Muscles Cardiac muscle - Parkway Schools ppt.pdf · Involuntary Visceral 1 nuclei Spindle shaped...
Transcript of Muscles Cardiac muscle - Parkway Schools ppt.pdf · Involuntary Visceral 1 nuclei Spindle shaped...
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Skeletal Muscles MyologyMy = muscle
ology = study of
Muscles 650
Males : 42% of body is muscle weight
Females : 35% muscle weight in the body
Voluntary - skeletal
Involuntary – cardiac & smooth
Cardiac muscleHeart
Involuntary
1-2 nuclei
Basket weave
Striated
Not regenerated
Smooth musclesInvoluntary
Visceral
1 nuclei
Spindle shaped
Not striated
Nerves – needed or not?
regenerated
Skeletal musclesStriated
Needs a lot of ATP
Moves skeleton
Attached to bone
Some regeneration occurs
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Muscle slidesUse the slides to view these –discuss with your partner the differences
Print out & label a picture of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Figure 7-10(a)
Figure 7-10(b)
Smooth Muscle TissueStriated muscle
Functions of skeletal musclesMovement
Posture / body position
Support of soft tissues
Protection
Homeostasis - temperature
Characteristics of muscles
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Tissue typesConnective
Epithelial
Muscle
Neural
Muscle connectionsOrigin – muscle’s connection to the non-moveable bone
Insertion – muscle’s connection to the moveable bone
Action - joint movement
Muscles work in pairsFlexor – contracted muscle (agonist)
Extensor – relaxed muscle (antagonist)
Ex. Biceps & triceps
What would happen if muscles worked alone?
Helper muscles = synergist
ex: brachioradialis- helps to flex
the elbow
Anatomy of Skeletal MusclesThe Organization of a Skeletal Muscle
Figure 7-1
Neuromuscular Junction page 191
Figure 7-4(a)
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini /Bartholomew
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University
The MuscularSystemThe MuscularSystem77
Figure 7.2a
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Microanatomy page 188
–SarcolemmaMuscle cell membrane
–SarcoplasmMuscle cell cytoplasm
–Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)Like smooth ER
–Transverse tubules (T tubules)
–Myofibrils (contraction organelle)
–Sarcomeres
Movement due to Filaments:
Actin
Myosin
Energy – will need ATP
Sarcomere- smallest part of a muscle that contracts
Relaxed musclePage 189
Figure 7-3 (2 of 2)
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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-51 of 7
Resting sarcomere
Myosin head
Myosin reactivation
Active-site exposure
Cross bridge detachment
Cross-bridge formation
Pivoting of myosin head
Troponin
ActinTropomyosin
ADP
P+
ADP
P +
ADP
P+
Active site
Sarcoplasm
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP
P +
ADP
+ P
Ca2+
ADP+P
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP + P
Ca2+
ADP + P
Ca2+
ATP
ATP
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP
P +
+ P
ADP
Muscle Contraction1. Neurotransmitter-
Acetylcholine (ACh) released
from the motor neuron
ACh binds to receptors on the
sarcolemma
Na ions enter cell
ACTION POTENTIAL generated
2. Action potential travels through the cell via the T-TUBULES
3. Ca ions released from the cisternae
and bind to troponin
troponin change shape (twist) to expose the active site on the actin
4. Crossbridge forms as actin and myosin bind together using ATP
As actin slides toward center of each sarcomere – CONTRACTION occurs
5. Acetylcholinesterase (AChase)is released - ACh is broken down, Ca crossbridges break, Ca goes back to the cisternae, actin returns to resting position
Rephosphorylation occurs - ATP from ADP
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-51 of 7
Resting sarcomere
Myosin head
Myosin reactivation
Active-site exposure
Cross bridge detachment
Cross-bridge formation
Pivoting of myosin head
Troponin
ActinTropomyosin
ADP
P+
ADP
P +
ADP
P+
Active site
Sarcoplasm
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP
P +
ADP
+ P
Ca2+
ADP+P
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP + P
Ca2+
ADP + P
Ca2+
ATP
ATP
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
ADP
P +
+ P
ADP
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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini /Bartholomew
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University
The MuscularSystemThe MuscularSystem77
Table 7.1
Contractions need Calcium
Calcium is absorbed with the help of vitamin D
How do you get vitamin D?
Vitamin DSunlight- used by body to make D
Lack of vitamin D = ricketts
Which sytem takes in the sunlight and helps muscles have a supply of Ca?
homeostasisWhat does the body do if it is cold?
