Multimedia Visualization and Multimedia Visualization and Interactive Systems – Drawing Interactive Systems – Drawing Board Possibilities and Server Board Possibilities and Server

RealitiesRealities

Dr. Ray UzwyshynDr. Ray UzwyshynUniversity of Miami, Digital Library InitiativesUniversity of Miami, Digital Library Initiatives

Presented For Sparking Synergies: Bringing Research and Practice TogetherPresented For Sparking Synergies: Bringing Research and Practice TogetherCharlotte, North Carolina, 2005.Charlotte, North Carolina, 2005.

University of Miami Libraries University of Miami Libraries UM Digital Library InitiativesUM Digital Library Initiatives

http://www.library.miami.edu10 Servers500,000 visits/month

http://digital.library.miami.edu3 Servers

Work with a range of research academics from Anthropology and Architecture to Cell Biology, Marine Science, Physics and Sociology building Digital Libraries

Paradigm Shift Case StudyParadigm Shift Case Study Cuban Rafter Phenomenon: A Unique Sea Exodus Cuban Rafter Phenomenon: A Unique Sea Exodus

(2005)(2005)http://balseros.miami.eduhttp://balseros.miami.edu

Technical & Conceptual DeconstructionTechnical & Conceptual Deconstruction

What makes a Paradigm Shift Digital What makes a Paradigm Shift Digital Library?Library?

Fertile new territory to Fertile new territory to debate Conceptual Theory debate Conceptual Theory vs. Digital Implementationvs. Digital Implementation(Drawing Board Possibilities (Drawing Board Possibilities and Server Realities)and Server Realities)

Application brings hopes of Application brings hopes of research and challenges of research and challenges of praxis together in praxis together in fundamentally different fundamentally different remix than beforeremix than before

Site acts as a fulcrum for Site acts as a fulcrum for larger shift ground to a new larger shift ground to a new emphasis and balance emphasis and balance

In our case a traditional open In our case a traditional open source text heavy source text heavy (PhP/MySql/database silo (PhP/MySql/database silo shop to one that has begun shop to one that has begun to think seriously about new to think seriously about new media/multimedia media/multimedia interactive digital library interactive digital library possibilitiespossibilities

Problem: How do you build a New Millennia Digital Library?

BackgroundBackground

Spring 2003Spring 2003 Dr. Holly Ackerman, Latin Dr. Holly Ackerman, Latin American Studies Specialist and Fulbright American Studies Specialist and Fulbright Scholar Approaches Dept.Scholar Approaches Dept.

Ford Foundation GrantFord Foundation Grant between between University of Miami, St. Thomas Centre University of Miami, St. Thomas Centre for Human Rights, Florida International for Human Rights, Florida International University Cuban American Studies University Cuban American Studies ProgramProgram

Three Goals

1) Produce Conference on 10th Anniversary of Cuban Rafter PhenomenonAssembling existing global experts on transatlantic Migration

(Between 1959 -2005 approximately 100,000 citizens left Cuba by sea in small vessels and reached the states alive.)

2) Produce New Media Digital Library to codify this recent history expanding the range of academic research possibilities (Experimental with Capital “E”)

3)Codify, aggregate and present current state of this body of knowledge (aid to Disaster Preparedness, Next Ten Years, Lessons Learned)

What are the characteristics of What are the characteristics of this digital library?this digital library?

- Should contain a wide range of Should contain a wide range of existing documents pertaining to existing documents pertaining to this historythis history

- Traverse an Traverse an expandedexpanded range of range of academically non traditional media academically non traditional media types (i.e. audio interviews, video types (i.e. audio interviews, video footage, maps, statistical data, footage, maps, statistical data, images, video, archivally intact gov. images, video, archivally intact gov. documentsdocuments

- Expand notion of traditional Expand notion of traditional academic text/database search academic text/database search retrieval information systemretrieval information system

- Maintain Ph.D. level historiographic Maintain Ph.D. level historiographic depth structure and integrity of depth structure and integrity of archival sources (unedited archival sources (unedited interviews, footage)interviews, footage)

Transgressing Traditional Transgressing Traditional Digital Library BoundariesDigital Library Boundaries

Dr. Ackerman was very open Dr. Ackerman was very open to expanding digital library to expanding digital library boundaries boundaries (experimentation).(experimentation).

