Musculoskeletal system

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VCE Physical Education VCE Physical Education Traralgon College Traralgon College Unit Two Unit Two The Musculoskeletal The Musculoskeletal System System

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Transcript of Musculoskeletal system

Page 1: Musculoskeletal system

VCE Physical EducationVCE Physical Education

Traralgon CollegeTraralgon College

Unit TwoUnit Two

The Musculoskeletal SystemThe Musculoskeletal System

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Skeletal System OverviewSkeletal System Overview

• A newborn baby has 305 bones.A newborn baby has 305 bones.

• As a human develops to the age of 25, some As a human develops to the age of 25, some bones fuse together to obtain maximum bones fuse together to obtain maximum strength.strength.

• The average human skeleton has The average human skeleton has 206206 bones. bones.

• Largest bones – Thigh (Femur) and the Upper Largest bones – Thigh (Femur) and the Upper Arm (Humerus).Arm (Humerus).

• Smallest bones – Middle Ear (Maleus, Incus and Smallest bones – Middle Ear (Maleus, Incus and Stapes).Stapes).

• All bones are living organs, which contain All bones are living organs, which contain living (cells) and non-living (mineral) materials.living (cells) and non-living (mineral) materials.

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Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones

• Bones have 5 major functions:Bones have 5 major functions:Support Support –– Provide support for tendons and Provide support for tendons and ligaments and the framework for body shape.ligaments and the framework for body shape.ProtectionProtection – The cranium protects your brain, the – The cranium protects your brain, the ribs and sternum protect your internal organs ribs and sternum protect your internal organs such as heart and lungs.such as heart and lungs.MovementMovement – Bones work with muscles to produce – Bones work with muscles to produce movement. Muscles are attached to the skeleton movement. Muscles are attached to the skeleton and work by contracting (shortening) and pulling and work by contracting (shortening) and pulling on bones.on bones.StorageStorage – Bones are the site for storage and – Bones are the site for storage and release of excess minerals. These are released as release of excess minerals. These are released as the body requires.the body requires.Blood productionBlood production – Some bones (ribs, vertebrae, – Some bones (ribs, vertebrae, humerus and femur) contain red bone marrow. humerus and femur) contain red bone marrow. This makes red cells, white cells and platelets for This makes red cells, white cells and platelets for blood.blood.

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Cranium

Mandible

Clavicle

Sternum

Ribs

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Metacarpals

Femur

Tibia

TarsalsMetatarsals

Patella

Fibula

Pelvis

Vertebrae

Humerus

Scapula

Phalanges

Phalanges

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Bone Classifications – Long Bone Classifications – Long BonesBones

• Long bones consist of a long shaft covered Long bones consist of a long shaft covered by hard bone around a hollow centre which by hard bone around a hollow centre which contains yellow marrow. contains yellow marrow.

• The two ends contain spongy bone and red The two ends contain spongy bone and red marrow.marrow.

• These bones are light but very strong, and These bones are light but very strong, and are major weight-bearing bones of the body.are major weight-bearing bones of the body.

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Long Bone - FemurLong Bone - Femur

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Bone Classifications – Short Bone Classifications – Short BonesBones

• Short bones are chunky, compact bones Short bones are chunky, compact bones that are strong and reinforced by thickening that are strong and reinforced by thickening of the bone tissue.of the bone tissue.

• They contain spongy bone and allow a They contain spongy bone and allow a variety of movements at joints.variety of movements at joints.

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Short Bone - CarpalsShort Bone - Carpals

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Bone Classifications – Flat Bone Classifications – Flat BonesBones

• Flat bones are made up of two strong layers Flat bones are made up of two strong layers of compact bone, joined by a layer of of compact bone, joined by a layer of spongy bone.spongy bone.

• These bones give protection to organs These bones give protection to organs beneath them and allow for large areas of beneath them and allow for large areas of muscle attachment. muscle attachment.

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Flat Bone - ScapulaFlat Bone - Scapula

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Bone Classifications – Irregular Bone Classifications – Irregular BonesBones

• Irregular bones are made up of a thin layer Irregular bones are made up of a thin layer of compact bone containing a mass of of compact bone containing a mass of spongy bone.spongy bone.

• Irregular bones are reinforced where extra Irregular bones are reinforced where extra strength is needed. strength is needed.

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Irregular Bone - VertebraIrregular Bone - Vertebra

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Division of the SkeletonDivision of the Skeleton

• The skeleton has two main parts: The skeleton has two main parts: – Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular

Skeleton.Skeleton.• The Axial Skeleton includes the skull, the The Axial Skeleton includes the skull, the

vertebral column (spine, sacrum, and coccyx), vertebral column (spine, sacrum, and coccyx), the sternum, and the ribs. Its components are the sternum, and the ribs. Its components are aligned along the long axis of the body.aligned along the long axis of the body.

• The Appendicular Skeleton includes the bones The Appendicular Skeleton includes the bones of the upper extremities (arms, forearms, and of the upper extremities (arms, forearms, and hands), the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, the hands), the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, the pelvic (hip) girdle, and the bones of the lower pelvic (hip) girdle, and the bones of the lower extremities (thigh, knee, leg, and foot). Its extremities (thigh, knee, leg, and foot). Its components are outside the body main axis.components are outside the body main axis.

