muR rPh;jpUj ;jj ;jpDhlhf NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg ;gLj ;jy · 338 * kdpj chpikfis kjpj;jy ;;...

335

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

muR rPh;;jpUj;jj;jpDhlhf

NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy;;

1 . mwpKfk; : rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ ntWkNd eph;thfj;ij 336

khw;wpaikg;gjy;y mjpYk; ghh;f;ff; $baJ

2 . neUf;fb epyg;gFjpapd; rthy;fs; 337

3 . gq;Fnfhs;sYk;> rdehafkag;gLj;jYk; 338

fpuhk kf;fs; gq;Fnfhs;sy; 338

Fbepiy r%fj;ij tYg;gLj;Jjy; 339

gq;Fnfhs;sy; Kiwtopahf rdehaf kakhf;fk; 340

nrhy;yhly; Kidg;Gs;sdTk; ,ilepiy tfpg;gdTkhd epWtfq;fs; 342

4 . epWtf rPh ;jpUj;jq;fs; 344

Ml;rpahg;G rPh;jpUj;jk; 344

mjpfhug; gfph;T %yk; rpWghd;ikapdiu xUq;fpizj;jy; 347

mjpfhuj;ij Ms;epy mbg;gilapy; tFj;jy; : rk\;b Kiw> mjpfhu khw;WifAk;

Rahjpgj;jpaKk; 348

ika mjpfhu tpLtpg;G %ykhf fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;G 349

rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhj;jy; 350

rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp 352

kdpj chpikfs; 353

5 . ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapid rPuikj;jy; ; 356

6 . RUf;fKk;> vjph;fhyj;jpw; ;fhd Nehf;Fk; 358

7. crhj;JizAk;> Nkyjpf thrpg;Gk; 360

336

muR rPh;j;jpUj;jj;jpDhlhf

NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy;;

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

1. mwpKfk; : rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;gJ ntWkNd eph;thfj;ij

khw;wpaikg;gjy;y mjpYk; ghh;f;ff; $baJ

mur rPh;jpUj;jKk;> NkhJifAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W neUq;fpa njhlh;Gilait. xUGwj;jpy;

Kuz;ghl;L khw;Wepiyahf;fj;Jf;Fk;> Ngz;jF rkhjhdj;Jf;Fk; mur kWrPuikg;G xU

Kd;Njitahff; fhzg;glf;$ba mNjNtisapy;> kWGw;jpy; mJ ,yFtpy; NkhJiff;fhd d

xU %ykhfTk; Mff;$Lk;. r%fj;jpDs; cs;s ntt;NtW FOf;fs; jkJ NkhJiffisr;;

rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; ifahsf;$bajhd fl;likg;GfSk;> tpOkpaq;fSk; kdg;ghq;FfSk;

Kiwahfj; jhgpf;fg;gLjypy; mur kWrPuikg;gpd; rhj;jpag;ghL jq;fpAs;sJ.

vt;thwhapDk;> mur kWrPuikg;ghdJ epu;thf Kiwikia my;yJ tsq;fs;

xJf;fg;gLfpd;w Kiwia ntWkNd kPs xOq;fikj;jiytpl mjpftplaq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk; jpUj;jkhff; $Wtjhapd;> mJ Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fg;

gq;Nfw;GilaJk;> rl;lg;gbahdJkhd nray;Kiwfs; jhgpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd muq;fpid mikj;Jf;

nfhLf;fNtz;Lk;. [dehaf mgptpUj;jpiag; gbg;gbahf Kd;Ndw;Wjy;> Fbrdj;jpd; gq;Nfw;G

kw;Wk; rl;l Ml;rp vd;gtw;wpd;%yk; mJ> Mokhf Nt&d;wpa NkhJiffisr; rkhjhdkhd

Kiwapy; ifahStjw;fhd gaDWjpAs;s topKiwfis mspf;ff;$ba fl;likg;GfisAk;

tpUj;jpnra;Ak;. [dehafk; Nt&d;Wfpd;wNghJ mJ> gd;ikthjk;> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> cs;thq;Fjpwd;

kw;Wk; rkur ,zf;fk; Nghd;w ngWkhdq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gjdhYk;> murpaw;

nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;; kj;jpapy; Ngr;Rthh;j;ij> rkur ,zf;fk; kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;Gg; Nghd;w

elj;ij epakq;fisj; jhgpg;gjw;F cjTnkd;gjdhYk; mJ mikjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU tpisitf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

,Ue;jNghjpYk; > mur r Pu ;j pUj ;jk ; vjph ;kiwahd gpd;tpisTfisAk;

nfhz;bUf;fKbAk;. ntspg;Gwkhfj; J}z;lg;gl;l Jhpj khw;w epiyikfspy; mJ fLikahd

NkhjYf;fhd xU %ykhff; $Lnkd;gJld;> Ml;rp Ghpfpd;wth;fspd; jug;gpy; td;Kiwahd

vjph;r;nray;fisj; J}z;lTk; $Lk;. Nkhrkhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l mur kWrPuikg;ghdJ> xU

NkhJif NkYk; rPh;Fiytjw;Ff;$l toptFf;ff;$Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> mq;Nfhyhtpd; tplaj;jpy;

ignr]; (Bicesse) xg;ge;jj;jpd;gpd;dh; Aj;jj;jpd; kPnsOr;rp> ntd;wth; vy;yhtw;iwAk;

vLj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;w xU Kiwik Kd;$l;bNa jhgpf;fg;gl;ljd; JujpU\;ltrkhd xU

gpd;tpisthFk;. vdNt mur kWrPuikg;ngd;gJ NkhJifj;jzpTf;Fk;> neUf;fb mjpfhpg;Gf;Fk;

,ilapy; E}ypio NtWghl;ilj; NjLfpd;w xU ‘fapw;wpy; elj;jy;’ vdf; fUjg;glNtz;Lk;.

,t;tj;jpahak; murpDs; fhzg;gLk; td;Kiwahd NkhJiffspd; tpisTfisj;

jLg;gjw;Fk;> jzpg;gjw;Fk;> Mw;Wtjw;Fk; mur kWrPuikg;gpd; rhj;jpag;ghL gw;wp; fUj;Jr;nrYj;Jk;.

gphpT 2 neUf;fbg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; cz;ikahd rthy;fs; gw;wpa xU fz;Nzhl;lj;ij

mspg;gJld; mur kWrPuikg;G ,df;FOk NkhJiffis ifahsf;$ba rpy topKiwfisAk;

tpthpf;fpd;wJ. mLj;JtUk; gphpTfspy; ,t; cghaq;fs; NkYk; tphpthf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;. gphpT

3 gq;Nfw;Gr; nray;Kiwfis tYg;gLj;Jfpd;w rhj;jpaq;fs;gw;wpf; ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

337

gphpT 4 epWtdhPjpahd kWrPuikg;gpy; ftdj;ijf; Ftpf;fpd;wJ. gpupT 5 ghJfhg;gj;Jiwapd;

kWrPuikg;gpy; ftdQ;nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,f; fl;Liu vjph;fhyj;jpy; NkYk; $ba ftdj;Jf;Fhpajhd

rpy jpwe;j epiyg;gl;l Nfs;tpfSld; epiwtilfpd;wJ(gphpT 6).

2. neUf;fb epyg;gFjpapd; rthy;fs;

muRfSf;fpilapyhd MAj Nkhjy;fspd; vz;zpf;if mz;ika Mz;Lfspy;

Fiwe;Js;s mNj Ntisapy;> mjpfhpj;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd muRfs; ,g;NghJ muRfSf;Fs;

,lk;ngWk; td;Kiwahd NkhJiffspdhy; gpsTgl;Ls;sd. ,t;tsh;r;rp tpNrlkhff; gdpg;Nghh;

KbtpypUe;J Njhd;wpAs;s xU Gjpa epfo;Tld; neUf;fkhf ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. nghJthd

rPh;FiyT> nghUshjhu tWik> rptpy; rz;il kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;j kdpj mtyepiy Mfpa

,ay;Gfis jtW epiyg;gl;l Njrpa muRfs; nfhz;Ls;sd. (n`y;kd; kw;Wk; ul;dh 1993)

muRfspd; ,j;Njhy;tpf;F ,r;r%fq;fspy; nrq;Fj;jhd kw;Wk; fpilepiyahd

rl;lg;gbahd jd;ik ,y;yhikNa fhuznkdj; Njbf;fhzf;$Lk; (n`hy;];hp 1991; n`a;d;wpr;

2000). nrq;Fj;jhd rl;lg;gbahd jd;ik ,y;yhj re;jh;g;gj;jpy; muRf;Fk;> r%fj;Jf;Fk;

,ilapyhd njhlh;G mWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xU njhFjp epakq;fspdJk;> tpjpfspdJk;>

ngWkhdq;fspdJk; mbg;gilapy; Ml;rpGhptjw;fhd mur cah;Fbapdhpd; chpikiag; nghJtpy;

Ghpe;Jnfhs;sYk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sYk; Fiwe;jgl;r mstpyhtJ tpl;Lf;nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

kWGwj;jpy; fpilepiyahd rl;lg;gbahdjd;ik murpaw; rdr%fq;fspd; cWg;ghz;ikiaAk;>

tpghpg;igAk;;;; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;tifahd rl;lg;gbahdjd;ik> ,dg;Nghuhl;lj;ijg; gz;ghff;nfhz;l

Aj;jj;jhy; $Wgl;l r%fq;fspy; ngUk;ghYk; ,y;yhJs;sJ. ,e;ehLfspy; murpaw; rdr%fnkd;w

vz;zg;Nghf;F ,y;iy. ntt;NtW ,df;FOf;fs; Njrpa milahsk; vjidAk;

gfph;e;Jnfhs;shjjdhy; xU tpRthrg; gpizg;Ngh my;yJ Njrpa If;fpa czh;Nth mth;fsplk;

,y;iy (nrhapwd;rd; 1998 ; n`a;d;wpr; 2000).

jtwpa ,t;tuRfs; rptpy; Nghuhl;lj;ij ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;Fk;> nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jpiar; rhjpg;gjw;Fk;> kdpjneUf;fb epiyiaf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk; cjTk;nghUl;L murpd;

Gdh;eph;khzr; nray;Kiwnahd;wpy; <LglNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. ,r; #o;;;epiyfspy; mgptpUj;jp

cjtpf;fhd ghuk;ghpa mZFKiwfs; tUe;jj;jf;ftifapy; NghjhJs;sik vz;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njspthf> NkYk; mfy;tphpthd Xh; mZFKiw Njitg;gLfpd;wJ. xU Gjpa murpay;>

nghUshjhu> r%fr; #oy; jhgpf;fg;glTk;> r%fk; kPsf;fl;bnaOg;gg;glTk; Ntz;Lk;.

