Multimedia System

Q1.Introduction to multiledia & stages of multimedia project?

Ans-: Multimedia refers to content that uses a combination of different content forms. This contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material. Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms.

Multimedia is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by information content processing devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia devices are electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope. The term "rich media" is synonymous for interactive multimedia. Hypermedia can be considered one particular multimedia application.

Multimedia is the presentation of computer controlled,interactive and intractive information using the combination of text, sound, pictures, animations and video. The term Multimedia can be define as Medium with multiple content forms.

3-stage process for multimedia projects

A multimedia product is made up of many ingredients from existing print products or from a multitude of software. Each product has its own set of requirements. Orient InfoSolutions undertakes multimedia projects with a well thought out three-stage process involving:

Pre-Production Production Post-Production

1.Pre-Production

Resource Organization The product's content is arranged into categories or groups. From this organization, comes the interface, which leads the user to the information. Flowcharting The flowchart is a visual outline of the content. Each level or link represents a screen and/or control that must be created. This "roadmap" is essential for the production phase. Orientation The opening screens are the graphic and verbal directions to enable the user to find his way around the content. Defining Screen Action The screen or interface action directs how the interface responds to the user. Think of your users:

what they will want or need

what their expectations may be

what assumptions they may make while using your product.

Designing Interface Controls At this step, the interface controls (how the user interacts with the computer screen) for each portion of the project are designed. The functionality is analyzed and evaluated individually and as a whole throughout the product.

Theme Development The visual theme or style is determined by the content and the audience. The best theme is broad enough to incorporate various media without imposing stylistic limitations but narrow enough to ensure consistency across screens. Interface Layouts Each object on the screen serves a purpose and communicates a visual message about the content to the user. The goal is to keep users oriented and draw them into the product. Creating Interface Elements The interface design is broken down into individual components, which are constructed using a variety of methods and tools. These components may include images, graphics, text, video, sound, and animation. Creating Access Controls The interface controls designed earlier are now created and constructed. They should be self-explanatory and contribute to the overall screen design. Controls can be buttons, icons, images, or text. Integrating Media Elements The authoring tool is used to pull together and blend all the media elements into a cohesive whole. As the elements come together, the storyboards come to life. Creating Prototype Interfaces The shells become the prototype screens and provide the foundation for production. These prototypes are your first experiment in using your creation.

2.Production

Scriptwriting The scripts for the text, transitions, audio narrations, voice-overs, and video are written. Even existing material needs to be rewritten and reorganized for an electronic medium. Editing All the scripts, interfaces, and text content are edited for clarity, grammar, and consistency.

Creating Original Art Illustrations, graphics, buttons, and icons are created using the prototype screens as a guide. Digitizing Art Existing photographs, illustrations, and graphics are digitized for use in an electronic medium. Electronically generated art as well as digitized art must be prepped for use; number of colors, palettes, resolution, format, and size are addressed. 3-D Modeling and Animation The 3-D artwork is created, rendered, and then prepared for use in the authoring tool. 3-D animations require their own storyboards and schedules.

Shooting and Digitizing Video The edited scripts are used to plan the identify location, performers, time schedules and budget. Then the shoot is scheduled. Recording and Digitizing Audio Similarly, the edited scripts (or a composer, if using music) are used to plan the budget, performers and time schedules after which the recording session is scheduled. Authoring All the pieces come together in the authoring tool. Functionality is programmed, and 2-D animation is developed. From here the final working product is created.

3.Post-Production

Testing and Debugging The product is tested on multiple computers and monitors. Mastering Mastering can be as simple as writing a CD-ROM or floppy disk. Or it can be as complex as sending the files to a service that will create a pre-master from which the master is made. Archiving The original files, including audio, video, and the native software formats, are archived for future upgrades or revisions. Duplication The duplicates are created from the original and packaged accordingly. Distribution The final step in the process is distributing your multimedia project.

2Ques: What is the multimedia ?

Ans: Multimedia means that the computer information can be represented through audio ,video, animation in addition to traditional media .The multimedia field concerned with computer controlled integration of text , graphics , drawing still and movie images, animation , audio & other media . In which the information can be easily stored , transmitted and processed.

Use of multimedia:

The multimedia is a blend of various essential features like animation , music , content ,graphic’s , audio , video , presentation using multimedia content are very popular in commercial field as well as in education , training and corporate event.

Application of multimedia :

1.Multimedia presentation : multimedia presentation can be used to better explain a subject matter to the students because it enhance the comparision capability of students . It is extremely effective in getting across new ideas and concept.

2. Business : Multimedia used for advertising and saling products on the internet .Some business use multimedia for training where online shopping in which the customer can be satisfied another benefit is that it saves the customer time as well as money .As they do not have to pay the additional expenses of an customer.

3.Entertainment : It is used by entertainment industry as in game , film , cartoon, animation and sound effects . This area attract most of attention of genral public as a lot of telecommunication and entertainment market will be the one with largest audience and also the market is best suited for the multimedia techniques.

(a) Digital television , video ,on demand widely , distributed , attractive games.

4.Leisure: People use the internet for a wide range of reasins , including shopping and finding out about their hobbies internet has many multi media elements embedded in web page and web browser.It support a variety of multimedia a formats like 3D graphics, video clips.

3Ques: What is multimedia skills?

Ans: 1 Professional and reflective practitioner skills: An understanding of the process involved in the development of a multimedia product from client side to deliver.

2.Practical skills: (a) To develop a simple project plan from a client .

(b)To work with linear to plan and create a multimedia product that include animation , audio and video.

(c) It include user testing , collecting and analysing feed back and planning for change.

3.Knowledge and understanding : (a) An understanding the content of learning material available from E-skills.

(b) In the business word how successful devolopment on the detailed client specifications user interface and design decision during the planning face.

4.Product skills : (a) The client requirement are a keep art of providing linear with the multimedia purpose.

(b) To discuss the product skill that support in gainning confidence in the evaluation face of multimedia product that should be tested and return the feedback and need for change.

4Ques: What is multimedia blocks?

Ans: 1Text : Text and symbols are very important for communication in any medium with the recent explanation of the internet and world wide web , text has become more the important ever web is HTML originally designed to display simple text documents an computer csreens with occassional graphic images thrown in as illustration.

Words and symbols in any from spoken or written are the most common system of communication. They deliver the most widely understood meaning to the greatest number of people

most academic related text such as journals,e-magazines are available in the web browser readable form.

2 Audio: Sound perhaps the most element of multimedia .It can provide the listening pleasure of music the starting accent of special effects or the ambience of a mood setting background.

3. Images: Images whether represented analog or digital plays a vital role in a multimedia .It is expressed in form of skill picture , painting or a photograph taken through a digital camera.

4.Animation : Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D ,artwork,model position in order to create an illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of presistence of vision and can be created and decmonstrated in number of ways.

5.Video : Digitel video has supplanted analog video as the method of choice for making video for multimedia use video in multimedia are used to properties real time moving picture in a multimedia project.

5.Ques: What is font and faces in multimedia?

Ans: A font is a collection of character of a single sign and style belonging to a particuler type face family for e.g bold , italic , underline .a type face is family of graphic character that usely include many type of sizes and style’s .A size of text is usually measured in points the size of font does not exactly describe the height or width of it is a character.This is because the X height of two fonts may differ.

1Installation of font : another method is go to start > setting>control panel> font> goto file menu and click on new font.

6Ques: How we can select text font?

Ans: 1.it can be used in a single presentation in which many fonts is to be selected .

2. The spacing between letter can be adjusted.

3.Drop caps and intial caps can be used to accent the woeds .

4.Meaningful words and phrases that can be used for links and menu items.

5. In case of text link on web page the msg can be accented.

7Ques: How we can use text in multimedia ?

Ans: Text is a basic element of multimedia . The should be kept to minimum application include a great deal of reference material reading volume of text on a computer screen is difficult.

Text can be used in many ways in multimedia :

1.The text can be used in website.

2.The text can be used in film such as title’s.

3.It can be used in advertisement.

4. It can used in a messaging.

1.The text can be used in website: Text has more benefits that represent the graphically element that do not contributed to understanding of the page.When a web site is built a text such as the title of website ,It leads mucj faster and excessive.

