MUNICIPALITY OF CAWAYAN -...
Transcript of MUNICIPALITY OF CAWAYAN -...
MUNICIPALITY OF CAWAYAN
Assessment Results and Consolidated Data Analysis
PRO WATER: Promoting Integrated Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Access, Integrity, Empowerment, Rights and Resiliency
Joint Programme
Table of Contents
Page
I. Geographical Setting and Physical Characteristics 1-3
Location and Administrative Composition
Climate
Geology Topography Land Use Natural Hazards
II. Socio-Economic and Cultural Features 3-6
Demography 3 Local Economy 4 Financial 4-5
Income
Expenditures
Infrastructure 5-6
Transportation Network
Power Facilities
Education
Health & Service Facility
III. iWASH Household Survey Results 7-8
IV. Existing Water Supply Conditions 8-11
V. Existing Sanitation Conditions 11-12
VI. Assessing Disaster Preparedness 13-14
VII. Gender and Development (GAD) Mainstreaming in 14-16
Project identification, Planning, and Implementation of
Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Sanitation & Hygiene Time Use Tool
VIII. Governance and Institutional Building 16-19
Governance and Institutional Building Sanitation & Hygiene
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I. Geographical Setting and Physical Characteristics
Location and Administrative Composition
Municipality of Cawayan is located in the southern part of the mainland of Masbate. It is
between 123 degrees and 46 minutes East of Longitude and 11 degrees and 56 minutes
North Latitude. It is bounded on the east by the Municipalities of Palanas and Placer, and
on the west by Municipality of Milagros, on the North by Municipality of Uson and on the
South the marine rich Asid Gulf of the Visayan Sea that separates the Municipality from
Panay Island. Cawayan is divided into thirty-seven (37) barangays three (3) of which are
urban barangays and the rest are rural barangays.
Table 1.1: Classification of Barangay
Barangay Urban/Rural
Begia Rural
Cabayugan Rural
Cabungahan Rural
Calapayan Rural
Calumpang Rural
Chico Island Rural
Dalipe Rural
Divisoria Urban
Gilotongan Rural
Guiom Rural
Iraya Rural
Itombato Rural
Lague-lague Rural
Libertad Rural
Looc Rural
Mactan Rural
Madbad Rural
Mahayahay Urban
Maihao Rural
Malbug Rural
Naro Rural
Palobandera Rural
Pananawan Rural
Peña Island Rural
Pin-As Rural
Poblacion Urban
Pulot Rural
Punta Batsan Rural
R.M. Magbalon (Bebinan) Rural
Recodo Rural
San Jose Rural
San Vicente Rural
Taberna Rural
Talisay Rural
Tubog Rural
Tuburan Rural
Villahermosa Rural
Climate
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The Municipality belongs to Type III climate which is characterized by seasons not very
pronounced and relatively dry. Dry season starts in the latter part of January to early part of May.
The annual rainfall ranges from 2,220mm to 2,500mm and is influence by the Southwest
Monsoon (Habagat) and inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). However, the climate
condition has been subjected to extreme abnormalities due to global warming.
Geology
The municipality of Cawayan is reflective of the various geologic formations of the Masbate
island basins which consist largely of meta-sedimentary rocks such as argillite, quartzite, and
marbles. Such geologic formation provides a relatively stable aquifer of ground water for
domestic use.
Topography
The common surface configuration of the locality ranges from level to slightly undulating and
rolling to moderate hilly. Cawayan is a tract of plains and rolling hills but majority is plain to
lowland. The Municipality’s highest peak is at the steep and cliff rocky mountain located at
Barangays Begia and Calumpang with an elevation of 100 to 110 meters above mean sea
level (AMSL). The lowest area is found at the coastal portion of Barangays Divisoria,
Poblacion, Mahayahay, Begia, Recodo, Guiom, Pin-as, Malbug and all island barangays.
Land Use
The Municipality has a total land area of 30,268.25 hectares subdivided into the following land
use category: Agricultural Land, Built-Up Areas, Grassland & Watershed, Mangroves/Swamps,
Offshore Land, Built-Up Areas & Others. Cawayan is comprised of one (1) land mass and
seven (7) islands, namely: Naro, Chico, Gilotongan, Pena, Namatyan, Ginlubngan and Cobre
Island.
Table 1.2: Existing Land Use
Land Use Category Area in Hectares Percent in Total
Agricultural Areas 19,187.26 63.39
Grassland & Watershed 7,134.23 23.57
Mangroves & Swamps 1,870.58 6.18
Offshore Land 1,555.79 5.14
Built-up Area 424.40 1.40
Others 96.00 0.32
Total 30,268.25 100.00
Source: LGU Land Use Survey 1999
Natural Hazards
The hazards identified in the Municipality are based on the Municipal Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Plan (2013-2017). The Municipality of Cawayan is frequently
visited by typhoons. The two strongest typhoons that hit the municipality are typhoon Frank
in 2008 and typhoon Caloy in 2005.
