Multicellular Primary Producers: Seaweeds and Plants Marine Biology Miss Plumley.

Multicellular Primary Multicellular Primary Producers: Producers: Seaweeds and PlantsSeaweeds and PlantsMarine Biology Marine Biology

Miss PlumleyMiss Plumley

Multicellular Algae: The Multicellular Algae: The SeaweedsSeaweeds

A. General StructureA. General Structure Seaweeds lack true leaves, stems and roots of plantsSeaweeds lack true leaves, stems and roots of plants Instead they have……Instead they have……

ThallusThallus Complete bodyComplete body

BladesBlades Leaf-like (no veins) flattened portions of the thallusLeaf-like (no veins) flattened portions of the thallus

PneumatocystsPneumatocysts Gas-filled bladders that keep the blades close to the sea surface.Gas-filled bladders that keep the blades close to the sea surface.

StipeStipe Location where blades originate fromLocation where blades originate from

HoldfastHoldfast Attaches the thallus to the bottomAttaches the thallus to the bottom


B. Types of SeaweedB. Types of Seaweed 1. Green Algae1. Green Algae

Named for their green chloroplastsNamed for their green chloroplasts Phylum ChlorophytaPhylum Chlorophyta Only 10% of the estimated 7,000 are marineOnly 10% of the estimated 7,000 are marine Very closely related to plants.Very closely related to plants.

Contain photosynthetic pigmentsContain photosynthetic pigments


B. Types of SeaweedB. Types of Seaweed 1. Green Algae (continued)1. Green Algae (continued)

Examples:Examples: VolvoxVolvox- colonial green algae shaped like a hollow - colonial green algae shaped like a hollow

ball. Contains hundreds and thousands of cells ball. Contains hundreds and thousands of cells connected by bridges of cytoplasm.connected by bridges of cytoplasm.

UlvaUlva- large and complex enough to qualify as - large and complex enough to qualify as seaweeds along with Brown algae.seaweeds along with Brown algae.


B. Types of SeaweedB. Types of Seaweed 2. Brown Algae2. Brown Algae

Yellow-brown pigments in addition to chlorophyllYellow-brown pigments in addition to chlorophyll Phylum HeterokontophytaPhylum Heterokontophyta Most complex seaweedsMost complex seaweeds Grow on rocky shores and must be able to Grow on rocky shores and must be able to

withstand wave action and daily tideswithstand wave action and daily tides


B. Types of SeaweedB. Types of Seaweed 2. Brown Algae (continued)2. Brown Algae (continued)

Examples:Examples: KelpKelp

Anchored to the sea floor by root-like structures Anchored to the sea floor by root-like structures called holdfasts (not actual plant roots).called holdfasts (not actual plant roots).

Grows fast (up to ½ meter a day)Grows fast (up to ½ meter a day) Monterey Bay Aquarium: Kelp Forest Exhibit - Live

Kelp Cam


B. Types of SeaweedB. Types of Seaweed 2. Brown Algae (continued)2. Brown Algae (continued)

Examples:Examples: SargassumSargassum

Sargassa SeaSargassa Sea RockweedRockweed

Common on Rocky shores on the Atlantic coasts Common on Rocky shores on the Atlantic coasts of temperate North America and Europeof temperate North America and Europe


B. Types of SeaweedB. Types of Seaweed 3. Red Algae3. Red Algae

Contain red pigments called Contain red pigments called phycobilinsphycobilins Can live in deep water because they absorb blue and Can live in deep water because they absorb blue and

green light (the light that penetrates the deepest).green light (the light that penetrates the deepest). Most are soft bodies, but some are coralline algae (cell Most are soft bodies, but some are coralline algae (cell

walls hardened by mineral deposits).walls hardened by mineral deposits). Coralline algae live and contribute to the structure of coral Coralline algae live and contribute to the structure of coral

reefs.reefs. These algae depend on water currents to bring gametes These algae depend on water currents to bring gametes

together.together.


