Mud Circulation Principals,Execution & Importance

8/15/2019 Mud Circulation Principals,Execution & Importance

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DRILLING FLUIDSDRILLING FLUIDS

-- AN OVERVIEWAN OVERVIEW


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DRILLING FLUIDS: HISTORYDRILLING FLUIDS: HISTORY

AND DEFINITIONAND DEFINITION::

ANY COMPOSITION, WHICH ISANY COMPOSITION, WHICH IS

USED TO AID IN PRODUCTION ANDUSED TO AID IN PRODUCTION AND

REMOVAL OF CUTTINGS FROM THEREMOVAL OF CUTTINGS FROM THEWELL BORE, IS TERMED AS DRILLINGWELL BORE, IS TERMED AS DRILLING

FLUID.FLUID.


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1 - SELECTION OF RIGHT DRILLING FLUID1 - SELECTION OF RIGHT DRILLING FLUID

AND MAINTENANCE OF RIGHT PROPERTIESAND MAINTENANCE OF RIGHT PROPERTIES

INFLUENCEINFLUENCE2 - THE TOTAL NUMBER OF RIG DAYS REQUIRED2 - THE TOTAL NUMBER OF RIG DAYS REQUIRED

DRILLING A WELL WHICH DEPEND UPONDRILLING A WELL WHICH DEPEND UPON

3 - RATE OF PENETRATION AND AVOIDANCE OF3 - RATE OF PENETRATION AND AVOIDANCE OFDELAYS CAUSED BY STUCK DRILL PIPE,DELAYS CAUSED BY STUCK DRILL PIPE,

SLOUGHING SHALES AND LOSS OFSLOUGHING SHALES AND LOSS OF

CIRCULATION ALL OF WHICH ARE INFLUENCEDCIRCULATION ALL OF WHICH ARE INFLUENCED

BY THE PROPERTIES OF THE MUD.BY THE PROPERTIES OF THE MUD.

..


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FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

TRANSPORT DRILLED CUTTINGS ANDTRANSPORT DRILLED CUTTINGS ANDCAVINGS TO THE SURFACECAVINGS TO THE SURFACE

SUSPEND DRILLED CUTTINGS AND CAVINGSSUSPEND DRILLED CUTTINGS AND CAVINGS

WHEN CIRCULATION IS STOPPEDWHEN CIRCULATION IS STOPPED CONTROL SUBSURFACE PRESSURECONTROL SUBSURFACE PRESSURE

COOL AND LUBRICATE BIT AND DRILL STRINGCOOL AND LUBRICATE BIT AND DRILL STRING

SUPPORT THE WALLS OF THE WELL BORESUPPORT THE WALLS OF THE WELL BORE

HELP SUSPEND THE WEIGHT OF THE DRILLHELP SUSPEND THE WEIGHT OF THE DRILL

STRING AND CASINGSTRING AND CASING


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FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

DELIVER HYDRAULIC ENERGY UPONDELIVER HYDRAULIC ENERGY UPON

THE FORMATION BENEATH BIT ANDTHE FORMATION BENEATH BIT AND

PROVIDE SUITABLE MEDIUM FOR WIREPROVIDE SUITABLE MEDIUM FOR WIRE

LINE LOGSLINE LOGS


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TYPES OF WATER BASED MUDTYPES OF WATER BASED MUD

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS CONTD.CONTD.

!"!" FRESH WATER MUDS: TECHNICALLY,FRESH WATER MUDS: TECHNICALLY, FRESHFRESHWATER MUDS ARE DEFINED ASWATER MUDS ARE DEFINED AS ANY WATERANY WATERCLAY MUD CONTAININGCLAY MUD CONTAINING LESS THAN ONELESS THAN ONEPERCENT 1#" SALTPERCENT 1#" SALT AND 12$ PPM CALCIUM.AND 12$ PPM CALCIUM.