Strong wind/storm surges endanger the residents from the Island Barangays of Cawayan
namely: Gilotongan, Pena, Cobre, Guinlobngan, Chico, Naro, Looc, Punta Batsan and
Talisay, and the ten (10) Coastal Barangays namely: Malbug, Cabtugan, Dalipe, Pin-as,
Guiom, Recodo, Begia, Mahayahay, Poblacion and Divisoria.
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II. Socio-Economic and Cultural Features
Demography
The total population of the Municipality of Cawayan in 2010 NSO Survey results is
63,115 with an average household size of 4.7 which is lower than the national average of
five. About 13.34 percent of the total population reside in the three (3) urban barangays and
the 86.66 percent are living in the rural barangays. (refer toTable2.1)
Table 2.1: Population by Barangay, Urban-Rural Distribution, 2010
Barangay Classification (Urban/Rural) 2010 Population
Begia Rural 2,574
Cabayugan Rural 1,059
Cabungahan Rural 1,517
Calapayan Rural 1,283
Calumpang Rural 1,189
Chico Island Rural 2338
Dalipe Rural 1,806
Divisoria Urban 3,338
Gilotongan Rural 3,328
Guiom Rural 1,897
Iraya Rural 1068
Itombato Rural 1,142
Lague-lague Rural 883
Libertad Rural 1,223
Looc Rural 2,540
Mactan Rural 1082
Madbad Rural 1219
Mahayahay Urban 2,411
Maihao Rural 1,414
Malbug Rural 2,978
Naro Rural 3,026
Palobandera Rural 636
Pananawan Rural 1,622
Peña Island Rural 2199
Pin-As Rural 1,286
Poblacion Urban 3,669
Pulot Rural 842
Punta Batsan Rural 2446
R.M. Magbalon
(Bebinan)
Rural 893
Recodo Rural 2,139
San Jose Rural 620
San Vicente Rural 1197
Taberna Rural 1445
Talisay Rural 1,185
Tubog Rural 1080
Tuburan Rural 1,603
Villahermosa Rural 938
TOTAL 63,115
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Local Economy
Agricultural commodities and aquatic marine resources are the major products of
Cawayan. These include corn, copra, rice, livestock, sea cucumbers, marine fishes and
different kinds of shellfish. Crabs are very popular in the municipality setting off an
industry in crab-meat processing. The proliferation of fishponds, mostly along the Dalipe
River and Bara tributaries, makes Cawayan a huge source of tiger prawns and shrimps
as well as crabs and milkfish. Most households raise livestock and poultry although not
in commercial quantities. These are traded in local markets or brought to the markets of
Masbate City and Cebu Island.
Financial
Income
Year IRA Local Source Total
2014 111,351,387.50 7,561,106.87 118,912,494.37
2013 98,248,632.00 3,996,009.70 102,244,641.70
2012 86,696,676.00 4,089,038.09 90,785,714.09
2011 89,283,324.00 3,980,721.63 93,264,045.63
2010 82,484,682.00 3,358,247.60 85,842,929.60
Expenditures
Year
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENDITURES (In Million)
TOTAL
OPERATING EXPENDITURES
General
Public
Services
Education,
Culture &
Sports/
Manpower
Development
Health,
Nutrition &
Population
Control
Labor
and
Employ
ment
Housing
and
Commu
nity
Develop
ment
Social
Services
and
Social
Welfare
Econo-
mic
Services
Debt
Service
(FE)
(Interest
Expense
& Other
Charges)
2010 39.95 3.75 6.97 - - 9.19 6.98 0.51 67.36
2011 39.46 4.73 8.96 - 0.25 4.97 9.85 0.13 68.34
2012 42.47 2.98 10.77 - - 4.41 9.59 - 70.22
2013 43.70 2.34 11.66 - - 5.09 10.85 1.72 75.36
2014 48.05 1.51 10.99 - 1.32 7.29 11.57 1.88 82.61
Year
TOTAL NON-OPERATING EXPENDITURES (In Million)
TOTAL NON- OPERATING
EXPENDI- TURES
CAPITAL/ INVESTMENT EXPENDITURES DEBT SERVICE (Principal Cost)
Other
Non-
Operating
Expendi-
tures
CAPITAL
/ INVESTM ENT
EXPENDI TURES
Purchase/ Construct
of
Property Plant and
Equipment (Assets/ Capital Outlay)
Purchase
of Debt
Securities
of Other
Entities
(Investme
nt Outlay)
Grant
/ Make Loan
to Other Entitie
s (Inves- ment Outlay
)
DEBT
SERVICE (Principal
Cost)
Payment of Loan
Amortiza- tion
Retirem ent/
Redemp tion of Bonds/ Debt
Secur- ities
2010 19.95 19.95 - - 3.88 3.88 - 23.83
2011 20.62 20.62 - - - - - 20.62
2012 19.79 19.79 - - - - - 19.79
2013 20.88 20.88 - - - - - 20.88
2014 22.48 22.48 - - - - - 0.25 22.73
Source: Bureau of Local Government Finance
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LGU Expenditures on Water
Infrastructure
• Transportation Network
The municipality has an existing 70.28 km of well-paved road system. Land vehicles
that ply the road network include cars, buses, jitneys, tricycles, motorcycles, and
trucks. In the coastal communities, the most common means of transportation are
pump boats and motorcycles called as habal-habal.
