In The Name Of GOD

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

By : Reza Sahebi

(MS) is a disease in which the nerves of the (CNS)

destruction of myelin know as plaques : disrupts the transmission of information in the CNS

Introduction

Who Can Get MS ? MS is 30 per 100,000 of population

A person is diagnosed with MS between 20 and 50 years of age , but MS has been diagnosed in children too .

Race twice as likely to occur in Caucasians as in any other group

Sex Women > men

When MS attacks ? In MS an agent such as a virus or foreign antigen interact with the

immune system

the immune system perceives myelin as an intruder and attacks it

Inflammation occurs and causes myelin to disappear

the electrical impulses that travel along the nerves decelerate

some of the myelin may be repaired after the assault

some of the nerves are stripped of their myelin coverin

Scarring also occurs, and material is deposited into the scars and forms plaques

*As more and more nerves are affected, a person experiences a progressive interference with functions that are controlled by the nervous system such as vision, speech, walking , writing , and memory

What Are the Types of Multiple Sclerosis?

Relapsing-Remitting (RR) MS

About 65%-80% of individuals begin with (RR-MS)

This is the most common type

characterized by unpredictable acute attacks called exacerbations

These series of attacks are followed by complete or partial disappearance of the symptoms (remission) until another attack occurs (relapse)

Primary-Progressive (PP) MS

characterized by a gradual but steady progression of disability without any obvious relapses and remissions

develop after the age of 40

Secondary-Progressive (SP) MS

initially begins with a relapsing-remitting course but later evolves into progressive diseas

Progressive-Relapsing (PR) MS The least common form of the disease

characterized by a steady progression in disability with acute attacks that may or may not be followed by some recovery

Symptoms

Visual disturbances

Limb weakness, loss of coordination and balance

Muscle spasms

Bladder and bowel dysfunction

Paranoia

Uncontrollable laughter and weeping

Diagnosis MRI Electrophysiological test Cerebrospinal fluid exam (spinal tap, lumbar puncture)

multiple lesions spinal cord

Electrophysiological test

Cerebrospinal fluid exam

antibodies are often directed against myelin basic protein (MBP)

Treatment

Immunology Of MS

GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor)

development of MS in mice can be halted by blocking GM-CSF

GM-CSF is a cytokine, a class of small proteins involved in cell to cell

communication

"The MS could not be induced in mice without GM-CSF,"

Th 1

Th 2

Th 1/Th2 Imbalance

MS

Perforin is the primary molecule known to mediate injury by CD8+ T cells. Perforin mediates axonal transection in multiple sclerosis (MS) and correlates with neurological disability. Cytotoxic T cells secrete perforin in the form of granules along with granzymes. This release activates calcium, which results in “poly-perforin” channels on the target cells. This results in holes in the membrane of the target cells, causing leakage of intracellular material, which results in cell death.

E-mail : reza_sahebi2001@yahoo.com

Thanks