multiple myeloma & daratumumab

63
Journal presentation Daratumumab monotherapy in patients with treatment- refractory multiple myeloma (SIRIUS): an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial Published on January 6, 2016 in by–Dr. Shubham Prasad, Department of General Medicine, Institute Of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu Uiversity [B.H.U.], Varanasi, India

Transcript of multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Page 1: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Journal presentation

Daratumumab monotherapy in patients with treatment-refractory multiple myeloma

(SIRIUS): an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial

Published on January 6, 2016 in

by–Dr. Shubham Prasad, Department of General Medicine, Institute Of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu Uiversity [B.H.U.],

Varanasi, India

Page 2: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

REDEFINING ACTIVE MYELOMA(Not CRAB but now SLiM CRAB)

Page 3: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Clonal bone marrow plasma cells ≥10% or biopsy-proven bony or extramedullary plasmacytoma

AND any one or more of the following CRAB features or myeloma-defining events:

Evidence of end organ damage that can be attributed to the underlying plasma cell proliferative disorder, specifically: Calcium-Hypercalcemia  Renal insufficiency Anemia Bone lesions

Any one or more of the following biomarkers of malignancy (MDEs): 60% or greater clonal plasma cells on bone marrow examination Serum involved / uninvolved free light chain ratio of 100 or greater, provided the absolute level 

of the involved light chain is at least 100mg/L (a patient’s “involved” free light chain—either kappa or lambda—is the one that is above the normal reference range; the “uninvolved” free light chain is the one that is typically in, or below the normal range)

More than one focal lesion on MRI that is at least 5mm or greater in size.

Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: e538–48

Page 4: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Once diagnosed how do we currently stage the disease

Page 5: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

5 YEAR OVERALL SURVIVAL PROGRESSION FREE

SURVIVAL82% 55%62% 36%40% 24%

 2015 American Society of Clinical Oncology

REVISED

ISS

STAGING

Page 6: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Treatment options and its

Evolution

Page 7: multiple myeloma & daratumumab
Page 8: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

--

Page 9: multiple myeloma & daratumumab
Page 10: multiple myeloma & daratumumab
Page 11: multiple myeloma & daratumumab
Page 12: multiple myeloma & daratumumab
Page 13: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

After treatment how do we assess response

Page 14: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

TWO NEWER CRPalumbo et al  2015 American Society of Clinical Oncology

Immunophenotypic CR  sCR as defined plus absence of phenotypically aberrant plasma cells (clonal) in bone marrow with minimum of 1 million total bone marrow cells analyzed by multiparametric flow cytometry (with  four colors)

Molecular CR CR as defined plus negative allele-specific oligonucleotide polymerase chain reaction (sensitivity 105) –PCR

Page 15: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

When to label as refractory/relapse Multiple Myeloma

Page 16: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Refractory - when a patient's disease is resistant to treatment or the disease progresses within 60 days of their last therapy. Richardson, et al. “The Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma.” ASH Education Book January 1, 2007 vol. 2007 no. 1 317-323.

• Relapsed - means the disease has returned after a period of initial, partial or complete remission. National Cancer Institute. “NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Relapsed multiple myeloma.” November 2015.

• Double-refractory disease – definition is evolving over time, and can vary from country to country. The classical definition refers to patients refractory to bortezomib and thalidomide and/or lenalidomide—the first generation proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs). Maria-Victoria Mateos, MD, PhD, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL; Jatin J. Shah, MD, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Andrew Spencer, MD, Monash UniversityPublished Online: Thursday, December 17, 2015  http://global.onclive.com/insights/Global-Relapsed-Refractory-MM/treating-double-refractory-multiple-myeloma#sthash.

Page 17: multiple myeloma & daratumumab
Page 18: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Understanding Relapse – the ‘clonal tide’ wayAnd

its clinical implications

Page 19: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

UNDERSTANDING RELAPSE

6 unique clones at diagnosisVariable chemotherapy responseMinor drug-resistant clone lethal

Multiple clones with variable drug sensitivity

(Combination chemotherapy a necessity 

and Continuous  therapy  logical)

Re-emergence of drug-sensitive clones (Once resistant not always resistant)

Minor clone is lethal (CR is a goal)

IMPLICATIONS

Page 20: multiple myeloma & daratumumab
Page 21: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Why daratumumab???

Page 22: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Evidence before this study

• Although survival has improved substantially with new drug classes (eg, proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs), along with autologous stem cell transplantation, most patients will die from refractory disease AND MULTIPLE MYELOMA REMAINS INCURABLE.

Kumar SK, Rajkumar SV, Dispenzieri A, et al. Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies. Blood 2008; 111: 2516–20. 

