Muscles Cardiac muscle - Parkway Schools ppt.pdf · Involuntary Visceral 1 nuclei Spindle shaped...

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1 Skeletal Muscles Myology My = muscle ology = study of Muscles 650 Males : 42% of body is muscle weight Females : 35% muscle weight in the body Voluntary - skeletal Involuntary – cardiac & smooth Cardiac muscle Heart Involuntary 1-2 nuclei Basket weave Striated Not regenerated Smooth muscles Involuntary Visceral 1 nuclei Spindle shaped Not striated Nerves – needed or not? regenerated Skeletal muscles Striated Needs a lot of ATP Moves skeleton Attached to bone Some regeneration occurs

Transcript of Muscles Cardiac muscle - Parkway Schools ppt.pdf · Involuntary Visceral 1 nuclei Spindle shaped...

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Skeletal Muscles MyologyMy = muscle

ology = study of

Muscles 650

Males : 42% of body is muscle weight

Females : 35% muscle weight in the body

Voluntary - skeletal

Involuntary – cardiac & smooth

Cardiac muscleHeart

Involuntary

1-2 nuclei

Basket weave

Striated

Not regenerated

Smooth musclesInvoluntary

Visceral

1 nuclei

Spindle shaped

Not striated

Nerves – needed or not?

regenerated

Skeletal musclesStriated

Needs a lot of ATP

Moves skeleton

Attached to bone

Some regeneration occurs

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Muscle slidesUse the slides to view these –discuss with your partner the differences

Print out & label a picture of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Figure 7-10(a)

Figure 7-10(b)

Smooth Muscle TissueStriated muscle

Functions of skeletal musclesMovement

Posture / body position

Support of soft tissues

Protection

Homeostasis - temperature

Characteristics of muscles

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Tissue typesConnective

Epithelial

Muscle

Neural

Muscle connectionsOrigin – muscle’s connection to the non-moveable bone

Insertion – muscle’s connection to the moveable bone

Action - joint movement

Muscles work in pairsFlexor – contracted muscle (agonist)

Extensor – relaxed muscle (antagonist)

Ex. Biceps & triceps

What would happen if muscles worked alone?

Helper muscles = synergist

ex: brachioradialis- helps to flex

the elbow

Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesThe Organization of a Skeletal Muscle

Figure 7-1

Neuromuscular Junction page 191

Figure 7-4(a)

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini /Bartholomew

PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University

The MuscularSystemThe MuscularSystem77

Figure 7.2a

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Microanatomy page 188

–SarcolemmaMuscle cell membrane

–SarcoplasmMuscle cell cytoplasm

–Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)Like smooth ER

–Transverse tubules (T tubules)

–Myofibrils (contraction organelle)

–Sarcomeres

Movement due to Filaments:

Actin

Myosin

Energy – will need ATP

Sarcomere- smallest part of a muscle that contracts

Relaxed musclePage 189

Figure 7-3 (2 of 2)

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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-51 of 7

Resting sarcomere

Myosin head

Myosin reactivation

Active-site exposure

Cross bridge detachment

Cross-bridge formation

Pivoting of myosin head

Troponin

ActinTropomyosin

ADP

P+

ADP

P +

ADP

P+

Active site

Sarcoplasm

Ca2+

Ca2+

ADP

P +

ADP

+ P

Ca2+

ADP+P

Ca2+

Ca2+

ADP + P

Ca2+

ADP + P

Ca2+

ATP

ATP

Ca2+

Ca2+

Ca2+

ADP

P +

+ P

ADP

Muscle Contraction1. Neurotransmitter-

Acetylcholine (ACh) released

from the motor neuron

ACh binds to receptors on the

sarcolemma

Na ions enter cell

ACTION POTENTIAL generated

2. Action potential travels through the cell via the T-TUBULES

3. Ca ions released from the cisternae

and bind to troponin

troponin change shape (twist) to expose the active site on the actin

4. Crossbridge forms as actin and myosin bind together using ATP

As actin slides toward center of each sarcomere – CONTRACTION occurs

5. Acetylcholinesterase (AChase)is released - ACh is broken down, Ca crossbridges break, Ca goes back to the cisternae, actin returns to resting position

Rephosphorylation occurs - ATP from ADP

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-51 of 7

Resting sarcomere

Myosin head

Myosin reactivation

Active-site exposure

Cross bridge detachment

Cross-bridge formation

Pivoting of myosin head

Troponin

ActinTropomyosin

ADP

P+

ADP

P +

ADP

P+

Active site

Sarcoplasm

Ca2+

Ca2+

ADP

P +

ADP

+ P

Ca2+

ADP+P

Ca2+

Ca2+

ADP + P

Ca2+

ADP + P

Ca2+

ATP

ATP

Ca2+

Ca2+

Ca2+

ADP

P +

+ P

ADP

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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini /Bartholomew

PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University

The MuscularSystemThe MuscularSystem77

Table 7.1

Contractions need Calcium

Calcium is absorbed with the help of vitamin D

How do you get vitamin D?