did not want to use grant to did not want to use grant to produce traditional front end produce traditional front end text box search/backend text box search/backend Database (PhP/MySql, Database (PhP/MySql, Content DM, DSpace) Digital Content DM, DSpace) Digital library that department library that department previously specialized in previously specialized in producing Google type listsproducing Google type lists

The Old and the NewThe Old and the New

HTMLFront End

PHP Middleware

MySQLDatabaseSearch/RetrievalDocument ListBackend

Text Box SearchAuthorKeywordMaterial Typehttp://scholar.library.miami.edu/cubamoderada/

Long Scrolling List Long Scrolling List SyndromeSyndrome

Increasingly our ‘academic Increasingly our ‘academic clients and users’ were clients and users’ were unhappy with these types unhappy with these types of applications.of applications.Variety of ReasonsVariety of Reasons even though this was even though this was robust and exhaustive, robust and exhaustive, policy decision makers policy decision makers and others coming to this and others coming to this body of information could body of information could not see woods from trees not see woods from trees to begin to see and make to begin to see and make decisions regarding decisions regarding larger pictureslarger pictures

Information Blur

Human Users, Scrolling Lists, Human Users, Scrolling Lists, Server PossibilitiesServer Possibilities

Application being Application being largely used to largely used to make policy make policy decisions decisions regarding Cubaregarding Cuba

Search Results Search Results were pulling up were pulling up accurate but accurate but overly long overly long picture picture (old problem of (old problem of precision/recall)precision/recall)

Remixing the Remixing the metadata did not metadata did not cut it?cut it?

Is there a more elegant way of solving this problem?

Online Site Comparison Online Site Comparison New Media Expression vs. New Media Expression vs.

SubstanceSubstance

IncreasingOnlineMediaRichness

Increasing Academic Depth Structure/Substance

High Online Expressiveness (Design/Style)(Rich Media Possibilities, Video, Audio, Interactivity)Advertising, Fashion, Games SitesGenerally Little Substance, Points Well Made to “Sell Product

Traditional Online Academic Digital LibrariesText Heavy/ Database Search + Text, Images, etc.

100

0

Rafters Site GoalsRobust Academic StructureHigh Degree of NewMedia Expressiveness

Text

images

video

interactivity

audio

Research AcademicGenerally R&D, SeriousScience, EngineeringVirginia Tech, Content DM

Is this a digital library or do semantic debates Is this a digital library or do semantic debates regarding terminology herald something newregarding terminology herald something new

What does this create?What does this create?Interactive Information SystemInteractive Information SystemInteractive Multimedia Digital Interactive Multimedia Digital ArchiveArchiveNew Media Digital LibraryNew Media Digital LibraryInteractive Flash Based Interactive Flash Based Multimedia WebsiteMultimedia WebsiteStreaming Video Interactive 2D Streaming Video Interactive 2D Online Educational ResourceOnline Educational ResourceRich Media Online Rich Media Online Historiographical ArchiveHistoriographical Archive

Serious Focus on Visual Narratology, Multimedia and Visual Metaphor for Information Architecture

MP3 Format

Tufte’s et al’s Ideas Regarding Information Visualization

The Drawing Board: Taxonomy, The Drawing Board: Taxonomy, Folksonomy or Visual Metaphor for Folksonomy or Visual Metaphor for

Information ArchitectureInformation Architecture

This was recent history and the cognitive This was recent history and the cognitive coordinates (histories) were still largely fluid coordinates (histories) were still largely fluid and uncodified.and uncodified.

Old idea: Use Metadata Specialist and Old idea: Use Metadata Specialist and construct ontology/taxonomy (Proved construct ontology/taxonomy (Proved impracticable as contents/material was impracticable as contents/material was coming in on a rolling basis in various coming in on a rolling basis in various formats (video, audio text) formats (video, audio text) LCSH and Getty Image Taxonomies LCSH and Getty Image Taxonomiesseemed ossified and out of dateseemed ossified and out of date

Back to the Drawing Board: Folksonomy and Back to the Drawing Board: Folksonomy and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat for

Information ArchitectureInformation Architecture

22ndnd Idea) Use Existing experts to Idea) Use Existing experts to organically produce ‘folksonomy’ based on organically produce ‘folksonomy’ based on collaborative feedback among expertscollaborative feedback among experts

