Multi Vs Single Engine FAA

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WelcomeWelcome Tonight’s PresentationTonight’s Presentation

Multi vs. Single Engine FlightMulti vs. Single Engine FlightSimilarities and Differences Similarities and Differences

Select Number Select Number NR0126694 NR0126694


WelcomeWelcome Tonight’s Team:Tonight’s Team:

Tom EvansTom EvansDavid KeyserDavid KeyserDennis WhitleyDennis WhitleyKaren DunbarKaren Dunbar


•Can Everyone See Me Okay?Can Everyone See Me Okay?•Can Everyone Hear Me Okay?Can Everyone Hear Me Okay?•Can everyone See The Screen Okay?Can everyone See The Screen Okay?

•Does Everyone Know Where The Exits AreDoes Everyone Know Where The Exits Are•Does Everyone Know Where the Facilities Does Everyone Know Where the Facilities are?are?


•Please make sure that you have Please make sure that you have signed in so that we can validate signed in so that we can validate your attendance tonight !!!your attendance tonight !!!



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• JanuaryJanuary Runway SafetyRunway Safety• February AOPA, GPS From The Ground UpFebruary AOPA, GPS From The Ground Up• March Airspace-Navigating The DC AirspaceMarch Airspace-Navigating The DC Airspace• April Tampa Tower and Tampa AirspaceApril Tampa Tower and Tampa Airspace• May Flight Service, Weather and MoreMay Flight Service, Weather and More• June Flight Safety, A Viewpoint From The ProsJune Flight Safety, A Viewpoint From The Pros• July Light Sport Aircraft, R&R July Light Sport Aircraft, R&R • August Multi Vs. Single Engine SafetyAugust Multi Vs. Single Engine Safety• SeptemberSeptember Root Cause of Accidents- Human Factors of Root Cause of Accidents- Human Factors of

FlyingFlying• OctoberOctober Runway Incursions – Runway SafetyRunway Incursions – Runway Safety• NovemberNovember Simulation – An Economical Way To Stay Simulation – An Economical Way To Stay

CurrentCurrent• December AOPA, What Went WrongDecember AOPA, What Went Wrong


Notes:Notes: Peter O. Knight (KTPF) Runway ConstructionPeter O. Knight (KTPF) Runway ConstructionTFR-Orlando / Disney 3 NM / 3000’ and BelowTFR-Orlando / Disney 3 NM / 3000’ and BelowOctober.. 20 thru 22 - NBAA Orlando…High TrafficOctober.. 20 thru 22 - NBAA Orlando…High TrafficNovember..5 thru 7 - AOPA Summit High trafficNovember..5 thru 7 - AOPA Summit High traffic

Multi vs. Single Engine Multi vs. Single Engine FlightFlight

Similarities and Differences Similarities and Differences Select Number Select Number NR0126694NR0126694


If you have boarded this flight in error, If you have boarded this flight in error, please see the flight attendant ASAP please see the flight attendant ASAP before we push back from the gate !before we push back from the gate !


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•SimilaritiesSimilarities


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•SimilaritiesSimilarities•DifferencesDifferences


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•SimilaritiesSimilarities•DifferencesDifferences•SimplicitySimplicity


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•SimilaritiesSimilarities•DifferencesDifferences•SimplicitySimplicity•ComplexityComplexity


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•SimilaritiesSimilarities•DifferencesDifferences•SimplicitySimplicity•ComplexityComplexity•AerodynamicsAerodynamics


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•SimilaritiesSimilarities•DifferencesDifferences•SimplicitySimplicity•ComplexityComplexity•AerodynamicsAerodynamics•SafetySafety


Personal Safety StandardsPersonal Safety Standards


Personal Safety StandardsPersonal Safety StandardsYou Never Ever Want To See ThisYou Never Ever Want To See This


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•Cessna 421….Cessna 421…. The Pilot, 80 years of age, was in good The Pilot, 80 years of age, was in good

health, had no aviation violations and had health, had no aviation violations and had been a pilot since 1985, with 23,000 hours been a pilot since 1985, with 23,000 hours of flight experience.of flight experience.