,r;#oiktpy; mbf;fb vLj;Jf;$wg;gLk; xU fth;r;rpr; nrhy;jhd; ‘ey;y MSifKiw’.

nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd mikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jp cjtpf;FOtpdhy;

(OECD/BAC) nghUs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lthW xU ehl;by; ey;y Ml;rpKiw ehd;F

ikathf;ff;$Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ;

* rl;l Ml;rp;

* nghJj;Jiwapd; Kfhikj;Jtk;;

* Coy; vjph;g;G;

* kpjkpQ;rpa ,uhZTr; nrytpdq;fspd; Fiwg;G;

,tw;Wld; NkYk; %d;W njhlh;Gila Mf;ff; $WfisAk; mJ nfhz;Ls;sJ.

* gq;Nfw;G mgptpUj;jp;

* [dehafkakhf;fy;;

muR rPh;jpUj;jj;jpDhlhf NkhJifia khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy;;

fl;likg;Gr; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;> epWtd fl;bnaOg;Gif kw;Wk; td;Kiwiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

338

* kdpj chpikfis kjpj;jy;;

Iaj;Jf;fplkpd;wp ey;y MSif Kiw kl;Lk; Ngz;jF rkhjhdj;Jf;Fk;>

mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd Kd;Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; NghJkhdjy;y. Vnddpy; mJ nrq;Fj;jhd

rl;lg;gbahd jd;ikia kPsj; jhgpg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLNkad;wp> xU gy;ypdr; r%fk; mbg;gil

ngWkhdq;fs; gw;wpa gue;Jgl;l xU fUj;njhUikg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLtjw;F

,ayr;nra;fpd;w fpilepiyahd rl;lg;gbahdjd;ikia mJ toq;Ftjpy;iy.

mjd; epkpj;jk; mj;jifa Xh; murpDs; cs;s KOikahd FOf;fs; kdNtWghLfis

njhlh;e;Jk; czuf;$Lnkd;gJld;> xU Njrkhf ,t;ntt;NtW FOf;fis xd;whfg;

gpizf;ff;$ba xU nghJthd milahsKk; ,y;yhjpUf;Fk;.

rh;tNjr nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; -mit murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd epWtdq;fshf (IGOs)

,Ue;jhYk; rhp my;yJ murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fshf (NGO’s) ,Ue;jhk; rhp>- Fwpg;ghf mur

kWrPuikg;gpd; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fspy; ftdj;ijf; Ftpf;fpd;wd; gq;Fnfhs;sYk;; [dehafkakhf;fYk;>

rk\;b kakhf;fKk; gd;Kfkhf;fYk;> Ml;rpahg;G> ePjp rPh;jpUj;jk;> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;G

kw;Wk; nrhy;yhlw; gz;Gs;s my;yJ ,ilapLNthuhf nraw;gLfpd;w mikg;Gfs; ,e;eltbf;iffis

%d;W ,iofshy; xUq;fpizf;fyhk;. mt;tpiofs; mur kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd kpf Kf;fpakhd

rthy;fisr; RUf;fpf;$Wfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUk; gphpTfspy; tphpthf tpthjpf;fg;gLk;;

* r%f kw;Wk; murpay; cWjpepiyia Nkk;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L gq;Fnfhs;siyAk;>

[dehafkakhf;fiyAk; Nghw;wptsh;g;gjw;fhd Njit;

* NkYk; ePbj;J epiyf;ff;$ba r%fQ;rhh;e;j mikg;nghd;iw cUthf;Fk;nghUl;Lk;>

NgZk; nghUl;Lk; epWtd hPjpahd kWrPuikg;gpd; Njit;

* mfy;tphpthd ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;gpd; Njit.

3. gq;Fnfhs;sYk;> rdehafkag;gLj;jYk;

Aj;jj;jhy; gpsTgl;l r%fq;fs; xU nghJg;gz;ghf MSgth;fSf;Fk;>

Msg;gLgth;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,ilntspiag; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. fpsh;;r;rp

,af;fq;fs; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;WkhapDk;> ifg;gw;Wk;NghJk;> mit mtw;Wf;F Kd;

gjtpapypUe;jth;fs; nra;jijg; Nghd;W Vwf;Fiwa mNj ghq;Ffspyhd Nkhrkhd MSif

Kiwiag; gpd;gw;Wk; Nghf;Fs;sdntdj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. xU jug;G my;yJ ,U jug;gpdUk;

kWjug;gpdh;fis xU NkhJiff;fhd rl;lG+h ;tkhd Ngr;Rthh;j;ijg; gq;fhspfshf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;skWg;gjdhy;> (cr;rj; jiyth;fSf;fpilapy; Neubg; Ngr;Rf;f@lhfr; nray;

epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wjhd) jlk; 1 w; Ngrg;gLk; ,uh[je;jpuk; rhj;jpakhdjy;y. vdNt NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhj;jpukhd Kaw;rpnajpYk; gq;Fgw;wYk;>

rdehafkakhf;fYk; ,d;wpaikahjitnadg; gue;j mstpy; xg;Gg;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;Fg;

gy;NtW neUf;fbahd gpur;rpidfSf;F ntw;wpfukhfj; jPh;Tfhz Ntz;baNjitAs;sJ.

3.1 fpuhk kf;fs; gq;Fnfhs;sy;

rkhjhdj;Jf;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd khWepiy Kiwtopnahd;W Ngz;jF hPjpahfj;

njhlu Ntz;Lkhapd; mJ murpay; Nky;kf;fspd;; Mjuitkl;Lkd;wp KOf; Fbrdj;jpd;

MjuitAk; ngwNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf> Fbrdj;jpd; 60% my;yJ mjw;Fk; $baJ. fkj;njhopy;

Jiwapy; <Lgl;bUf;fpd;w r%fq;fspy;> fpuhkg; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s kf;fSf;F mth;fspd; nrhe;j

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

339

tptfhuq;fspy; rhj;jpakhd msT fPo;kl;lj;jpy; (Jiz cjtp vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb) gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd

tha;g;ig toq;Ffpd;wtifapy; mth;fisj; jpul;lNtz;baJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. fpuhkg;gpui[fs;>

nghUshjhuhPjpahf Xuq;fl;lg;gLjypypUe;Jk;> r%f tPo;r;rpapypUe;Jk;> mjd; tpisthd td;KiwapypUe;Jk;

(vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> nfd;ahtpy; fhy;eilfisf; fsthbr; nry;yy;) my;yJ fpsh;r;rpf;fhd mzpjpul;Ljiy

Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w (nfhq;Nfh [dehaff; Fbaurpy; cs;sthW) xU nghJthd #o;epiyapypUe;Jk;

jg;gpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhapd;> mth;fisg; ghjpf;fpd;w r%f> nghUshjhu #oy; kw;Wk; rKjhak;

rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfisg; gaDWjpAs;sKiwapy; ifahStjw;F mth;fSf;F tYtspf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

r%f mzpjpul;lnyd;gJ> ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba FOf;fis> Ra Mw;wyhNyNa ,aq;fty;y

rkhjhd kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpr; nray;Kiwapd; chpikahsh;fshf;Ftjw;Fk; (tYthjhuj;jd;ik) mj;Jld;

fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; gaDWjpAs;s kPs; ,zf;fj;Jf;Fk;> NkhJifj; jPh;Tf;Fkhd mj;jpthuj;ijj; jhgpg;gjw;Fk;

(,zf;Fjy;) ,yFtpy; ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba ,f;FOf;fspd; Ra cjtp Mw;wy;fis tYg;gLj;j Kida

Ntz;Lk; (tYtspj;jy;) (SLE 1999).

fpuhk kf;fspd;; gq;Nfw;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; nray;KiwNehf;Fila xU flikg;

nghWg;Gs;sjdhy; mJ gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; / mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wk; vd;w fl;likg;G Nehf;Fila

mZFKiwapd; mtrpakhd cWjpg;gLj;Jk; $whfTk; mikfpd;wJ. ,g; gq;Nfw;ig>

murhq;fq;fspdhy; mj;Jld; / my;yJ rh;tNjr cjtp toq;Feh;fshy; njhlf;fpitf;fg;gLk;

Fwpj;j epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; %yk; Nkk;gLj;jKbAk;. ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba kdpj #oy; tsq;fs;

mj;jidiaAk; nfhz;Ls;s xU gjpNtl;bid toq;ff; $bajhd js Ma;tpid jUk;

KiwikahJ ,jw;fhd xU ey;y mZFKiwahFk;. Ngz;jF hPjpahfj; njhluf;$ba

mgptpUj;jpnad;w epakg;gbahd fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpDs; ,r;nray; Nehf;Fila Muha;r;rpahdJ>

Ntshz;iknad;Dk; eilKiwfis Kd;Ndw;Wfpd;w> tsq;fspd; gad;ghLk; gfph;Tk; njhlh;ghd

kdg;ghq;Ffis khw;Wfpd;w> NkhJifj; jPh;Tf;fhd cs;@h; topKiwfSf;Fg; Gj;Japuspf;fpd;w>

cs;@h; cl;fl;likg;igj; juKah;j;jpf; Ntshz;ikfSf;Fg; Gwk;ghd tha;g;Gf;fisAk; ,isNahUld;

njhlh;Gila gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fisAk; cUthf;Ffpd;w ,yf;iff;nfhz;l nra;;jpl;lq;fis

Mjhpg;gjw;F cjt KbAk;. (nfGD kw;Wk; nfh ;̀yh; 1999).