• Power Facilities
The municipality’s power source is served by the Masbate Electric Cooperative
(MASELCO). Half of the island barangays is powered by the National Power Corporation
(NAPOCOR), while in mainland barangays accounting to 80% are already electrified and
are served by MASELCO. Far-flung barangays not covered by these institutions use
generators, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, oil and other lighting aids as power
sources.
• Education
Municipality of Cawayan has 38 Elementary Schools, with completed primary and
elementary schools distributed to 37 barangays and one (1) secondary school located in
Poblacion. (refer to Table 2.2)
Table 2.2 List of Elementary Schools
Name of School Location
1. Cawayan Central School* Poblacion
2. Begia Elementary School Begia
3. Cabayugan Elementary School Cabayugan
4. Cabungahan Elementary School Cabungahan
5. Calapayan Elementary School Calapayan
6. Calumpang Elementary School Calumpang
7. Chico Island Elementary School Chico Island
8. Dalipe Elementary School Dalipe
9. Divisoria Elementary School Divisoria
Fiscal Year Category Water Total Expenditures
2014
P. S
MOOE 343,550.00 343,550.00
Capital Outlay
Total 343,550.00 343,550.00
2013
P. S
MOOE
Capital Outlay
Total
2012
P. S
MOOE 700,000.00 700,000.00
Capital Outlay
Total 700,000.00 700,000.00
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10. Gilotongan Elementary School Gilotongan
11. Iraya Elementary School Iraya
12. Itombato Elementary School Itombato
13. Lague-lague Elementary School Lague-lague
14. Libertad Elementary School Libertad
15. Looc Elementary School Looc
16. Mactan Elementary School Mactan
17. Madbad Elementary School Madbad
18. Mahayahay Elementary School Mahayahay
19. Maihao Elementary School Maihao
19. Malbug Elementary School Malbug
20. Naro Elementary School Naro
21. Palobandera Elem. School Palobandera
22. Panan-awan Elementary School Panan-awan
24. Pena Elementary School Pena Island
25. Pin-as Elementary School Pin-as
26. Pulot Elementary School Pulot
27. Punta Batsan Elem. School Punta Batsan
28. R.M. Magbalon Elem. School R.M. Magbalon
29. Recodo Elementary School Recodo
30. San Jose Elementary School San Jose
San Vicente Elementary School San Vicente
32. Taberna Elementary School Taberna
33. Talisay Elementary School Talisay
34. Tubog Elementary School Tubog
35. Tuburan Elementary School Tuburan
36. Vienteriales Elementary School Vienteriales
37.Villahermosa Elementary School Villahermosa
38. Cobre Elementary School Gilotongan
Note: *Secondary School
• Health and Service Facility
The Municipality of Cawayan has one ( 1 ) public district hospital and five (5) rural
barangay health centers located in Poblacion. There are also thirty-six (36) barangay
health stations.
III. iWASH Household Survey Results
A total of three-hundred sixty (360) households were surveyed using the iWASH baseline
survey tool. The following sections contain selected data results (based on generated tables
and diagrams by UNICEF) from the database. Majority of the data reflect the top two-three
responses of the HHs per survey question.
1. Household Composition
Ninety-one percent (91%) or 328 households’ main income earners are males.
Ninety-five percent (95%) 342 HHs say that women household members are
responsible for their day-to-day affairs.
Ninety-nine percent (99%) or 356 households are part of an indigenous group (IP).
The average number of families in a household is 2.
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The average number of household members is 4.
2. Social Affiliations
Forty-eight percent (48%) or 173 HHs belong and/or are members of a community
organization while the rest are not.
3. Household economic features
Majority of the HHs’ source of family income is farming (around 185 HHs); followed by
fishing (71 HHs) and seasonal employment (32 HHs).
Majority of HHs annual family income ranges from Php20,000-40,000 (126 HHs);
followed by an annual income of Php40,000-60,000 (110 HHs).
Three-hundred thirty-two (332) HHs own their residences while 19 HHs are renting.