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•Cessna 210N…Cessna 210N… The pilot held an Airline Transport Pilot The pilot held an Airline Transport Pilot

Certificate, with airplane single and multi-Certificate, with airplane single and multi-engine land and instrument ratings. In engine land and instrument ratings. In addition, he held a Flight Instructor addition, he held a Flight Instructor Certificate with single engine and Certificate with single engine and instrument airplane ratings.instrument airplane ratings.


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•King Air B200…King Air B200… A fixed-wing single-engine-rated private A fixed-wing single-engine-rated private

pilot and passenger, safely landed King Air pilot and passenger, safely landed King Air B200B200


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•Are multi-engine airplanes really Are multi-engine airplanes really safer?safer?


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•Are multi-engine airplanes really Are multi-engine airplanes really safer?safer?

•Are single-engine airplanes really Are single-engine airplanes really safer?safer?


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•Why require an additional rating to Why require an additional rating to fly multi-engine airplanes?fly multi-engine airplanes?


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•Why require an additional rating to Why require an additional rating to fly multi-engine airplanes?fly multi-engine airplanes?

•Why require an additional rating to Why require an additional rating to fly single-engine airplanes?fly single-engine airplanes?


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and DifferencesPer flying hour a Twin Engine Airplane Per flying hour a Twin Engine Airplane

compared to a Single is:compared to a Single is:

•2 times more likely to develop problems in 2 times more likely to develop problems in ANY of its engines; ANY of its engines;

•4 times less likely to develop problems in 4 times less likely to develop problems in TWO of its engines.TWO of its engines.


Similarities and DifferencesSimilarities and Differences•ApproachesApproaches


MythsMyths


MythsMyths

•Multi Engine Airplanes are more Multi Engine Airplanes are more complexcomplex


MythsMyths

•If an engine fails in a twin, the If an engine fails in a twin, the remaining engine will only carry you remaining engine will only carry you to the scene of the accident quicker.to the scene of the accident quicker.


MythsMyths

•If an engine fails in a twin, shut If an engine fails in a twin, shut down the remaining engine and down the remaining engine and crash land. Better to land right side crash land. Better to land right side up, than otherwise.up, than otherwise.


MythsMyths

•Bob just got his Private Pilot LicenseBob just got his Private Pilot License


MythsMyths

•Bob just got his Private Pilot LicenseBob just got his Private Pilot License•Bob just bought a new BonanzaBob just bought a new Bonanza


MythsMyths

•Bob just got his Private Pilot LicenseBob just got his Private Pilot License•Bob just bought a new BonanzaBob just bought a new Bonanza•Bob just bought a BaronBob just bought a Baron


MythsMyths

•Bob just got his Private Pilot LicenseBob just got his Private Pilot License•Bob just bought a new BonanzaBob just bought a new Bonanza•Bob just bought a BaronBob just bought a Baron•Bob is going to kill himself in that thing!Bob is going to kill himself in that thing!


FactsFactsWhat Makes us safer ???What Makes us safer ???


FactsFactsWhat Makes us safer ???What Makes us safer ???•TrainingTraining


FactsFactsWhat Makes us safer ???What Makes us safer ???•TrainingTraining•Continuing Education / Re-currencyContinuing Education / Re-currency


FactsFactsWhat Makes us safer ???What Makes us safer ???•TrainingTraining•Continuing Education / Re-currencyContinuing Education / Re-currency•Additional Rating / UpgradeAdditional Rating / Upgrade


FactsFactsWhat Makes us safer ???What Makes us safer ???•TrainingTraining•Continuing Education / Re-currencyContinuing Education / Re-currency•Additional Rating / UpgradeAdditional Rating / Upgrade•PracticePractice

FAR Part 61.31 (e)FAR Part 61.31 (e)• A A Complex Complex Aircraft is one which has manually Aircraft is one which has manually

or automatically or automatically controllable pitch propeller, controllable pitch propeller, flaps, and retractable landing gear. flaps, and retractable landing gear.

