MUSCLES FOR LECTURE

Muscle Types Smooth: spindle shaped

no striations involuntary

Cardiac: cylindrical shaped striated involuntary (only responds to direct electrical stimulation)

Skeletal: elongated striated voluntary

MOTION TERMS FLEXION: reduces the angle of the joint from the anatomical position.

Flex elbow EXTENSION: movement that returns you to anatomical position. Extend

elbow. All these terms refer to either a body part or a joint. Can flex elbow or

flex joint. HYPEREXTENSION: extension beyond anatomical position; wrist,

neck. Some terms relate only to certain areas, such as the ankle: DORSIFLEXTION: lift up toes PLANTARFLEXION: move toes down INVERSION: when sole of foot points inward EVERSION: sole of foot points outward. ABDUCTION: move body part away from midline; arm, fingers, thumb ADDUCTION: bring back to midline; arms, fingers, thumb

MOTION TERMS ROTATION: pivot on an axis; shake head “no”; can rotate head

and shoulder CIRCUMDUCTION: to draw a circle with body part; shoulder,

head PRONATION (to lie prone is on stomach). Turn hands

downward. SUPINATION: refers to arms; want a bowl of soup, supinate PROTRACTION: to move anteriorily; shoulders, mandible RETRACTION: to move part posteriorly; shoulders ELEVATION: to raise part superiorly; shoulders DEPRESSION: to lower part; open mouth.

Muscle Terms Prime mover Synergist (helps prime mover) Antagonist (does opposite of prime mover) Fixator (holds bone in place so prime mover

can move a body part better)

SURFACE LANDMARKS THYROID CARTILAGE (Adam’s apple) JUGULAR NOTCH: ridge between two clavicles

above manubrium COSTAL MARGIN: edge of ribcage UMBILICUS (NAVAL): belly button INGUINAL REGION: the crease between abdomen

and thigh; ant sup iliac spine pubic symphusis GLUTEAL CLEFT (NATAL CLEFT): butt crack PERINEUM: between genitals and anus

Trapezius, Latissmus dorsi, Teres major and minor, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus

1

2

3a

3b

4

5

Subscapularis, Coracobrachialis• Seen on the anterior portion of the scapula

1

2

Pectoralis Major and Minor

1

2

Deltoid

1

Triceps brachii, Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis

1

2

3

4

Muscles that Define the Axilla Anterior: Pectoralis major Posterior: Latissimus dorsi and Teres major Base:

Lymph nodes Axillary artery Brachial plexus

Rhomboids

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Serratus anterior

External oblique Internal

oblique

Rectus abdominus

Pronator teres,

Flexor retinaculum

1

2

Flexor Retinaculum Not a muscle It is a band-like fibrous fascia over the wrist

that covers the flexor tendons and keeps them from bow-stringing up.

If there is inflammation from over-use (flexion), the swelling will pinch the median nerve and cause pain in the hand

This is called Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Extensor carpi radialis (longus, brevis), Ext carpi ulnaris, Ext digitorum, Ext policis longus

1

2

3

4

Flex carpi ulnaris,

Palmaris longus,

Flex carpi radialis,

Flex digitorum superficialis,

Flex policis longus1

2

3

45

Flexor digitorum profundus

1

1

2

Gluteus maximus,

Gluteusmedius

Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, piriformis

1

2

3

Gluteus Maximus When sitting and going to a standing position,

this is the primary muscle responsible for straightening the hip

Hip Flexors When one foot is on the ground, these

muscles contract to lift the opposite foot off the ground

Psoas major,

Tensor fasciae latae,

Sartorius1

2

3

Quadriceps femoris: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medius, Vastus intermedius

1

2

3

Vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medius

Pectineus, Adductor longus, Adductor magnus, Gracilis

12

3

4

Scarpa’s Triangle

Muscles of the Femoral Triangle“Scarpa’s Triangle Superior: Inguinal

ligament Inferior (2): Sartorius

and Adductor Longus Contents:

Femoral artery/vein Femoral nerve Lymph nodes

Scarpa’s Trianglecontents

Scarpa’s Triangle on a

prosthetic device:

Make sure no pressure is on

this area!

Biceps femoris,

Semimembranosis,

Semitendonosis

1

2

3

Notice the prominences of the marked muscles: devices can rub there!

Gastrocnemius,

Plantaris1

2

Soleus,

Popliteus,

Tibialis posterior,

Flexor digitorum longus,

Flexor hallucis longus

Peroneus longus,Peroneus brevis

1

2

3

4

5

6

Tibialis anterior,

Ext hallucis longus,

Ext digitorum longus,

Peroneus tertius

1

2

3

4