3.2 Fbepiy r%fj;ij tYg;gLj;Jjy;

rptpy; r%fk; ,y;iynadpy; my;yJ nray; ,oe;J ,Ug;gpd; mJ xU xLf;FKiw

Ml;rpapd; epr;rakhd ntspg;ghlhFk;. gue;j ghJfhg;gpd;ikia xU gz;ghff; nfhz;Ls;s

xU Njrj;jpy; gz;ghl;L ,df;FOk NtWghLfis $h;ikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;lf; $ba mtek;gpf;ifAk;>

re;NjfKk; nfhz;l xU #o;epiy cUthFk;. mt;thwpy;yhJ> Xg;gPl;lbg;gilapy;> Xh; cWjpahd

rptpy; r%fk; rptpy; NkhJifj; jPh;tpid Mjhpf;ff;$ba xU tYthd r%ff; fl;Lkhdj;Jf;fhd

Xh; cj;juthjkhfg; gad;glKbAk;. rptpy; r%fkhdJ> cs;@h; kl;lj;jpy; (vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

%j;Njhh; rigfs;) njhlq;fp eL kl;lj;ij (mrhepfs;> Gj;jp[Ptpfs;) fle;J cr;r kl;lk; tiu

vl;Lfpd;wjhf> jPtpu nraw;ghLila FbAhpikj; njhFjpapd; vy;yh Mf;ff;$WfisAk;

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340

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Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

341

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Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ;



342

* [dehaf mgptpUj;jpnad;w #oiktpy; Njh;jy;fspy; ntspg;gilahd

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(NkYk; jfty;fSf;Fg; ghh;f;f http://www.idea.int)

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nfhz;Ls;sJ. N`h;Ngh;l; nfy;kd; (2002> 62) $wpathW:

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

343

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nrhy;yhly;fSlDk; ,izf;fg;glyhk;.



344

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345

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346

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toptFf;fpd;w Xh; ,d Mjpf;fr; rpd;dkhff; $Lk;.(ghh;f;f `hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998> 179-180).

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

347

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Njhd;wf;$ba “ngUk;ghd;ikr; rh;thjpfhuk;” vd;w cz;ikahd Mgj;jhFk; (ghh;f;f yp[;ghh;w;

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tpyf;fg;gLfpd;w mr;rk; rpWghd;ikfSf;F Vw;gLnkd;gJld; mth;fs; [dehafj;ijr;

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Cf;Ftpj;jnyd;w mjd; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nehf;fj;ijg; gz;ghff;nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> fl;rpfs; Njh;jYf;F epw;Fk; Kd;dh; ,dhPjpfisf; fle;j $l;Lfis

cUthf;Fk;gb Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tZFKiwapd; Vida gz;Gfshdit>

mjpfhuKidfisg; gutyhf;Fk; Nehf;Fila ,dQ;rhuhj rk\;bKiw> ,dj;jpDs; Nghl;bia

Cf;Ftpj;jy;> ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd xj;Jiog;Gf;Fj; J}z;Ljy;fshfj; Njh;jy;rhh;e;j ed;ikfs;

kw;Wk; khw;Wr; r%f ,izg;Gf;fis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;w tifapy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l nfhs;iffs;



348

vd;gitahFk;. murpay;thjpfs; vg;NghJk; Cf;Ftpg;GfSf;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthh;fnsd;Wk;>

gpui[fs; jkJ nrhe;j ,df;FOTf;Fg; Gwk;ghd fl;rpfSf;F ,yFtpy; thf;fspg;ghh;fnsd;Wk;

fUJfpd;w> ghPl;rpj;Jg; vd;git ghh;f;fg;glhj Cfq;fshFk;.

vdNt Kbtpy ; > cWjpg ;ghl ;ilAk; > rkhjhdj;ijAk; epiyehl ;Lnkd;W

cj;juthjkspf;ff;$ba mjpfhug;gfph;T [dehafj;Jf;fhd jdpnahU khjphp vJTkpy;iy.

ntt;NtWtifr; r%fq;fSf;F ntt;NtW tiffspyhd epWtd tbtikg;Gj; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

NkNy Muhag;gl;l gpd;gw;wj;jf;f ,U mjpfhug;gfph;T tiffis gad;gLj;JtJld; (FOitf;

fl;bnaOg;Gfpd;w kw;Wk; xUq;fpizg;G mZFKiwfs;) nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; mjpfhug;

gfph;Tj;njhpTfspd; KOtPr;irAk; Muha;e;Jghh;j;J xU Fwpg;gpl;l NkhJif epiyikfSf;F

kpfr;rpwe;j Kiwapy; nghUe;Jfpd;wtifapy; mjpfhug; gfph;it Jz;LJz;lhf xd;WNrh;f;fNtz;Lk;.

JujpU\;ltrkhf> epiyikfs; rhjfkw;wdthf ,Uf;fpd;wNghJ kpfr;rpwe;j

epWtdhPjpahd tbtk; Njhy;tpailaKbAk;. “mjpfhug; gfph;T [dehafk; ntw;wpngWtjw;F-

xU gy;ypd r%fj;jpy; gad;ehl;lKila> $l;Lr; rftho;itj; NjLfpd;w-murpay; Nky;kf;fs;>

gue;j rptpy; r%fk; mlq;fyhd-NghjpasT cWjpahd kpjthjpfspd; fUikankhd;W ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;” (`hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998> 143).

4.3 mjpfhuj;ij Ms;epy mbg;gilapy; tFj;jy; : rk\;b Kiw>

mjpfhu khw;WifAk; Rahjpgj;jpaKk;

mNef NkhJiffs; mur fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;fhd Nghl;bia ikakhff; nfhz;Ls;sikahy;>

murpd; fl;likg;Gf;fhd rPuhf;fq;fs;> tpNrlkhf mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wk; rk;ge;jg;gl;ltw;wpy;

NkhJiffspd; jPtpuj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;F cjtKbAk;. rk\;bKiw mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wk;>

cs;@h; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpar; Rahl;rpapd; mwpKfk; vd;git vy;yhk; mjpfhuf; ifkhw;wj;Jf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd topfshFk;. rk\;bKiwnad;gJ> vy;yhg; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; rkkhdjhf mjpfhuk;

ifkhw;wpf;nfhLf;fg;gLtJk;> xt;nthU gpuhe;jpaKk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;Jld; xNumsthd

cwitg; NgZfpd;wJkhd Xh; Vw;ghlhFk;. ,jd; xU khw;W cUthf;fk;jhd; rkr;rPuw;w

rk\;bKiw. ,q;F rk\;baurpd; Xh; muRf;F my;yJ xd;Wf;Ff; $ba muRfSf;F> mtw;wpy;

FbapUg;gth;fspd; fyhrhu kw;Wk; nkhopiag; Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gjw;F ,lkspf;Fk; nghUl;L>

Vida khfhzq;fSf;F toq;fg;glhj tpNrl mjpfhuq;fs; chpj;jhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Rahl;rpahdJ>

xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy; murpd; me;j];ij Iaj;Jf;Fs;shf;fhj gug;Gfspy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jhy;

XusT Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;ljhf gpuhe;jpa mikg;nghd;wpd; Ra Ml;rpiaAk; epUthfj;ijAk;

gz;Gfshff; nfhz;Ls;sJ (`hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998> 156; vy]h 1994 XXI). rk\;bKiw>

Rahl;rp Mfpa ,uz;Lk; XusNtDk;; mur mjpfhuj;ijr; rpWghd;ikfSf;F toq;Ftjdhy;>

mth;fspd; nrhe;jf; fyhrhuj;ijg; Ngzpg;ghJfhg;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis mit mjpfhpf;fpd;wd.

vdNt rpWghd;ikfs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l NkhJiffspy; gjw;wj;ijj; jzpg;gjw;F ,t;Ntw;ghLfs;

kpfg; nghUj;jkhditahFk; (ghh;f;f `hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998> 161).

rk\;bKiw $l;Lr;r%f Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk; mt;thNw xUq;fpizg;G Nehf;fj;jpw;Fk;

gad;glf;$bajhFk;. ,q;F Fwpg;gpj;jf;f tpdh Ml;rpg; gpuNjr myFfs; ,dhPjpahd vy;iyfSlDk;

xd;WgLfpd;wdth vd;gNjahFk; (ghh;f;f gphpT IV 2). rk\;bf; fl;likg;GfspdJk; Rahl;rpf;fhd

,zf;fq;fspdJk; ntspg;gilahd mD$yq;fspd; kj;jpapYk;> ,d NkhJifiaf; nfhz;Ls;s

muRfspy; ,t;tifahd Vw;ghLfSf;F XusT vjph;g;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fg; gpujhd

fhuzk; tsq;fis kPsg; gfph;e;jpg;gjpYs;s ,f;fl;LfshFk;. vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhfg;

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

349

ngUk;ghd;ikj; jiyth;fs; jkJ nrhe;jr;r%fj;jpDs; mjpfhuj;ijAk;> thf;fhsh; MjuitAk;

,oe;JtpLthh;fnsd;W mQ;Rfpd;wdh;. mijj;jtpu> Rahl;rp gphpe;Jnry;tjw;F toptFf;Fnkd;W

my;yJ gpw rdr%fq;fSk; Rahl ;r pf ;Fj; jk;ikj; jpul ;Ltjw;fhd vz;zj;ij

Cf;Ftpf;ff;$Lnkd;W mth;fs; gag;gLfpd;wdh; (ghh;f;f `hp]; kw;Wk; nwa;yp 1998>163).