One hundred (178) HHs are informal settlers; while 179 HHs are formal settlers (118
HHs have title or rights only while 61 HHs have both)
One hundred ninety-four (194) HHs own backyard animals; 49 HHs own residential
houses; 40 HHs own farm animals, 27 HHs own transport vehicles; while 44 HHs own
none of these.
4. Household exposure to natural hazards
Ninety-nine percent (91%) or 328 households said that they are not exposed to natural
hazards. 180 HHs reported to have experienced tropical cyclones; 99 HHs
experienced flooding; 30 HHs experienced El Nino; and 20 HHs experienced
earthquakes. Only nine percent (9%) or 33 HHs said that they are exposed to natural
hazards.
5. Household access to water supply and services
Two hundred forty-seven (247) HHs said that their source of drinking water is deep
well, while 103 HHs source them from shallow wells. The rest of the HHs source their
water from developed springs, Level 2 and 3 facilities.
For cooking purposes, 233 HHs use water from deep wells, and 116 HHs use water
from dug wells. The rest of the HHs use water from shallow wells and are connected to
Level 3 facilities.
6. Household access to sanitation and hygiene practices
Two hundred sixty (260) households or 72% of the HHs have toilets while 101 HHs or
28% have none.
Majority (in 183 HHs) of the toilets are located outside of the house while 74 HHs have
toilets inside of the house.
Two hundred fifty-two (252) HHs said that they have pour flush with septic tanks; 4
HHs have flush with septic tank; and 1 HH with pour flush without septic tank.
Ninety-six percent (96%) of the respondents said that they exclusively used their
toilets; four percent (4%) are shared.
Of the 28% that do not have toilets, 68 of these HHs use the neighbors’ toilets; 13 HHs
use river/creek; and 12 HHs go to the open field to defecate. [Note: There is a
discrepancy between no. of HHs without toilets and no. of OD respondents. It can be assumed
that 7 HHs have abstained from answering the question.]
Ninety-nine percent (99%) or 356 HHs use soap when washing hands.
7. Incidence of water and sanitation related diseases
Reported cases on WASH-related diseases include:
111 HHs experienced diarrhea
105 HHs had dengue fever
93 HHs had typhoid
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93 HHs had paratyphoid
90 HHs had viral hepatitis
90 HHs had cholera
90 HHs had schistosomiasis
8. Awareness and source of information on safe water, sanitation, and hygiene
Sixty-one (61%) or 220 households have heard or received message(s) on WASH
while 31% have not received any information on WASH.
Majority said that their source of WASH information is through
schools/teachers/students; 277 HHs said from barangay health workers; and 262 HHs
from barangay/BWSA/WSP meeting/assemblies. [Note: No. of HHs that received WASH
messages do not tally with no. of respondents reporting on source of WASH information.]
IV. Existing Water Supply Conditions of the Municipality
Out of the total thirty-seven (37) barangays in the municipality, six (6) barangays were
assessed in terms of water supply access and/or coverage based on existing water facilities;
vulnerability of water supply systems to risks and contamination; gender sensitivity of water
supply facilities to women, children, senior citizens, PWDs, and other vulnerable groups; and
issues/challenges faced by the municipality on access to safe water.
Table 3.1 Total population & HHs of sampled barangays
A. Existing Water Supply Facilities and Coverage in the Municipality
1. Existing Water Facility
Total of 162 Level I facilities (shallow/deep well)
Only one (1) Level II in Barangay Guiom
Level III facilities in five (5) barangays (e.g. Mahayahay, Begia, Divisoria, San Vicente, &
Poblacion)
2. Total Population/HH with access to water supply (in all 37 barangays)
3,077 HHs served by Level I facilities
200 HHs (1,000 pop.) served by Level II facility
248 HHs (12,947 pop.) served by Level III facilities
3. Total Population/HH without access to water supply (in all 37 barangays)
10,064 HHs have no access to water supply
Top 10 barangays with no access to water supply: Divisoria (663 HHs); Gilotongan (586
HHs); Malbug (564); Poblacion (554 HHs); Naro (481 HHs); Begia (447 HHs); Looc (433
HHs); Punta Batsan (414 HHs); Recodo (393); and Mahayahay (364)
Barangay Classification (Urban/Rural)
2010 Population
Total No. of HHs
Cabayugan Rural 1,059 214
Calumpang Rural 1,189 212
Guiom Rural 1,897 460
Malbug Rural 2,978 609
Recodo Rural 2,139 456
Taberna Rural 1,445 306
10,707 2,257
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4. Existing Water Service Providers
LGU-PPP (Level III water system constructed in 2012) has a 12-hour water supply service
operation only.
Total population served is 12,947 with a daily water demand of 1,248 containers. During
peak hours, HHs served is only fifty percent (50%).
There are 248 HH connections with meter. One (1) school is connected to the WSP while
14 commercial establishments are connected with an average water demand of 450
containers per day;
Water source is deep well with a total distribution line of 2,000 meters using polyethylene
pipes; and
Tariff imposed is Php35/household.