2.The text can be used in film such as title’s. Most film start with a title and end with credit .The text is sometime over some background video and picture and other time it represent a silent movie.

3.It can be used in adviretisement and messages: Text message advertising may be more effective way in business for e.g any local business such as restuarent or books store, coffiee

Shop or any store that become populer through advertisement. It provide the free space to the coustomer with texting with texting program and get then coming for more frequant.

8Ques: Font editing and design?

Ans: There are several software that can be used to create coustomize font.It help multimedia developer to communicate idea by graphically .

The list of the software that can be used for editing and creating font.

(1) Font grapher. (2) Font manager. (3) Cool 3D text.

(1) Font grapher.: It is the multimedia product that specialized graphics editor for window platform .In this software it is easy to create the bitmapped font and windows. The fonts that include,fraction , symbols, character in photographer.

(2) Font manager: It is a new product in multimedia for editing the font. It allow to customize the font to same degree.It converts the file to EPSE file. font manager does not allow.Editing of the actually outline of font, it allow an array of other function has ability to copy character between fonts.

(3) Cool 3D Text: Cool 3D production studio is a program for creating and animating 3D text. That include audio, video multimedia products. It consist the new features for animation and video.

9.Ques: What is multimedia system sound?

Ans: sound is the most important element of multimedia. It is the meaningful speech in any language. It can provide the listening music and special effects that offered by sound. Sound is the

analog signal that produce by electricity. On the multimedia computer running window because beeps and warning sounds are available as soon as the operating system is installed. We can choose on the several sound for the system alert. The window system sounds are WAV files and SND as a default file format for audio.

10.Ques: What is the digital audio?

Ans: Digital audio is created when sound waves is converted into number and the process is called digitizing so, it produce the signal by microphones existing tap recorder.The quality of this digital recording depends upon how often the sample are taken.

11.How to prepare the digitals audio files?

Ans: If we have analog source material, music , sound effects that we recorded on analog media such as castle tape.

1) The first step is to digitize the analog material and recorded into a computer readable digital media.

2) We check the sound qualities against RAM and HARD DISK resources. 3) Proper setting for recording to get a good and clean recording. 4) The sampling rate determine the frequency of the sound.The audio resolation determine the

accuracy with which a sound can be digitize.

12.How to editing digital recording ?

Ans: Once a recording has been made it will almost need to be edited. The basic sound editing operation that most multimedia procedures needed are described in following:

1) Multiple task : Able to edit and combine multiple tracks and then merge the tracks and export then in a final mix to a single audio file.

2) Trimming : removing dead air or blank space form the front of a recording. The unnecessary extra time of the end is the first sound editing task.

3) Volume adjustment : If we are trying to assemble tell different recording into single track. 4) Format conversation: The digital audio editing software that need the different format is

provided by them. 5) Resampling &downsampling : When we have recorded and edit the sound t sixteen nit

sampling rates but are using lower rates are called down sample file. 6) Digital signal processing : Some programs allow to process the signal with multi tape

delay and other special effects using D.S.P routain. 7) Reversing sounds: Another simple manipulation is to reverse all or a portion of a digital

audio recording. 8) Time stretching: The length of the sound file without changing its pitch. The time stretching

algorithm degrade the audio quality.

13.What is MIDI audio?

Ans: The musical instrument digital interface is a communication standard developed for electronic musical instrument and computers. Using MIDI a musician can easily create and edit digital music tracks . The MIDI system records the notes played the length of the notes and the dynamics tempo called control changes.The MIDI records that is used to edit the tracks is much easier and more accurate then editing we can easily edit the tracks.The only catch is that the MIDI hardware and software and play back MIDI files.

MIDI file format is used in following circumstance:

1) When there is a high quality of MIDI source.

2) When tere is a no sequence for dialogue.

Conclusion:

The MIDI files allow music and sound from different manufacture to communicate with each other by sending message that connect to the devices.

14.Ques: What is the file format?

Ans: A file format determines the application that is to be used for opening a file .There are different number of audio files.

1) .Wave files. 2) .MPEG file. 3) .MP3. 4) .dct

The way the audio is compressed and stored is called the file small in size.

1).WAVE FILE : It is a standard audio file format used mainly in window PC commonly used for storing uncompressed (PCM) CD quality sound files, which means that they can be large in size around 10mb per minute of music.

2) MP3: The MPEG layer #3 format is the most popular is the most popular for downloading and storing music . The audio file that are essentially in available,MP3 files compressed to roughly one tenth the size of an equitment PCM file while maintaining good sound quality.

3)dct: A variable conduct format designed for dictation .It has dictation header information that can be used.

4) ogg: It is open source container format a variety of information that store the audio code. It supports makes it difficult to recommend .ogg files.

15.Ques: What is the difference between MIDI and digital video ?

Ans: Advantage: 1) MIDI files are much more compact then digital audio files and the size of MIDI files is completely independent of playback quality.

2)MIDI files will be two hundred to one thousand times smaller than CD quality digital audio files.because MIDI files are small they do not take up as much RAM disk space and CPU resources.

3) In some cases MIDI files may sound better than digital audio files and produce high quality sound. The length of MIDI files without changing the pitch of the music and audio quality.

Disadvantage: 1) MIDI data is not sound it can be certain that playback will be accurate only the MIDI device is identical used for production .

2)MIDI can not easily be used to play back spoken expensive digital sample.

16.Ques: What is the audio CD playback ?

Ans: It is used to play music an the computer has became very common .It is used to listen the track an continue without any problem.

1) Click on the start menu and choose programs.

2) Click on program and choose CD player from the entertainment menu of accessories. 3) Choose the play option in the CD player window. 4) Use the stop, pause , ship next track button to set the reference while playing CD. 5) Select from the edit play list from the disk menu.IN order to change the sequence of track. 6) Adjust the volume by clicking on the speakers icon on the task bar on the computer system.

17Ques: What is audio recording?

Ans: Following steps are used for recording audio.

1) Selecting a good location: When we record to try to find a location that has low noise levels and air conditioning environment .Acess to sound recording studio and cannot completely control the location.

2) Using appropriate microphone: It is the most important component is the speaken because it is the speakers that are actually physically reproducing the sound.For a recording audio the most important components is the microphone. Because it is determine what the audio sound like when it is recorded.

3) Diiferent media format and choice: Some common choices are the tape decks mini disk recorders video common and recording direct to the computer.

(a) Audio tape: There are both low and high tape deck available on the markets. Everyone knows how to use a tape deck. It is the most consuming time work on the tape deck.

(b) Mini disk: Mini disk recorder that are compact easily portable and high quality. (c) Recording to the computer: The advantage of recording directly to the computer that

is used for save time. We recorded anything into the computer.

18Ques: What is the voice recognization and response?

Ans: The recognination and response means that provide a user interface for data entry and conversations , computing , since speech is latest way for human voice input output data base non become to logically and ecomictical flexible for the varity of application . The voice recoganization classify the local pattern and convert into digital code into the computer system.the speaken independ voice recoganization system which allow a computer to unterstand voice that is the limited number of application voice responses device range from name audio response and voice message intoi the coputer system.This is only done by voice response softwares.

19Ques: What is the image and what is the bitmap , vector ?

Ans: An image is the optical representation of an object produed by light rays from the object . The image format is the basic topic for describing by coding information for stirage or tranfer for images. The clarity of image is depending upon screen resolution mean.It is the group of pixel that is a small dots into the computer.

Bitmap images: They are defined as a reguler rectanguler cells called pixel that containing color values. They are divided into two parts:

1) Horizental part 2) Vertical part.

Colour depth: Each pixel in a bitmap contain information as colour information that produce an image.the amount of colour information depends upon application requirement.

Bitmap storage: the way of storing bitmap is simply to list the bitmap information byte often byte row by row that is called raw files.the amount of disk storage required for any bitmap is easy to calculate given the bitmap demension (N*M) and colour depth in bytes (b).The formula for the file sizes in KB bytes.

Vector drawing : the image can be drawn by to create control point.The lines in a vector drawing are created by the software and control points that user has drawn.