B. Types of SeaweedB. Types of Seaweed 3. Red Algae3. Red Algae

Examples:Examples: Coralline algaeCoralline algae

Has a thallus that is hard as a result of calcareous Has a thallus that is hard as a result of calcareous deposits contained within the cell walls deposits contained within the cell walls


C. Life HistoryC. Life History ReproductionReproduction

A. AsexualA. Asexual Fragments of thallus often grow into new individualsFragments of thallus often grow into new individuals SporesSpores

Cells specialized for dispersalCells specialized for dispersal ZoosporesZoospores-spores that have flagella for movement-spores that have flagella for movement

B. SexualB. Sexual GametesGametes

Gametes from two individuals fuse so that the new Gametes from two individuals fuse so that the new generation contains genetic info from both parentsgeneration contains genetic info from both parents

Sporophyte-produces haploid spores through meiosisSporophyte-produces haploid spores through meiosis Gametophyte-produces haploid gametesGametophyte-produces haploid gametes


D. Economic ImportanceD. Economic Importance MaricultureMariculture

Farming of seaweedsFarming of seaweeds PhycocolloidsPhycocolloids

Chemicals used in food processing and in manufacture of Chemicals used in food processing and in manufacture of different productsdifferent products

Examples:Examples: Algin-Algin-used as stabilizer for ice cream, cheese and used as stabilizer for ice cream, cheese and

toppings. Also prevents frostings from becoming dry. toppings. Also prevents frostings from becoming dry. Used in making rubber products, paper, paints and Used in making rubber products, paper, paints and cosmetics.cosmetics.

Carrageenan-Carrageenan-obtained from Red Algae. Used in dairy obtained from Red Algae. Used in dairy products and puddingsproducts and puddings

AgarAgar-used to protect ham, fish and meats during -used to protect ham, fish and meats during canningcanning


E. Other ImportancesE. Other Importances Shelter for juvenile Shelter for juvenile

fish, sea turtles, and fish, sea turtles, and inverts.inverts.

Food for juvenile fish, Food for juvenile fish, sea turtles, and sea turtles, and inverts.inverts.


Algae PaperAlgae Paper At least one page (you can do more)At least one page (you can do more) Double spacedDouble spaced Times New RomanTimes New Roman Heading is NOT double spacedHeading is NOT double spaced Find one economic importance of a specific Find one economic importance of a specific

species of seaweed (Food, medicine, ect)species of seaweed (Food, medicine, ect)

Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants F. Flowering PlantsF. Flowering Plants

Also known as Also known as AngiospermsAngiosperms Secondary growth=wood or barkSecondary growth=wood or bark Two classesTwo classes

1. Monocots1. Monocots Embryo with single cotyledonEmbryo with single cotyledon Major leaf veins are parallelMajor leaf veins are parallel Stem vascular bundles are scatteredStem vascular bundles are scattered Secondary growth is absentSecondary growth is absent

Flowering PlantsFlowering Plants

F. Flowering Plants (continued)F. Flowering Plants (continued) Two classesTwo classes

2. Dicot2. Dicot Embryo with two cotelydonsEmbryo with two cotelydons Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Major leaf veins are reticulatedMajor leaf veins are reticulated Stem vascular bundles are in a ringStem vascular bundles are in a ring Secondary growth is often presentSecondary growth is often present


G. SeagrassesG. Seagrasses Evolved from land plantsEvolved from land plants Horizontal stems called rhizomes that grow Horizontal stems called rhizomes that grow

beneath the surfacebeneath the surface Three common species in FloridaThree common species in Florida

1. Turtle Grass1. Turtle Grass Thalassis testudinumThalassis testudinum Yummy sea turtle foodYummy sea turtle food


G. SeagrassesG. Seagrasses Three common species (continued)Three common species (continued)

2. Shoal Grass 2. Shoal Grass Halodule wrightiiHalodule wrightii Thinner than turtle grassThinner than turtle grass

3. Manatee Grass3. Manatee Grass Syringodium filiformeSyringodium filiforme Rolly like a manateeRolly like a manatee


H. Salt-marsh plantsH. Salt-marsh plants HalophytesHalophytes

Salt-tolerant plantsSalt-tolerant plants Pickle weedPickle weed

CordgrassesCordgrasses Not marine plants, but very salt tolerantNot marine plants, but very salt tolerant Do not tolerate total submergence of waterDo not tolerate total submergence of water


I. MangrovesI. Mangroves Trees and shrubs adapted to live along Trees and shrubs adapted to live along

tropical and subtropical shorestropical and subtropical shores Feeding and living grounds for many juvenile Feeding and living grounds for many juvenile

fishes and invertebratesfishes and invertebrates ExamplesExamples

1.Red mangrove1.Red mangrove Rhizophora mangleRhizophora mangle Prop rootsProp roots


Examples:Examples: 2. White Mangrove2. White Mangrove

Languncularia racemosaLanguncularia racemosa Visible NodesVisible Nodes

3. Black Mangrove3. Black Mangrove Avicennia germinanusAvicennia germinanus Salty backside: Salt-excretionSalty backside: Salt-excretion

Multicellular Primary Producers: Seaweeds and Plants Marine Biology Miss Plumley.

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Transcript of Multicellular Primary Producers: Seaweeds and Plants Marine Biology Miss Plumley.