THESE ARE OF FOLLOWING TWO TYPES.THESE ARE OF FOLLOWING TWO TYPES.%"%" NATIVE OR SPUD MUDS: IT HAS BEENNATIVE OR SPUD MUDS: IT HAS BEEN

OBSERVED AT MANY DRILLING LOCATIONS THATOBSERVED AT MANY DRILLING LOCATIONS THATWHILE DRILLING THE SHALLOW SUBSURFACEWHILE DRILLING THE SHALLOW SUBSURFACEPORTIONS OF WELL, THE CLAYEY MATTER OFPORTIONS OF WELL, THE CLAYEY MATTER OFFORMATIONS GETS READILY DISPERSED IN THEFORMATIONS GETS READILY DISPERSED IN THEWATER BEING USED FOR DRILLINGWATER BEING USED FOR DRILLING RESULTING INRESULTING INSUSPENSIONS THAT PERFORM WELL AS DRILLINGSUSPENSIONS THAT PERFORM WELL AS DRILLINGFLUIDS. SUCH MUDS ARE, THEREFORE, KNOWNFLUIDS. SUCH MUDS ARE, THEREFORE, KNOWN

AS NATIVE MUDS OR SPUD MUDS.AS NATIVE MUDS OR SPUD MUDS.


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SYSTEMSSYSTEMS CONTD.CONTD.

&"&" TREATED MUDS: UNLIKE NATIVETREATED MUDS: UNLIKE NATIVEMUDS, CLAY MOSTLY BENTONITE ISMUDS, CLAY MOSTLY BENTONITE IS

ADDED TO FRESH WATER FOLLOWEDADDED TO FRESH WATER FOLLOWED

BY OTHER ADDITIVES.BY OTHER ADDITIVES.

SEVERAL TYPES OF DRILLING FLUIDSSEVERAL TYPES OF DRILLING FLUIDS

CONFIRM TO THIS DEFINITION. THESECONFIRM TO THIS DEFINITION. THESEDRILLING FLUIDS CAN BE PUT INDRILLING FLUIDS CAN BE PUT IN

FOLLOWING FOUR BROADFOLLOWING FOUR BROAD

CATEGORIESCATEGORIES


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SYSTEMSSYSTEMS CONTD.CONTD. '"'" SALT WATER MUDSSALT WATER MUDS

("(" CALCIUM TREATED MUDSCALCIUM TREATED MUDS

)")" LIGNOSULPHONATE MUDSLIGNOSULPHONATE MUDS

*"*" POLYMER MUDSPOLYMER MUDS

A CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF ABOVE TYPES OFA CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF ABOVE TYPES OFINHIBITIVE MUDS REVEALS THAT A MUD CAN BEINHIBITIVE MUDS REVEALS THAT A MUD CAN BE

CONVERTED TO INHIBITIVE OR INERT TYPES EITHERCONVERTED TO INHIBITIVE OR INERT TYPES EITHER

BY: -BY: -

THE ADDITION OF ELECTROLYTES MONOVALENT ORTHE ADDITION OF ELECTROLYTES MONOVALENT ORPOLYVALENT" TO THE SYSTEM.POLYVALENT" TO THE SYSTEM.

THE ADDITION OF ORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES.THE ADDITION OF ORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES.

THE ADDITION OF POLYMERS.THE ADDITION OF POLYMERS.

THE APPLICATION OF COMBINATION OF ANY OF THETHE APPLICATION OF COMBINATION OF ANY OF THE


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POTASSIUM CHLORIDE MUDSPOTASSIUM CHLORIDE MUDS

AN INTERESTING E+AMPLE OF USE OFAN INTERESTING E+AMPLE OF USE OF

POTASSIUM MUD IS KCL-K-LIGNITE SYSTEMPOTASSIUM MUD IS KCL-K-LIGNITE SYSTEM

FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE ONES. KCL USEDFOR HIGH TEMPERATURE ONES. KCL USED

IN THE RAGE OF 3# TO # BY WT." SERVEDIN THE RAGE OF 3# TO # BY WT." SERVED

TO INHIBIT SHALE HYDRATION WHERE AS K-TO INHIBIT SHALE HYDRATION WHERE AS K-LIGNITE IS USED FOR FLUID LOSS CONTROLLIGNITE IS USED FOR FLUID LOSS CONTROL

AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.