• Note that these aircraft do not have to be over Note that these aircraft do not have to be over 200 HP.200 HP.

• To be legal to fly a To be legal to fly a “Complex Aircraft"“Complex Aircraft" under under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor. instructor.

FAR Part 61.31 (f)FAR Part 61.31 (f)• A A High PerformanceHigh Performance Aircraft is one which Aircraft is one which

has engine of more than has engine of more than 200 horsepower200 horsepower. .

• Note that these aircraft do not have to Note that these aircraft do not have to have retractable gear.have retractable gear.

• To be legal to fly a To be legal to fly a “High Performance “High Performance Aircraft"Aircraft" under 61.31, you need a sign off under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor. by a flight instructor.

FAR Part 61.31 (g)FAR Part 61.31 (g)• A A Pressurized AircraftPressurized Aircraft capable of operating at capable of operating at

high altitudes. (certificated above 25,000) high altitudes. (certificated above 25,000)

• Note that these aircraft do not have to have Note that these aircraft do not have to have retractable gear or more than 200 HP.retractable gear or more than 200 HP.

• To be legal to fly a To be legal to fly a “High Altitude Aircraft"“High Altitude Aircraft" under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight under 61.31, you need a sign off by a flight instructor. instructor.

FAR Part 61.31 (a)FAR Part 61.31 (a)(a)(a)A person who acts as a pilot in command A person who acts as a pilot in command

of any of the following aircraft must hold a of any of the following aircraft must hold a type ratingtype rating for that aircraft: for that aircraft:

• (1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air). (1) Large aircraft (except lighter-than-air). • (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. • (3) Other aircraft specified by the (3) Other aircraft specified by the

Administrator through aircraft type Administrator through aircraft type certificate procedures. certificate procedures.

FAR Part 61…FAR Part 61…• Sec 61.103 - Eligibility Sec 61.103 - Eligibility • Sec 61.105 - Aeronautical Sec 61.105 - Aeronautical

Knowledge Knowledge • Sec 61.107 - Flight Proficiency Sec 61.107 - Flight Proficiency • Sec 61.109 - Aeronautical Sec 61.109 - Aeronautical

Experience Experience

FAR Part 61…FAR Part 61…• Pilots may take their original private pilot or Pilots may take their original private pilot or

other practical tests in a multi-engine airplane, other practical tests in a multi-engine airplane, in which case they will be subject to additional in which case they will be subject to additional experience requirements.experience requirements.

• A pilot certificate obtained in such a manner A pilot certificate obtained in such a manner will not include single engine piloting privileges will not include single engine piloting privileges (ability to deal with a total power loss is not (ability to deal with a total power loss is not demonstrated during multi engine certification). demonstrated during multi engine certification).

FAR Part 61…FAR Part 61…• To add a To add a multi enginemulti engine rating to a rating to a

private, commercial, ATP, or CFI private, commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the FAA requires an certificate, the FAA requires an instructor endorsement and a instructor endorsement and a practical test. A Knowledge test practical test. A Knowledge test (written) is not required. The (written) is not required. The practical test includes a detailed oral practical test includes a detailed oral test. test.

FAR Part 61…FAR Part 61…• To add a To add a single enginesingle engine rating to a rating to a

private, commercial, ATP, or CFI private, commercial, ATP, or CFI certificate, the FAA requires an certificate, the FAA requires an instructor endorsement and a instructor endorsement and a practical test. A Knowledge test practical test. A Knowledge test (written) is not required. The (written) is not required. The practical test includes a detailed oral practical test includes a detailed oral test. test.

FAR Part 61.109 (a)FAR Part 61.109 (a)• (a) (a) For an airplane For an airplane single-engine ratingsingle-engine rating..

Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this Except as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a private section, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and pilot certificate with an airplane category and single-engine class rating must log at least single-engine class rating must log at least

• 40 hours of flight time40 hours of flight time that includes at least that includes at least 20 hours of flight training20 hours of flight training from an authorized from an authorized instructor and instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training10 hours of solo flight training in the areas of operation listed in in the areas of operation listed in §§61.10761.107 (b) (b)

http://www.risingup.com/fars/info/part61-107-FAR.shtml


FAR Part 61.109 (b)FAR Part 61.109 (b)• (b) (b) For an airplane For an airplane multi-engine ratingmulti-engine rating. Except . Except

as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a as provided in paragraph (i) of this section, a person who applies for a private pilot person who applies for a private pilot certificate with an airplane category and multi certificate with an airplane category and multi engine class rating must log at least engine class rating must log at least

• 40 hours of flight time40 hours of flight time that includes at least that includes at least 20 20 hours of flight traininghours of flight training from an authorized from an authorized instructor and instructor and 10 hours of solo flight training10 hours of solo flight training in in the areas of operation listed in the areas of operation listed in §61.107§61.107 (b)(b) (2)(2)


Beech Baron Take Off Beech Baron Take Off DistanceDistance

Beech Baron Beech Baron Accelerate To Stop Distance Accelerate To Stop Distance

Accelerate To Stop DistanceAccelerate To Stop Distance• First ResponseFirst Response

– 3273 and a half feet Sir3273 and a half feet Sir

Accelerate To Stop DistanceAccelerate To Stop Distance• Best ResponseBest Response

– 3273 and a half feet Sir3273 and a half feet Sir– But that’s with a new airplane and a test But that’s with a new airplane and a test

pilotpilot– And, if I start stopping exactly when the And, if I start stopping exactly when the

engine fails.engine fails.– Besides, it pretty hot today, and my brakes, Besides, it pretty hot today, and my brakes,

tires, and brain are old.tires, and brain are old.– We better look at the chart and add a little We better look at the chart and add a little

distance to the 3273 and a half feet!distance to the 3273 and a half feet!

Accelerate To Stop Accelerate To Stop DistanceDistance Accelerate-Stop Distance is the Accelerate-Stop Distance is the

runway required to accelerate to runway required to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof (as specified by the either Vr or Vlof (as specified by the manufacturer) and, assuming an manufacturer) and, assuming an engine failure at that instant, to bring engine failure at that instant, to bring the airplane to a complete stop. the airplane to a complete stop.

Accelerate To Go Accelerate To Go DistanceDistance Accelerate-Go Distance is the Accelerate-Go Distance is the

runway required to accelerate to runway required to accelerate to either Vr or Vlof (as specified by the either Vr or Vlof (as specified by the manufacturer) and, assuming an manufacturer) and, assuming an engine failure at that instant, to engine failure at that instant, to continue the takeoff on the continue the takeoff on the remaining engine and climb to a remaining engine and climb to a height of 50 feet. height of 50 feet.

Cessna 172 Take Off Cessna 172 Take Off DistanceDistance

Cessna 172 Take Off Cessna 172 Take Off DistanceDistance• First ResponseFirst Response

Cessna 172 Take Off Cessna 172 Take Off DistanceDistance• First ResponseFirst Response

– 1125 Feet Sir1125 Feet Sir

Cessna 172 Take Off Cessna 172 Take Off DistanceDistance• Best ResponseBest Response

– 1125 Feet Sir1125 Feet Sir– However, that’s at Standard temperature However, that’s at Standard temperature

with a new airplane and a test pilotwith a new airplane and a test pilot– Let’s look at the AFM and see what it is Let’s look at the AFM and see what it is

today for my airplanetoday for my airplane– A worst case would be at 5000 ft DA and A worst case would be at 5000 ft DA and

a temperature of 97 degreesa temperature of 97 degrees

Cessna 172Cessna 172 Accelerate To Stop Distance Accelerate To Stop Distance

Multi Engine Climb Multi Engine Climb PerformancePerformance• The loss of an engine in a multi The loss of an engine in a multi

engine airplane can result in more engine airplane can result in more than 50% of its climb capability.than 50% of its climb capability.