The vector based application that is the collection of vectors and shape. A line would have a starting point direction and length . the vector images also talke up less disk space.

Advantage of vector: 1) Pretty much independent resoulation.

2)To avoid problems of point flooding out.

3) Shapes easily editing.

4) Smaller output files.

20 Ques: What is the resolution ?

Ans: Resolution is an attribute os a bitmap that is neccersaryto view and printing bitmap images because the pixel quality is very high. Resolution is a normally specified in pixel per inch but it could be interms of any other unit of measure. The concept of resolution being independent of the information content of a bitmap is vey important. The pixel can be viewed on the screen . the different resolution has a different pixels . if the resolution is high the picture quality is very high.

21.Ques: What is the three dimensional drawing and rendering?

Ans: The 3D adds a third axis to the x,y axis called 3D.

x

Z y

The Z axis allows a third demension to create object with the 3D thickness or shape. These shapes can be called models.The 3D computer graphices that is the connected to the other applications. In the case of 3D graphices that is typically used for movies creation , 3d video games which are used with 3D hardware.

Rendering : It is a process of generating on image from a model that is called computer program. A model can contains object in data structure that contain viewport lighting shading information. The rendering equation does not account for all lighting process , what is general lighting for the computer system. Rendering is also used to describe the process of calculating effect in video editing file to produce final video output.

22.Ques: What is the computerized colour ?

Ans: Image that looks good on the computer completely different on another. If we visit a clothing store on the web. We are see the different blue shade another web. We can not see the correct colour and we get the incorrect information.

How computer see colour ?

a) The computer hardware on the motherboard: In the simple term we see the CPU characterstics into the computer system that not we able to see the end recreate accurate colour.

b) Graphics card or video card may be differ from the another computer system. c) Red and green mixed to create a yellow..

The colours in the image also past through the operating system hardware we have a graphics card and video card it also interpreted the colour.The different things that produce the different information to the user.

23Ques: What is the image file formats?

Ans: The file format is used to save the images with any extension.

1) GIF: Graphices interchange format.. 2) JPG: Joint photographic expert group. 3) PNG: Portable network graphics.

24Ques: What is the WIM?

Ans: WIM is stands for window imaging file format. The WIM is a file based disk image format that introduced in window vista.

WIM contains two images: 1) File structure:

a) WIM header: It define the content of the WIM file. It include the memory lacations of the key resources.

b) File resources: A series of packages that contain captured data such as source file. c) Meta data resources: It contains the information about the files.that are captured including

the directory structure and file attribute. There is a one meta data resources for each image in a win file. Advantage: 1) One WIM file can address different hardware configuration as there is no requirement as

in sector by sector. 2) WIM can store multiple images with in a single file as describe above in the install.WIM of

the base operating system. 3) The service of WIM image that is a stored into a particular location in which we can add

or remove certain operating system component. 4) Window image format has the flexibility to install a disk image an partitions of any size. 5) The window images API that developers that can use to manage WIM image file. 6) Data can be on the existing volume and the image can be developed without erasing the

existing contents of the volume.

25Ques: What is video ?

Ans: Video is the technology that captured movie , images electronically. Those moving images are really a series of image that changes so fast that it looks like a images is movie.

The term video commonly refereds to several storage format for moving picture , digital video format including blue ray disk , DVD , analog video tapes, digital television is a relatively recent format with higher quality has became a standard for television video.

26Ques: What is broadcast video standard ?

Ans: NISC: national television system committee most country using the NISC standard as well as those analog television standard are switching to DTV standard in which atleast four different things are used. The VAST majority of NISC transmission in the US where replaced with digital ATSC on 12 june 2009 in Canada.

2)PAL: Phase alternating line. This is the another analog television color in coding system used in broadcast television system in many countries NTSC standard that has several weekness including color tone shifting under poor transmission condition.

3) SECAM: system electronic pure color avec memoires. The SECAM sequential color memory is an analog color television system first used in frame a team led by henri de franceise de television invented SECAM. It is historically the first European color television standard.

Just as with the other color standard adopted for broadcast usage over the world SECAM is a standard which permits existing monochrome television receiver predating its introduction to continue to be operated as monochrome television because of this compatibility requirement color standard added a second single to the basic monochrome signal , which carries the color information.

4)AISC: Advanced television system committee.

The AISC standard are a set of standards developed by advanced television systems committee for DTV transmission over cable and satellite network. The AISC standards were developed in the early 1990 by the grand alliance a consortium of electronics and telecommunication companies that assembled to develop a specification for what is now known as HDTV. The AISC format also include standard definition formats , although initially only HDTV services were launched in the digital format.

The high definition television standard defined by the AISC produce wide screen 16:9 images up to 1920* 1080 px in size more than six times the display resolution of the earlier standard.

27Ques: What is the analog video?

Ans: The original video recording method that stores continue waves of thread green and blue intensities an analog video the number of rows is fixed . there are no real column and the maximum detail is determined by the frequency response of the analog system.

Analog video is used in both consumer and professional television production application.

28Ques: What is the digital video?

Ans: Digital video is audio visual in binary format . Information that received through the five senses is analog . It means infinity variable. Digital audio , video information that consist of the discrete unit of data are placed into the computer memory.

29Ques: Explain the digital video standards?

Ans: (1)ATSC: ATSC that is more widely used to the DVB standard that implementation in Japan.The system includes the capability to carry the 50 field per second along with NTSC.

(2) DVB: Digital video broadcasting. It is a suit for internationally excepted open standard for DTV.It is maintained by .The DVB project that have more than 270 members and published by joined technical committee.

(3) ISDB: Integrated service digital broadcasting . It is the Japanese standard for DTV and digital radio broad casting . The code standard of ISDB and 2.6 GHZ band mobile broad casting which are based on video or audio coding.

30Ques:What is video recording & shooting video?

Ans: The video recording is the process of converting an analog video signal such as produce by camera and dvd player to digital video. The recording production has many advantage.

1. The length of the program or segment can be length during editing. 2. The crew can be corrected by re starting the show. 3. The program content can be edit or visual effect technique. 4. Production cost can be saved by production tallent for efficiency. 5. The program can be time shifted or played back to meet the needs of time.

31Ques:Explain the video editing & its steps?

Ans: It is the process of manipulating and re-arranging video shoots to create work.it consist the part of production process. It include the title color connection sound mixing.

Objective of video editing:-

1. Remove unwanted footage: This is the simplest and most comman task in editing.

2. Choose the best footage: It is comman to shoot for more footage that than the actual need and choose only the best material for the final edit.

3. Create a flow: Most video’s save a purpose such as telling a story or providing information editing is the step in making sure the video flow’s in a way which achieve the goal.

4. Add effect’s, graphics and music: This is often the wow part of editing we can improve most video editing extra elements.

5. After the style, face or mood of the video: A good editor will be able to create mood proms in a video techniques such as a mood, music and visual effects can be flow.

6. Give the video a particular angle: Video can be a good to a particular view point, depending upon the angle shoot depending upon the video.

32Ques: Explain the digital display standard ?

Ans: 1. NDA: Mono chrome display adopter in 1981 MDA was a pure text display showing 80 character line with 25 vertical lines on the screen. The display was green text on black background or individual characters were 9 PX wide by 14 PX high.

2. HGC: Hercules graphics card. it is the computer technology 1982 developed an MDA compatible video card that could display MDA text. It has two graphics page one at 8000 h and other hand B 8000 h. when the second page was disable.

3. CGA: (Color graphics adopter) The CGA card came with 16 kb of video memory.

1. Text mode which including 80*25 in 16 color. The resolution however was lower as each character was mode up of 8*8 PX instead of the MDA’s 9*14 PX.

2. Monochrome graphics mode which displayed graphics at 640*200 PX. This was lower than the Hercules card but seemed to serve the purpose for an initial release and this was quickly replaced with the EGA standard.

4. VGA: Video graphics array with VGA you see a change in the terminology from adapter to array. This was a result of the fact that VGA graphics started to come on the motherboard as a single chip and not as plug in adapter boards that took up an expansion slot in the computer. While since replaced with other standards for general use VGA’& 640*480 remains a sort of lowest common denominator for all graphics cards.

