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Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 1
The Research The Research ProcessProcess
OBSERVATION
Broad Area of Research Interest
PROBLEM DEFINITION
Research problem
delineatedPRELIMINARY
DATA GATHERING
Interviews & Literature
review
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly identified
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESES
DATA COLLECTION, ANALYSIS &
INTERPRETATION
DEDUCTION
Hypotheses substantiated?
Research Questions answered?
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 2
Data Analysis - IssuesData Analysis - Issues
What is data analysis?
Types of techniques
Identifying the right technique
Using computers to analyse dataReporting the analysis
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 3
The Data Analysis The Data Analysis ProcessProcess
Questionnaire Editing
Generating Composite Measures
Editing the SPSS Output
Transfer Edited SPSS output to
Word File
Data Entry & Data Definition
Data Validation
Testing Goodness of
Measure
Identifying the Right
Technique
Syntax Command to
SPSS
Interpreting the SPSS
Output
Report Writing
In most cases, the process is not sequential and linear, but more iterative where you
may need to go back to some steps to explore further
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 4
Data Analysis - TypesData Analysis - Types
Purpose of StudyExploratory; Test of Differences; Establishing Relationships
Number of VariablesUnivariate; Bivariate; Multivariate
Level of MeasurementsNominal, Ordinal, Interval & Ratio
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 5
Purpose of Study - Purpose of Study - ExploratoryExploratory Basically to address the issue of “What is the
current situation – vis-à-vis the phenomenon of interest?”
Example:1. What is the current level of innovation of Malaysian
Companies?2. What is the preferences of Malaysian consumers of
organic food?3. What percentage of the Malaysian consumers will
use internet banking?Etc…..
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 6
Purpose of Study – Test Purpose of Study – Test of Differencesof Differences To address the question of “Is there a difference
between Type A and Type B in terms the phenomenon of interest, Y?”
Example:1. Are companies in the electronics sector more
innovative than companies in the food sector?2. Are consumers in the professional line more likely to
use internet banking compared to those in other occupation?
3. Is the preference for organic food higher for urban consumers compared to consumers living in the rural areas?
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 7
Purpose of Study – Purpose of Study – Establishing Establishing RelationshipsRelationships To address the question of “Is there a
relationship between phenomenon X with phenomenon, Y?”
Example:1. The larger the company, the more innovative it is?2. The more business a company undertakes the more likely is the
company to use internet banking?3. The more the consumer believe that organic food is good for the
health, the more likely he/she is to consume organic food.4. The more secure is internet banking, the more user-friendly is
the system, and the easier to access the system, the more likely a company is to use internet banking.
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 8
Number of Variables - Number of Variables - UnivariateUnivariate Analysis involves only one variable Exploratory studies typically involve univariate
analysis Example:
– What is the current level of innovation of Malaysian Companies?
– What is the preferences of Malaysian consumers of organic food?
– What percentage of the Malaysian consumers will use internet banking?
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 9
Number of Variables - Number of Variables - BivariateBivariate Analysis involves two variables Test of differences involves two variables Establishing relationships may involve bivariate
analysis (correlation) Example:
1. Are companies in the electronics sector more innovative than companies in the food sector? – sector & level of innovation
2. The more business a company undertakes the more likely is the company to use internet banking? – size (in terms of business transactions) & likelihood of using internet banking
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 10
Number of Variables - Number of Variables - MultivariateMultivariate Analysis involves three or more variables Analysis typical when trying to establish
relationships Example:
1. The more secure is internet banking, the more user-friendly is the system, and the easier to access the system, the more likely a company is to use internet banking. – security, user-friendliness, ease of access, and likelihood of using internet banking
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 11
Data Types – Levels of Data Types – Levels of Measurement Measurement
Purpose of StudyExploratory; Test of Differences; Establishing Relationships
Number of VariablesUnivariate; Bivariate; Multivariate
Level of MeasurementsNominal, Ordinal, Interval & Ratio
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 12
Data Types - Levels of Data Types - Levels of MeasurementsMeasurements
Empirical Scale
Basic Operations
Measures of Typical use
Averages
Nominal Determination of equality
Classification Male-Female Occupations
Mode
Ordinal Determination of greater or less
Ranking Preference Attitude
Median
Interval Determination of equality of intervals
Index numbers Temperature
Mean
Ratio Determination of equality of ratios
Sales Unit produced No. of customers
Mean Geometric
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 13
Nominal ScaleNominal Scale
Classificatory or Categorical
e.g. Sex – Male/Female
Colour
Mutually exclusive & collectively exhaustive
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 14
Ordinal ScaleOrdinal ScaleCategorize and rank
e.g. Preference in job attributes
Please rank from 1 most important to 5 least important the following attributes:
Interacting with others
Using multiple skills
Completing a task from beginning to end
Serving others
Work independently
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 15
Interval ScaleInterval ScaleAllows for measurement of distance between two points on the scalee.g. Preference in job attributes
Using a scale of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (neither agree nor disagree), 4 (agree) and 5 (strongly agree), please indicate the extent of your agreement by circling the appropriate number.