NtW ve;j murpay; my;yJ r%f epWtdj;ijAk;Nghd;W> rk\;b KiwAk; ,yFtpy;

rPh;Fiya KbAk;: ,jw;F ie[Phpah xUNtis kpfr;rpwe;j cjhuzkhf ,Uf;ff;$Lk;.

rk\;bKiwahdJ NkNyapUg;gth;fshy; kj;jpa mjpfhuj;jpdhy jhgpf;fg;gLfpd;w VNjhnthU

tifapyhd xOq;nfd;Wk;-vy;yhg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspYk; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYKs;s vy;NyhUk;

mjid Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; flikg;gl;lth;fnsd;Wk; Kd;dzptfpf;Fk; murpay; Nky;kf;fshy;

kpfg;ngUk;ghyhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; jtwhfg; nghUs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f; fhuzj;jpd;

epkpj;jk; rk\;bKiwf;F cl;gl;l mNefUf;F mJ ,g;NghJ XusT epahakhd tYthd>

vjph;kiwahd cl;fUj;Jfisf; nfhz;ljhAs;sJ. mth;fs; mjid mjpfhug;Nghuhl;lk;> rkr;rPuw;w

mjpfhug;gfph;e;jspg;G kw;Wk; ,dg;gpsTfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;F typikA+l;Ljy; vd;gtw;wpd;

mbg;gilapy; tpthpf;fpd;wdh;.

vdNt rk\;bia Kiwahf epWTtjw;F topfhl;ly;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. 1995,y;

(If;fpaehLfspd; (UN) 50MtJ Mz;Lepiwitnahl;b) elj;jg;gl;l ,df;FOkj;Jf;F vjpuhfr;

rk\;bKiw gw;wpa rh;tNjr khehl;bd; tpisthf tiuag;gl;l Xh; Mtzkhd gnry; rhrdk;

(Charter of Basel) Vidatw;Wld; ,U topfhl;lw; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.(Ngr;yh;

1997> 319):

* rk\;bauRfs;> JizahjuTf; nry;newp mbg;gilapy;> fPopUe;J Nkyhfr; nraw;gLfpd;w

xU gy;ypdf; fl;likg;ngd;w fl;Lf;Nfhg;gpDs;; Ml;rpg;gpuNjrf; FOf;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;>

RahjPdkhd Raeph;za chpikf;Fk; cj;juthjkspf;f Ntz;Lk; (ge;jp 14).

* rk\;baurpd; cWg;gpdh;fs;> Mff;$ba tiffspyhd Jiwfspy; cr;rmsT Rahl;rpiaf;

nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk; rk\;bf; fl;likg;Gfs;> NtWgl;l r%f tpOkpaq;fs; mUfUfhf

epiyj;jpUg;gjw;fhd ,aYkhd msT $ba tha;g;Gf;F ,lkspf;fpd;wtifapy;> jk;ikr;

rpwg;gpj;Jf;fhl;lNtz;Lk;(ge;jp 15).

4.4 ika mjpfhu tpLtpg;G %ykhf fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;G

gd;Kfg;gLj;jyhdJ NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;fj;ijr; rhjpg;gjw;fhd xU rQ;rPtpNah

my;yJ rpWghd;ik chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Xh; cj;juthjNkh my;y. mJ jkJ

kj;jpa mjpfhuj;Jf;F (mj;Jld; tpNrlkhf %ytsq;fspd; xJf;fPl;Lf;F) Xh; mr;RWj;jnyd;W

nefpo;tw;w Nky; kf;fshy; czug;gLkhapd;> Aj;j tl;lhuq;fs; jpul;lg;gLjy; kw;Wk; gphptpid

MjuT ,af;fq;fspd; vOr;rp Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; toptFf;ff;$Lk;. vdNt gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;

cs;@h; kl;lq;fspy; Gjpa NkhJiffisj; J}z;b> r%fNritfspdJk;> mur nrayhw;WifapdJk;

juj;ijf;Fiwf;fTk;> gue;j mstpy; cs;@h; cah;Fbapdhpd; CoYf;fhd ,ilntspiaj;

jpwe;JtplTk; $Lk;.

,J eilngwhjpUf;fNtz;Lkhapd;> gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;> Njrpa kw;Wk; cs;@h;r;

#o;epiyfshy; G+uzkhf mwpT+l;lg;ngw;w> mjpfhuk;gw;wpa czh;TG+h;tKila> Kiwtop

Nehf;Fila> xg;Gilajhf;Ffpd;w Xh; cghaj;jpdhy; elj;jpr;nry;yg;glNtz;Lk;. me;j cghak;

vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Kjyhtjhf> gpujk nraw;ghl;lhsu; vy;Nyhhpd; jug;gpYk; gd;Kfg;gLj;jYf;fhd



350

<Lghl;il cUthf;Ftjd;%yk; murpay;jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; mfy;tphpthd gq;Nfw;igj;

J}z;lNtz;Lk;. kj;jpa eph;thfj;jpd; gjpw;Fwpahw;wiy mJ Kd;Ndw;wTk;> JizahjuTf;

nry;newpia nray;tpisTs;s Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jTk; $ba mstpy; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;

cs;@h ;r ; Ra cjtp Mw;wy;fis tYg;gLj;Jfpd;w mNjrkak;> cz;ikapy; Xh;

murhq;fj;jpd; fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;igAk;> rl;lg;gbahd jd;ikiaAk; Nkk;gLj;jTk;

$LkhapUf;Fk;.

nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd mikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jp cjtpf;FO

(OECD/DAC) (1998>58) gd;Kfg;gLj;jYf;F cjtptoq;Feh; MjuTf;fhd ehd;F ntt;NtW

CLtopfis epuw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ:

* jpl;lkply;> epu;thfk;> tsxJf;fPL Mfpa Jiwfspy; jdpj; Jiwr; rpwg;Gj; njhopy;El;g

cjtptoq;Fjy;;

* kj;jpa kw;Wk; cs;@h;kl;l murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; eilKiwrhh;e;j nghWg;igj;

njspTgLj;Jjy; (murpiw tUtha; kw;Wk; thp Kiwikfs; mlq;fyhf);

* gpuhe;jpag; ghuhSkd;wq;fs;> cs;@uhl;rpr; rigfs; Nghd;w ,ilepiyahd gpujpepjpj;Jt

mikg;Gfspd; epWtdhPjpahd Mw;wy;fis tYg;gLj;Jjy;;

* epu;thfj;jpd; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; rptpy;Nritg; gjtpfspy; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;lFOf;fspd;

gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy; (rPh;nra; eltbf;if cl;gl).

rkhjhd Cf;Ftpg;igg; nghWj;jtiuapy; fl;likg;GfspdJk;> epWtdq;fspdJk;

xl;Lnkhj;jg; gz;gbg;gilahd khw;wnkhd;wpd; #oiktpy; kl;Lk;jhd; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;

mh;j;jKs;sjhfpd;wJ. mNef mgptpUj;jpAWfpd;w kw;Wk; ,ilkhw;wj;jpYs;s muRfspy;

gd;Kfg;gLj;Jk; nray;Kiw cz;ikapy; Fiwe;j mstpy;jhd; NtWghnlhd;iw Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;

(gpuhd;rpy; fle;j gj;jhz;Lfspy; gFjpastpyhjy; Gyg;gLfpd;wthW). khwhf> mjpfhuk; Vfhjpgj;jpa

Kiwapy; kPs;ikag;gLj;jg;gLjiyj; jLg;gjw;F tbtikf;fg;gl;lnjhd;whf> xUtifapy; mur

flikfisf; fPopUe;J Gduikj;jy;jhd; mt;NtWghl;il Vw;gLj;jf;$Lk;.

4.5 rpWghd;ikapdiug; ghJfhj;jy;

gdpg; Nghh; KbTw;wjd;gpd;dh; ehk; mur Ml;rpg; gpuNjrk;> Fiwe;jgl;rk; Kjy;

Njhw;w mbg;gilapyhjy;> ,g;NghJs;sthW ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;w nghJthd Cfj;ij

mjpfhpj;j mstpy; Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpAs;Nshk;. mjd;tpisthf ehk;> mNef ,lq;fspy;>

Njrpa milahsq;fSf;F khw;W milahsq;fs; kPs cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLjiy xg;Gf;nfhz;Ls;Nshk;.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf. ,lhpYs;s rpWghd;ikfs; fUj;jpl;lk; (Minorities at Risk Project)>

Vida(Mjpf;ff;) FOf;fshy; my;yJ ghj;jpaij cilNahh;fshy; jhk; ghFghlhd elj;Jiff;F

cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;Nshnkd;W NfhUfpd;w my;yJ mtw;wpd; milahsj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;Lk;

mtw;wpd; FO eyd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;lbg;gil xd;iwj;

jhgpf;Fk;nghUl;Lk;> murpay; eltbf;iff;fhfj; jpul;lg;gl;Ls;s 273 murpay;hPjpahf

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s> muR rhuhj milahsf; FOf;fis ,g;NghJ ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ (ghh;f;f

Fh; 1997>5). gphptpidthj ,af;fq;fs; cUthFtjd;%yk; vOfpd;w td;Kiwahd NkhJiffis

ehk; jLf;fNtz;Lkhapd;>-Njrpa kl;lj;jpyhapDQ; rhp rh;tNjr kl;lj;jpyhapDr;rhp-rpWghd;ikfspd;

ghJfhg;G epr;rakhf mj;jpahtrpakhdjhFk;.