6. XGA: Extended graphics array. It is introduced in 1990 and journal considered to 1024 *768 PX display. It would be wrong however to consider XGA. A success to SVGA that realesed about the same time.

33Ques: What is the guide line when we shoot the video?

ANS: (1) Avoid zooming in and out too much: Many digital camera with super duper 1000X zoom in and out of feature. but the problem is occurred when we zoom in between sense.

(2)The end or beginning: Another Good video shooting trick is too use the end of the story at the start of the video. If you are filming a video shoot. We can start off with an interview with the happily married couple of the wedding day.

(3) Keep them short and simple: Never ever shoot long drawn out video clips of more then two mintue using many short clips of 5-10 second diration is much more effective.

(4) Lighting , lighting , lighting: one important tip is to shoot video with the light source behind it, shining on the subject. Many inovation video’s married video by poor lighting.

(5) Conserve the battery: Please buy extra battary when we shoot the video always bring the AC adapter.

34Ques: What is USB ?

Ans: It is an industrial standard developed in 1990 that defines the cables connected and communication protocol used in a bus for connection power supply between computer. It is used to provide the connection of computer peripheraly device. Peripheraly is to persinal computer that provide the communication to one and more computer.

Features of USB:

1) The computer act as the host . 2) UP to 127 devices can connect to the host. 3) With Usb 2.0 the bus has maximum data rate of 480 mega byte per/sec. 4) The USB 2.0 cable has to wires for power ands twisted pair of wire to carry the data. 5) USB 2.0 can only send data in one direction at a time.

34Ques: What is wirless USB?

Ans: Wireless USB is the wirless extension to USB that combines the speed and secirity of wired technology with the portability of wireless connectvity has enable inconvienient mobile . It is developed by wimedia alliance.

1) Integrated drive electronics: Computer have three main storage devies: (a) Hard drive (b) Floppy drive (c) CD- ROM drive.

These storage devices connect to computer through IDE.It is also known as ATA (Analog telephone adaptor) IDE connector that connect to the back of the hard drive. It has 40 pins.It is designed by master and slave drive recent. We can use ATA 66 compatible IDE compatible.

2) Analog Telephone adaptor: It is a device used to connect a standard telephone to a computer so that the user can make calls over the internet . Internet based long distance calls can be substantially cheaper than calls transmitted overr the traditional telephone system and ATA are typically cheaper than specilized VOIP phones that connect directly to a computer USP port wheather or not VOIP is cheaper than traditional phone service depends on a number of factors including the rate charged by the respective service provides and equipment costs.There are several types of ATA that provide a physical communication between a phone and computer.

35Ques: What is storage devices and explain the types of storage devies?

Ans: Storage devies: It is a hardware device capable of holding information.They are two storage devices used in computer.

1) RAM 2) Hard disk Without storage devies the computer would not be able to save any information. Storage devices: RAM CD-ROM Floppy disk

Hard disk Cloud storage. 1) Ram (Random acess memory) : It can acess any momory cell dirctly.It is the memory

chip is an integrated circuit made of millions of transmiision and capacities it is a dyanamic random acess memory represent a single bit of data. The capacitor hold the bit of information 0& 1. RAM is used to load type operating system and increase the execution of the program.

2) CD- ROM: (Compact disk): It is a read only memory that is used to stored the computerdata in the form of text and graphices CD-ROM is the same as for audio CD and 120mm in diameter.

3) Floppy disk: It was invented by alan shugart in 1967.It is very flexible plastic invelop. 4) Hard disk: It is the main part of computer system. The opreating system software title

most of the files are stored in the HDD. Some computers has multiple drive C,D,E drives.The side of hard drive have predrilled in 3,5 inch drive way in the computer case.

5) Cloud storage : In cloud storage all the data that can be stored into the sattelite we can fetch the information from the sattelite . we have not required any server to store the data.

6) DVD: (Digital verstile disk): It is the new medium for the distribution of the digital dat. DVD disk is a divided into tracks and data are stored in pits on the metal surface that is made of plastic.

36Ques: What is the input & output devies?

Ans: Input devies:

1) Keyboard 2) Pointing device(Mouse). 3) Scanner. 4) Touch screen 5) Microphone 6) Digitizer 7) Lightpen.

Output devices: 1) Monitor.

2) Speaker. 3) Printer. 4) Projector.

37Ques: What is text editor and word processor?

Ans: Text editor: It is a program that allow to open view edit the text file. It is used by a wide varity of people for a wide variety of purpose . Software programs and web developer programs and web developers used text editor to write and edit in programming and markup language. Notepad is very basic text editor with minnimal features and low capability.

word processor: It is a computer program that provide special capability beyond that is of a text editor such as a wordpad program. It is very easy to use.The word proceeos screen from structured or print formatting markup language microsoft word is the anothert eg. Of word processor.

38Ques: What is Ocr? Explain the OCR software?

Ans: Optical character recognaization (Reader). It is a system that provide a full alpha numeric recognization of printed or hand written characters at elctronic speed. It describe the process of interpreting image data particular alpha numeric text.

OCR software: 1) OCR: Optical character recoganization. It is the type written text, character at a time.

3) OWR: Optical word recoganization. It is type written one word at a time. 4) ICR: Intelligent character recoganization. It is the type of hand written cirsive text or

character at a time. 5) IWR: Intelligent word recoganization. It is the type of hand written that read a single word at

a time. Advantage of OCR: 1) No retype: If we want to delete and important digital file. Such as purposal or in voice but still have a hard copy. You can easily replace. 2)Quick digital search: OCR software converts scanned text into word processing files and search for specific document using keyword. 3) Edit text: We have the option to edit the text within a word processing program. We can update the existing text. 4) Save space : We can save the space by providing the storage area. 5) Accessibilty : It is easy to access tool. We can scan books, magazines or other documents into word processing program.

39 Ques: What is animation? Write the principle of animation.

Ans: Definition: Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2D out work or model a position in order to create an illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of presistence of union and can be created and decomonstrates in number of ways.

Principals of animation: These are principle of animation became the generally accepted techniques according to “Don graham” who worked with on it.

1) Squash & stretch : This action gives the weight and volume to a character as it is moves. Stretch is useful in animating and doing facial expression.

2) Anticipation: this movement prepares the audience for a major action ther character is about to perform such as starting to run , jump or change expression. A dancer does not just leap off the floor. A backwards motion occurs before the forward action is executed. The backward motion is the anticipation.

3) Staging : A pose or action should clearly communicate to the audience the attitude, mood , reaction or idea of the character as it relates to the story and continuity of the story line. The effective use of long medium or close up shots as well as camera angles also helps in telling the story.

4) Straight a head and pose to pose animation: Straight a head animation starts at the first drawing and works drawing to the end of scene. You can lose of size , volume , and proportions with this method , but it does have spontaneity and freshness.

5) Follow through and overlapping action: When the main body of the characters stops all other p[arts continues to catch up to the main mass of the character , such as arm , long hair, clothing coat tails or a dress floppy ears or a long tail. Nothing stops all at once this is follow through.

6) Slow out and slow in: As action starts we have more drawing mean the starting pose one or two in the middle and more drawing near the next pose. Fewer drawing make the action faster and more drawing make the action slower.

Multimedia system review questions

1. What is the meaning of multimedia system?

Ans: Multimedia is the media that uses multiple forms of information content and information

processing (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, video, and interactivity) to inform or entertain the user. Multimedia also refers to the use of electronic media to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is similar to traditional mixed media in fine art, but with a broader scope, the term “rich media” is synonymous for interactive multimedia.

2. What are the features and scope of multimedia system?

Ans: Features : Multimedia presentations may be viewed in person on stage, projected, transmitted, or

played locally with a media player. A broadcast may be a live or recorded multimedia presentation. Broadcasts and recordings can be either analog or digitalelectronic media technology. Digital online multimedia may be downloaded or streamed. Streaming multimedia may be live or ondemand. Multimedia games and simulations may be used in a physical environment with special effects, with multiple users in an online network, or locally with an offline computer, game system, or simulator.