Multi Engine Climb Multi Engine Climb PerformancePerformance• The loss of an engine in a multi The loss of an engine in a multi

engine airplane can result in loss of engine airplane can result in loss of more than 50% of its climb more than 50% of its climb capability.capability.

• Matter of fact, the loss can be 80% or Matter of fact, the loss can be 80% or greater!greater!

Multi Engine Climb Multi Engine Climb PerformancePerformance• When one engine on a twin fails, you When one engine on a twin fails, you

typically lose 80% to 90% of your excess typically lose 80% to 90% of your excess thrust.thrust.

• Which means that if you were climbing Which means that if you were climbing at 1200 fpm with both engines, if you at 1200 fpm with both engines, if you configure and fly the aircraft configure and fly the aircraft perfectlyperfectly after an engine failure, you will likely see after an engine failure, you will likely see around 200 fpm, which is pretty bad. !around 200 fpm, which is pretty bad. !

Multi Engine Climb Multi Engine Climb PerformancePerformance AircraftAircraft ME rocME roc SE rocSE roc LossLoss• SeminoleSeminole 1,340 1,340 212 212 82.7882.78• Navajo Navajo 1,390 1,390 230230 83.45 83.45 • Aztec Aztec 1,490 1,490 240 240 83.8983.89• Cessna 310Cessna 310 1,495 1,495 327 327 78.13 78.13 • Beech Baron Beech Baron 1,694 1,694 382 382 80.70 80.70 • Cessna 421Cessna 421 1,850 1,850 305 305 83.5183.51

• Cheyenne llCheyenne ll 1,7501,750 470470 73.1573.15• King Air 200King Air 200 2,4602,460 740740 70.0070.00• Citation CJ1Citation CJ1 3,2903,290 906906 72.5072.50

Cessna 421Cessna 421• AircraftAircraft ME rocME roc SE rocSE roc LossLoss• Cessna 421Cessna 421 1,850 1,850 305 305 83.5183.51

• Empty WeightEmpty Weight 47004700• 75 Gallons75 Gallons 450 450 75 gal (Max 262 gal)75 gal (Max 262 gal)• PilotPilot 200 200• TO WeightTO Weight 53505350

• GTOWGTOW 64806480• UnderUnder 1130 **1130 **

Cessna 421Cessna 421• Flight experience of 23,000 hours.• 5,000 hours of flight experience in the

accident airplane,

Cessna 421Cessna 421• Flight experience of 23,000 hours.• 5,000 hours of flight experience in the

accident airplane,

• Witnesses reported pilot ran the engines to full power for about 20 minutes prior to departure.

• The pilot appeared to be troubleshooting an engine issue.

Cessna 421Cessna 421•Witnesses near the accident site

observed the airplane in a shallow climb from runway 8, flying low, with the right engine on fire. Some of the witnesses reported that the flames were yellow in color and no smoke was observed. The airplane then banked right and descended into a residential area.

TorqueTorque

P -P - FactorFactor

P –P – Factor Overhead Factor Overhead ViewView

Critical EngineCritical Engine

No Critical EngineNo Critical Engine

VMC – VMC – Minimum Controllable AirspeedMinimum Controllable Airspeed• Calibrated Airspeed at which it is Calibrated Airspeed at which it is

possible to control the aircraft when possible to control the aircraft when the critical engine becomes the critical engine becomes inoperative.inoperative.