Vitamin DSunlight- used by body to make D

Lack of vitamin D = ricketts

Which sytem takes in the sunlight and helps muscles have a supply of Ca?

homeostasisWhat does the body do if it is cold?

Muscle contraction and heat is realeased

ExercisesStretching – to prevent injury

Resistance – to build muscle

Aerobic - needing oxygen, efficient, more ATP available through respiration (which organelle?)

Anaerobic – without oxygen, less oxygen – lactic acid buildup

Lack of oxygen - muscle becomes sore

Lack of ATP – muscle can cramp

Types of Contractions

Isotonic contractionconstant tension

(iso = same, tonic = tension)

ex.

Isometric contractionThe length of a muscle stays constant (iso = same, metric = length)

ex.

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ATPLight activity

Aerobic metabolism of fatty acids

Storage of glucose as glycogen

Moderate activityBreakdown of glycogen to glucose

Glycolysis of glucose

Peak activityAnerobic breakdown of glucose

Production of lactic acid

Physical Conditioning

–Anaerobic endurance

Time over which a muscle can contract effectively under anerobic conditions.

–Hypertrophy

Increase in muscle bulk. Can result from

anerobic training.

–Aerobic endurance

Time over which a muscle can contract

supported by mitochondria.

Origins, Insertions, and Actions

–Origin

Muscle attachment that remains fixed

– Insertion

Muscle attachment that moves

–Action

What joint movement a muscle produces

steroidsSynthetic hormones

Anabolic- builds muscle mass

Androgen

Estrogen

Side effects

AgingReduce

–Muscle size

–Muscle elasticity

–Muscle strength

–Exercise tolerance

– Injury recovery ability

Disorders Muscular dystrophy

Sprains

Case study

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Which organelle stores ATP

Which releases more ATP- aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

Which is the backup for the other?

Rigor mortis – ATP is decreased so Ca permeability is increased, muscle can’t move

The Appendicular Muscles

2 groups

Muscles of the shoulder and upper limbs

Muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs

Names of muscle- based onSize

Shape

Location

Action

Origin

insertion

Shoulder Muscles

–Trapezius

–Rhomboid

–Levator scapulae

–Serratus anterior

–Pectoralis minor

Muscles of the Shoulder

Figure 7-17(a)

Anatomy of the Muscular SystemMuscles of the Shoulder

Figure 7-17(b)

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Figure 7-21

Muscles That Move the Leg

Figure 7-232 of 11

Removes excess body heat; synthesizes vitamin D3 for calcium and phosphate absorption; protects underlying muscles

Skeletal muscles pulling on skin of face produce facial expressions

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The Integumentary System

Figure 7-233 of 11Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skeletal System

Maintains normal calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids; supports skeletal muscles; provides sites of attachment

Provides movement and support; stresses exerted by tendons maintain bone mass; stabilizes bones and joints

Figure 7-234 of 11

The Nervous System

Controls skeletal muscle contractions; adjusts activities of respiratory and cardiovascular systems during periods of muscular activity

Muscle spindles monitor body position; facial muscles express emotion; muscles of the larynx, tongue, lips and cheeks permit speech

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 7-235 of 11

The Endocrine System

Hormones adjust muscle metabolism and growth; parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate calcium and phosphate ion concentrations

Skeletal muscles provide protection for some endocrine organs

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Figure 7-236 of 11

The Cardiovascular System

Delivers oxygen and nutrients; removes carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and heatSkeletal muscle contractions assist in moving blood through veins; protects deep blood vessels

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Figure 7-237 of 11

The Lymphatic System

Defends skeletal muscles against infection and assists in tissue repairs after injury

Protects superficial lymph nodes and the lymphatic vessels in the abdominopelvic cavity

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Figure 7-238 of 11

The Respiratory System

Provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Muscles generate carbon dioxide; control entrances to respiratory tract, fill and empty lungs, control airflow through larynx, and produce sounds

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Figure 7-239 of 11

The Digestive System

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Provides nutrients; liver regulates blood glucose and fatty acid levels and removes lactic acid from circulation

Protects and supports soft tissues in abdominal cavity; controls entrances to and exits from digestive tract

Figure 7-2310 of 11

The Urinary System

Removes waste products of protein metabolism; assists in regulation of calcium and phosphate concentrations

External sphincter controls urination by constricting urethra

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Figure 7-2311 of 11

The Reproductive System

Reproductive hormones accelerate skeletal muscle growth

Contractions of skeletal muscles eject semen from male reproductive tract; muscle contractions during sex act produce pleasurable sensations

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