 Turesson I, Velez R, Kristinsson SY, Landgren O. Patterns of improved survival in patients with multiple myeloma in the twenty-fi rst century: a population-based 

study. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 830–34. 

Page 23: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Outcomes for patients who are resistant to proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib and carfilzomib) and immunomodulatory drugs (lenalidomide, thalidomide, and pomalidomide) are especially poor. 

• Additional treatment can be complicated by cytopenias, secondary to poor haematological reserves, and comorbidities such as renal insufficiency.

• Therefore, effective treatments that target novel pathways with little toxicity and favourable tolerability are needed. 

• Monoclonal antibodies are a novel class of agents in myeloma, targeting cell surface markers, such as SLAMF7 (CS-1) and CD38, with few off-target effects.

 Kuroda J, Nagoshi H, Shimura Y, Taniwaki M. Elotuzumab and daratumumab: emerging new monoclonal antibodies for multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2013; 13: 1081–88

Page 24: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Daratumumab

• is a first-in-class human IgG1 monoclonal antibody • that binds CD38-expressing malignant cells with high affinity

• induces tumour cell death through diverse mechanisms of action:1. complement-dependent cytotoxicity2. antibody-dependent cell-mediated 

cytotoxicity3. antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis4. induction of apoptosis

Page 25: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

daratumumab

Page 26: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Daratumumab had gained US Food and Drug Administration breakthrough therapy designation based on phase 1 data from a first-in-human study in patients with multiple myeloma who relapsed or were refractory to at least two previous therapies. The first-in-human study was expanded and Concurrently this study was initiated to further investigate the selected dose schedule.

Page 27: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Added value of this study

• The current study is the largest study so far of the single-agent activity of daratumumab 16 mg/kg in heavily pretreated patients with multiple myeloma who were refractory to both a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulatory drug. 

• As a result of this study, daratumumab was approved by the FDA for the treatment of refractory myeloma. 

• Daratumumab is indicated for patients who have received at least three previous lines of therapy, including a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulatory drug, or who are double refractory to a proteasome inhibitor and an immunomodulatory drug. 

Page 28: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Lines Of Therapy

• A line of therapy is defined as one or more cycles of a planned treatment program.

• This may consist of one or more planned cycles of single-agent therapy or combination therapy, as well as a sequence of treatments administered in a planned manner. 

• For example, a planned treatment approach of induction therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation, followed by maintenance is considered one line of therapy.

•  A new line of therapy starts when a planned course of therapy is modified to include other treatment agents (alone or in combination) as a result of disease progression, relapse, or toxicity.

•  A new line of therapy also starts when a planned period of observation off therapy is interrupted by a need for additional treatment for the disease.                                                           Consensus recommendations for the uniform reporting of 

clinical trials: report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 1

Page 29: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Study design two-part, interventionalopen-labelmulticentricphase 2 study at 26 sites in Canada, Spain, and the USA, and is ongoing. 

Funding - Janssen Research & DevelopmentEthics committees and institutional review boards at the study sites approved the study.

Page 30: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Inclusion criteria

1. Age at least 18 years old2. Documented secretory multiple myeloma3. Evidence of disease progression on or within 60 

days of the last dose of the most recent previous treatment regimen, based on the International Myeloma Working Group criteria. 

4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score of 0, 1, or 2.

Page 31: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Exclusion criteria

1. Any antimyeloma treatment within 2 weeks2. Autologous stem cell transplantation within 12 weeks, 

of day 1 of cycle 13. Meningeal involvement of multiple myeloma and 

other malignancies within 5 years. 4. Absolute neutrophil counts of 1 × 109 per L or lower, 

haemoglobin concentration of 75 g/L or lower, platelet counts of less than 50 × 109 per L, and creatinine clearance of 20 mL/min per 1·73 mm2 or lower. 

Page 32: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Other exclusion criteria were:4. Myocardial infarction within 1 year, 

uncontrolled or unstable angina, congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association Class III or IV)

5. Arrhythmia (grade 2 or higher), QTcF interval that was longer than 470 ms

6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, persistent asthma, or a history of asthma within 5 years.

Page 33: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Trial profile

PART 1

PART 2

STAGE 1

STAGE 2PHASE -2

124

124 minus 18 = 106

Page 34: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Outcomes Measures

The primary endpoint = overall response rate (ORR = partial response [PR] + very good PR + complete response [CR] + stringent CR). 

Secondary endpoints = included duration of response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and clinical benefit rate (minimal response + ORR).

Page 35: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Safety assessments = were the monitoring of adverse events, physical examinations, electrocardiogram monitoring, clinical laboratory measurements, vital sign measurements, and ECOG performance status. Severity of adverse events was assessed with the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.03).