The following are very important to me
Interacting with others 1 2 3 4 5
Using multiple skills 1 2 3 4 5
Complete a task from beginning to end 1 2 3 4 5
Serving others 1 2 3 4 5
Working independently 1 2 3 4 5
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 16
Ratio ScaleRatio Scale
Has absolute zero; thus allowing for not only differences but also proportions in the differences
e.g. Number of years in the organization
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 17
The Right Technique?The Right Technique?Research QuestionResearch QuestionConcern for Central Tendency; Concern for Central Tendency;
Comparing groups; RelationshipsComparing groups; Relationships
Number of VariablesNumber of VariablesUnivariate; Bivariate; Univariate; Bivariate; MultivariateMultivariate
Level of MeasurementsLevel of MeasurementsParametric and Non-parametricParametric and Non-parametric
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 18
The Right Technique?The Right Technique?What is the purpose of the analysis?What is the purpose of the analysis?
What is the level of measurement?What is the level of measurement?
How many variables are involved?How many variables are involved?
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 19
Descriptive AnalysisDescriptive AnalysisPurpose: To describe the distribution of the variables of interest
Answers the question of “What is ...?”
TechniquesFrequencies Distribution - if 1 ordinal or nominal variable, Cross-tabulation - if 2 ordinal or nominal variables Means - if 1 interval or ratio level variable Means of subgroups - if 1 interval or ratio level variable by subgroups
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 20
Test of DifferencesTest of DifferencesPurposePurpose: : To evaluate the differences between 2 or more groups To evaluate the differences between 2 or more groups
with respect to a variable of interestwith respect to a variable of interest
TechniquesTechniques depends on depends on
Levels of Measurement of the Levels of Measurement of the VariableVariableNumber of GroupsNumber of GroupsIndependence of the GroupsIndependence of the Groups
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 21
Test of DifferencesTest of DifferencesMore than 2
group?
Are they independent
?
Are they independent
?
Nominal: 2-test
Ordinal: Mann-
Whitney
Continuous: t-test
Yes
Nominal- McNemar
Ordinal - Wilcoxon
Signed Rank
Continuous: Paired t-test
No
No Yes
Nominal: 2 test
Ordinal: Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA
Continuous: 1-way ANOVA
Nominal: 2 - test
Ordinal: Friedman 2-way
ANOVA
Continuous: Factorial 2-way
ANOVA
Yes No
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 22
RelationshipRelationship
Purpose:Purpose: To establish relationship between To establish relationship between variablesvariables
TechniquesTechniques depends on depends on
Whether or not there exist Whether or not there exist dependent variable(s)dependent variable(s)Number of dependent and Number of dependent and independent variablesindependent variablesLevels of Measurement of the Levels of Measurement of the VariableVariable
Muhamad Jantan: [email protected]
Introduction to Data Analysis 23
Dependence Dependence RelationshipsRelationships
How many dependent variables?
Scale of Dependent
Multiple Regression
ANOVA Discriminant Analysis
Canonical Correlatio
n
Scale of Independe
nt
Scale of Dependent
Scale of Independe
nt
Multivariate ANOVA
More than 1
One
Conjoint Analysis
Scale of independe
nt
Interval
Nominal
Interval Nominal
Scale of Independe
ntIntervalNominal
Interval
Interval
Nominal