Scope of multimedia system: Multimedia includes a combination of text, still images, audio,

animation, video, and interactivity content forms. At present, scope of Multimedia course is much more than Animation, the reason behind is its course contents and future career options, a person after doing this course can opt any field such as Graphic Designer, Layout Artist, Image Editor, Template Artist, Interface Designer, Web Designer, Web Master, Presentation Artist, Audio/Video Editor, 3D Animator, Game Designer, Sound Producer, Visual Effects Artist, Multimedia Professional, Instructional Artist etc. A person who takes pleasure in drawing and computers can simply make a winning career out of computer animation and multimedia.

3. Explain the different applications of multimedia.

Ans: Application of multimedia :

1.Multimedia presentation : multimedia presentation can be used to better explain a subject matter to the students because it enhance the comparision capability of students . It is extremely effective in getting across new ideas and concept.

2. Business : Multimedia used for advertising and selling products on the internet .Some business use multimedia for training where online shopping in which the customer can be satisfied another benefit is that it saves the customer time as well as money .As they do not have to pay the additional expenses of an customer.

3.Entertainment : It is used by entertainment industry as in game , film , cartoon, animation and sound effects . This area attract most of attention of genral public as a lot of telecommunication and entertainment market will be the one with largest audience and also the market is best suited for the multimedia techniques.

(a) Digital television , video ,on demand widely , distributed , attractive games.

4.Leisure: People use the internet for a wide range of reasons , including shopping and finding out about their hobbies internet has many multimedia elements embedded in web page and web browser. It support a variety of multimedia a formats like 3D graphics, video clips.

4. What are the stages of multimedia project?

Ans: 3-stage process for multimedia projects

A multimedia product is made up of many ingredients from existing print products or from a multitude of software. Each product has its own set of requirements. Orient InfoSolutions undertakes multimedia projects with a well thought out three-stage process involving:

Pre-Production Production Post-Production

1.Pre-Production

Resource Organization The product's content is arranged into categories or groups. From this organization, comes the interface, which leads the user to the information. Flowcharting The flowchart is a visual outline of the content. Each level or link represents a screen and/or control that must be created. This "roadmap" is essential for the production phase. Orientation The opening screens are the graphic and verbal directions to enable the user to find his way around the content. Defining Screen Action The screen or interface action directs how the interface responds to the user. Think of your users:

what they will want or need

what their expectations may be

what assumptions they may make while using your product.

Designing Interface Controls At this step, the interface controls (how the user interacts with the computer screen) for each portion of the project are designed. The functionality is analyzed and evaluated individually and as a whole throughout the product.

Theme Development The visual theme or style is determined by the content and the audience. The best theme is broad enough to incorporate various media without imposing stylistic limitations but narrow enough to ensure consistency across screens. Interface Layouts Each object on the screen serves a purpose and communicates a visual message about the content to the user. The goal is to keep users oriented and draw them into the product.

Creating Interface Elements The interface design is broken down into individual components, which are constructed using a variety of methods and tools. These components may include images, graphics, text, video, sound, and animation. Creating Access Controls The interface controls designed earlier are now created and constructed. They should be self-explanatory and contribute to the overall screen design. Controls can be buttons, icons, images, or text. Integrating Media Elements The authoring tool is used to pull together and blend all the media elements into a cohesive whole. As the elements come together, the storyboards come to life. Creating Prototype Interfaces The shells become the prototype screens and provide the foundation for production. These prototypes are your first experiment in using your creation.

2.Production

Scriptwriting The scripts for the text, transitions, audio narrations, voice-overs, and video are written. Even existing material needs to be rewritten and reorganized for an electronic medium. Editing All the scripts, interfaces, and text content are edited for clarity, grammar, and consistency.

Creating Original Art Illustrations, graphics, buttons, and icons are created using the prototype screens as a guide. Digitizing Art Existing photographs, illustrations, and graphics are digitized for use in an electronic medium. Electronically generated art as well as digitized art must be prepped for use; number of colors, palettes, resolution, format, and size are addressed. 3-D Modeling and Animation The 3-D artwork is created, rendered, and then prepared for use in the authoring tool. 3-D animations require their own storyboards and schedules. Shooting and Digitizing Video The edited scripts are used to plan the identify location, performers, time schedules and budget. Then the shoot is scheduled. Recording and Digitizing Audio Similarly, the edited scripts (or a composer, if using music) are used to plan the budget, performers and time schedules after which the recording session is scheduled. Authoring All the pieces come together in the authoring tool. Functionality is programmed, and 2-D animation is developed. From here the final working product is created.

3.Post-Production

Testing and Debugging The product is tested on multiple computers and monitors. Mastering Mastering can be as simple as writing a CD-ROM or floppy disk. Or it can be as complex as sending the files to a service that will create a pre-master from which the master is made. Archiving The original files, including audio, video, and the native software formats, are archived for future upgrades or revisions. Duplication The duplicates are created from the original and packaged accordingly. Distribution The final step in the process is distributing your multimedia project.

Q5. Differentiate between pre and post production of multimedia projects.

Ans: Preproduction

It is the process of intelligently mapping out a cohesive strategy for the entire multimedia project, including content, technical execution and marketing. Based on the goals and objectives, the three pillars of multimedia viz. Hardware, software and user participation are defined. At this stage the multimedia application. The Production Manager undertakes the following activities:

Development of the budget control system Hiring of all specialists involved in the multimedia application process Contracting video and audio production crews and recording studios Equipment rental, leasing and purchasing Software acquisition and installation Planning the research work of the content specialists Development of the multimedia application outline, logic flow, scripts and video and audio files

production scripts and schedules Coordination of legal aspects of production.

2.Post-Production

Testing and Debugging The product is tested on multiple computers and monitors. Mastering Mastering can be as simple as writing a CD-ROM or floppy disk. Or it can be as complex as sending the files to a service that will create a pre-master from which the master is made. Archiving

The original files, including audio, video, and the native software formats, are archived for future upgrades or revisions. Duplication The duplicates are created from the original and packaged accordingly. Distribution The final step in the process is distributing your multimedia project.

Q 6. Explain the different delivery medium and authoring tools for a

multimedia project.

Ans: Multimedia Authoring: These are the tools which provide the capability for creating a complete

multimedia presentation, including interactive user control, are called authoring tools/programs.

• Text

• Graphics

• Animation

• Sound

• Video.

• Some of the examples are:

1. Macromedia Flash.

2. Macromedia Director

3. Author ware

4. Quest.

One can also say that multimedia authoring is the creation of multimedia productions, sometimes called Movies or Presentations. As we are interested in computer science, we are mostly interested in interactive applications.

Q7. What are the skills required for good multimedia team?

Ans: A multimedia team consists of the following:

• Project manager

• Multimedia designer

• Interface designer

• Writer

• Video specialist

• Audio specialist

• Multimedia programmer

• Producer for the Web

• Computer programmers.

Q8. Explain the roles of a multimedia project manager.

Ans: The project manager is responsible for:

• The overall development, implementation, and day-to-day operations of the project.

• The design and management of a project.

• Understanding the strengths and limitations of hardware and software.

• Ensuring people and organizational skills.

• Conveying information between the team and the client.

Q 9. What are the responsibilities of an interface designer and a multimedia

programmer?

Ans: An interface designer is responsible for:

• Creating a software device that organizes content. It allows users to access or modify content, and presents that content on the screen.

• Building a user-friendly interface.

A Multimedia programmer is also called a software engineer who:

• Integrates all the multimedia elements into a seamless project, using authoring systems or programming language.

• Writes codes for the display of multimedia elements, and to control various peripheral devices.

• Manages timings, transitions, and record keeping.

Q10. What are the roles of an audio and video specialist in a multimedia

project?

Ans: The audio and video specialists are needed when intensive use of narration and digitised video are

integrated into a multimedia presentation. The audio specialist is responsible for recording and editing: narration; selecting, recording or editing sound effects; recording and editing music. (Music composition and performance is the responsibility of a musician). The video specialist is responsible for video capturing, editing and digitizing. The individual is responsible for taking pictures, scanning pictures or slides and editing.

Chapter-2

1. What do you understand by the term text?

Ans: Text is the most widely used and flexible means of presenting information on screen and

conveying ideas. The designer should not necessarily try to replace textual elements with pictures or sound, but should consider how to present text in an acceptable way and

supplementing it with other media.