Proved overly long and produced another Proved overly long and produced another long scrolling list taxonomy that made the long scrolling list taxonomy that made the principal investigator unhappyprincipal investigator unhappy

The Big Experiment: Overarching Visual Metaphor The Big Experiment: Overarching Visual Metaphor and a Cognitive Map to Guide Information and a Cognitive Map to Guide Information

ArchitectureArchitecture

Solved Solved Problem of Problem of Taxonomy Taxonomy and also and also provided provided intuitive intuitive mode of mode of NavigationNavigation

Navigation onNavigation onleft, Map on left, Map on RightRight

More than More than simple map,simple map,

the interface the interface provides a provides a cognitive cognitive cartography cartography and Humanly and Humanly intuitive way intuitive way to navigateto navigate

Zoomable Fly-Through Humanly Zoomable Fly-Through Humanly Intuitive Navigation and Cognitive Intuitive Navigation and Cognitive

LandmarksLandmarks

Problem Solved: Context Preserved (Upper Left)/ Humanly Intuitive Map

New Visual HCI Interface PossibilitiesNew Visual HCI Interface Possibilities

Link to Image, Document and Video Libraries

Information Visualization, Interactivity, MultimediaInformation Visualization, Interactivity, Multimedia Physical/Cognitive Physical/Cognitive

CartographiesCartographies

Zoomable Interface (1.800 Gig Map) – Front End (Zoomify)Links to Digital Video, databases, document and Image Libraries –

Streaming and other Server Back ends (Real Media Streaming Server).

ContextPreservedIn Map in UpperLeft Corner

High ZoomableResolution

CognitiveLandmarksEmphasizedthrough annotatedclickableIconologysuperimposedOn Map

Web Development Technical Web Development Technical BackgroundBackground

DreamweaverMX used to quickly build DreamweaverMX used to quickly build pages (integrate different media types, pages (integrate different media types, Real video, audio datasets, keep track of Real video, audio datasets, keep track of changing translations (allowed major changing translations (allowed major sections of website to be done easily both sections of website to be done easily both in Spanish and English)in Spanish and English)CSS, Frames and templates were used to CSS, Frames and templates were used to build larger site structurebuild larger site structure

Adobe Acrobat used to maintain archival Adobe Acrobat used to maintain archival integrity of source documents (press integrity of source documents (press releases, news articles, gov documentsreleases, news articles, gov documents

Other Technical PossibilitiesOther Technical Possibilities

New Interactive Possibilities of Macromedia Flash New Interactive Possibilities of Macromedia Flash heavily used to provide more robust interactivity heavily used to provide more robust interactivity and human engagementand human engagement

•visual horizontal timelines

visual metaphors for navigation and condensed structure to present large amounts of information in single screen spaces

(Possibilities in Studio 8 largely untapped)

Visualization and Progressive Visualization and Progressive Incremental IterationsIncremental Iterations

Still Image Slideshows (Javascript Still Image Slideshows (Javascript application) – archival images application) – archival images delineating history of period.delineating history of period.

Entire Site Context Preserved in Entire Site Context Preserved in larger visual narratology.larger visual narratology.

Once big picture is worked out Once big picture is worked out the thousand pages of details fall the thousand pages of details fall into a natural place.into a natural place.

Academic Video/Audio Academic Video/Audio PossibilitiesPossibilities Video Files – Copyright easily Video Files – Copyright easily

obtained for robust amount of obtained for robust amount of news footage of rafter news footage of rafter phenomenon (educational phenomenon (educational usage, footage digitized, usage, footage digitized, converted to Real Media Files, converted to Real Media Files, Served from Real Media Served from Real Media Streaming Server, (Adobe Streaming Server, (Adobe Premiere)Premiere)

Spanish/English Audio Spanish/English Audio Interviews digitized, converted Interviews digitized, converted to MP3: Plentiful OpenSource to MP3: Plentiful OpenSource Software Buzzsaw Audio Software Buzzsaw Audio Ripper, Lame, served via FlashRipper, Lame, served via Flash

New Flash Video (fvp.) New Flash Video (fvp.) possibilities, Quick streaming possibilities, Quick streaming + very robust interactivity + very robust interactivity possibilities (Actionscript 2.0) possibilities (Actionscript 2.0) + New Database Components + New Database Components (Adobe/Macromedia Recent (Adobe/Macromedia Recent Merger) Merger)

