Progress Test 1• Complete all question.

• When you have finished raise your hand and if you will be given an extension task to complete.

Aerobic Exercise• Exercise is performed in the

presence of oxygen

• Energy is produced through the process of aerobic respiration

• Submaximal intensity

• Occurs over a prolonged period of time

Glucose + Oxygen Energy Carbon dioxide Water++

Anaerobic Exercise• Exercise is performed in the absence of

oxygen • Energy is produced through the process

of anaerobic respiration• Maximal intensity exercise• Can only be sustained for a short period

of time due to build up of lactic acid• Build up an oxygen debt

Glucose Energy Lactic Acid+

Oxygen debt - where the demand for oxygen is greater than the supply.After exercise oxygen has to be repaid, which explains why heart rate remains elevated after exercise

Characteristics of Muscle Fibres

• Excitability – muscles reacting to a stimulus• Contractility – muscles contract and apply force• Extensibility – the extent to which muscles can

stretch• Elasticity – muscle returning to their original

length

Muscle fibre typesMarathon 1500m 100m

Slow oxidative twitch

(SO) Type 1

Fast oxidative glycolytic

(FOG)Type 2a

Fast glycolytic (FG)

Type 2b

Type 2a – Fast Oxidative fibres

• Anaerobic fibres that are more resistant to fatigue than type 2b

• Generate slightly less force than type 2b muscles

• Also known as FOG fibres

Type 1 or Type 2b?

Low anaerobic capacity

Type 1 Type 1

Type 1 or Type 2b?

Low number of capillaries

Type 2b Type 2b

Type 1 or Type 2b?

Highly resistant to fatigue

Type 1 Type 1

Type 1 or Type 2b?

High number of mitochondria

Type 1 Type 1

Type 1 or Type 2b?

High Glycogen stores

Type 2b Type 2b

Type 1 or Type 2b?

High myoglobin concentration

Type 1 Type 1

Type 1 or Type 2b?

Slow speed of contraction

Type 1 Type 1

Type 1 or Type 2b?

High Phosphocreatine (PCr) stores

Type 2b Type 2b

Type 1 or Type 2b?

High aerobic capacity

Type 1 Type 1

Type 1 or Type 2b?

High Triglyceride (fat) stores

Type 1 Type 1

Type 1 or Type 2b?

Highest force of contraction

Type 2b Type 2b

Warm ups and cool downs

To know and understand:• The effects of a warm-up and cool-down on skeletal

muscles

To be able to:• Analyse the effect of a warm up and cool-down on

skeletal muscle tissue in relation to the quality of performance of physical activity.

Exam Question 2009

Give two ways that a warm up affects the speed and strength of muscular contraction (2 marks)

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Warm ups and cool down

• In pairs– Discuss what you need to include in a warm

up and a cool down – Why?

• Define warm up and cool down

Effects on skeletal muscle Effects of warm up Effects of a cool down • Increase in muscle/core body temperature

= reduction in muscle viscosity, leading to improvement in the efficiency of muscular contraction

= a greater speed and force of contraction due to a higher speed of nerve transmission

= an increased elasticity that reduces the risk of injury due to increased extensibility of tendons and ligaments

= improved co-ordination between antagonistic pairs

• Keeps the capillaries dilated, allowing oxygen rich blood to flush through the muscles

= an increase in the speed of lactic acid and carbon dioxide removal = reduce acidity level = reduced stimulation of pain receptors

Decreased risk of DOMS (delayed onset of muscle pain and soreness) experienced 24-48 hours after intense exercise due to microscopic tears in muscle fibres

Ice baths The theory

• Constricts blood vessels

• Decreased metabolic activity and slow down physiological processes

• Reduce swelling and tissue breakdown

• When removed from bath the blood vessels in the legs are flushed with blood rich in oxygen that repays the oxygen debt and flushes away the build up of lactic acid

Water temperature between12 to 15

degrees Celsius for 5 to 10 minutes

Exam Question 2009

Give two ways that a warm up affects the speed and strength of muscular contraction (2 marks)

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Exam Answer 2009Give two ways that a warm up affects the speed and strength

of muscular contraction (2 marks)

• Increased speed/force/strength of muscle contraction

• Increased speed of nerve transmission to the muscle fibres

• Increased temperature of the muscle

• Reduced muscle viscosity / less resistance in the muscle

• Improved elasticity of muscle fibres

• Improved co-ordination between antagonistic pairs

Specimen paper 2000

Explain the differences in flexibility between the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….

(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers and

gymnasts.[4 marks]

Ball and socket jointsUse your understanding of the structure of the

shoulder and hip joints to explain which allows the greatest range of movement

The hip joint

Shoulder Joint

• The socket on the scapula (glenoid fossa) is small and shallow making the joint less stable

• The joint capsule is very loose (allowing seperation between the two bones) allowing more movement

• The head of the humerus is rounded but not as ball-like as the head of the femur, therefore it does not sit as deeply into the glenoid fossa

• The shoulder joint is stabilised by the rotator cuff muscles but these are not as strong as the muscles surrounding the hip.

• It is relatively easy to dislocate a shoulder

Hip joint

• The socket on the pelvis (acetabulum) is deep and cup-like in shape making the joint more stable

• A rim of fibrocartilage adds depth to the acetabulum, adding to stability

• The head of the femur is very spherical and fits snugly into the acetabulum

• The joint is supported by 5 strong ligaments

• The hip joint is surrounded by large muscle groups that aid stability, e.g. Gluteus maximus

• It is relatively difficult to dislocate the hip

Specimen paper 2000

Explain the differences in flexibility measurements given for the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….

(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers

and gymnasts.

Specimen paper 2000

(b) 1 mark for each of• The glenoid fossa at the shoulder joint is very shallow and allows

more movement than the hip• The acetabelum on the hip joint is quite deep giving more

stability and less movement.• The muscles and connective tissue surrounding the shoulder

joint are less restrictive than the hip as stability is not essential• Any relevant comment regarding the difference in technique for

swimmers or gymnasts• Any relevant comment concerning training for swimmers or

gymnasts

[max 4]

Exam question – Jan 2008

Identify two structures of a synovial joint and describe the role of one of these structures during physical performance

(3 marks)

Impact of exercise on muscles and bones

Which activities provide the lowest risk and highest risk of injury to the musculo-skeletal system.

Give a reason for your answer

Example QuestionTaking part in physical activity is considered essential to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. However, taking part in some activities can result in injury and a reduction in activity levels.

Discuss both the positive and the negative impact of participating in different types of physical activity on the joints and muscles of the body.

[10marks]

Impact of exercise on muscles and bones

There are 5 key musculo-skeletal disorders that are affected by exercise

These effects may be positive or negative dependent upon the type of exercise

1. Osteoporosis

2. Growth plate disorder

3. Osteoarthritis

4. Joint stability

5. Posture and alignment

Skeletal system - bones

Skeletal system - joints

Muscular system

TaskAs a group you must investigate and research the positive and negative

impact of exercise on your disorder and deliver a 10 minute presentation/lesson to the rest of the group

You must include:

• A clear and detailed description of

the disorder

• How it is caused

• Those at most at risk• Consider the positive and negative effects of different types of exercise, e.g.

o Low impact enduranceo High impacto Repetitive actionso Contact activities

• A handout of key information for the rest of the class

• A quick learning task at the end to test how well the group have understood

• Be prepared to be asked questions at the end

• Presentation could be poster or powerpoint based

• Try to include pictures/videos

Task

Complete research task in groups ready to present on the second lesson back after half term – Thursday 12th November