VMC – VMC – Minimum Controllable AirspeedMinimum Controllable Airspeed• Max Gross WeightMax Gross Weight• Most AFT CGMost AFT CG• Max Power on operating engineMax Power on operating engine• Less than 5 degrees of bankLess than 5 degrees of bank• Flaps In take off positionFlaps In take off position• Gear upGear up

VMC ConsiderationsVMC Considerations• PerformancePerformance

– Gear UpGear Up– Flaps UpFlaps Up– Aft CGAft CG– AltitudeAltitude

• StabilityStability– Gear DownGear Down– Flaps DownFlaps Down– Fwd CGFwd CG– AltitudeAltitude

V SpeedsV Speeds• VsoVso Stall Speed (clean) Stall Speed (clean) (Green Arc)(Green Arc)• Vs1Vs1 Stall (Spec. Config) Stall (Spec. Config) (White Arc)(White Arc)• VmcVmc Min Control Speed Min Control Speed (Red Line)(Red Line)• VneVne Max Speed Max Speed (Red Line)(Red Line)

• Vx-VxseVx-Vxse Best Angle (Multi) Best Angle (Multi) • Vy-VyseVy-Vyse Best Rate (Multi) Best Rate (Multi) (Blue Line)(Blue Line)

• VrefVref Approach Speed Approach Speed (1.3 Vso)(1.3 Vso)

V SpeedsV Speeds• V1V1 Decision Speed Decision Speed (Red Line)(Red Line)• VRVR Rotation Speed Rotation Speed (>V1 <Vx)(>V1 <Vx)• V2V2 (Vyse) (Vyse) (Blue Line)(Blue Line)

• VfeVfe Flap Operating Speed Flap Operating Speed• VloVlo Gear Operating Speed Gear Operating Speed• VrefVref Approach Speed (1.3 Vso) Approach Speed (1.3 Vso)

V Speeds (Call Outs)V Speeds (Call Outs) SELSEL MELMEL

• Airspeed AliveAirspeed Alive BothBoth BothBoth• V1V1 >Vs or Vs1>Vs or Vs1 Red LineRed Line• VRVR >Vs <Vx>Vs <Vx >Red Line <V2>Red Line <V2• Positive RatePositive Rate BothBoth BothBoth• Gear UpGear Up VloVlo VloVlo• V2V2 VyVy VyseVyse• Flaps UpFlaps Up VfeVfe VfeVfe• 1000 Ft1000 Ft Check ListCheck List Check ListCheck List

Engine Failure After Take Engine Failure After Take OffOff

• Airspeed Airspeed Maintain Vyse Maintain Vyse • Mixtures Mixtures RichRich• Props Props High RPM High RPM • Throttles Throttles Full Power Full Power • Flaps Flaps Retracted Retracted • Gear Gear Retracted Retracted • Identify Identify Which engine failed?Which engine failed? • Verify Verify Close inop. engine throttleClose inop. engine throttle • FeatherFeather Feather Inop engine propFeather Inop engine prop


• Which Engine Failed?Which Engine Failed?• Which Engine has not Failed?Which Engine has not Failed?


• Manifold PressureManifold Pressure• RPM RPM • Oil PressureOil Pressure• Fuel FlowFuel Flow• Warning LightWarning Light


• Working Foot – Working EngineWorking Foot – Working Engine• Dead Foot – Dead EngineDead Foot – Dead Engine

• Ball Moves towards Good EngineBall Moves towards Good Engine• Ball Moves away from the Dead Engine Ball Moves away from the Dead Engine

• Step on the BallStep on the Ball


• Failed EngineFailed Engine• Ball is a good indicatorBall is a good indicator


• Failing EngineFailing Engine• Ball is not a good indicatorBall is not a good indicator• Ball will be moving left and rightBall will be moving left and right


• IDENTIFY !!!IDENTIFY !!!

• VERIFY !!!VERIFY !!!

• FEATHER !!!FEATHER !!!