Guiom BWASA (Level II water system constructed in 2008) has a 12-hour water supply
service operation only.
Total population served is 1,000 and total no. of households served is 248, with a daily
water demand of 1,000 containers. During peak hours, HHs served is only fifty percent
(50%);
No. of households fetching less than 25 meters is 50 HHs and 150 HHs are fetching
water at more than 25 meters;
Water source is deep well with a total distribution line of 14,000 meters using
polyethylene pipes; and
Water tariff imposed is Php130 monthly.
B. Water Quality Risks and Contamination
1. Water Quality Test, Treatment and Monitoring
Only physical and chemical water quality tests are conducted for Levels 2 & 3. This is done
on a yearly basis.
Water quality problems reported were coliform bacteria/fecal bacteria/E.coli bacteria
contamination. Consumer complaints on water quality include bad taste and brown/grayish
color.
Level 2 facility in Guiom tested for coliform and E. coli. No treatment was done to address the
problem.
Water treatment for Level 2 and 3 facilities is limited to disinfection or application of chlorine to
the water source.
Among households, boiling of water was often times practiced. Residents also buy bottled
water.
Table 3.2 Population/HH access to water supply of sampled barangays
Barangay Existing HH Water Supply facility
Population/HH with access to water supply
Population/HH with no access to water supply No. Type
Cabayugan 5 Level I 102 HH 112 HH
Calumpang 4 Level I 85 HH 127 HH
Guiom 4 1
Level I Leve II
84 HH 200 HH
(with 12-hour water service availability)
376 HH
Malbug 4 Level I 45 HH 564 HH
Recodo 3 Level I 63 HH 393 HH
Taberna 3 Level I 67 HH 239 HH
Based on data analysis by the RHub; LGU data/profiling by PMO
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2. Risks to Water Facilities/Systems
Eighteen (18) barangays are prone to flooding and flash floods.
Dug wells are most of the time contaminated after typhoon-caused flooding.
On the other hand, typhoons had no effect on the water systems especially on the pipelines.
Assessment conducted on Barangay Guiom Level 2 Water Facility reported the following:
Water source is unprotected and is prone to chemicals e.g. pesticides;
Leaks remain unrepaired;
Unsanitary human practices i.e. bathing and laundry are allowed; and
Drought lessens the amount of water produced.
C. Gender Sensitivity of Water Supply Facilities (to Women, Children, Senior Citizens,
PWDs, and other Vulnerable Groups)
The Guiom BWASA (Level 2) and LGU-PPP (Level 3) considered the basic needs of women,
children, senior citizens, etc. in terms of its location and design:
it is in a well-lighted area;
is accessible to PWDs; and
has an easy open/close tap suitable for children and senior citizens.
D. Issues and Challenges on Water Access
1. Sustainability of the water facilities/systems
UNICEF provided Barangays Malbug and Recodo with Level 2 water systems but were not
sustained because of insurgency issues, political-related graft and corruption issues affecting
the maintenance of the facility; and.
Majority of the water facilities are Level I.
An alternative water source is “rainwater collection.”
Rainwater collector was a common practice in all the sampled barangays but needs
to be developed further. Water sourced from this are used for cooking and drinking.
Improvised rainwater collecting systems were also observed in some households
Although prone to typhoons (where 18 of the 37 barangays are prone to flooding and flash
floods), the LGU has a high level of preparedness to natural disasters based on its zero
casualties during calamities. Hazard maps are also available in the municipality.
2. Technical (staff, materials, design flaws)
No technical staff available. Other Level 2 water systems were not sustained.
Dug wells were also used for laundry and bathing.
Majority of the dug wells are shared by households. An average of 4 HHs share a single dug
well.
3. Financial (water tariff)
Water tariff is implemented in the Levels 2 and 3 facilities mentioned.
4. Management Structure
No management structure on water and sanitation in place.