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Axial and Appendicular Axial and Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton

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Muscular System OverviewMuscular System Overview

• There are over 600 muscles in the human There are over 600 muscles in the human body.body.

• There size ranges from one that make the There size ranges from one that make the hairs on your arms stand up to the large hairs on your arms stand up to the large muscles in your upper leg.muscles in your upper leg.

• Without muscles our hearts wouldn’t beat, Without muscles our hearts wouldn’t beat, we couldn’t breathe, digest food, walk, talk we couldn’t breathe, digest food, walk, talk or reproduce.or reproduce.

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Functions of MusclesFunctions of Muscles

• Muscles have 3 major functions:Muscles have 3 major functions:Movement Movement – Most of our muscles are under – Most of our muscles are under voluntary control such as skeletal muscles voluntary control such as skeletal muscles responsible for moving our bones. Some responsible for moving our bones. Some muscles we do not consciously control such muscles we do not consciously control such as muscles of the eye and heart.as muscles of the eye and heart.PosturePosture – Muscles make continuous – Muscles make continuous changes to our posture allowing for the changes to our posture allowing for the constant pull (gravity) placed on our body.constant pull (gravity) placed on our body.Body HeatBody Heat – The energy muscles require to – The energy muscles require to contract produces movement and releases contract produces movement and releases heat that helps maintain body temperature.heat that helps maintain body temperature.

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Types of MusclesTypes of Muscles

• There are 3 types of muscles tissue in our There are 3 types of muscles tissue in our body:body:

Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle – Muscles attached to – Muscles attached to our bones under voluntary control.our bones under voluntary control.

Smooth Muscle Smooth Muscle – Muscles found – Muscles found internally in blood vessels and walls of the internally in blood vessels and walls of the intestine and stomach under involuntary intestine and stomach under involuntary control.control.

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle – Muscles that make up – Muscles that make up the walls of the heart which are under the walls of the heart which are under involuntary control.involuntary control.

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DeltoidDeltoid

Pectorals

Trapezius

BicepsTriceps

Rhomboids

Rectus Abdominis

Gluteus Maximus

SartoriusBiceps Femoris

Soleus

Latissimus Dorsi

Quadriceps

Gastrocnemius

Sternomastoid

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A Delts Deltoid Shoulder Lifts arm

B Pecs Pectorals Chest Pulls shoulders forward

Letter Colour Common Name Scientific Name Location (Where it is on the body)

Action (What is does)

C Traps Trapezius Between neck and shoulder Lifts (shrugs) shoulders

D Biceps Biceps Front of upper arm Bends elbow

E Triceps Triceps Back of upper arm Straighten elbow

F Rhomboids Rhomboids Between shoulders Pulls shoulders back

G Abs Rectus Abdominis Stomach Bends trunk forward

H Glutes Gluteus Maximus Buttocks Straightens hip

I Sartorius Sartorius Thigh Rotate leg

J Hamstrings Biceps Femoris Back of thigh Bends knee

K Soleus Soleus Front of leg Flexes ankle

L Lats Latissimus Dorsi Underarms Pulls shoulders down

M Quads Quadriceps Front of thigh Straightens knee

N Calf Gastrocnemius Behind shin Straightens ankle

O Sternomastoid Sternomastoid Neck Turns head

The Muscular System TableThe Muscular System Table

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Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms

• To avoid confusion when describing various To avoid confusion when describing various body movements and positions of the body movements and positions of the musculoskeletal system, standard anatomical musculoskeletal system, standard anatomical terminology is used.terminology is used.

• Medial DirectionMedial Direction – toward the midline of the – toward the midline of the body body

• Lateral DirectionLateral Direction – toward the side of the – toward the side of the body.body.

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Anatomical TermsAnatomical Terms

• Superficial DirectionSuperficial Direction – close to the surface of – close to the surface of the body.the body.

• Deep PositionDeep Position – any feature that is further – any feature that is further away from the surface of the body. Example – away from the surface of the body. Example – the ribs are “Superficial” and the heart is “deep”.the ribs are “Superficial” and the heart is “deep”.

• Proximal and Distal PositionsProximal and Distal Positions – refers to the – refers to the limbs. Proximal means “closer” to where the limb limbs. Proximal means “closer” to where the limb is attached. Distal means further from the point is attached. Distal means further from the point of attachment – the fingers are distal to the of attachment – the fingers are distal to the shoulder.shoulder.

• SuperiorSuperior – a position towards the head. – a position towards the head.

• InferiorInferior – a position away from the head. – a position away from the head.

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Types of JointsTypes of Joints

• Joints occur when 2 or more bones meet. They are Joints occur when 2 or more bones meet. They are held by ligaments (thick cords of stringy tissue).held by ligaments (thick cords of stringy tissue).

• Joints are essential for movement, as muscles Joints are essential for movement, as muscles need to pass over them for contraction to occur.need to pass over them for contraction to occur.