Sixties, Course Video Archivehttp://scholar.library.miami.edu/Sixties

Cuban Theatre Archivehttp://scholar.library.miami.edu/archivoteatral

http://scholar.library.miami.edu/cls/CWSIMainPage.php

Digital Library InteractivityDigital Library InteractivityTechnology and New Conceptual ParadigmsTechnology and New Conceptual Paradigms

(Actionscript 2.0/ FlashSchneiderman’s Leonardo’s Laptop, Manovich, Language of New Media,

(The visual timeline here contains a spectrum of media types: real video archival footage of the rafters, image and PDF archival document links, links to US Coast guard statistics and outside links to ancillary databases)

HCI FocusHCI Focus KeywordsKeywords

Cognitive CartographyCognitive CartographyVisual MetaphorVisual MetaphorVisual NarratologyVisual Narratology

All media types can be attached All media types can be attached to the skeleton of a Humanly to the skeleton of a Humanly centered visual metaphor (text, centered visual metaphor (text, audio, video, datasets, images) audio, video, datasets, images) which contains the databaseswhich contains the databases

Paradigm Shift to New Visual Paradigm Shift to New Visual Cognitive CartographyCognitive Cartography

The rafters application heralded a gradual and synergistic The rafters application heralded a gradual and synergistic methodological paradigm shift for our departmentmethodological paradigm shift for our department

TextBox HTML SearchMetadata attached to Text, Images, Video Material (Backend PhP/MySQL Or other Database

Old Paradigm ‘Digital LibraryEmphasis on “Container”, “Silo”Passivity,,Repository,Textbased

New Paradigm Academic Digital Resource, emphasis on Fluidity, Hybridity of Media, Synthesis, Action

Organically generated visualMetaphor, cognitive cartographyVisual narrative, HCI,Flash, Actionscript, Zoomify Possibilities

Technical SpecificationsTechnical Specifications

Rafters ModelRafters ModelDigital Assets (Documents, Images, Audio, Video,Databases)Digital Assets (Documents, Images, Audio, Video,Databases)Visual Map (Zoomify: Streamable, Tiling Algorithm Technology)Visual Map (Zoomify: Streamable, Tiling Algorithm Technology)Flash (compiled swf file)Flash (compiled swf file)HTML (Frames Based Casing)HTML (Frames Based Casing)

Advantages Advantages (fully customizable Map can be chosen, imported,(fully customizable Map can be chosen, imported,Human Genome, Stars, Cuba, size unlimited)Human Genome, Stars, Cuba, size unlimited)Zoomify Enterprise Provides Higher Annotative PossibilitiesZoomify Enterprise Provides Higher Annotative Possibilities(Used by U.S. Government, Raytheon in lieu of Java Runtime API,(Used by U.S. Government, Raytheon in lieu of Java Runtime API,less development time, less clunky)less development time, less clunky)Rich Interactivity Possibilities Provided by Flash andRich Interactivity Possibilities Provided by Flash andActionscript 2.0Actionscript 2.0Studio 8 (Macromedia RIA Rich Internet Application PlatformStudio 8 (Macromedia RIA Rich Internet Application Platform+ Merger with Adobe Provides New Possibilities)+ Merger with Adobe Provides New Possibilities)

Google Maps Mashup ModelGoogle Maps Mashup Model

www.housingmaps.com Paul Rademacher

Mashup Technology and Lightweight Mashup Technology and Lightweight Developer ModelsDeveloper Models

Two Existing Databases Remixed: Two Existing Databases Remixed: Craigs List + Google MapsCraigs List + Google MapsGoogle has opened their API (Navteq, Google has opened their API (Navteq, Multimillion dollar Map database ope, Multimillion dollar Map database ope,

Up to 50,000 hits/dayUp to 50,000 hits/dayhttp://www.google.com/apis/maps/http://www.google.com/apis/maps/

AJAX ModelAJAX Model presentation,XHTML, CSS; presentation,XHTML, CSS; dynamic display/interaction, Document Object dynamic display/interaction, Document Object

Model; Model; data interchange/manipulation: XML, XSLT; data interchange/manipulation: XML, XSLT; asynchronous data retrieval, XMLHttpRequest; asynchronous data retrieval, XMLHttpRequest;

JavaScript binding everything together."JavaScript binding everything together."

