeleton is divided The skeleton is divided

into two main parts:into two main parts: Axial skeletonAxial skeleton, which , which

provides a central support provides a central support axis and includes the axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribssternum and ribs

Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton, , which includes the bones which includes the bones of the limbs, together with of the limbs, together with the shoulder girdle and the shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle, which pelvic girdle, which support and attach them support and attach them to the axial skeleton.to the axial skeleton.

Vertebral column:Vertebral column:The vertebral column has some special features.The vertebral column has some special features. Each vertebra has a hollow centre through which the spinal Each vertebra has a hollow centre through which the spinal

cord travels which controls most conscious movements within cord travels which controls most conscious movements within the body.the body.

Vertebras increase in size as they descend from Vertebras increase in size as they descend from cervicalcervical thoracicthoracic lumbar region. lumbar region.

Helps to support the weight of the body.Helps to support the weight of the body. Movement between the (2) vertebrae is limited, but Movement between the (2) vertebrae is limited, but

movement of the vertebral column as a whole is great movement of the vertebral column as a whole is great allowing bending and twisting.allowing bending and twisting.

Provides a central structure for maintenance of good posture. Provides a central structure for maintenance of good posture. This is dependent on the person maintaining correct levels of This is dependent on the person maintaining correct levels of strength and flexibility of muscles groups that connect with strength and flexibility of muscles groups that connect with the vertebral column.the vertebral column.

The cervical vertebrae support the head and neck, the The cervical vertebrae support the head and neck, the thoracic vertebra anchor the ribs and strong weight bearing thoracic vertebra anchor the ribs and strong weight bearing regions towards the bottom of the vertebral column and regions towards the bottom of the vertebral column and provide a stable centre of gravity during movement.provide a stable centre of gravity during movement.

The Articular SystemThe Articular System An articulation is the place of An articulation is the place of union between two or more union between two or more bones.bones.There are three different There are three different types of articulation (or types of articulation (or joints), determined by the joints), determined by the degree of movement they degree of movement they permitpermit

1.1. Fibrous joint (immovable Fibrous joint (immovable joint) joint) Bones are united by short Bones are united by short bands of fibrous tissue at bands of fibrous tissue at their ends eg skull bones, their ends eg skull bones, pelvic bones and sternum. pelvic bones and sternum.

The Articular SystemThe Articular System 2.2. Cartilaginous Cartilaginous

joint (slightly joint (slightly immovable joint)immovable joint)

Bones are united by a disc Bones are united by a disc of tough fibrous cartilage of tough fibrous cartilage separating the ends separating the ends allowing a small amount allowing a small amount of movement eg vertebral of movement eg vertebral column, pubic bones, column, pubic bones, diaphysis and epiphysis, diaphysis and epiphysis, ribs joining the sternum.ribs joining the sternum.

The Articular SystemThe Articular System 3.3. Synovial joints Synovial joints

(moveable joints)(moveable joints)

All synovial joints have a All synovial joints have a capsule that encloses the capsule that encloses the joint spacejoint space

Synovial membrane lines Synovial membrane lines the inner surface of the the inner surface of the capsule and secretes capsule and secretes synovial fluid into the joint synovial fluid into the joint cavity to keep it cavity to keep it lubricated.lubricated.

Shock absorbent articular Shock absorbent articular cartilage is found on the cartilage is found on the ends of the bones to ends of the bones to protect then from wear protect then from wear and tear.and tear.

Eg knee, hip, elbow jointsEg knee, hip, elbow joints

Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints

Types of Synovial JointsTypes of Synovial Joints

Hinge Joint

Pivot Joint

Ovoid (ellipsoid) joint

Gliding (plane) joint

Saddle Joint

Ball and Socket joint

JOINT TYPEJOINT TYPE DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION EXAMPLEEXAMPLE

Allows back and Allows back and forth movement, forth movement, such as bending such as bending and straightening.and straightening.Uniaxial.Uniaxial.

Knee, knuckle, ankle Knee, knuckle, ankle and elbowand elbow

Allows rotation Allows rotation only.only.Uniaxial.Uniaxial.

Between atlas and axis, Between atlas and axis, between radius and between radius and humerus.humerus.

Allows back and Allows back and forth and side to forth and side to side movement,side movement,Biaxial.Biaxial.

Between carpals and Between carpals and radius; between radius; between metacarpal and metacarpal and phalange.phalange.

Flat bones slide on Flat bones slide on each other. Side to each other. Side to side and back and side and back and forth movement.forth movement.Biaxial.Biaxial.

Between carpals, Between carpals, tarsals, ribs and tarsals, ribs and thoracic vertebrae.thoracic vertebrae.

Allows back and Allows back and forth and side to forth and side to side movements.side movements.Biaxial.Biaxial.

Between carpal and Between carpal and metacarpals of thumbmetacarpals of thumb

Allows side to side, Allows side to side, back and forth and back and forth and rotational rotational movement. movement. Triaxial.Triaxial.

Hip and shoulder joint; Hip and shoulder joint; head of femur/humerus head of femur/humerus fits into pelvis/scapula.fits into pelvis/scapula.

Structures within the Structures within the

Synovial JointsSynovial Joints

Movements of the Synovial Movements of the Synovial

JointsJoints

Movements of the Synovial Joints and their Movements of the Synovial Joints and their

definitionsdefinitions FlexionFlexion A decrease in the angle of a jointA decrease in the angle of a joint

ExtensionExtension In increase in the angle of a jointIn increase in the angle of a joint

Lateral FlexionLateral Flexion Flexion sidewaysFlexion sideways

HyperextensionHyperextension Extension beyond that seen in the anatomical Extension beyond that seen in the anatomical positionposition

Horizontal flexionHorizontal flexion Flexion in the shoulder joint where the arm moves Flexion in the shoulder joint where the arm moves close to the body in a horizontal planeclose to the body in a horizontal plane

Horizontal extensionHorizontal extension Extension in the shoulder joint where the arm Extension in the shoulder joint where the arm moves away from the body in a horizontal planemoves away from the body in a horizontal plane

AbductionAbduction Movement of a body part away from the midline of Movement of a body part away from the midline of the bodythe body

AdductionAdduction Movement of a body part back toward the midline Movement of a body part back toward the midline of the bodyof the body

RotationRotation Movement of a body part around its longitudinal Movement of a body part around its longitudinal axisaxis

PronationPronation Rotation of the palm of the hand downwards or Rotation of the palm of the hand downwards or inwardsinwards

SupinationSupination Rotation of the palm of the hand upwards or Rotation of the palm of the hand upwards or outwardsoutwards

Plantar flexionPlantar flexion An increase in the angle between the foot and the An increase in the angle between the foot and the tibia in the ankle joint (toes pointed)tibia in the ankle joint (toes pointed)

Dorsi flexionDorsi flexion A decrease in the angle between the foot and the A decrease in the angle between the foot and the tibia in the ankle jointtibia in the ankle joint

ElevationElevation Upward movement of the scapulaUpward movement of the scapula

DepressionDepression Downward movement of the scapulaDownward movement of the scapula

InversionInversion Movement of the sole of the foot inwards at the Movement of the sole of the foot inwards at the ankleankle

EversionEversion Movement of the side of the foot outwards at the Movement of the side of the foot outwards at the ankleankle

CircumductionCircumduction Movement of the end of the bones in a circular Movement of the end of the bones in a circular motionmotion