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

351

rh;tNjr kl;lj;jpy;> rh;tNjrr; rl;lk; JujpU\;ltrkhf rpWghd;ik chpikfspd;

kPwy;fisj; jf;fKiwapy; ifahs;tjw;fhd mfy;tphpthd> Nghjpa topKiwfis toq;fj;

jtWfpd;wJ. I.eh.rhrdk; rh;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; (League of Nations) rpWghd;ik Ml;rpKiwia

Vw;Wf;nfhs;shjjdhy;> chpik kPwg;gl;l my;yJ mlf;fpnahLf;fg;gl;l xU rpWghd;ikiar;

Nrh;e;j Ml;fs>; Nkd;KiwaPL nra;tjw;Fj; jdpg;gl;l kdpj chpikfspd; epunyhd;wpy; mJ

,g;NghJ gpujhdkhfj; jq;fpapUf;fNtz;bAs;sJ (ghh;f;f n`a;d;N] 1997>444). kWGwj;jpy;>

INuhg;ghtpy; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd epWtdk; (OSCE) ,t;tplaj;jpy; $ba Kd;Ndw;wk;

fz;Ls;sJ. ,g;gpuhe;jpa epWtdk; I.eh. Kd;itj;jtw;iwtplf;$ba tphpthd topfis

tpUj;jpnra;Js;sJ. vdpDk; ,it$lj; jdpg;gl;l chpikfis kl;Lk; cs;slf;FtJld;

rl;lg;gpizg;gw;wdthfTk; cs;sd. Fwpg;ghff; Nfhgd;N`fd; Mtzkhd> INuhg;ghtpy;

ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd khehl;bd ; kdpj ghpkhzk; (The Human Dimension) (1990)>

,d> fyhrhu kw;Wk; rkar; rpWghd;ikfs; ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;bajd; Njitia typAWj;JtJld;>

jha;nkhopiar; Rje;jpukhfg; gad;gLj;JtjpypUe;J fyhrhu mikg;Gf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd

chpik Kjw;nfhz;L xOq;fikf;fpd;w Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd chpik tiuapyhd Xh; mfy;tphpthd

chpikfspd; njhFjpnahd;iw Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ. (ghh;f;f bf;Nf 1995> 246).

rpWghd;ikfspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; NkYnkhU iky;fy; 1991 nkh];Nfh

Mtzk; MFk;. “OSCE kdpjg; ghpkhzj;jpd;” fl;lis thpapd;fPo; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l <Lghl;Lf;

flg;ghLfs; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;w vy;yh muRfspdJk; NeubahdJk;> rl;lG+h;tkhdJkhd mf;fiwf;Fhpa

tplaq;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdntd;gJld;> mjd;epkpj;jk; mit> jdpg;gl;l muRfspd; jdpAhpikahd

cs;sf tptfhuq;fnsd;W fUjg;glTk; $lhJ vd;W ifnahg ;gkpl ;l jug ;g pdh ;

cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wdh;.(ghh;f;f www.osce.org ).

NkYk; OSCE <Lghl;Lf; flg;ghLfs; nraw;gLj;jg;gLjiy kPsha;T nra;tjw;fhd

topKiwfisAk; (kdpj ghpkhzk; kPjhd topKiw) mt;thNw rpWghd;ikfspd; NkYk;

rpwe;j ghJfhg;Gf;F ,lkspf;fpd;w fhhparhj;jpakhd Jizf;fUtpfisAk; epWtpAs;sJ.

tpNrlkhf> Njrpa rpWghd;ikfs;kPjhd cah; Mizahsh; (HCNM)gjtp epWtg;gl;lik>

rpWghd;ik Kuz;ghLfs; gpuhe;jpag; ghJfhg;Gf;F Xh; mr;RWj;jyhff;$ba re;jh;g;gq;fspy;

Kd;ndr;rhpf;iff;Fk;> jLg;G eltbf;iff;Fkhd> nefpo;Ts;sJk;> nray;tpisTilaJkhd

xU fUtpahfg; ghpzkpj;Js;sJ. 1992 Kjy; 2001 tiu ,t;Tah; Mizahsh; (HCNM) gjtp

tfpj;j khf;]; td; nlh; ];nuhnty;> Kuz;gLfpd;w jug;Gf;fspd; gpujpepjpfSf;fpilapy;

Ngr;rf;fis vspjhf;Ftjw;Fg; gzpahw;wpAk;> rpWghd;ik njhlh;Gila gpur;rpidfisj;

jf;fKiwapy; ifahs;tjw;fhd (nrhe;j nkhopfis Cf;Ftpj;jy; Nghd;w) gaDs;s

MNyhridfis toq;fpAk;> td;Kiwf;fhd tha;g;igf;nfhz;l vz;zw;w epiyikfspy;

gaDWjpAs;stifapy; nraw;gl;lhh;. ePz;lfhyg; gzpfs;jhd; ‘OSCE‘ ,d; gpw njhopw;ghl;Lf;

fUtpfshFk;. Vidatw;wld; rpWghd;ikfspd; ghJfhg;ig ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l ,it kpfg;gy

re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,df;FOk murpay; NkhJiffspd; jPtpuj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;F cjtpAs;sd.

Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; rpWghd;ikfspd; ghJfhg;G %d;W epahahjpf;fg; gug;Gfspy;

Muhag;glNtz;Lk;: KjyhtJ> rpWghd;ikfspd; rl;l me;j];J; ,uz;lhtJ> rpWghd;ik

tplaq;fSf;fhd Xh; mYtyfk; my;yJ tpNrl gq;Nfw;G chpikfs; jhgpf;fg;gLjy; Nghd;w

epWtdhPjpahd Vw;ghLfspd; msT; %d;whtJ> rpWghd;ikfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf

(gpujhdkhff;fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhrhuj; Jiwfspy;) tbtikf;fg;gl;l mur MjuT eltbf;iffspd;

msT (ghh;f;f bf;Nf 1995> 243).



352

INuhg;ghtpy; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk;> xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd epWtdk; (OSCE),Jtiuapy; kpf tphpthdJk;> mjd; 53cWg;G muRfSf;Fg; gaDs;s topfhl;liy

toq;Ffpd;wJkhd murpay; juf;fl;lisfspd; gl;baiyj; jahhpj;Js;sJ.

,t;tpjpKiwfs; Vida gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; vspjhfg; gpuNahfpf;fg;glyhk;.

mit cs;slf;Ftd:

* njhpTnra;ag;gl;l rl;lthf;f rigf;F my;yJ thf;fhsh; njhFjpf;F

KOikahd tifg;nghWg;Gila> epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwiaf;nfhz;l xU

gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;fk;

* murpayikg;Gf;Fk;> rl;lj;Jf;Fk; ,zq;fr; nraw;glNtz;ba murhq;fj;jpd;

flik

* muRf;Fk; murpaw; fl;rpfSf;Fkpilapy; xU njspthd gphpT

* murpay; mjpfhhpfSf;F ,uhZtj;jpdJk;> fhty; JiwapdJk; (nghyP];)>

Vida gilfspdJk; fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk; nghWg;G

* gfpuq;f eltbf;ifKiw %yk; rl;lq;fspd; ghprPyidAk;> Vw;gpirTk;

* epu;thf xOq;Ftpjpfs; nry;Ygbahtjw;fhd xU epge;jidahf mtw;wpd;

ntspaPL

ngl;b 2: ‘OSCE‘ murpay; juf;fl;lisfspd; gl;bay;

4.6 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp

jpwikaw;w ePjpKiwfs; JujpU\;ltrkhf kf;fs; rl;lj;ijj; jkJ nrhe;jf; iffspy;

vLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F Cf;fkspf;fpd;wd. ,jidj; jLf;fNtz;Lkhapd;> ePjpKiwikfs;

jdpg;gl;lth;fspd; chpikfis> mth;fspd; r%fq;fspDs; gaDWjpAs;s Kiwapy; ghJfhf;fTk;

Mjhpf;fTk;> Cf;ftpf;fTk; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld;> mit vy;NyhUf;Fk; vl;LtdthfTk; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. mit gf;fr;rhh;gw;wdthfTk;> murpay;hPjpahfr; Rje;jpukhditahfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

murhq;fq;fs; JujpU\;ltrkhf kpfg;ngUk;ghyhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; rl;l Ml;rpapd; kjpg;ig

xg;gf;nfhs;sj; jtwpAs;sd; mit ,t;tplaj;jpy; ntspg;Gw ,ilaPl;lhsh;fSld; ciuahly;

elj;Jtjw;Ff;$l Kd;tutpy;iy. r%f> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd;NghJ> mjd;%yk; r%fj;jpy;

cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w Kw;Nghf;Fk;> cyfNehf;Fk; nfhz;l murpay; kw;Wk; tpahghu cah;FbapdUf;NfDk;

rl;l Ml;rpapd; mD$yq;fs; kpfj; njspthfNtz;Lk;. ePjp Kiwik murpd; Xh; mbg;gilg;

nghWg;ghAs;sJld;> mjd; Kiwahd nraw;ghL ehl;bd; ,iwikf;Fk; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

rl;l Ml;rpapd; fUj;ijj; Jy;ypakhf tiuaiwnra;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW rh;tNjr

juf;fl;lisfs; mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd (ghh;;f;f nghl;b 2). NkhJif

khw;Wepiyahf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;Ls;sth;fSf;F ,it cd;djkhd topj;jpl;lnkhd;iw toq;Ffpd;wd.

NkYk; tsh;e;J tUfpd;w I.eh. rkthaq;fspdJk;> mwpf;iffspdJk; njhFjp gpujhdkhff;

Fw;wtpay; eltbf;if Kiwfs;> Rje;jpukhd Njh;jy;fs;> ePjpgjpfspdJk;> tof;fwpQh;fspdJk;

Rje;jpuk;> Jh;g;gpuNahfj;Jf;F gypahdth;fSf;F el;l<L gw;wpa tplaq;fspy; ftdQ;nrYj;jp

,j;juf;fl;lisfis NkYk; tphpTgLj;jpAs;sJ.