AdvantagesAdvantagesAnyone can use this with a little Anyone can use this with a little Javascript knowledge, not as much Javascript knowledge, not as much programming needed (no Flash.)programming needed (no Flash.)Not strictly true: different set of Not strictly true: different set of toolstools

DisadvantagesDisadvantageslimited to Google Map specifiedlimited to Google Map specifiedannotation featuresannotation features

Final Questions: Are these Final Questions: Are these Methodologies strictly for Methodologies strictly for

Humanities/Social Sciences?Humanities/Social Sciences? National Cancer Institute, National Cancer Institute,

UC Davis Center for UC Davis Center for Comparative Medicine Comparative Medicine Using more robust form of Using more robust form of Zoomify (Enterprise) for Zoomify (Enterprise) for medical research). Other medical research). Other areas: GIS, semiconductor areas: GIS, semiconductor inspection, materials inspection, materials science, Chemistry and science, Chemistry and Biotech, Security, Biotech, Security, Astronomy, Bioinformatics, Astronomy, Bioinformatics, Human GenomeHuman Genome

Zoomify sits on top of Zoomify sits on top of FlashFlash

Any process where Any process where humans make ‘models’humans make ‘models’

Current state of research: Current state of research: exploring limit cases and exploring limit cases and synthesis with databasessynthesis with databases http://www.zoomify.com/enterprise/

Lessons Learned: Lessons Learned: Synergies and Humanly Usable Digital Synergies and Humanly Usable Digital

LibrariesLibraries After a year and a half of use, our After a year and a half of use, our

Webtrends Weblog Statistics show that Webtrends Weblog Statistics show that this is our most widely used Digital this is our most widely used Digital Library (approx. 47,000 hits per month Library (approx. 47,000 hits per month compared to 3000-5000 of other compared to 3000-5000 of other MySQL/PHP Digital LibrariesMySQL/PHP Digital Libraries-Cognitive map and focus on visual -Cognitive map and focus on visual narratology and interactivity sucks narratology and interactivity sucks users in for second/third viewings users in for second/third viewings (same IP addresses)(same IP addresses)-2-3 viewings prefer mixture of map + -2-3 viewings prefer mixture of map + text centric taxonomy to explore site text centric taxonomy to explore site

-New Synergistic Effects with other -New Synergistic Effects with other MySQL/PHP database‘digital MySQL/PHP database‘digital image/video libraries’image/video libraries’

ConclusionsConclusions The Balseros site was successfully The Balseros site was successfully

used as a large screen kiosk during used as a large screen kiosk during the Cuban Rafters Conferencethe Cuban Rafters ConferenceIt continues permanently at It continues permanently at http://balseros.miami.eduhttp://balseros.miami.edu

It acted as a paradigm case study for It acted as a paradigm case study for our department and is currently used our department and is currently used largely as a living library, largely as a living library, continuously updated as a learning continuously updated as a learning and policy resourceand policy resourceFuture plans include turning the Future plans include turning the entire structure into an open weblog entire structure into an open weblog format format

Currently, this is the next frontier as Currently, this is the next frontier as academic ‘digital library’ boundary academic ‘digital library’ boundary walls are still in place (organically walls are still in place (organically

living digital libraries)living digital libraries)

Select BibliographySelect Bibliography

ArticlesArticles Gilmore, Jason. “Integrating Google Maps Gilmore, Jason. “Integrating Google Maps

into Your Web Applications” August 18, into Your Web Applications” August 18, 2005. 2005. http://www.developer.com/java/web/print.http://www.developer.com/java/web/print.php/10935_3528381_1php/10935_3528381_1

O’Reilly, Tim. “What is Web 2.0”: Design O’Reilly, Tim. “What is Web 2.0”: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software. September 30, Generation of Software. September 30, 2005. 2005. http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/timhttp://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html

BooksBooks

Chen, Chaomei. Chen, Chaomei. Information VisualizationInformation Visualization. New York: Springer, 2004 . New York: Springer, 2004 (2nd Edition).(2nd Edition).

Crawford, Christopher. Crawford, Christopher. Christopher Crawford on Interactive Christopher Crawford on Interactive StorytellingStorytelling. New York: New Riders Games, 2004.. New York: New Riders Games, 2004.