E. Summary of Findings and Observations
Of the sampled barangays, 10,064 HHs have no access to safe water supply
Majority of water facilities available are Level 1 e.g. dug wells and shallow wells. Other
sources (but are limited) include level 2 (in one barangay only), level 3 water facilities (in 5
barangays only) and rainwater collection systems
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Water sources are not easily accessible considering the distance and time of transport/
fetching
Water Quality Testing & Monitoring are not conducted regularly and treatment is limited to
chlorination which is also not done on a regular basis
Most water sources are contaminated (i.e. presence of coliform and E. coli) especially in flood
prone areas/barangays
Most water facilities cannot be sustained due to lack of available staff, management structure,
and proper water tariff collection system
Rainwater Collection can be an alternative source of water supply
F. Recommendations
Resources Needed to:
Increase Level 2 and Level 3 coverage
Improve water quality and reduce risk of the
system to contamination
Increase monitoring of water quality
Increase water service availability (hours/day)
Increase preparedness of the water systems
against natural disasters
Ensure the sustainability of the Level 2 and
Level 3 water systems
Rainwater collection can be an
alternative source of water
V. Existing Sanitation and Hygiene Conditions in the Municipality
A. Existing Sanitation Facilities and Access to Sanitary Toilets in the municipality
1. Total Population/HH with access to/using sanitary toilets (in all 37 barangays)
4,186 HHs or only 31.46% are using sanitary toilets
2. Total Population/HH without access to/using sanitary toilets (in all 37 barangays)
9,127 HHs are without toilets
3. Population/HH access to sanitary toilets of sampled barangays:
1,855 HHs are using sanitary toilets
1,535 HHs with pour flush + septic tanks
157 HHs without septic tanks
163 HHs with ventilated improved pits (VIP)
1,090 HHs (32.08%) are using unsanitary toilets. This may be attributed to poverty, or
other socio-economic factors; geographical location and poor road conditions where
transport of construction materials for sanitary toilets also contributes to the problem
61 HHs (2.70%) are without toilets and practice open defecation. The low percentage
reported on OD may be attributed to the on-going campaigns on ZOD by the
DOH/UNICEF.
4. Public Sanitation Coverage
94.37% of the total no. of public toilets are improved/sanitary
Only 5.63% of the total no. of toilets are unimproved
While there is high percentage of improved sanitary toilets in the sampled barangays,
there is insufficient (to none) water. Thus, proper hygiene is not observed.
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5. Sanitation Situation in Schools
Average ratio of CR to male students is 1 toilet to 87 students
Average ration of CR to female students is 1 toilet to 85
Water is not available in these facilities (it is assumed that students do not practice proper
hygiene)
Most of the time these toilets are locked
6. Drainage Facilities
No drainage facilities in the sampled barangays
7. Septage Management
No septage management in the sampled barangays
8. Solid Waste Management
Garbage Disposal is Open Dump Site. Garbage collected were only the farm wastes
A. Conclusion
Level of risk of the population to water-borne and other sanitation-
related communicable diseases
Population group who are more at risk
Factors contributing to such level of risk related to sanitation link to water and
hygiene behavior and practices
(high/medium/low) (women, men, girls, boys)
HIGH
Women and girls are mostly at high risk
For every toilet without water supply in schools, 87 girls and 85 boys are at high risk of infections
For every 1 toilet closed in schools, 87 girls and 85 boys are deprived of basic sanitation, and are at high risk of infections
Lack/insufficient access to water sources;
Tradition in the family,
(family practices)
B. Issues and Challenges on Sanitation in the municipality
Issues on sustainability and monitoring of programs due to lack of man power
VI. Assessing Disaster Preparedness
A. Findings
FGD on Disaster Risk Reduction Management
1. Information dissemination on hazards and/or specific actions to be taken
As part of the municipal disaster risk reduction objectives, information about hazards and
specific actions to be taken are immediately relayed to the barangays as part of the
community preparation/preventive measures and emergency response before or during
a calamity.
2. Information received
Information includes hazard awareness, government plans and procedures, assistance
programs (especially relief distribution before and after calamities), development of a
sitio/purok or family emergency plan, community outreach engagement, locations of
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possible evacuation centers, provision of hazard maps, and early warning system devices
such as rain gauge device for flooding.
3. Sources of Information
Information is disseminated by the Municipal DRR office. The municipality also provides
an application that automatically informs barangay captains about the emergency
response.
Other sources include mass media such as television and radio.
4. Availability of a Disaster Risk Reduction Plan
Municipal LGU
LGU Cawayan has a municipal DRR plan with a time frame of five (5) years. It is already
being implemented. A ratification in the plan was done specifically on the budgetary
requirement.
The barangay was actively involved during the planning process. All barangay captains
were required to attend and participate in the planning activities.
This also true for the community. Communities were required to attend and/or participate
during the conduct of drills, information dissemination, film showing in initiating the
management plan and contingency planning.
Barangay LGU
Barangay LGUs have approved DRR plans which are linked to the Municipal LGU DRR
Plan. This ensures the barangays immediate and ease of access to services for risk
reduction such as contingency planning, seminars and workshops, drills, as well as and
monitoring and evaluation.
The barangays are required to provide quarterly reports to the municipal DRR office.
5. Identified activities/projects Funded by the Municipal LGU
Drills, seminar/workshops and contingency planning were the activities of the Barangay
LGU that were funded directly by the municipal budget.
6. Identified activities/projects funded and implemented thru other sources
Additional budgets were generated thru funds sourcing from non-government agencies
e.g. UNICEF (provision of equipment used in drills) and PLAN International (through the
WASH council are responsible for the safe water sources).
7. Designated evacuation center(s)
Schools and barangay halls serve as evacuation centers during calamities.