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

353

kdpj chpikfisg; Ngzp tsh;g;gjw;Fk;> rl;l kw;Wk; ePjpKiwr; NritfSf;fhd

ghugl;rkw;w tha;g;ig KdNdw;Wtjw;Fk;> rptpy; NkhJifj; jPh;it Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fkhd

topKiwfis tpUj;jp nra;J jhgpg;gjw;F cjTtjpy; mgptpUj;jp xj;Jiog;G gaDWjpAs;sjhf

,Uf;fKbAk;.njw;fpYs;s mNef ehLfspy; ,g;NghJk; fpuhk ePjpkd;wq;fshYk;> %j;Njhh;

rl;lkd;wq;fshYk; cWjpahff; filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpd;w Neh;ikAuKs;s ghuk;ghpa r%f elj;ijf;

Nfhitfspdhy; tYf;Fiwe;j rl;l Kiwikfs; typikg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

nghUshjhu xj;Jiog;Gf;Fk;> mgptpUj;jpf;Fkhd mikg;gpd; mgptpUj;jp cjtpf;FO

(OECD/DAC) (1998>61)> nraw;gLj;Jeh;fs; rl;l Ml;rpapd; ehd;F gpujhd mk;rq;fs;kPJ

rh;tNjr cjtpapd; ftdj;ijj; jpUg;gNtz;Lnkd tpje;Jiuj;Js;sJ :

* Kiwrhh;e;j rl;lKk;> ePjp epWtdq;fSk; (ePjpkd;wq;fs;> xk;Gl;];nkd;> rl;lr; rPh;jpUj;j

Mizf; FOf;fs;> rpiwr;rhiyr; Nritfs;);

* ,dQ;rhh;e;j rl;lk; kw;Wk; ghuk;ghpar; rl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;JjYk;> gpzf;Fj; jPh;Tk;;

* ,d NkhJifg; gug;Gfspy; nraw;gLfpd;w gpw Kfth; epWtdq;fs; (tpNrlkhf

tsKfhikj;Jtk;);

* jdpg;gl;lth;fSk;> FOf;fSk; rl;lKiwikfis vl;Ljiy vspjhf;Fjy;. xU ehl;bd;

rl;l Kiwapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;j cj;Njrpf;fpd;wNghJk;> mtw;iw epiwNtw;Wfpd;w

NghJk; ngUk; nefpo;Tj;jd;ik kw;Wk; ngUk; czh;jpwd; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd.

nra;;jpl;l tbtikg;G> fz;fhzpg;G topKiwfSf;fhd MjuT> njhopy;ty;yikg; gapw;rp

vd;git vy;yhk; #oYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd topfspy; ,izf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

4.7 kdpj chpikfs;

kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhj;jYk;> mtw;iw NkYk; mgptpUj;jpnra;jYk; mur

kWrPuikg;gpdJk;> rl;l Ml;rpapdJk; cs;ikakhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. muRfspDs; Aj;j kw;Wk;

fLikahd NkhJiff; fhyq;fspy; ,g;gug;Gj;jhd; Mff;$Ljyhfg; ghjpf;fg;gLtJk;>

Mff;Fiwthfg; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJnkd mDgtk; fhl;bAs;sJ. mNdf ehLfspy; Fwpg;gpl;l

,r;#o;epiyfspy; epiykhwhJ fhzg;gLk; kdpj chpikj;J\;gpuNahfk;jhd;> 1993,y; tpad;dhtpy;

elj;jg;gl;l> kdpj chpikfs; gw;wpa cyf kfhehl;Lf;F toptFj;jJ. mjpy; gq;Fgw;wpath;fs;

kdpj chpikfis Cf;Ftpg;gjpYk;> ghJfhg;gjpYk; Njrpa epWtdq;fs; tfpf;ff;$baJk;>

tfpf;fNtz;baJkhd kpf Kf;fpa gq;fpid typAWj;jpdh;. ,it rpWghd;ik chpikfspd;

* eph;thfj; jPh;khdq;fspd; Fiw jPh;Tf;Fg; gaDWjpAs;s topKiwfs; kw;Wk;

fpilg;gjhAs;s ghpfhuq;fs; gw;wpg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l MSf;F(Ml;fSf;F)

ntspg;gilahd jfty;fSf;fhd Vw;ghL

* Rje;jpukhdJk;> ,yFtpy; vl;lf; $baJkhd xUePjpj;Jiw

* rl;lr; nraw;gLeh;fspd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fg; ghJfhg;G

INuhg;ghtpy; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; xj;Jiog;Gf;Fkhd khehl;bypUe;J (OSCE)

njhFf;fg;gl;lJ 1990



354

(xU FOitr; Nrh;e;j Ml;fspd; jdpg;gl;l chpikfs;) Cf;Ftpg;igAk;> ghJfhg;igAk;

cs;slf;FtjhfTk; mth;fs; ,tw;iw tiuaiwnra;jdh;.

,e;epWtdq;fspd; nghWg;Gfs; gpujhdkhf> kdpj chpikfSld; (kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;

kPwYld;) njhlh;Gila VNjDk; tplaj;ijg;gw;wp murhq;fj;Jf;Fk;> ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;Fk;>

mur rhh;gw;wepWtdq;fs; mlq;fyhfj; jFjptha;e;j NtW VNjDk; mikg;GfSf;Fk;

tpjg;GiufisAk;> Kd;nkhopTfisAk;> mwpf;iffisAk; rkh;g;gpj;jyhFk;. mit Njrpar

rl;lq;fSk;> eilKiwfSk; rh;tNjr kdpj chpikj; juf;fl;lisfSf;F ,zq;fpnahOFjiy

typAWj;jNtz;Lk;. NkYk; mit ,r; rh;tNjrj; juf;fl;lisfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLjiyAk;> murpay;hPjpahfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gLjiyAk; Cf;Ftpf;ff;$Lk;. mit

rh;tNjrr; rhjdq;fspd;fPo; Njitg;gLj;jg;gl;l mwpf;ifapLk; eltbf;ifKiwfs;

nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F cjtNtz;Lk;. mit kdpj chpikf; fy;tp kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tFj;jikg;gjpYk;> epiwNtw;WtjpYk; cjtf;$Lk;. mjd;%yk; jfty;

kw;Wk; fy;tpA+lhf kdpj chpikfs;gw;wpg; nghJkf;fspd; tpopg;Gzh;it mjpfhpg;gjw;Fg;

gzpahw;wyhk;. ,Wjpahf mit I.eh> Mgphpf;f A+dpad; Nghd;w gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fs;

Mfpatw;WlDk;> ehl;bd; Njrpa epWtdq;fSlDk; xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk; (kdpj chpikfSf;fhd

epiyak; 1995).

,f;Nfhl;ghLfs; gaDWjpAs;sdthf ,Uf;fNtz;Lkhapd; mit gw;WWjpAld;

nraw;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;. vdNt ve;jnthU Njrpa kdpj chpikfs; KiwikAk; nfhz;bUf;fTk;

gpd;gw;wTk; Ntz;ba rpy Fwpj;j flikfisAk;> eltbf;if KiwfisAk; tpad;dh khehL

Kd;nkhope;Js;sJ:

* rhh;j;jg;gl;l chpik kPwy;fSf;F ,zf;fg;ghL> fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;w jPh;khdk; my;yJ NtW

topKiwfs; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf el;gpzf;fkhd FiwjPh;itj; NjLjy;;

* Kiwg;ghl;lhsUf;F mthpd; chpikfs; gw;wpAk;> FiwjPh;Tf;Ff; fpilg;gjhAs;s topKiwfs;

gw;wpAk; mwptpj;jYk;> mj;jifa FiwjPh;Tf;fhd tha;g;ig Cf;Ftpj;jYk;;

* Kiwg;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;jy; my;yJ mtw;iwj; jFjptha;e;j Xh; mjpfhhpf;F

Mw;Wg;gLj;Jjy;;

* kdpj chpikfisr; Rje;jpukhfg; gpuNahfpg;gjw;Fj; jilahfTs;s rl;lq;fisAk;>

xOq;FtpjpfisAk; jpUj;Jtjw;fhd Kd;nkhopTfs; cl;gl> jFjptha;e;j mjpfhhpfSf;F

tpjg;Giufisr; nra;jy.;

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

355

ngl;b 3 : kdpj chpikfspd; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd ehLnjhlh;ghd

toptiffSk;> rh;tNjr ifahsy; KiwikfSk;

(xU njhpT):

* kdpj chpikfs; rl;lq;fSf;Fk;> eilKiwf;Fk; (rpWghd;ikfs;) cah; Njrpa

juf;fl;lisfs;;

* jpwe;j ,Ujug;G murpay; ciuahly;(juf;fl;lisfs;> kjpg;gPLfs);;

* ,luhh;e;j ehLfSld; Fwpj;Jiug;ghd(jpiu kiwthd) ciuahly;;;

* murpay; ,ilaPL (tpjj;jpy; epge;jid> jil eltbf;iffs;> gfpuq;fg;

gpufldq;fs;> mwpf;ifaply;;);

* Fwpj;j Mizfs; (kj;jpa fpof;Fr; rkhjhdr; nray;Kiwapy; kdpjg; ghpkhzk);;

* fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk;> epfo;itf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fk;> cz;ik mwptjw;Fkhd

epGzh;fs;;

* rptpy; r%fj;ijAk;> kdpj chpikr; nraw;ghl;lhsh;fisAk; gyg;gLj;Jjy;>

rh;tNjr topKiwfs; (xU njhpT);

* midj;Jyf kdpj chpikg; gpufldk;;

* nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L chpikfs; gw;wpa rh;tNjr cld;gbf;if;

* rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfs; gw;wpa rh;tNjr cld;gbf;if;

* rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; chpikfs; gw;wpa rh;tNjr cld;gbf;iff;fhd

tpUg;Gj;njhpTg; gpd;NdL;

* kuz jz;lid xopf;fg;gLjiy ,yf;fhff;nfhz;l> rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay;

chpikfs; gw;wpa rh;tNjr cld;gbf;iff;fhd ,uz;lhtJ tpUg;Gj;njhpTg;

gpd;NdL;

* midj;JyfhYk; xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l kdpj chpikfisAk;> mbg;gilr;

Rje;jpuq;fisAk; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fk;> ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; r%fj;jpd;

jdpg;gl;lth;fspdJk;> FOf;fspdJk;> cWg;GfspdJk; chpikfSk;> nghWg;Gk;

gw;wpa gpufldk; ;

* Njrpa my;yJ ,d> rka kw;Wk; nkhoprhh;e;j rpWghd;ikfisr; Nrh;e;j

Ml;fspd; chpikfs;gw;wpa gpufldk;;