Gibson, Rich and Erl, Schuyler.Gibson, Rich and Erl, Schuyler. Google Map Hacks Google Map Hacks. New York: . New York: O’Reilly, 2006.O’Reilly, 2006.

Manovich, Lev. Manovich, Lev. The Language of New Media.The Language of New Media. Boston, Mass: MIT, 2002 Boston, Mass: MIT, 2002 Norman, Donald. Norman, Donald. Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human Things That Make Us Smart: Defending Human

Attributes in the Age of the MachineAttributes in the Age of the Machine. New York: Addison Wesley, . New York: Addison Wesley, 1994.1994.

Shneiderman, Ben. Shneiderman, Ben. Leonardo’s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Leonardo’s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing TechnologiesComputing Technologies. Boston, Mass: MIT, 2003. Boston, Mass: MIT, 2003

Shneiderman, Ben. Card, Stuart K., Mackinlay, Jock D. Shneiderman, Ben. Card, Stuart K., Mackinlay, Jock D. Readings in Readings in Information VisualizationInformation Visualization. San Francisco: Moran Kaufmann, 1999.. San Francisco: Moran Kaufmann, 1999.

Spence, Robert. Spence, Robert. Information VisualizationInformation Visualization. ACM Press, 2000.. ACM Press, 2000. Stam, Robert. Burgoyne, Robert and Flitterman-Lewis, Sandy. Stam, Robert. Burgoyne, Robert and Flitterman-Lewis, Sandy. New New

Vocabularies in Film SemioticsVocabularies in Film Semiotics. New York: Routledge, 1992. . New York: Routledge, 1992.

WebsitesWebsites

Google Maps API Documentation. http://www.google.com/apis/maps/Google Maps API Documentation. http://www.google.com/apis/maps/ Human Computer Interaction Laboratory . (Shneiderman et al., College Park Human Computer Interaction Laboratory . (Shneiderman et al., College Park

Maryland)Maryland)http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/ (click Visualization) (click Visualization)

Flashforward Flashforward http://www.flashforward2003.comhttp://www.flashforward2003.com (Click on past winners for (Click on past winners for excellent examples)excellent examples)

Macromedia. Macromedia. http://www.macromedia.comhttp://www.macromedia.com (Click on Sites of the month for (Click on Sites of the month for technical deconstructions)technical deconstructions)

Maproom: A Weblog about Maps. Maproom: A Weblog about Maps. http://www.mcwetboy.net/maproom/cat_hacks.phtmlhttp://www.mcwetboy.net/maproom/cat_hacks.phtml

MIT Media Lab, In particular John Maeda’s Aesthetics and Computation/Visual MIT Media Lab, In particular John Maeda’s Aesthetics and Computation/Visual Language Groups) Language Groups) http://acg.media.mit.edu/http://acg.media.mit.edu/ and and http://plw.media.mit.eduhttp://plw.media.mit.edu

University of Miami Digital Initiatives.University of Miami Digital Initiatives. http://digital.library.miami.eduhttp://digital.library.miami.edu Uzwyshyn, Raymond John. Information Visualization: Trajectories, Traces and Uzwyshyn, Raymond John. Information Visualization: Trajectories, Traces and

Tools for Augmenting Human Intelligence. 2004. Online Presentation Available Tools for Augmenting Human Intelligence. 2004. Online Presentation Available at at http://www.asis.org/SIG/SIGVIS/index.htmhttp://www.asis.org/SIG/SIGVIS/index.htm

Xerox Parc Research Group Xerox Parc Research Group http://www.parc.xerox.com/researchhttp://www.parc.xerox.com/research Zoomifyer. Zoomifyer. http://www.zoomify.comhttp://www.zoomify.com

Thank You for ComingThank You for Coming

Questions?Questions?

http://balseros.miami.eduhttp://balseros.miami.eduhttp://digital.library.miami.eduhttp://digital.library.miami.edu

Presentation Available at :Presentation Available at :http://www.library.miami.edu/Presentations/Rafters.ppthttp://www.library.miami.edu/Presentations/Rafters.ppt

Contact Information: Ray UzwyshynContact Information: Ray Uzwyshynruzwyshyn@miami.eduruzwyshyn@miami.edu