Type of Structure
Description Capacity Facilities Present Facilities for Hygiene
Water Sanitation Women/Girls Men/Boys Shared
Schools Concreted, Single-storey with 6 rooms per school
40 persons per room
Barangay Hall
Concreted, Single-storey
35 persons
No data provided on assessment conducted on designated evacuation centers
No data provided on supplies, materials and equipment prepositioned for safe water,
sanitation, and hygiene
No data provided on human resources for safe water, sanitation, and hygiene
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VII. Gender and Development (GAD) Mainstreaming in Project identification, Planning, and
Implementation of Safe Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
A. Project Identification Planning of Safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Projects
1. For Water Source/Supply: SalinTubig which is implemented through DILG. (Water Source)
2. For Sanitation: (BUB funded) Provision of Sanitary Toilets through DOH as implementing
agency.
3. Seminars/Trainings on Hygiene through RHU and DepEd.
B. Involvement of Women
Women were involved through the Municipal Social Welfare Development Office (with a GAD
focal person) by organizing Women’s group. Monthly meetings are conducted for sanitation
and hygiene.
MWASH reported 12 barangays as zero open defecation (ZOD) sites.
Province only acknowledged/confirmed 6 barangays have achieved zero open defecation.
C. Disaggregation of Data
There are separate data for men and women.
Equal rights were given to both sexes.
Disaggregation is considered in preparation or planning projects in relation to proper
sanitation and hygiene. For example, for construction of comfort rooms, both sexes were
considered. Separate sanitation facilities (CRs) were constructed for male and female.
D. Involvement for Equality (Gender Analysis and Identification of Gender Issues)
A convergence meeting is done with the Municipal Mayor to explain the objectives of the
implemented projects.
From the point of view of men: Issues were raised: during seminars/trainings/workshops,
most participants were women because men were working (i.e. fishing, farming etc.)
Programs on sanitation considered women’s needs especially their safety in relation to open
defecation. From the men’s point of view, women are at risk of crimes such as harassment or
rape.
Equal opportunities were given to both sexes. Both sexes were invited to attend
seminars/trainings/workshops.
Men’s Point of View: Also, women empowerment is important. For trainings such as food
processing.
Trainings for health including sanitation and hygiene were attended by both men and women.
For the 4P’s beneficiaries, both the husband and wife are required to attend in the FDS.
E. Resources
According to MSWDO, budget allocated for GAD is 5% of the total income of the municipality.
Funds are enough but according to MSWDO, funds are also being outsourced if needed.
GAD - FGD on Sanitation and Hygiene
A. Sanitation
1. Familiarity to Open Defecation
The term is familiar to the community of Cawayan. And
Also through the National program through the DOH and UNICEF.
A training was provided for the community to be familiar with open defecation.
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Open Defecation is translated to “malibang bisag-asa”
2. Reasons for Open Defecation
Women’s Responses Men’s Response
Absence of comfort rooms.
Indolence of some residents to construct an alternative comfort rooms.
Poverty
Wide area for defecation.
Some are afraid to change their culture of defecating elsewhere.
3. Impacts on Women
Private parts were exposed.
Risk on accidents such as bites from snakes when defecating elsewhere.
Can cause harassment.
B. Hygiene
WASH council is organized to facilitate the promotion of proper hand washing.
Washing is done before and after eating.
Washing is done after defecating.
C. Access to Information on Sanitation and Hygiene
Community has access to information on sanitation and hygiene provided by the RHU,
and/or from mass media (e.g. television, radio), and information disseminated by the
LGU.
Campaigns on proper hand washing, sanitation, garbage/waste segregation etc.
Campaigns/ messages were disseminated for almost 10 years already.
Sources of information were from the NGOs, government agencies such as DOH and
RHU.
D. Issues and Concerns
No proper waste disposal especially in island barangays.
Table 6.1 Time Use Tool
What do women and girls do at certain hours of the day? How are these linked with water and sanitation?
Time
Activities
Women Men
AM
4:00 malibang, maligo, ma-toothbrush maligo, toothbrush, mag CR 5:00 magluto, pakulo tubig
at work (fishing, etc.)
6:00 7:00 namahaw 8:00
wash clothes 9:00 10:00 cooking for lunch 11:00 wash dishes
siesta PM 12:00
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1:00 2:00 cook for merienda 3:00
fetch water 4:00 5:00 cook for dinner 6:00 dinner dinner 7:00 wash dishes hilamos 8:00 hilamos
rest
9:00
rest
10:00 11:00
AM
12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00
Majority of work in the household are done by women. And (use of) water is a big part of their chores from cooking to washing dishes and clothes.
Personal use of water among women and men is largely on hygiene practices. Men fetch water for the household.