* mtrufhy epiyikapYk;> MAj NkhjypYk; ngz;fspdJk;> gps;isfspdJk;

ghJfhg;Gg;gw;wpa gpufldk;;

* rpj;jputij kw;Wk; NtW nfh^ukhd> kdpjj;jd;ikaw;w my;yJ ,opTgLj;Jk;

tpjj;jpy; elj;Jtjw;F my;yJ jz;lidf;F vjpuhd rkthak;;

* ,d mopg;Gf; Fw;wj;ijj; jLj;jYk;> jz;bj;jYk; gw;wpa rkthak;;

* Aj;j fhyj;jpy; rptpypad; Ml;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlh;ghd n[dPth rkthak;;

(Nkyjpfg; gpd;NdLfs; 1 kw;Wk; 11)



356

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

tpad;dh khehL Kd;itj;Js;s nry;newpfSk;> MNyhridfSk; xk;Gl;];nkd; kw;Wk;

mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk; xUq;F Nrh;j;J- Njrpa epWtdq;fspd; cj;Njr Mf;f

mikT gw;wpAk;> Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd cj;juthjq;fs; gw;wpAk;> njhopw;gLk; Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; NkYk;

tphpthd topfhl;ly;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wd. mgptpUj;jp Kfth; epWtdq;fSk;> cjtp toq;Feh;fSk;

(tpNrlkhf Kf;fpakhd Gwf;fl;Lg;ghLfSk;> tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd rhsuq;fSk; njhlh;gpy;) Fwpj;j

cs;@h; kw;Wk; fyhrhu epiyikfis xUNghJk; kwe;Jtplhky;> ,g;gl;baypypUe;J gad;ngwyhk;.

5. ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapid rPuikj;jy;;

Aj;jj;Jf;Fg; gpe;jpa r%fq;fspd; vjph;fhy mgptpUj;jpapy; ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw tpNrlkhd

kpf Kf;fpa gq;nfhd;iw tfpf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf> Aj;jepWj;jq;fisAk; rkhjhd

cld;gbf;iffisAk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> mjd;%yk; rkhjhdj;ijj; jplkhf;Ftjw;Fk; fhty;

JiwapdJk;> ,uhZtj;jpdJk; jPtpu MjuT kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.

,Ue;jNghjpYk;> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw rkhjhd Kiwtopf;F Xh; mr;RWj;jiyAk;

Njhw;Wtpf;f KbAk;. tpNrlkhf> ghJfhg;G epWtdq;fs; (,uhZtk; kw;Wk; ,uhZtj;Jizg;

gilfs;> fhty; Jiwg;gilfs; kw;Wk; Gydha;Tr;Nritfs;) rl;l Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;litahfj;

jk;ikf; fUjhjtplj;J> my;yJ NkhJfpd;w jug;Gfs; jkJ Fwpg;gpl;l eyd;fspd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F mtw;iwf; fUtpfshfg; gad;gLj;JtNj cz;ikahFk;. ghJfhg;Gg;

gilfs;jhd; ngUk;ghYk; rpj;jputij> murpay; Fw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; Fbrdj;jpd;kPJ nghJthd

mlf;FKiw cl;gl> gLNkhrkhd kdpj chpik kPwy;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghAs;sd.

ntspg;gilahfj; jpwikaw;w xU ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw rkhjhd Kaw;rpfSf;F mNjasT

CWtpistpf;ff;$Lk;. rKjhaq;;fspdJk;> jdpg;gl;lth;fspdJk; ghJfhg;Gf;F mg;nghWg;G

xg;gilf;fg;gl;lth;fshy; cj;juthjkspf;f Kbahtpl;lhy; jdpg;gl;lth;fSk;> FOf;fSk; jkJ

ghJfhg;igf; $ba mstpy; jkJ nrhe;jf;iffspy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;thh;fs;. ,jd; tpisTfs;>

Fw;wtpay; td;Kiw mjpfhpg;Gk;> rpW MAjq;fspd; ngUf;fKk;> jdpg;gl;l ,uhZtq;fspd; Njhw;wKkhFk;.

vdNt> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwapd; kWrPuikg;G ngUk;ghyhd re;jh;g;gq;fspy; ,d;wpaikahj

xU nghWg;ghAs;sJ. ,lh;epiyapYs;s gpujhd tplak; nghUj;jkhd murpay; kw;Wk;

[dehaff; fl;Lg;ghLfspd; JizAld;> murpd; VfNghf mjpfhuj;ij (kPsj;) jhgpj;jyhfTs;s

mNjNtisapy;> NkYk; gy;NtW Vw;ghLfSk; mtrpakhAs;sd.xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpy ; >

ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwapd; kWrPuikg;G ehd;F kl;lq;fspyhd eltbf;iffis cs;slf;fpajhf

,Uf;fNtz;Lk;(ghh;f;fGTZ 2000>30.31)

* murpay; kl;lj;jpyhd kWrPuikg;G eltbf;iffs; ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapd; fzf;Ff; fhl;Lk;

nghWg;ig Nkk;gLj;Jk; ,yf;iff; nfhz;bUj;jy;. Majg;gilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;>

fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; ghuhSkd;wKk;> murhq;fKk; xd;W Nrh;e;J nraw;glNtz;Lk;. xl;Lnkhj;j

xspT kiwtpd;ikia mjpfhpf;Fk; xU Kaw;rpahf> mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;Fk;>

Clfq;fSf;Fk; Fwpg;ghd MjuTld; rptpy; r%fk; tYg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

* ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;gpd; nghUshjhu kl;lk; -MAjf;fisT> Kd;dhs; giltPuh;fspd;

fUj;ij khw;WjYk; kPs xUq;fpizj;jiyAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

* kWrPuikg;G Kaw;rpapd; r%f kl;lk ; > rpWMAjq;fs; guTjiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd;%yKk;>

MAjq;fspy; rl;ltpNuhj th;j;jfj;ij vjph;j;Jg; NghuhLtjd; %yKk; nghJkf;fspd;

ghJfhg;ig mjpfhpf;f tpiofpd;wJ.

357

* ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;G epWtdhPjpahd kl;lj;jpy; ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw epWtdq;fspDs;

mtw;wpd; rpj;jhe;jj;ijAk;> gzpfisAk; kPs;tiuaiwnra;Jk;> rl;l Ml;rpiaAk; kdpj

ch pikfisAk ; kj pj ;jiy Cf ;Ft pj ;Jk ; > ghJfhg ; Gj ; Jiwfisj ;

‘njhopy;rhu;ty;yikAs;sdthf;Ftjw;F’ Kaw;rpf;fNtz;Lk;.

tYtw;w [dehafq;fspYk;> eypthd muRfspYk; ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;Gf;fhd

jilfs; mNdfk; cs;sd. ngUk;ghYk; ghJfhg;ig Ml;rpahjpf;f kw;Wk; ,uhZtKidg;Gg;

ghzpapy; Nehf;Ffpd;w xU Nghf;F ,Ug;gjdhy;> murpay;thjpfsplkpUe;J mj;Jld; / my;yJ

,uhZt mjpfhhpfsplkpUe;J kWrPuikg;Gf;F vjph;g;G ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. ,uhZt cah;kl;lj;jpdh;

rpy rkaq;fspy; ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfspdhYk;> maypYs;s muRfspdhYk; #o;r;rpKiwf;

ifahSiff;F cl;gLfpd;wdh;. ngUk;ghYk; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; rptpy; Aj;jq;fshy; ,yFtpy;

ghjpg;gilaf;$ba ehLfspy; nghJthdnjhU td;Kiwf;fyhrhuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rptpy;

Aj;jq;fs;> Fw;wtpay; td;Kiw> $ypg;gilfs;> tUkhdNkh> fhzpNah ,y;yhj> gilf;fiyg;Gr;

nra;ag;gl;l Nghh;tPuh;fs; vd;w tuyhw;iwf;nfhz;l ehLfspy; Aj;jg;nghUshjhuq;fspypUe;J

‘td;Kiwr; re;ijfs;’ Njhd;w KbAk;.

kWrPuikg;gpd; fLQ;rpf;fy;> Jiwj;Nju;r;rp ,y;yhik> kw;Wk; Mw;wy; ,y;yhik

vd;gitjhd;; ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;gpd; ntw;wpiag; ghjpf;ff;$ba Vida gpur;rpidfs;

MFk; . ,f;fhuzpfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W cu%l;Lfpd;wd .fLQ;rpf ;fy; gpur ;r pid> Xh ;

murhq;fj;jpDs; epWtdhPjpahd Kfhikrhh ;e ;j kw;Wk; epjprhh ;e ;j Jiwj;Nju ;r ;rp

,y;yhikapdhy; NkYk; mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jPh;khdk; vLg;gth;fs; ,lhpd;ik> ghJfhg;G

kw;Wk; mth;fs; njhpT> nra;af;$ba xU tPr;rhd nfhs;if tpUg;Gj; njhpTfs; Fwpj;j

rh;tNjr tpthjq;fSld; ghpr;rakw;wth;fshftpUg;gpd; Fwpg;ghf ,j;jifa epiyNa

Vw;gLfpd;wJ. muR xd;W rPh;jpUj;jj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; epWtdhPjpahd ,aYikfisf;

nfhz;buhjtiuapy; kpfr;rpwe;j rPh;jpUj;j Kaw;rpAk; Njhy;tpailAk; (ehjd; 1999>7Ig;

ghh;f;fTk;). ghJfhg;Gj;Jiwr; rPh;jpUj;jj;jpy; rh;tNjr ,ilaPnld;gJk; kpfTk; czh;jpwd; kpf;f

xU tplakhFk;. mJ xU nghJthd nfhs;ifr; nrhy;yhly;;> r%fj;jpd; rfy kl;lq;fspYk;

NkhJif khw;W epiyahf;f Kaw;rpfs;> kw;Wk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp cjtp vd;gtw;NwhL

xUq;fpizf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. MAjf;fisT> gilf;fiyg;G> kw;Wk; Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfspd;

kPspizT vd;gtw;Wf;fhd MjuTf;F Nkyjpfkhf> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw kWrPuikg;G Kaw;rpfs;

rptpypad; ghJfhg;Gg; gFg;gha;thsh;fspd; nraw;ghl;Lg; gapw;rpiaAk; cs;slf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

,J ,th;fs; murhq;fg; gjtpfis Vw;gjw;Fk; fz;fhzpg;Gf; fUkq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk;

cjTk;.