2. Define fonts and faces.

Ans: A font is a collection of characters of a singlesize and style belonging to a particular typeface family.

Typical font styles are boldface and italic. Other style attributes, such as underlining, outlining and strikeout of characters, may be added by your computer software.

3. What are the different types of fonts available? Give some examples.

Ans: Typefaces of fonts can be described in many ways, but the most common characterization of a

typeface is serif and sans serif. The serif is the little decoration at the end of a letter stroke. Times, Times New Roman, Bookman are some fonts which come under serif category. Arial, Optima,Verdana are some examples of sans serif font. The following fonts show a few categories of serif and sans serif fonts.

F F (serif font) (sans serif font)

Serif fonts are generally used for body of the text for better readability where as sans serif fonts are generally used for headings.

4. Explain the term hypertext.

Ans: Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references

(hyperlinks) to other text which the reader can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail (also called StretchText). The hypertext pages are interconnected by hyperlinks, typically activated by a mouse click, keypress sequence or by touching the screen. Apart from text, hypertext is sometimes used to describe tables, images and other presentational content forms with hyperlinks.

5. Describe nodes and navigation in hypertext.

Ans: Web designers and others who are interested in hypertext often use the term “node” to refer to

chunks of content. Much of the time a “node” is simply a web page. Navigation is only a metaphor; no one, of course, travels anywhere. Navigation, however, is a very natural and useful metaphor because exploring a website (or a non-web hypertext) is much like finding our way through a complex physical environment such as a city.

6. Explain cool 3D text.

Ans: Cool 3D Production Studio is a program for creating and animating 3D text and graphics, to include in

various videos and multimedia products. With this program, you can create titles and 3D graphics, generate animations, and include them in your videos. Includes new modeling tools, animations plugs-in, and new features for animation and video.

7. What are the different editing and designing font tools?

Ans: There are several software that can be used to create coustomize font.It help multimedia

developer to communicate idea by graphically .

The list of the software that can be used for editing and creating font.

(4) Font grapher. (5) Font manager. (6) Cool 3D text.

(4) Font grapher.: It is the multimedia product that specialized graphics editor for window platform .In this software it is easy to create the bitmapped font and windows. The fonts that include,fraction , symbols, character in photographer.

(5) Font manager: It is a new product in multimedia for editing the font. It allow to customize the font to same degree.It converts the file to EPSE file. font manager does not allow.Editing of the actually outline of font, it allow an array of other function has ability to copy character between fonts.

(6) Cool 3D Text: Cool 3D production studio is a program for creating and animating 3D text. That include audio, video multimedia products. It consist the new features for animation and video.

8. Explain the importance of text in respect of advertisement.

Ans: Advertising can be defined as a paid form of non – professional but encouraging, complimenting and

positively favorable presentation of goods and services to a group of people by an identified sponsor. It does not include distribution of free samples or offering bonuses, these are sales promotion. In simplest words advertising is introduction, to consumers and general public, of services and goods.

9. Describe the guidelines to choose a font in a multimedia presentation.

Ans:1. General guidelines for slide design :

Font selection.

Working with colors.

Text and white space.

2.Suggestions for uses of slides.

3.Links to other web-based resources.

PowerPoint tutorial.

Active Learning with PowerPoint.

PowerPoint: Possibilities and Problems. .

Serif vs sans serif fonts.

Choices about font size.

10. Distinguish between serif and sans serif font.

Ans: Serifs are semi-structural details or small decorative flourishes on the ends of some of the strokes that

make up letters and symbols. An example would be the Times New Roman font. Sans serif does not have these details or flourishes. An example would be the Arial font.

It is said that serif fonts are usually easier to read in larger text areas like in books, magazines, in body content on websites. And sans serif fonts are used regularly because of how clean they tend to look in those main text areas.

Chapter-3

1. Define different types of audio files format.

Ans: There are three major groups of audio file formats:

Uncompressed audio formats, such as WAV, AIFF, AU or raw header-less PCM; Formats with lossless compression, such as FLAC, Monkey's Audio (filename extension .ape),

WavPack (filename extension .wv), TTA, ATRAC Advanced Lossless, Apple Lossless (filename extension .m4a), MPEG-4 SLS, MPEG-4 ALS, MPEG-4 DST, Windows Media Audio Lossless (WMA Lossless), and Shorten (SHN).

Formats with lossy compression, such as MP3, Vorbis, Musepack, AAC, ATRAC and Windows Media Audio Lossy (WMA lossy).

2. What do you understand by codec?

Ans: A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding or decoding a digital data stream or

signal.The word codec is a of "coder-decoder" or, less commonly, "compressor-decompressor". A codec (the program) should not be confused with a coding or compression format or standard – a format is a document (the standard), a way of storing data, while a codec is a program (an implementation) which can read or write such files. In practice, however, "codec" is sometimes used loosely to refer to formats.

3. Define the following terms:

(a) wma (b) vox

(c) mp3 (d) gsm.

Ans: wma — the popular Windows Media Audio format owned by Microsoft. Designed with Digital

Rights Management (DRM) abilities for copy protection.

.vox — the vox format most commonly uses the Dialogic ADPCM (Adaptive DifferentialPulse Code

Modulation) codec. Similar to other ADPCM formats, it compresses to 4-bits.Vox format files are similar to wave files except that the vox files contain no information about the file itself so the codec sample rate and number of channels must first be specified in order to play a vox file. Vox a very old file type and is pretty

poor. We do not recommendit .mp3 — the MPEG Layer-3 format is the most popular format for

downloading and storing music. By eliminating portions of the audio file that are essentially inaudible, mp3 files are compressed to roughly one-tenth the size of an equivalent PCM file while maintaining good audio quality. We recommend the mp3 format for music storage. It is not that good for voice storage.for anything except for supporting legacy systems.

.gsm — designed for telephony use in Europe, gsm is a very practical format for telephone quality voice. It

makes a good compromise between file size and quality. We recommend this format for voice. Note that wav files can also be encoded with the gsm codec.

4. What are the basic sound editing operations that most multimedia procedures

needed? Explain each of them.

Ans: WAV

Wave is a lossless audio format. It was the only format supported in Stock Armada II. The advantage of the format is its CPU friendliness. That means there is processing to be done by the CPU for this audio format to be played. The disadvantage is the big file size of the format, as it is uncompressed. Wav is the recommended format to be used for audio effects like weapons fire, as these are played often and sometimes even a dozen times simultanously in a battle. Short audio effects don't take too much space on the HDD.

MP3

MP3 is a compressed (lossy) sound format. Compared to WAV it features a much smaller file size. This format is not recommended to be used for sound effects. Due to technical limitations, MP3s have a few miliseconds of silence (called gap) at the beginning of the sound which makes it especially unsuitable for looping sounds or sounds that are meant to be matched to visual effects (like explosions). Use for sound effects therefore is not recommended. Best usage scenarios for this format within Armada are either voice or music.

OGG

OGG is similar to MP3, but is said to have a generally better audio quality at the same or even smaller file size. OGG also doesn't have the gap problem the MP3 format has. Therefore it can be used for sound effects. Recommended use of OGG is either voice, music or rarely played sound effects.

5. What are the circumstances in which digital audio file format is preferred?

Ans: A digital audio signal may be encoded for correction of any errors that might occur in the storage or

transmission of the signal, but this is not strictly part of the digital audio process. This technique, known as "channel coding", is essential for broadcast or recorded digital systems to maintain bit accuracy. The discrete time and level of the binary signal allow a decoder to recreate the analog signal upon replay. Eight to Fourteen Bit Modulation is a channel code used in the audio Compact Disc (CD).

6. What are the problems we face while getting sound into a computer?

Ans: Multimedia systems may have to render a variety of media at the same instant -- a distinction

from normal applications. There is a temporal relationship between many forms of media (e.g. Video and Audio. There 2 are forms of problems here

Sequencing within the media -- playing frames in correct order/time frame in video Synchronisation -- inter-media scheduling (e.g. Video and Audio). Lip synchronisation is

clearly important for humans to watch playback of video and audio and even animation and audio. Ever tried watching an out of (lip) sync film for a long time

7. Differentiate between voice response devices and voice recognition devices.

Ans: voice recognition devices.

