Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso,Muse me causes remind what divine will injured

quidve dolens regina deum tot volvere casusWhat or grieving queen gods’ many endure difficulties

insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores Famous piety man many undergo labors          impulerit. Tantaene animis caelestibus irae?force Such ? souls heavenly anger

Muse me causes remind what divine will injured what or grieving queen gods’ many endure difficulties Famous piety man many undergo labors

Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso,

quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casus

insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores 

impulerit

O Muse, relate to me the

causes, by what divine will

thwarted, or grieving at

what did the queen of the

gods force a man famous

for piety to endure such

misfortune and to endure

so many labors.

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

6

7

78 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20 21

22

9 10

8 11

12

12

13

1 2

5

22

22 18 16

17 17

8

14 14

15 20 20

19 21

LATIN GRAMMARLATIN GRAMMARThe parts of speech in Latin are the same as in English

nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections

Latin, however, has no article

Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs are capable of inflection

for nouns, adjectives, pronouns this is called declension

for verbs this is called conjugation

Class 3 Lectio 3

Nouns

Latin nouns are the names of person, place, thing or quality

Three genders

masculine, feminine, and neuter

Most Latin nouns determine gender by Nom. Sing. ending

Number

Latin has two numbers, the singular and the pluralSingular denotes one object, the plural more than one

Case

There are six cases in Latin

Nominative, case of subject Accusative, case of direct object

Genitive, objective with of Vocative, case of address

Dative, objective with to or for Ablative, objective with by, from, in, with

The Latin Declensions

There are five declensions in Latin

Each declension is distinguished by

the final letter of the stem

the termination of the genitive singular

Declension Final letter of stem Gen. Termination

First a -ae

Second o -i

Third i -is

Some consonant

Fourth u -us

Fifth e -ei

First Declension a-stems

Singular

Cases Meaning Terminations

Nom. porta a gate (subject) -a

Gen. portae of a gate -ae

Dat. portae to or for a gate -ae

Acc. portam a gate (object) -am

Voc. porta O gate! -a

Abl. porta with, by, from, in a gate -a

Plural

Nom. portae -ae

Gen. portarum -arum

Dat. portis -is

Acc. portas -as

Voc. portae -ae

Abl. portis -is

Second Declension

Pure Latin nouns of the 2nd declension end in:

masc. –us, -er, -ir neuter -um

Sing. Plural

Nom. hortus -us bellum -um horti -i bella -a

Gen. horti -i belli -i hortorum -orum bellorum -orum

Dat. horto -o bello -o hortis -is bellis -is

Acc. hortum -um bellum -um hortos -os bella -a

Voc. horte -e bellum -um horti -i bella -a

Abl. horto -o bello -o hortis -is bellis -is

Stems

horto-

bello-

N. puer ager vir -#

G. pueri agri viri -i

D. puero agro viro -o

Acc. puerum agrum virum -um

V. puer ager vir -#

Abl. puero agro viro -o

Singular

N. pueri agri viri -i

G. puerorum agrorum virorum -orum

D. pueris agris viris -is

Acc. pueri agros viros -os

V. pueri agri viri -i

Abl. pueris agris viris -is

Plural

Stems

puero-

agro-

viro-

2nd dec. in

-er and -ir

Third Declension

3rd declension nouns end in –a, -e, -i, -o, -y, -c, -l, -n, -r, -s, -t, -x

There are several general types

Consonant stems (i.e. mute, liquid, nasal, or spirant)

i-stems

Consonant stems that are adapted to i-stems

Stems in –i, -u, and diphthongs

Irregulars

Declension is fairly complicated and will be covered over the semester

Gender Principles. Nouns ending in:

-o, or, -os, -er, -es are masculine

-as, -es, -is, ys, -x, -s, -do, -go, io, -us (long) are feminine

-a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -l, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -us (short) are neuter

Third Declension General Endings

-s

-is

-i

-em

-s

-e

-es

-um

-ibus

-es

-es

-ibus

-#

-is

-i

-em

-#

-e

-es

-um

-ibus

-es

-es

-ibus

Main confusion occurs in the nom. sing. This and the genitive singular, which gives the stem, must be memorized as a vocabulary item

-is

-is

-

-im, -em

-is

-e, -i

-es

-ium

-ibus

-is,-es

-es

-ibus

trabs, trabis (f.) tussis, tussis (f.)

remex, remigis (m.) ignis, ignis (m.)

vigil, vigilis (m.) hostis, hostis (c.)

genus, generis (n.)

mos, moris (m.)

-e

-is

-i

-e

-e

-i

-ia

-ium

-ibus

-ia

-ia

-ibus

Fourth Declension

Nouns of the 4th declension end in –us (masc.) and –u (neuter)

N. fructus fructus cornu cornua

G. fructus fructuum cornus cornuum

D. fructui fructibus cornu cornibus

Acc. fructum fructus cornu cornua

V. fructus fructus cornu cornua

Abl. fructu fructibus cornu cornibus

N. dies dies res res

G. diei dierum rei rerum

D. diei diebus rei rebus

Acc. diem dies rem res

V. dies dies res res

Abl. die diebus re rebus

Fifth Declension

Nouns of the 5th declension end in –es

dies: masc. res: fem

Defective Nouns

Nouns used in the singular only [proper names e.g. Cicero]

Nouns used in the plural only [geographical names e.g. Thebae]

Nouns used only in certain cases [fors, forte, nom and abl. sing.]

