Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data dissemination and further analysis workshop

Multiple Indicator Cluster SurveysData dissemination and further analysis workshop

Literacy and Education

MICS4 Data Dissemination and Further Analysis Workshop

Indicators and definitions

7.1: Literacy among young women

Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are able to read a short simple statement about everyday life (WB7=3) or who attended secondary or higher

7.2: School readiness

Percentage of children attending first grade of primary school who attended pre-school the previous year

7.3: Net intake rate in primary education

Percentage of children of primary school entry age entering grade 1


7.4 Primary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)

The adjusted primary school net attendance ratio (NAR) is the percentage of children of primary school age (as of the beginning of school year) who are attending primary or secondary school.


7.5 Secondary school net attendance ratio (adjusted)

The adjusted secondary school net attendance ratio (NAR) is the percentage of children of secondary school age (as of the beginning of the current or most recent school year) who are attending secondary school or higher (higher levels are included to take early starters into account).


7.6 Children reaching last grade of primary

Percentage of children entering the first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary.

7.7 Primary completion rate

Ratio of the total number of students, regardless of age, entering the last grade of primary school for the first time, to the number of children of the primary graduation age at the beginning of the current (or most recent) school year.

7.8 Transition rate to secondary school

Percentage of children attending the last grade of primary school during the previous school year who are in the first grade of secondary school during the current school year


7.9 & 7.10 Gender Parity Index

The gender parity index (GPI) is the ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary).

Other Non-MICS Indicators that can be produced with MICS data:

– Gross Attendance Ratio (Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary)– Out-of-School Rate for Primary School Age Children (100-NAR (adj))– Lower Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted)– Upper Net Attendance Ratio (adjusted)– Cumulative Primary Dropout Rate– Youth Primary Completion Rate (17-22)– Youth Secondary Completion Rate (23-27)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Age

Transition rate to secondary

Primary completion ratio

Literacy rate

Tertiary

Reaching Grade 5

Primary Secondary

Net attendance Ratio

Dropout and repetition rates

Early education

Pre-primary

% entering Prim.Sch.

Pre-Sch. Attendan.

School Readiness

Net Attendance Ratio

Things to rememberAge Adjustments:

The age of child at the beginning of the school year is estimated by rejuvenating children to the first month of the (current or most recent) school year by using information on the date of birth, if available, and information on when the current (or most recent) school year began.

If the date of birth is not available, then a full year is subtracted from the current age of the child at the time of survey, if the interview took place more than 6 months after the school year started.

If the latter is less than six months and the date of birth is not available, the current age is assumed to be the same as the age at the beginning of the school year.

Table ED.1: Literacy among young women

Percentage of women age 15-24 years who are literate, Country, Year

Percentage literate1

Percentage not known

Number of women age 15-

24 yearsRegion

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5

Residence Urban Rural

Education None Primary Secondary 100.0 0.0 Higher 100.0 0.0

Age 15-19 20-24

Wealth index quintile

Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest

Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household head Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Total

1 MICS indicator 7.1; MDG indicator 2.3

• Literacy among women 15-24 years of age is used as a proxy for adult literacy

• It measures the ability to read a few sentences

• Its interpretation should be done cautiously

• Presents a gender component

Country example

Table ED.1: Literacy among young womenPercentage of women age 15-24 years who are

literate, Bhutan, 2010

Percentage literate [1]

Percentage not known

Number of women age 15-24 years

Area Urban 77.9 .1 1635Rural 44.5 .1 2920

Education None 5.2 .2 1706Primary 43.6 .3 643Secondary + 100.0 .0 2205

Age 15-19 67.1 .1 205220-24 47.9 .1 2502

Wealth index quintiles

Poorest 20.7 .1 718Second 34.3 .3 737Middle 48.2 .2 839Fourth 70.7 .1 1055Richest 84.7 .0 1207

Total 56.5 .1 4555

Table ED.2: School readinessPercentage of children attending first grade of primary school who attended pre-school the previous year, Country, Year

Percentage of children attending first grade who

attended preschool in previous year1

Number of children attending first grade of

primary schoolSex

Male Female

Region Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Region 5


Mother's education None Primary Secondary Higher

Wealth index quintile Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest

Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household headGroup 1 Group 2 Group 3

Total

1 MICS indicator 7.2

• The numerator includes children who are in first grade of primary school this year and were in preschool last year.

• The denominator is the number of children attending first grade of primary education regardless of age.