Voice recognition systems analyze and classify speech or vocal tract patterns and convert them into digital codes for entry into a computer system. Most voice recognition systems require “training” the computer to recognize a limited vocabulary of standard words for each user.

voice response devices.

Voice response devices range from mainframe audio-response units to voice-messaging minicomputers to speech synthesizer microprocessors. Speech microprocessors can be found in toys, calculators, appliances, automobiles, and a variety of other consumer, commercial, and industrial products.

8. Describe multimedia system sounds in brief.

Ans: The multimedia application user can use sound right off the bat on both the Macintosh and on a

multimedia PC running Windows because beeps and warning sounds are available as soon as the operating system is installed. On the Macintosh you can choose one of the several sounds for the system alert. There are still more choices of audio if Microsoft Office is installed. Windows makes use of WAV files as the default file format for audio and Macintosh systems use SND as default file format for audio.

9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of MIDI and digital audio?

Ans: Advantages

MIDI files are much more compact than digitalaudio files, and the size of MIDI file is completely independent of playback quality. In general, MIDI files will be 200 to 1000 times smallerthan CD-quality digitalaudio files. Because MIDI files are small, they do not take up as much RAM, disk space, and CPU resources.

In some cases, MIDI files may sound better than digitalaudio files if the MIDI sound source you are using is of high quality.

You can change the length of a MIDI file (by varying its tempo) without changing the pitch of the music or degrading the audio quality.

Disadvantages

Since MIDI data is not sound, you can be certain that playback will be accurate only if the MIDI playback device is identical to the device used for production.

MIDI cannot easily be used to play back spoken dialog, although expensive and technically tricky digitalsamples are available.

10. What is DRM? What is the importance of DRM in music?

Ans: Digital Rights Management (DRM) can be viewed as an attempt to provide "remote control" of digital

content. The required level of protection goes beyond simply delivering the digital contents--restriction on the use of the content must be maintained after it has been delivered. In other words, DRM requires "persistent protection",protection that stays with the contents.

The importance of DRM in music:

The advent of modern technology and the internet has meant that it has become easier than ever to obtain copies of our favorite television programs, music singles and albums and movies than it ever has been before. Whereas copying a video taped program used to result in substandard copy, a digital copy has little difference in quality compared to the original.

This is where DRM (digital rights management) comes in. DRM (digital rights management) is a way to protect digital files from copyright theft, and it can apply in several different circumstances

Chapter-4

1. What are the bitmap images? Explain in brief.

Ans: Bitmaps are defined as a regular rectangular mesh of cells called pixels, each pixel

containing a colour value. They are characterized by only two parameters the number of pixels and the information content (colour depth) per pixel.

2. What do you mean by resolution? How it is related with the bitmaps?

Ans: Resolution is an attribute of a bitmap that is necessary when visually viewing or printing

bitmapsbecause pixels by themselves have no explicit dimensions. Resolution is normally specified in pixels per inch but could be in terms of any other unit of measure. Most printing processes retain the pixels per inch (PPI) units for historical reasons. On devices with non-rectangular pixels, the resolution may be specified as two numbers, the horizontal and vertical resolution.

The concept of resolution being independent of the information content of a bitmap is very important, given a constant colour depth then the information content between different bitmaps is only related to the number of pixels vertically and horizontally.

3. What is colour depth conversion?

Ans: it is necessary to represent a bitmap with one colour depth onto a device with different colour

depth capabilities. Of course, if the destination device has better colour than the bitmap then there is no issue since the bitmap can be exactly represented.

4. Write a short note on bitmap storage.

Ans: The most straightforward way of storing a bitmap is simply to list the bitmap information, byte after

byte, row by row. Files stored by this method are often calledRAW files. The amount of disk storage required for any bitmap is easy to calculate given the bitmap dimensions (N × M) and colour depth in bits (B). The formula for the file size in kBytes is:

Size (kB) = N*M*B

8 *1024

where, N and M are the number of horizontal and vertical pixels, B is the number of bits per pixel. The following table shows the file sizes of a few bitmap types if they are stored in RAW format.

5. What is the vector drawing? What are its advantages in graphics?

Ans: Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or

polygons—all of which are based on mathematical expressions—to represent images in computer graphics. Vector graphics are based on vectors (also called paths), which lead through locations called control points or nodes.

Advantages in graphics:

shapes easily edited

smaller output files for Internet use

shapes can be made to animate automatically from one to another, providing they have the same number of control points.

6. What do you mean by rendering? What is the purpose of rendering?

Ans: Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model (or models in what collectively

could be calleda scene file), by means of computer programs. A scene file contains objects ina strictly defined language or data structure; it wouldcontain geometry, viewpoint, texture,lighting, and shading information as a description of the virtual scene. The data contained in the scene file is then passed to a rendering program to be processed and output to a digitalimage or raster graphics image file.

7. Write the brief notes on natural light and colour.

Ans: Light comes from an atom when an electron passes from a higher to a lower energy level; each

atom produces uniquely specific colors (Quantum Theory). Color is the frequency of a light wave within the narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the human eye responds.

8. What do you understand by computerized colours?

Ans: Image that looks good on one computer might look completely different on another. Consider this: If

you visit a clothing store on the Web and see a blue shirt, you are out of luck if you think that the shirt is really that shade of blue. Also, if you are visiting a museum on the Web to view Matisse’s paintings, or researching skin diseases, or analyzing a satellite weather photo, you may not be seeing the correct colours and you may be getting incorrect information.

9. What are the colour palettes? Write about some colour palette

generators.

Ans: In computer graphics, a palette is either a given, finite set of colors for the management of digital

images (that is, a color palette), or a small on-screen graphical element for choosing from a limited set of choices, not necessarily colors (such as a tools palette).

Depending on the context (an engineer's technical specification, an advertisement, a programmers' guide, an image file specification, a user's manual, etc.) the term palette and related terms such as Web palette and RGB palette, for example, can have somewhat different meanings.

colour palette generators.

A colour generator or colour scheme selector is a tool for anyone in need of a colour scheme. In most cases these online tools are code driven and full of features to help someone build the perfect colour scheme. There is somewhere around 50 online generators available for you to use.

Kuler.

Kuler.

Colour palette Generator.

ColourJack.

Daily Colour scheme.

10. What are the image file formats? Explain about the widely used image

formats.

Ans: Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images. Image files are

composed of digital data in one of these formats that can be rasterized for use on a computer display or printer. An image file format may store data in uncompressed, compressed, or vector formats. Once rasterized, an image becomes a grid of pixels, each of which has a number of bits to designate its color equal to the color depth of the device displaying it.

The file format is used to save the images with any extension.

1) GIF: Graphices interchange format.. 2) JPG: Joint photographic expert group. 3) PNG: Portable network graphics.

11. Write the short notes on:

(a) Colour depth.

Ans: Color depth, also known as bit depth, is either the number of bits used to indicate the color of a

single pixel, in a bitmapped image or video frame buffer, or the number of bits used for each color component of a single pixel.

(b) Macintosh image.

Ans: The Macintosh PICT (Macintosh Picture) format is associated with applications on the Macintosh and is one of the best supported formats on that platform. The PICT files are meant to encapsulate the functionality of QuickDraw, the native graphics drawing protocol on the Macintosh, and consist mainly of QuickDraw calls arranged in no particular order. There have been two major releases of QuickDraw, v1.0 and v2.0 (Colour QuickDraw). There have also been numerous minor QuickDraw revisions, each associated with a corresponding Macintosh PICT version.

(c) Windows Imaging (WIM) file formats.

Ans: The Microsoft Windows Imaging (WIM) file format. The WIM is a file-based disk image format that

was introduced in Windows Vista. WIM files are compressed packages that contain a number of related files. The format of a WIM file is optimized for maximum compression with LZX, for fast compression with XPRESS, or uncompressed.

(d) Cross-platform formats.