Page 36: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Statistical analysis

Response assessments were done by an independent review committee using the International Myeloma Working Group response criteria.

 ORRs were reported with two-sided 95% exact CI.All patients who received at least one dose of daratumumab were used for efficacy and safety analyses.

Page 37: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

RESULTS

• 124 patients received at least one dose of daratumumab 

    (18 received 8 mg/kg and 106 received 16 mg/kg).• At the first interim analysis, the daratumumab            8 mg/kg group did not meet the criteria for expansion because of an ORR of 11·1% (95% CI 1·4–34·7). 

• At the second interim analysis, after an additional 25 patients were treated in the 16 mg/kg group, the cumulative ORR justified expansion of the study into part 2 and an additional 65 patients were enrolled.

Page 38: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Concurrent pharmacokinetic analyses of the 8 mg/kg dose in the first-in-human study indicated that drug concentrations were probably less than the trough threshold for target saturation.

The results of these analyses also suggested that, although 24 mg/kg daratumumab would have been well tolerated, the gain in clinical benefit would have been small with this dose compared with 16 mg/kg. 

Page 39: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Patients’ demographic and baseline disease characteristics

Page 40: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Patients’ demographic and baseline disease characteristics

Page 41: multiple myeloma & daratumumab
Page 42: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Swim-lane plot of responders in the daratumumab 16 mg/kg group.

Page 43: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

OVERALL RESPONSE RATE (ORR)in patient subgroups in the daratumumab 16 mg/kg group

Page 44: multiple myeloma & daratumumab
Page 45: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• The median duration of follow-up of patients was 9·3 months 

• Median duration of response was 7·4 months• Median PFS was 3·7 months • The 12-month overall survival was 64·8%• Median overall survival was not reached in responders and was 13·7 months in non-responders . 

• 29 (94%) of 31 responders treated with daratumumab 16 mg/kg were still alive, compared with 45 (60%) of 75 non-responders.

• A subsequent clinical cutoff for a safety update to meet regulatory requirements was June 30, 2015. With this update, the median overall survival was 17·5 months (13·7–NE).

Page 46: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

PFS FIG. 4AProgression Free Survivalin the daratumumab 16 mg/kg group

Page 47: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Overall Survival in the daratumumab 16 mg/kg group

Page 48: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

SAFETY PROFILE

Page 49: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Daratumumab was well tolerated, and no patients discontinued because of drug-related adverse events, infusion-related reactions, or death. 

• The safety profile in the 8 mg/kg group was similar to that in the 16 mg/kg group. 

• Grade 3 or higher anaemia and thrombocytopenia occurred more frequently in non-responders than in responders . Grade 3 or higher neutropenia rates were similar in non-responders  and responders.

Page 50: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Few patients required additional supportive care: 40 (38%) of 106 received red blood cell transfusions, 14 (13%) had platelet transfusions, and eight (8%) needed granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. 

• The most common infusion-related reactions included nasal congestion [12%]  f/b throat irritation [7%].

• No patient discontinued daratumumab because of an infusion-related reaction. No immunogenicity was reported.

Page 51: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

•  WITH TIME….90 (85%) of 106 patients SUBSEQUENTLY  discontinued daratumumab 16 mg/kg: 82 (77%)  because of progressive disease, five (5%) because of treatment-unrelated adverse events, and three (3%) as a result of consent withdrawal because of symptoms related to disease progression. 

• Five (5%) patients discontinued treatment -two with general physical health deterioration and one each with H1N1 influenza, hypercalcaemia, and spinal cord compression). 

Page 52: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• 31 (29%) patients died after treatment with daratumumab 16 mg/kg: 29 (27%) because of progressive disease and two (2%) because of adverse events (cardiorespiratory failure secondary to H1N1 influenza complications, and general health deterioration secondary to complications of aspiration pneumonia).

•  29 (94%) of 31 responders treated with daratumumab 16 mg/kg were still alive, compared with 45 (60%) of 75 non-responders.

Page 53: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

DISCUSSION

• Daratumumab  monotherapy showed substantial clinical activity, with an ORR of 29%, and was well tolerated in patients with multiple myeloma who had been heavily treated; most patients were double refractory to bortezomib and lenalidomide, and many were refractory to pomalidomide or carfilzomib.

• Resistance to any previous therapy had no effect on the activity of daratumumab, lending support to a novel mechanism of action, but these findings need to be confirmed in larger studies.

Page 54: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Similar response rates were also noted in patients with moderate renal impairment, older than 75 years of age, and with extramedullary disease or high-risk baseline cytogenetic characteristics.

•  Although this study did not have a control arm, patients with the degree of treatment refractoriness in our study historically have poor outcomes. 