,e;j kWrPuikg;gpd; NkYk; mtrpakhd mq;fk; [dehaff;fy;tp kw;Wk; r%f

mikg;Gfs; kPjhd typAWj;jYld; $ba ,uhZt kw;Wk; nghyP]; fy;tp KiwikfshFk;.

ghJfhg;G Mszpapdhpd; rh;tNjrg; ghpkhw;wq;fSlhf rh;tNjr ghJfhg;G epakq;fNshL>

,zq;fpnahOFtJ NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. (ghpkhw;wq;fs;> fy;tp newpfs; kw;Wk;

ghJfhg;Gf; nfhs;if rk;gw;jkhf rh;tNjr n[dPth epiyak; Nghd;w rh;tNjr fofq;fspy;

gapw;rpfs;). xU ehd;fhtJ tplak; rl;l tpNuhjkhfTk;> Fw;wtpay; tbtq;fspYk;

ghJfhg;Gg;gilfSf;F Ml;Nrh;g;Gr; nra;tjhFk;. ,Wjpahf> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw Kfhikj;JtKk;>

tuT-nryT jpl;lkplYk; xspTkiwtw;wjhftpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Ml;Nrh;f;fg;gLjy; epWj;jg; gl

Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. ,Wjpahf> ghJfhg;Gj;Jiw Kfhikj;JtKk; tuTnryTj;jpl;lkplYk;

ntspg;gilahdjhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.



358

6. RUf;fKk;> vjph;fhyj;jpw;;fhd Nehf;Fk;

,t;tj;jpahak; mur kWrPuikg;gpd; kpf Kf;fpa fUj;Jf; $Wfs; gw;wpa xU

Nky;Nehf;if toq;fpAs;sJ. vdpDk;> ,ay;ghf> cz;ikapy; vt;tifahd mur fl;likg;GfSk;>

epWtdq;fSk; xU r%fj;ij td;KiwapypUe;Jk;> gfpuq;f Nkhjy; jpBnud;W ntbg;gjpypUe;Jk;

$Ljyhfg; ghJfhf;ff;$Lnkd;gjpy; mwptpay;hPjpahfTk;> murpay;hPjpahfTk; fzprkhd msT

Iag;ghL ,g;NghJk; cs;sJ. ,t;tplak;gw;wp NkYk; MokhdJk;> xg;gPl;L mbg;gilapyhdJkhd

Ma;Tfs; epr;rakhf mtrpakhFk;.

cWjpahd rkhjhdj;Jf;F [dehafk; Xh; ,d;wpaikahj epge;jidnad;gjpy; fw;wwpthsh;

kj;jpapy; gue;j mstpyhd cld;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ NghjpanjhU epge;jidahfTk;

cs;sjhntd;gJk;> r%fj;ij td;Kiwf;nfjpuhff; fhg;Gr;nra;fpd;w Xh; murpayikg;Gf;Fj; jsk;

mikf;Fk;nghUl;L ve;nje;jf; fhuzpfs; xd;WNrh;f;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;gJk;jhd; tpthjj;jpd;

ikakhfTs;sJ.

vdNt> ngl;b 4 xU rhuhk;rkhfg; gad;glKbANkad;wp> ,t;tplaj;jpy; mJNt

Kbe;j KbG vd;W ghrhq;fhff; fUjKbahJ. ,t;tl;ltiz NkNy ftdQ;nrYj;jg;gl;l rpy

eltbf;iffisj; njhFj;J Nehf;Ftjd;%yk;> nraw;ghl;lhsh;fs; ,k;Kf;fpa gug;gpy;

,ilaPLfisr; nra;aj; njhlq;Ffpd;wtplj;J> mtw;Wf;fhd Kd;dPLfisj; jhgpf;f mth;fs;

Kidfpd;wNghJ mth;fSf;F topfhl;Lk; xU nghJthd khjphpahfg; gad;gl tpiofpd;wJ.

NkYk; mwptpay; hPjpahdJk;> mDgtk; rhh;e;jJkhd Ma;Tf;Fj; jpl;ltl;lkhfj;

jFjpAila> mur kWrPuikg;G> [dehafk; kw;Wk; cWjpahd rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd

njhlh;G rk;ge;jg;gl;l %d;W jpwe;j tplag;gug;GfSld; ehk; ,jid Kbj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.

Mrphpahpd; fUj;Jg;gb nfhs;ifhPjpahdJk;> Kiwtop rhh;e;jJkhd vjph;fhy Muha;r;rp %d;W

RtLfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;:

* gpzf;Ff; fyhrhunkhd;wpd; fhl;bfs; gw;wpa mbg;gil Muha;r;rp. ,jw;F Njhw;wj;jpy;

rkhjhdkhd r%fq;fSf;F khWgl;ldthf> Aj;jj;jhy; rPh;Fiye;j my;yJ Aj;jr;

rhh;GepiyAila r%fq;fspy; NkhJif khw;Wepiyahf;f topKiwfSk;> epWtdq;fSk;

gw;wpa ,Ug;G kjpg;gPLk;> xg;gPl;L Muha;r;rpAk; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ;

* Nkhrkhd mur nrayhw;Wifiaf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> rl;l Ml;rpiaf; Fiwepug;Gtjw;Fk;>

NkhJifiaj; J}z;lf;$ba fl;likg;Gr; rhh;e;j r%ff; FiwghLfis ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;Fnkdf;

Fwpg;ghf tbtikf;fg;gl;l> gpzf;Fj; jPh;Tf;fhd gq;Nfw;G mZFKiwfspd; kjpg;gPL;

* kPs tFj;jikj;Jf;$wg;gl;lJk;> ts%l;lg;gl;lJkhd ey;y Ml;rp Kiwf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; Xh;

Mf;ff;$whf gpzf;Ff; fyhrhunkhd;iwr; nraw;gLj;Jjy;. ,jidg; gpd;dh; OECD/DAC

kw;Wk; gpw (gy;jug;G kw;Wk; ,Ujug;G) gq;fhspfs; nraw;gLj;jyhk;. ,r; #oiktpy; ,g;NghJk;

njhlh;fpd;w rpy tpdhf;fshtd:

* ‘[dehaf rkhjhdk;’vd;nwhd;W ,Uf;fpd;wjh; ,Uf;Fkhapd; mjw;F Kf;fpakhd fhuzpfs; vit?

* mbg;gilahd r%f ,ilkhw;w mj;Jld; /my;yJ Jhpj khw;wf;fhyq;fspy; gpzf;Ff;

fyhrhunkhd;iw vt;thW jhgpf;fyhk; my;yJ Ngzpg;ghJfhf;fyhk;?

* gy;ypdr;r%fq;fspy; gpzf;Ff; fyhrhunkhd;iw tYg;gLj;Jk;nghUl;Lj; J}z;lg;glf;$ba

Fwpj;j epWtdq;fs;> fl;likg;Gfs; my;yJ CLtopfs; vit?

Fe;jh; Ngr;yh;

359

* gd;ikthjr; r%fq;fspy; xU rkhjhdkhd ciuahlypd; rhpahd fl;likg;Gf;Fk;>

,af;ftpaYf;Fkhd vkJ Njlypy;> ts%l;lg;gl;l ey;y Ml;rpKiwf; vz;zf;fU

rl;lfj;jpDs; fUj;njhw;Wikf;fhd Mw;wy;fis vt;thW fl;bnaOg;gf;$Lk;?

* neUf;fbj; jLg;Gk;> td;Kiwj; jzpg;Gk; vd;w fUj;jpy; vjph;ghh;g;G Ml;rpKiwia

tYg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd> khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;l rpy KiwfSk;> toptiffSk; vit?

nrq;Fj;jhd

rl;lG+u;tk;

ek;gpf;ifahd

fytuj;ij jLf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j msT neUf;fbf;F

,irthd Gyk;ngau; eltbf;iffspd; mq;fq;fs;

gq;fspg;G

kw;Wk;

[dehafkak;

fpuhk kf;fspd;

gq;fspg;G

rptpy;

r%fj;ij

gyg;gLj;jy;

gq;Nfw;G

eilKiwahf

[dehaf kak;

fye;JiuahlYf;F

gupl;rakhd

eLepiy

epWtdk;

epWtd

kPs;fl;likg;G

kdpj Neu;ik

ru;tNjr kw;Wk;

,dq;fSf;fg;ghy;

nrd;W rpWghd;ik

FOf;fis

ghJfhj;jy;

gutyhf;fspd;

%ykhf nghWg;Gf;

$wNtz;ba epiy

Rahl;rp kw;Wk;

gutyhf;fg;gl;l

mikg;gpd;

%ykhf

rpWghd;ikapdiu

xd;wpizj;jy;

ahg;G kw;Wk;

rl;l kWrPuikg;G

(kdpj cupik)

r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tsq;fspy; eLepiy kw;Wk;

gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

kdpju;fspdJk; gpui[fspdJk; r%f mq;fj;Jtk;

;nrq;Fj;jhd rl;lG+u;t epiy

ghJfhg;G gpupT

kPs;fl;likg;G

mjpfhuj;jpid

kPz;Lk;

];jhgpj;jy;

Fwpf;Nfhs;

kw;Wk; tpla

mbg;gil rptpy;

Ml;rp

r%f gpupTfspd;

%ykhf $ba

msT

tsg;ghtid

kw;Wk;

njhopy;kak;

Mfpatw;iw

fl;bnaOg;Gjy;

ngsjPf

ghJfhg;G

je;jpNuhgha mZFKiw

4tJ ngl;b

mur rPh;jpUj;jk; kw;Wk; NkhJif khw;Wepiyg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd khjpup

epWtdq;fs;



360

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