Ans: The format of an image to be used on the Web should be a file type that is “cross-platform” which

means that several types of operating systems can use that file type. Platforms are operating systems and

system configurations such as a Macintosh running OS X on the G4 with dual processors, a PC running Windows XP, or another computer running the Linux operating system. Your images will need to be in a format that all of the computers operating on the Web can use. Popular file formats for Web use are the GIF and JPEG file formats.

Chpater- 5

1. Explain the National Television System Committee video standard.

Ans: NTSC standard, as well as those using other analogue television standards, are switching to

newer DTV standards, of which at least four different ones are in use around the world. North America, parts of Central America, and South Korea are adopting the ATSC standards, while other countries are adopting or have adopted other standards.

2. What do you mean by phase alternating line standard?

Ans: PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line, is a colour encoding system for analogue television used in

broadcast television systems in most countries broadcasting at 625-line / 50 field (25 frame) per second (576i). Other common colour encoding systems are NTSC and SECAM. This page primarily discusses the PAL colour encoding system. The articles on broadcast television systems and analogue television further describe frame rates, image resolution and audio modulation.

3. Describe the features of Advanced Television Systems Committee

standard.

Ans: Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards are a set of standards developed by the

Advanced Television Systems Committee for digital television transmission over terrestrial, cable, and

satellite networks. The ATSC standards were developed in the early 1990s by the Grand Alliance, a

consortium of electronics and telecommunications companies that assembled to develop a specification for

what is now known as HDTV. ATSC formats also include standard-definition formats, although initially only

HDTV services were launched in the digital format.

4. Explain three digital television transition standards.

Ans: DVB) uses coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)

modulation and supports hierarchical transmission. This standard has been adopted in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

ATSC) uses eight-level vestigial sideband (8VSB) for terrestrial broadcasting. This standard has been adopted by six countries, United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, Dominican Republic and Honduras.

DTMB) adopts time-domain synchronous (TDS) OFDM technology with a pseudo-random signal frame to serve as the guard interval (GI) of the OFDM block and the training symbol. The DTMB standard has been adopted in the People's Republic of China, including Hong Kong and Macau.

5. Differentiate between analogue video and digital video.

Ans:

Analog Digital

Signal Analog signal is a continuous signal which represents physical measurements.

Digital signals are discrete time signals generated by digital modulation.

Waves Denoted by sine waves Denoted by square waves

Representation Uses continuous range of values to represent information

Uses discrete or discontinuous values to represent information

Example Human voice in air, analog electronic devices.

Computers, CDs, DVDs, and other digital electronic devices.

Technology Analog technology records waveforms as they are.

Samples analog waveforms into a limited set of numbers and records them.

Data transmissions

Subjected to deterioration by noise during transmission and write/read cycle.

Can be noise-immune without deterioration during transmission and write/read cycle.

Response to Noise

More likely to get affected reducing accuracy

Less affected since noise response are analog in nature

Flexibility Analog hardware is not flexible. Digital hardware is flexible in implementation.

Uses Can be used in analog devices only. Best suited for audio and video transmission.

Best suited for Computing and digital electronics.

Applications Thermometer PCs, PDAs

Bandwidth Analog signal processing can be done in real time and consumes less bandwidth.

There is no guarantee that digital signal processing can be done in real time and consumes more bandwidth to carry out the same information.

Memory Stored in the form of wave signal Stored in the form of binary bit

Power Analog instrument draws large power Digital instrument drawS only negligible power

Cost Low cost and portable Cost is high and not easily portable

Impedance Low High order of 100 megaohm

Errors Analog instruments usually have a scale which is cramped at lower end and give considerable observational errors.

Digital instruments are free from observational errors like parallax and approximation errors.

6. Describe Digital Video Standards.

Ans: Digital video is a type of digital recording system that works by using a digital rather than an

analog video signal. The terms camera, video camera, and camcorder are used interchangeably in this article.

7. What is the process of video tape recording?

Ans: A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record video material on magnetic tape.

The first practical video tape recorder, using transverse tape head scanning, was developed by Ampex Corporation in 1956. The early VTRs were reel to reel devices which recorded on individual reels of 2 inch (5.08 cm) wide magnetic tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker.

8. What are the points we should kept in mind while shooting a video?

Ans: A point-and-shoot camera, also called a compact camera, is a still camera designed

primarily for simple operation.Most use focus free lenses or autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for setting the exposure options, and have flash units built in.

Point-and-shoots are by far the best selling type of separate camera, as distinct from camera phones. They are popular with people who do not consider themselves photographers but want an easy to use camera for snapshots of vacations, parties, reunions and other events. Point-and-shoot camera sales declined after about 2010 as smartphones overtook them in such uses.

The term "point-and-shoot" is also used for some camcorders, particularly inexpensive digital models based on MiniDV or DVD media, to describe fully automatic operation (autofocus, automatic gain control and white balance, etc.) with minimal operator interaction except for zoom control and

recording buttons.

9. Explain the objectives of video editing.

Ans: The term video editing can refer to: The process of manipulating video images. Once the

province of expensive machines called video editors, video editing software is now available for personal computers and workstations. Video editing includes cutting segments (trimming), re-sequencing clips, and adding transitions and other Special Effects.[1]

Linear video editing, using video tape Non-linear editing system (NLE), using computers with video editing software Offline editing Online editing Vision mixing, when working within live television and video production environments

10. Differentiate between PAL versus SECAM.

Ans: SECAM is an earlier attempt at compatible colour television which also tries to resolve the

NTSC hue problem. It does so by applying a different method to colour transmission, namely alternate transmission of the U and V vectors and frequency modulation, while PAL attempts to improve on the NTSC method.

SECAM transmissions are more robust over longer distances than NTSC or PAL. However, owing to their FM nature, the colour signal remains present, although at reduced amplitude, even in monochrome portions of the image, thus being subject to stronger cross colour. Like PAL, a SECAM receiver needs a delay line, but unlike PAL, it is not possible to build a SECAM receiver without one..

11. What do you mean by monochrome display adapter?

Ans: The Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA, also MDA card, Monochrome Display and

Printer Adapter, MDPA) introduced in 1981 was IBM's standard video display card and computer display standard for the PC. The MDA did not have any pixel-addressable graphics modes. It had only a single monochrome text mode (PC video mode 7), which could display 80 columns by 25 lines of high resolution text characters or symbols useful for drawing forms.

The standard IBM MDA card was equipped with four kilobytes (kB) of video memory. The MDA's high character resolution (sharpness) was a feature meant to facilitate business and wordprocessing use: Each character was rendered in a box of 9×14 pixels, of which 8×14 made out the character itself Some characters, such as the lowercase "m", were rendered eight pixels across.

12. Distinguish between video graphics array and super video graphics

array.

Ans: Video Graphics Array (VGA) refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM

PS/2 line of computers in 1987, but through its widespread adoption has also come to mean either an analog computer display standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector or the 640x480 resolution itself.

VGA was the last IBM graphics standard to which the majority of PC clone manufacturers conformed, making it the lowest common denominator that virtually all post-1990 PC graphics hardware can be expected to implement. It was officially followed by IBM's Extended Graphics Array (XGA) standard, but was effectively superseded by numerous slightly different extensions to VGA made by clone manufacturers, collectively known as Super VGA.

Chapter-6

1. Distinguish between Macintosh and Windows.

Ans: The Windows operating system is based on the DOS programing language while Mac is based on

Unix.

Windows is universally used while Macintosh is used only on Apple's hardware. As Windows is used by a majority of computer users, it is more vulnerable to being hacked. Macintosh is considered as a more secure operating system. Windows is criticized for having less number of features as compared to Mac. Moreover, it is less responsive to higher amounts of computing operations. On the contrary, Macintosh boasts of a rich feature set and ease of use. While Windows focuses on office function, Macintosh is focused on graphics and multimedia functions. Mac is considered suitable for entertainment purposes, whereas Windows is best suited for business use. Mac is popularly used for photo editing and for playing videos and music.

2. Define integrated drive electronics interface.

Ans: Intelligent Drive Electronics or Integrated Drive Electronics, depending on who you ask. An

IDE interface is an interface for mass storage devices, in which the controller is integrated into the disk or CD-ROM drive.

Although it really refers to a general technology, most people use the term to refer the ATA specification, which uses this technology. Refer to ATAfor more information.