• The results of our study corroborate the previously reported efficacy of daratumumab 16 mg/kg monotherapy in relapsed or refractory patients with multiple myeloma.

                                   Lokhorst HM, Plesner T, Laubach JP, et al. Targeting CD38 with daratumumab monotherapy in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 1207–19.

Page 55: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Elotuzumab, a monoclonal antibody, that targets SLAMF7, lacks single-agent activity, increased median PFS by 4·5 months compared with the control arm in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in a population of patients who were less heavily pretreated than those in the this study.

                                                                Zonder JA, Mohrbacher AF, Singhal S, et al. A phase 1, multicenter, open-label, dose escalation study of elotuzumab in patients with

advanced multiple myeloma. Blood 2012; 120: 552–59

Page 56: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Deep responses of very good PR or better, particularly stringent CR, are associated with improved long-term outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma.

     Kapoor P, Kumar SK, Dispenzieri A, et al. Importance of achieving stringent complete response after autologous stem-cell transplantation in multiple myeloma.

J Clin Oncol 2013; 31: 4529–35.

• Whether the same trend occurs in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma remains to be seen, although many patients treated in this study had responses to daratumumab that improved over time and might contribute to prolonged overall survival. 

Page 57: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• These high-quality responses (9% very good PR, 3% stringent CR) are notable in treatment-refractory patients with multiple myeloma. 

• The rate of high-quality responses with single-agent daratumumab were higher than those with pomalidomide monotherapy in the mm-002 clinical trial (2% of patients with a very good PR). Richardson PG, Siegel DS, Vij R, et al. Pomalidomide alone or in combination with low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 2 study. Blood 2014; 123: 1826–32.

• In the PX-171-003-A1 study of carfilzomib monotherapy in 266 patients, responses of very good PR or better were noted in 6% of patients. Siegel DS, Martin T, Wang M, et al. A phase 2 study of single-agent carfilzomib (PX-171-003-A1) in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 2012; 120: 2817–25.

Page 58: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• When considering daratumumab monotherapy for treatment of refractory multiple myeloma, it should be placed in the context of other combination regimens that are in use in these patients.

•  In the POMALIDOMIDE alone versus pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone treatment groups of the mm-002 phase 2 study, 61% and 62% of 108 and 113 patients, respectively, were refractory to both bortezomib and lenalidomide, and in these double-refractory patients the ORR was 21% and 31%, median PFS was 2·0 and 3·8 months, median duration of response was 11·4 and 6·5 months, and median overall survival was 12·5 and 13·4 months, respectively.

• In the PX-171-003-A1 study, in those treated with CARFILZOMIB monotherapy who were refractory to both bortezomib and lenalidomide, the ORR was 15%, median PFS was 3.6 months, median duration of response was 7·8 months, and median overall survival was 11·9 months.

• Thus, the ORR of 29%, median PFS of 3·7 months, median duration of response of 7·4 months , and median overall survival of more than 16 months in this study of DARATUMUMAB monotherapy compare favourably with these agents, particularly because most of the patients were refractory to both proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs (95%), and many were refractory to pomalidomide (63%) or carfilzomib (48%).

Page 59: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Daratumumab has a favourable safety profile compared with other available agents, and results in clinically manageable side-effects. No patient treated with 16 mg/kg discontinued daratumumab treatment because of a treatment-related adverse event. 

• This result compares favourably with the substantial risk of neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, and infections with pomalidomide and dexamethasone reported in other studies.

Page 60: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

• Additionally, non-haematological toxicities, such as cardiopulmonary and renal side-effects, are an important consideration with carfilzomib, particularly in patients with advanced disease.

• The overall favourable toxicity profile of daratumumab makes it an attractive drug for use in combination regimens, and it has shown early promising activity in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone.

Page 61: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

CONCLUSION

• Based on deep and durable response  and a favourable safety profile, daratumumab 16 mg/kg seems to be an effective option for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma for whom available treatments have been exhausted.

Page 62: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

Darzalex (Daratumumab)

• Approved By FDA ; has world wide commercialisation rights.• Originally developed by Genmab pharmaceuticals; but now being 

jointly developed by Genmab and Johnson & Johnson biotech.• Darzalex is an infused therapy, and it will be available in vials that 

come in two sizes: A smaller vial that contains 100 mg of the drug, and a larger vial that contains 400 mg.

• The recommended dose of the drug is based on a patient’s weight expressed in kilograms: 16 mg per kilogram. Infusions should be given once a week for the first 8 weeks of treatment, once every two weeks during weeks 9 through 24, and once every four weeks thereafter.

•  the wholesale price per vial of Darzalex will be $450 for the 100 mg vial and $1800 for the 400 mg vial.

Page 63: multiple myeloma & daratumumab

THANK

Y UTHE END