Muscle contraction and heat is realeased
ExercisesStretching – to prevent injury
Resistance – to build muscle
Aerobic - needing oxygen, efficient, more ATP available through respiration (which organelle?)
Anaerobic – without oxygen, less oxygen – lactic acid buildup
Lack of oxygen - muscle becomes sore
Lack of ATP – muscle can cramp
Types of Contractions
Isotonic contractionconstant tension
(iso = same, tonic = tension)
ex.
Isometric contractionThe length of a muscle stays constant (iso = same, metric = length)
ex.
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ATPLight activity
Aerobic metabolism of fatty acids
Storage of glucose as glycogen
Moderate activityBreakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycolysis of glucose
Peak activityAnerobic breakdown of glucose
Production of lactic acid
Physical Conditioning
–Anaerobic endurance
Time over which a muscle can contract effectively under anerobic conditions.
–Hypertrophy
Increase in muscle bulk. Can result from
anerobic training.
–Aerobic endurance
Time over which a muscle can contract
supported by mitochondria.
Origins, Insertions, and Actions
–Origin
Muscle attachment that remains fixed
– Insertion
Muscle attachment that moves
–Action
What joint movement a muscle produces
steroidsSynthetic hormones
Anabolic- builds muscle mass
Androgen
Estrogen
Side effects
AgingReduce
–Muscle size
–Muscle elasticity
–Muscle strength
–Exercise tolerance
– Injury recovery ability
Disorders Muscular dystrophy
Sprains
Case study
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Which organelle stores ATP
Which releases more ATP- aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Which is the backup for the other?
Rigor mortis – ATP is decreased so Ca permeability is increased, muscle can’t move
The Appendicular Muscles
2 groups
Muscles of the shoulder and upper limbs
Muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Names of muscle- based onSize
Shape
Location
Action
Origin
insertion
Shoulder Muscles
–Trapezius
–Rhomboid
–Levator scapulae
–Serratus anterior
–Pectoralis minor
Muscles of the Shoulder
Figure 7-17(a)
Anatomy of the Muscular SystemMuscles of the Shoulder
Figure 7-17(b)
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Figure 7-21
Muscles That Move the Leg
Figure 7-232 of 11
Removes excess body heat; synthesizes vitamin D3 for calcium and phosphate absorption; protects underlying muscles
Skeletal muscles pulling on skin of face produce facial expressions
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The Integumentary System
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The Skeletal System
Maintains normal calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids; supports skeletal muscles; provides sites of attachment
Provides movement and support; stresses exerted by tendons maintain bone mass; stabilizes bones and joints
Figure 7-234 of 11
The Nervous System
Controls skeletal muscle contractions; adjusts activities of respiratory and cardiovascular systems during periods of muscular activity
Muscle spindles monitor body position; facial muscles express emotion; muscles of the larynx, tongue, lips and cheeks permit speech
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Figure 7-235 of 11
The Endocrine System
Hormones adjust muscle metabolism and growth; parathyroid hormone and calcitonin regulate calcium and phosphate ion concentrations
Skeletal muscles provide protection for some endocrine organs
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Figure 7-236 of 11
The Cardiovascular System
Delivers oxygen and nutrients; removes carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and heatSkeletal muscle contractions assist in moving blood through veins; protects deep blood vessels
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Figure 7-237 of 11
The Lymphatic System
Defends skeletal muscles against infection and assists in tissue repairs after injury
Protects superficial lymph nodes and the lymphatic vessels in the abdominopelvic cavity
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Figure 7-238 of 11
The Respiratory System
Provides oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Muscles generate carbon dioxide; control entrances to respiratory tract, fill and empty lungs, control airflow through larynx, and produce sounds
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Figure 7-239 of 11
The Digestive System
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Provides nutrients; liver regulates blood glucose and fatty acid levels and removes lactic acid from circulation
Protects and supports soft tissues in abdominal cavity; controls entrances to and exits from digestive tract
Figure 7-2310 of 11
The Urinary System
Removes waste products of protein metabolism; assists in regulation of calcium and phosphate concentrations
External sphincter controls urination by constricting urethra
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Figure 7-2311 of 11
The Reproductive System
Reproductive hormones accelerate skeletal muscle growth
Contractions of skeletal muscles eject semen from male reproductive tract; muscle contractions during sex act produce pleasurable sensations
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