• The type of joint will determine how moveable the The type of joint will determine how moveable the bones are. There are three main types of joints:bones are. There are three main types of joints:

• Fibrous – immovable.Fibrous – immovable.

• Cartilaginous – partially moveable.Cartilaginous – partially moveable.

• Synovial – freely moveable.Synovial – freely moveable.

• Copy table 11.1 on page 268.Copy table 11.1 on page 268.

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Types of MovementTypes of Movement

• Flexion – the angle of the joint is decreased.Flexion – the angle of the joint is decreased.

• Extension – the angle of the joint is increased.Extension – the angle of the joint is increased.

• Adduction – a body part is moved towards the Adduction – a body part is moved towards the middle of the body.middle of the body.

• Abduction – a body part is moved from the Abduction – a body part is moved from the midline of the body.midline of the body.

• Rotation – a body part is moved either Rotation – a body part is moved either outwards or inwards around its long axis.outwards or inwards around its long axis.

• Circumduction – a body part is moved in a Circumduction – a body part is moved in a cone shape.cone shape.

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Types of MovementTypes of Movement

• Supination – a rotation of the forearm which Supination – a rotation of the forearm which causes the palm of the hand to face upwards.causes the palm of the hand to face upwards.

• Pronation – a rotation of the forearm which Pronation – a rotation of the forearm which causes the palm of the hand to face causes the palm of the hand to face downwards.downwards.

• Eversion – a rotation of the sole of the foot Eversion – a rotation of the sole of the foot outwards.outwards.

• Inversion – a rotation of the sole of the foot Inversion – a rotation of the sole of the foot inwards.inwards.

• Refer to Figure 11.22 to 11.26 on page 270 Refer to Figure 11.22 to 11.26 on page 270 and 271.and 271.

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Types of Muscle FibresTypes of Muscle Fibres

• Skeletal muscle is made up of two basic Skeletal muscle is made up of two basic fibre types:fibre types:

• Slow-twitch Fibres (Type 1) and Slow-twitch Fibres (Type 1) and

• Fast-twitch Fibres (Type 2).Fast-twitch Fibres (Type 2).

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Slow-twitch Muscle FibresSlow-twitch Muscle Fibres

• Colour = RedColour = Red

• Contract slowly over a longer period of time.Contract slowly over a longer period of time.

• Best suited to aerobic and endurance Best suited to aerobic and endurance activities.activities.

• Exerts less force and can contract Exerts less force and can contract repeatedly.repeatedly.

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Fast-twitch Muscle FibresFast-twitch Muscle Fibres

• Colour = WhiteColour = White

• Contract rapidly over a shorter period of Contract rapidly over a shorter period of time.time.

• Best suited to anaerobic and high intensity Best suited to anaerobic and high intensity activities.activities.

• Exerts great force in bursts of power and Exerts great force in bursts of power and speed.speed.

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Athletic ComparisonsAthletic Comparisons

Sport % slow twitch % fast twitch

Distance runners 60-90 10-40

Track sprinters 25-45 55-75

Weight lifters 45-55 45-55

Shot putters 25-40 60-75

Non-athletes 47-53 47-53

Figure 11.31 and 11.32 on Page 274 and 275

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Muscle StructureMuscle Structure

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Types of Muscle Types of Muscle ContractionsContractions

• There are three types of muscle contractions There are three types of muscle contractions (listed in order of most common to least (listed in order of most common to least common):common):

• Isotonic Contraction,Isotonic Contraction,

• Isometric Contraction, andIsometric Contraction, and

• Isokenitic Contraction.Isokenitic Contraction.

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Isotonic ContractionIsotonic Contraction

• Most common muscle contraction.Most common muscle contraction.

• Occurs when the muscle length changes as Occurs when the muscle length changes as tension is developed.tension is developed.

• Example – when a shot-putter pick up the Example – when a shot-putter pick up the shot-put and raises it to his or her neck.shot-put and raises it to his or her neck.

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Isometric ContractionIsometric Contraction

• Occurs when the muscle contracts but do not Occurs when the muscle contracts but do not produce any movement.produce any movement.

• Example – if you were to hold out your arm, Example – if you were to hold out your arm, palm up and a weight is placed on your palm up and a weight is placed on your hand. Your arm muscles would develop hand. Your arm muscles would develop tension but not change in length.tension but not change in length.

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Isokinetic ContractionIsokinetic Contraction

• Occur when tension in a muscle is maximal Occur when tension in a muscle is maximal throughout the range of motion.throughout the range of motion.

• This type of contraction exercises the muscle This type of contraction exercises the muscle most effectively.most effectively.

• Specialised gym equipment assist with these Specialised gym equipment assist with these contractions.contractions.

• The harder you push or pull, the greater the The harder you push or pull, the greater the resistance offered by the machine.resistance offered by the machine.

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SummarySummary

• What you should know – page 280-281.What you should know – page 280-281.

• Test your knowledge – page 281.Test your knowledge – page 281.

• SAC 1 - Preparation SheetSAC 1 - Preparation Sheet