Table ED.3: Primary school entry

Percentage of children of primary school entry age entering grade 1 (net intake rate), Country, Year

Percentage of children of primary school entry age

entering grade 11

Number of children of primary school entry age

Sex Male Female




Wealth index quintile Poorest Second Middle Fourth Richest

Religion/Language/Ethnicity of household head

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

Total

1 MICS indicator 7.3

• The denominator is the number of children who were of primary school entry age at the beginning of the current (or the most recent) school year.

• The numerator includes those children in the denominator that are attending primary school: Grade=1 or 2. Grade 2 of primary school is accepted to take into account early starters.

• Primary school entry age is defined at the country level (usually based on UNESCO's ISCED classification).

Table ED.4: Primary school attendance

Percentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school (adjusted net attendance ratio), Country, Year

Male Female Total Net

attendance ratio

(adjusted)

Number of

children

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)

Number of

children

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)1

Number of

children



Age at beginning of school year

6 7 8 9 10 11

The adjusted primary school net attendance ratio (NAR) is the percentage of children of primary school age (as of the beginning of school year) who are attending primary or secondary school. Attendance to secondary school is included to take into account early starters. All children of primary school age (at the beginning of the school year) are included in the denominator.

Rates presented in this table are "adjusted" since they include not only primary school attendance, but also secondary school attendance in the numerator.

This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as

indicated by ISCED

Table ED.4: Primary school attendancePercentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary

school (Net attendance ratio), Bhutan, 2010

Male Female TotalNet

attendance ratio

(adjusted) [1]

Number of children

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)

[1]Number of

children

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)

[1]Number of

childrenArea Urban 97.0 1441 95.6 1443 96.3 2884

Rural 88.9 3759 91.5 3749 90.2 7508Age at beginning of school year

6 82.4 803 80.7 768 81.6 15717 93.7 709 92.9 722 93.3 14318 96.5 700 96.4 643 96.5 13439 94.8 745 98.0 698 96.3 144310 91.4 724 96.2 765 93.9 148911 90.8 709 95.0 772 93.0 148112 89.9 812 90.9 822 90.4 1634

Mother's education None 89.6 4056 91.7 4031 90.7 8087Primary 96.7 590 97.2 586 96.9 1176Secondary + 96.6 555 95.0 574 95.8 1128


Poorest 85.8 1047 83.7 1079 84.7 2126Second 86.4 1055 91.3 993 88.8 2048Middle 90.6 1029 96.4 1032 93.5 2061Fourth 96.0 1071 95.6 1091 95.8 2162Richest 97.2 998 96.7 997 97.0 1995

Total 91.2 5201 92.7 5192 91.9 10392[1] MICS indicator 7.4; MDG indicator 2.1

Bangladesh MICS 2009

Table ED.5: Secondary school attendance

Percentage of children of secondary school age attending secondary school or higher (adjusted net attendance ratio) and percentage of children attending primary school, Country, Year

Male Female Total Net

attendance ratio

(adjusted)1

Percent attending primary school

Number of

children

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)1


Number of

children

Net attendance

ratio (adjusted)1


Number of

children



Age at beginning of school year

12 13 14 15 16 17

This should be adapted in accordance with the country-specific primary school ages as indicated by ISCED

MICS standard questionnaires are designed to establish mother's/caretaker's education for children up to age 17 at the time of interview (see Household Listing, Household Questionnaire). The category "Cannot be determined" is included for children who were age 18 and higher at the beginning of school year. This will be necessary if the secondary school ages in the country encompass age 18 and higher

Mother's education

None

Primary

Secondary

Higher

Cannot be determined

Methodological issues • Results refer to attendance instead of enrolment• In reality we should aim to measure attendance• Enrolment tends to over estimate school participation• Results refer to net attendance instead of gross• Gross attendance in primary/secondary education

includes children of no primary/no secondary education ages

• Gross attendance ratios can be greater than 100%• Primary/secondary attendance ratios include children

attending primary or higher/secondary or higher

Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary school

Percentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school), Country, Year

Percent

attending grade 1 last school year who are in

grade 2 this school year

Percent attending

grade 2 last school year

who are attending


Percent attending


who are attending


Percent attending


who are attending


Percent attending


who are attending


Percent who reach grade 6 of those who enter grade 11

Sex Male Female




Children reaching the last grade of primary, also known as the survival rate to the last grade of primary school, is the percentage of children entering the first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last grade of primary. This table assumes that primary school comprises 6 grades. In countries where primary school has more or fewer grades, columns of the table should be customized accordingly.

Example: to calculate the probability that a child in grade 1 eventually reaches grade 2

• the number of children who are in 2nd grade of primary school at the time of the survey and who were in 1st grade last year

is divided by:

• the number of children who were in 1st grade last year and graduated to 2nd grade or dropped out of school

Children reaching last grade of primary school

12

y 10 y 11

10

y 12

y 12

y 10

11

y 11

y y y

etc.