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VIII. Governance and Institutional Building
FGD on Governance and Institutional Building
(Barangay Level)
A. Policy Framework
1. Policies
Ordinance on ZOD (Zero Open Defecation) Program
First offense: Community Service for 2 hours
Second Offense: Community Service for 5 hours
Third Offense: Php500.00 fine
Priority stakeholders are the Senior Citizens, Children and Women.
Women are given importance in relation to access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene.
They are the ones who perform daily tasks and use these services in the community.
Construction of deep wells and dug wells: Program for safe water
Construction of Water-sealed sanitary toilets (BUB-funded)
For access to hygiene, information dissemination was done through coordination with
schools in the barangay
2. Development and Goals
Monitoring and evaluation of safe clean water
WASH committee tapped for monitoring as part of its responsibility
B. Strategies
Adopted the strategies from the municipality to enable access of poor families to safe
water, sanitation and hygiene.
Proper information dissemination.
Delegation within the council for the monitoring and evaluation at the same time
campaign on proper sanitation and hygiene.
C. Structure
There is a well-defined organizational structure from the barangay captain to the council.
Responsibilities are known to each member of the council.
D. System
Budget proposals were submitted to the municipal LGU through the form of Program of
Works.
Civil Society groups are involved
Consultancies were done and presented to the civil society groups.
Suggestions were entertained, all opinions were considered.
Rules and engagement for civil society groups are well-defined in the MOA.
Terms and conditions are clearly stated to avoid conflicts.
In terms of financing, budget of the barangay was acquired from the IRA of the barangay
and income generating projects from the services provided by the barangay e.g. as
payment for clearances.
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FGD on Governance and Institutional Building
(Municipal Level)
A. Strategies
1. Policy Framework and Strategies
Ordinances/Policies/Resolutions
Existing resolution/ordinances were adopted from the national level.
Concrete example is the RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management)
WASH project through the help of UNICEF. This project includes the ZOD (zero open
defecation) project wherein the implementer is from the WASH committee.
The resolution for the WASH was made through the help of UNICEF and created
committee to implement the program.
The policies/ordinances were addressed to constituents especially women. The
municipal LGU gives value to its stakeholders as the community is composed of
almost 50% organized groups such as Civil Society Organizations: Senior Citizen,
Fisher folks group, Women’s group, Worker’s group and more. These organized
groups were registered in the DOLE.
Stakeholders were always invited during the planning session, trainings, seminars
and workshops.
Integrated approach is valued by the LGU as it prevents the overlapping of
activities/programs/projects/services provided.
Integrated approach is also budget effective because other budgets will be well
distributed to other important projects/programs
2. Development of Objectives/Goals
Objectives/goals of the municipality are based from the needs of the community.
Project implementation/construction
Construction of Sanitary Public Toilets in connection with the ZOD (zero open
defecation) program. Construction is headed by the municipal engineering
office.
Programs/projects for hygiene are spearheaded by the Municipal Health
Office (MHO). They provide seminars, forums, trainings on sanitation and
hygiene. And conduct monitoring to totally remove the open defecation.
3. Strategies
Strategies were defined. Various offices were involved such as engineering office,
health office, social welfare and development office and etc.
RHU provides IEC materials for information dissemination on proper sanitation and
hygiene.
Conduct community approach on open defecation towards ZOD (zero open
defecation) through the help of MHO and MSWDO.
Construction of alternative comfort rooms.
Provides additional campaign/awareness on sanitation and hygiene
Demonstration strategies to show the negative effects of open defecation.
As a result of this program, 70% zero open defecation (ZOD) was reported.
COMMUNITY BASED APPROACH strategies.
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B. Structures
1. Organizational Structures
Organizational structures are established.
Municipal Engineering Office is the focal person for safe water. (i.e. construction of water
sources and public toilets)
Municipal Health Office is the focal person for sanitation and hygiene.
Committee was organized for the implementation of WASH project.
C. System
1. Consultative Process
Regular meetings with civil society groups to build harmonious relationship.
MOA is provided between the civil society groups and the LGU for the DRR in terms of
emergency.
Monthly convergence meeting of special bodies to address the needs of every
constituent. This also includes the formulation of resolutions/regulations/ordinances.
2. Service Delivery
PhilHealth of indigents are paid by the LGU wherein 1,000 enrollees per year.
4P’s Benefits
National Housing System (NHS) for indigents.
Programs for Women/Girls:
Conduct health assessment (breast, cervix)
Awareness on cancer
Awareness on gynecological system.
3. Financing
Budget allocation from the IRA of the LGU.
External Funds sourcing
DOH
BUB, National Budget
D. Shared values
Stakeholders are valued by the LGU wherein 50% of the community is composed of
registered and well organized civil society groups and partners with the non-government
organizations in the implementation of programs/projects.
Feedbacks/coordination is important. Public consultations are done during planning.
Feedback forms are distributed and each feedback is considered.