DACH-6 DACH-6

• Airspeed Airspeed 80 Knots 80 Knots • Throttles Throttles MAX Power MAX Power • FlapsFlaps 10 degrees 10 degrees • 1500 ft.1500 ft. Check ListCheck List


Citation Citation

• Maintain Directional ControlMaintain Directional Control• No action until 400 ftNo action until 400 ft• Memory Items only Memory Items only • 1500 ft1500 ft ChecklistChecklist


SingleSingle

• SpeedSpeed Best Glide Speed Best Glide Speed • Action Action LandLand

Cruise FlightCruise Flight

Cruise FlightCruise Flight• Know Your AirplaneKnow Your Airplane

• Be familiar with Be familiar with Single Engine Service CeilingSingle Engine Service Ceiling

Single Engine Absolute CeilingSingle Engine Absolute Ceiling

Cruise FlightCruise Flight• The single engine service ceiling is the The single engine service ceiling is the

altitude at which twins can no longer altitude at which twins can no longer climb at 50 feet per minute in smooth climb at 50 feet per minute in smooth air, with one engine feathered, at air, with one engine feathered, at maximum certificated takeoff weight.maximum certificated takeoff weight.

• The single engine absolute ceiling is The single engine absolute ceiling is where the rate of climb is zero. where the rate of climb is zero.

Cruise FlightCruise Flight• VMC at altitudeVMC at altitude

– Lower VMC at higher altitudeLower VMC at higher altitude– Lower VMC with lower powerLower VMC with lower power

Cruise FlightCruise FlightFuel ConsiderationsFuel Considerations

• Fuel NeededFuel Needed• Fuel AvailableFuel Available• Fuel Available under certain failures Fuel Available under certain failures

Cruise FlightCruise Flight• Piper SeminolePiper Seminole

• Service CeilingService Ceiling 15000 ft15000 ft• Service Ceiling SEService Ceiling SE 3800 ft3800 ft

• Stall SpeedStall Speed 55 KIAS55 KIAS• VMCVMC 56 KIAS56 KIAS• YyseYyse 88 KIAS88 KIAS

Approach and LandingApproach and Landing

Approach and LandingApproach and Landing• Notify ATC or CTAFNotify ATC or CTAF• Plan for Instrument ApproachPlan for Instrument Approach• Straight In Final ApproachStraight In Final Approach

• Go Around Early and HighGo Around Early and High


Bottom Line SEL / MEL Bottom Line SEL / MEL


Bottom Line SEL / MELBottom Line SEL / MEL •Know your airplaneKnow your airplane


Bottom Line SEL / MEL Bottom Line SEL / MEL •Know your airplaneKnow your airplane•Know your airplane’s limitationsKnow your airplane’s limitations


Bottom Line SEL / MELBottom Line SEL / MEL •Know your airplaneKnow your airplane•Know your airplane’s limitationsKnow your airplane’s limitations•Know your limitationsKnow your limitations


Bottom Line SEL / MELBottom Line SEL / MEL •Know your airplaneKnow your airplane•Know your airplane’s limitationsKnow your airplane’s limitations•Know your limitationsKnow your limitations

•Practice - Practice - PracticePractice - Practice - Practice


•ProficiencyProficiency– Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly multi multi

engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal operations they would be at least twice safer operations they would be at least twice safer flying a single engine airplane. flying a single engine airplane.

– This is due to the higher probability of any of the This is due to the higher probability of any of the engines failing in a multi and the consequences engines failing in a multi and the consequences of not being prepared to handle those cases.of not being prepared to handle those cases.


•ProficiencyProficiency– Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly Incompletely trained or rusty pilots can fly

single single engine airplanes, but not safely. In engine airplanes, but not safely. In normal operations they would be at least twice normal operations they would be at least twice safer flying a multi engine airplane. safer flying a multi engine airplane.

– This is due to the higher probability of an This is due to the higher probability of an engine failing in a single and the consequences engine failing in a single and the consequences of not being prepared to handle those cases.of not being prepared to handle those cases.

Thank YouThank You

•Thank you for coming this eveningThank you for coming this evening•Thank you for your participationThank you for your participation

FLY SAFELY !!!FLY SAFELY !!!

Next MeetingNext Meeting

22ndnd Tuesday of The Month Tuesday of The Month•Tuesday September 8Tuesday September 8thth 2009 2009

Round Table ForumRound Table ForumRoot Causes of Accidents:Root Causes of Accidents:PsychologicalPsychological factors of flyingfactors of flying

Multi Vs Single Engine FAA

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