Not in school

Grade 1

Grade 2

Grade 3 etc.

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Year 4

Table ED.6: Children reaching last grade of primary schoolPercentage of children entering first grade of primary school who eventually reach the last

grade of primary school (Survival rate to last grade of primary school),Bhutan, 2010

Percent attending grade 0 last year

who are in grade 1 this year

Percent attending grade 1 last year

who are in grade 2 this year

Percent attending grade 2 last year who are

attending grade 3 this year







Percent who reach grade 6 of those who

enter grade 0 [1]

Sex Male 99.5 98.4 99.1 97.8 97.6 98.4 91.2Female 98.9 99.7 99.5 99.4 99.1 99.4 96.0

Area Urban 98.6 100.0 100.0 99.4 100.0 99.7 97.7Rural 99.4 98.7 99.1 98.3 97.7 98.6 92.1

Mother's education None 99.1 98.8 99.2 98.7 98.1 98.8 93.0Primary 98.9 100.0 100.0 99.0 99.1 99.3 96.3Secondary + 100.0 99.8 100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0 99.3


Poorest 99.5 98.8 98.7 97.8 95.1 99.4 89.7Second 99.9 100.0 99.2 98.1 98.1 96.2 91.8Middle 98.0 99.7 98.9 98.3 98.9 99.4 93.3Fourth 98.5 99.2 100.0 99.2 99.2 99.4 95.7Richest 100.0 97.5 100.0 99.7 99.8 100.0 97.0

Total 99.2 99.1 99.3 98.6 98.4 98.9 93.6[1] MICS indicator 7.6; MDG indicator 2.2

Careful customization of country specific grades

Methodological issues

• Reaching Last Grade is an indicator with some degree of difficulty for both estimation and interpretation

• Note that in the current approach we exclude from our estimation children found to be repeating a grade under the assumption that their probability of dropping from school, repeating again, or promotion to the next grade is included in the other cohorts

• It measures the probability for children starting grade 1 to reach grade 5 and it is based on children that are participating in school

• It is used as a proxy for literacy among children

Table ED.7: Primary school completion and transition to secondary school

Primary school completion rates and transition rate to secondary school, Country, Year

Primary school completion rate1

Number of children of primary school completion

ageTransition rate to

secondary school2

Number of children who were in the last

grade of primary school the previous

yearSex

Male Female



The primary completion rate is the ratio of the total number of students, regardless of age, entering the last grade of primary school for the first time, to the number of children of the primary graduation age at the beginning of the current (or most recent) school year. It can be greater than 100!

The transition rate to secondary education is the percentage of children who were in the last grade of primary school during the previous school year and who are attending the first grade of secondary school in the current (or most recent) school year

Table ED.8: Education gender parity

Ratio of adjusted net attendance ratios of girls to boys, in primary and secondary school, Country, Year

Primary school

adjusted net attendance ratio

(NAR), girls

Primary school adjusted net

attendance ratio (NAR), boys

Gender parity index (GPI) for primary school adjusted NAR1

Secondary school adjusted net attendance

ratio (NAR), girls

Secondary school adjusted net attendance

ratio (NAR), boys

Gender parity index (GPI) for

secondary school adjusted NAR2



The gender parity index (GPI) is the ratio of female to male adjusted net attendance ratios (primary or secondary). The primary and secondary adjusted net attendance ratios are presented in more detail in tables ED.4 and ED.5.

Expected patterns

• Literacy rates are lower for those youth in rural areas and in poorer families

• Children living in urban areas and from richer families are more likely to attend preschool and start primary school on time

• Children living in rural areas, children from poor families, children whose mothers have no/low education and children from indigenous language and religious groups are less likely to attend school

• At the primary school level, girls and boys are equally likely to attend school

• At the secondary school level, gender equality in attendance lowers• Different levels of schools attendance between child labourers and

children who are not engaged in child labour

Things to look for in the tables

Disparities in educational participation by:• Gender, • Geographical regions, • Wealth, • Language,• Religion, • Mother’s education, • Child labour status.

• To better describe school participation we propose:• Look at primary and secondary together• Use the following 3 simple indicators:

– Primary net attendance ratio– Secondary net attendance ratio– Percentage of secondary school age children that are

attending primary school • Present analysis of school participation (levels and GPI) in

a comprehensive way rather than primary and secondary separated

Things to look for in the tables

Some ideas for further analyses

•Interconnected disparities

•Education Participation Projection

•Average Annual Rate of Increase

•Other non-standard MICS indicators

THANK YOU!

Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys Data dissemination and further analysis workshop

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