Indeclinable nouns [nihil, nefas]

Adjectives

Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns and fall into two classes

Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions

Adjectives of the 3rd declensions

First and Second Declension Adjectives

Third Declension Adjectives

Two terminations One terminationThree terminations

Comparison of Adjectives

Three degrees of comparison:

Positive, Comparative and Superlative

The comparative is regularly formed by adding –ior (-ius) to the positive stem

The superlative is regularly formed by adding -issimus (-a, -um) to the positive stem

Some adjectives vary the stem in comparison

bonus meliro optimus

parvus minor minimus

Many adjectives form the comparative and superlative by prefixing magis and maxime

Comparison of Adverbs

Most adverbs are derived from adjectives and depend upon them for comparison

Those derived from 1st and 2nd declension adjectives

change the –i of the gen. sing. to –e

carus care

Those derived from the 3rd declension

change the –is of the gen. sing. to –iter

acer acriter

The comparative is the same as the n. sing. comparative of the adjective

The superlative changes the –i of the gen. sing. of the adj. to –e

(carus) care carius carissime

Numerals

In Latin are of three types

Cardinals unus, duo

Ordinals primus, secundus

Distributives singuli, bini

Numerals in Latin are declined

Pronouns

Latin has eight classes of pronouns

I. Personal V. Intensive

II. Reflexive VI. Relative

III. Possessive VII. Interrogative

IV. Demonstrative VIII. Indefinite

Personal Pronouns

I, you, he, she, it, etc.

1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd

ego tu is, ea, id nos vos ----

mei tui nostrum vestrum

mihi tibi nobis vos

me te nos vos

---- tu ---- vos

me te nobis vobis

Reflexive Pronouns

myself, yourself, himself, etc.

1st and 2nd persons are supplied by oblique cases of ego and tu

Gen. sui

Dat. sibi

Acc. se / sese

Voc. ----

Abl. se / sese

Third Person

(declined as a

demonstrative)

nom.

gen.

dat.

acc.

voc.

abl.

Possessive Pronouns

my, thy, his, her, its our, your, their

Latin possessive pronouns are treated as adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension

meus, -a, -um

noster, nostra, nostrum

tuus, -a, um

vester, vestra, vestrum

suus, -a, -um

Pater suos liberos amat

Demonstrative Pronouns

hic, this (where I am)

iste, that (where you are)

ille, that (something distinct from the speaker)

is, that (weaker than ille)

idem, the same

Demonstratives of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person respectively

Relative Pronouns

Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae

Gen. cujus cujus cujus quorum quarum quorum

Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus

Acc. quem quam quod quos quas quae

Abl. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus

who

Nom. quis quod

Gen. cujus cujus

Dat. cui cui

Acc. quem quod

Abl. quo quo

Interrogative PronounsM. and F. Neuter

Plural is same as relative pronoun

Indefinite Pronouns

Verbs

The inflection of verbs is called conjugation

Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number and Person

In Latin

Two voices

Active and Passive

Five Moods

Indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive and participle

Six Tenses

Present Perfect

Imperfect Pluperfect

Future Future perfect

Personal Endings of the Verb

1. -o; -m; -i (perf. indic.) -r

2. -s; -sti (perf. indic.); -to (imp.) -ris, -re; -re, -tor (imp.)

3. -t; -to (imp.) -tur; tor (imp.)

1. –mus -mur

2. -tis; -stis (pef. indic.); -te, -tote (imp.) -mini

3. -nt; -erunt (perf. indic.); -nto (imp.) -ntur; -ntor (imp.)

Active Passive

Sing.

Plural

Verb Stems

Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the stem. There are three different stems in a fully inflected verb

The Four Conjugations

1. -are a

2. -ere e

3. -ere e

4. -ire i

Infinitive termination Distinguishing vowel

The Verb “to be” (memorize)

First Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

First Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

Second Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

Second Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

Third Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

Third Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

Fourth Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

Fourth Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

Other Verb Forms

Verbs in -io of the 3rd conjugation are inflected with the endings of the 4th conjugation (pres. indic.)

Deponent Verbs have mostly passive forms, but active meaning

patior, pati, passus sum

Periphrastic conjugation

active uses the Future Active Participle with sum

amaturus sum, I am about to love

passive uses the gerundive with sum

amandus sum, I am to be loved

Irregular, Defective and Impersonal Verbs

Adverbs

Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage

quo - whither qua - where hac - by this way aliquo - to some place

Prepositions

Prepositions govern specific cases [must be memorized as a vocabulary item]

Prep. with the Accusative: ad, circa. contra, post, super, trans

Prep. with the Ablative: de, ex, pro, sine

The prep. in and sub govern both the Accusative and Ablative

in urbem, into the city in urbe, in the city

Interjections

In Latin, interjections are particles expressing emotion: surprise, joy, sorrow, calling