IN ALL KCL BASED MUDS, KOH IS USED,IN ALL KCL BASED MUDS, KOH IS USED,INSTEAD OF NAOH FOR CONTROL OF PH TOINSTEAD OF NAOH FOR CONTROL OF PH TO

AVOID ANY CONVERSION OF K TYPE CLAY TOAVOID ANY CONVERSION OF K TYPE CLAY TO

NA TYPE CLAYS.NA TYPE CLAYS.


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TYPES OF WATER BASEDTYPES OF WATER BASED

MUD SYSTEMSMUD SYSTEMS!!"!!" &"&" CALCIUM MUDS INHIBITION BYCALCIUM MUDS INHIBITION BY

POLYVALENT CATIONS"POLYVALENT CATIONS" LIME TREATED MUDS:LIME TREATED MUDS: GYPSUM MUDS:GYPSUM MUDS: CALCIUM CHLORIDE MUDS:CALCIUM CHLORIDE MUDS:

!!"!!" '"'" LIGNOSULFONATE MUDS LIGNOSULFONATE MUDS INHIBITION BY ORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES":-INHIBITION BY ORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES":-

THE MOST IMPORTANT E+AMPLE OFTHE MOST IMPORTANT E+AMPLE OF

LIGNOSULFONATE MUDS, WHICH IS MOSTLIGNOSULFONATE MUDS, WHICH IS MOSTCOMMONLY USED, IS CL/CLS SYSTEM. THECOMMONLY USED, IS CL/CLS SYSTEM. THECOMPRISES OF CHROME LIGNITE FOR FLUIDCOMPRISES OF CHROME LIGNITE FOR FLUIDLOSS CONTROL AT HIGH TEMPERATURE,LOSS CONTROL AT HIGH TEMPERATURE,OPTIMUM 0H OF . TO 1$.OPTIMUM 0H OF . TO 1$.


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SHALE STABILIATION IS ANOTHER AREA WHERESHALE STABILIATION IS ANOTHER AREA WHEREPOLYMERS ARE UTILIED. POLYMERS HAVEPOLYMERS ARE UTILIED. POLYMERS HAVEBEEN DEVELOPED THAT ATTACH TO CLAYBEEN DEVELOPED THAT ATTACH TO CLAYPLATELETS ON THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLESPLATELETS ON THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLES

AND HELP PREVENT SHALE SLOUGHING ORAND HELP PREVENT SHALE SLOUGHING ORDISPERSING.DISPERSING.

1.1. UNDESIRABLE SOLIDS CAN BE MINIMIEDUNDESIRABLE SOLIDS CAN BE MINIMIED

2.2. DRILLED SOLIDS FINES CAN BE CHEMICALLYDRILLED SOLIDS FINES CAN BE CHEMICALLY

REMOVED THROUGH FLOCCULATION.REMOVED THROUGH FLOCCULATION.3.3. DESIRABLE BENTONITE SOLIDS CAN BE KEPT TODESIRABLE BENTONITE SOLIDS CAN BE KEPT TO

A MINIMUM BECAUSE YIELD IS DOUBLED WITHA MINIMUM BECAUSE YIELD IS DOUBLED WITHPOLYMER BENEFICIATION.POLYMER BENEFICIATION.

LOW SOLIDS NON-DISPERSEDLOW SOLIDS NON-DISPERSED

MUD SYSTEMSMUD SYSTEMS


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4.4. DESIRABLE SPURT LOSS AND REASONABLEDESIRABLE SPURT LOSS AND REASONABLEFLUID LOSSES ARE ATTAINABLE.FLUID LOSSES ARE ATTAINABLE.

.. LOWER SOLIDS ACCUMULATION MEANS LOWERLOWER SOLIDS ACCUMULATION MEANS LOWERFLUID DENSITIES AND LOWER HYDROSTATICFLUID DENSITIES AND LOWER HYDROSTATIC

PRESSURES.PRESSURES.5.5. SHEAR THINNING CHARACTERISTICS PRODUCESHEAR THINNING CHARACTERISTICS PRODUCE

VISCOSITY APPROACHING THAT OF WATER ATVISCOSITY APPROACHING THAT OF WATER ATTHE BIT.THE BIT.

6.6. FLE+IBILITY ENCOURAGES HOLE CLEANINGFLE+IBILITY ENCOURAGES HOLE CLEANINGAND WELL BORE STABILITY.AND WELL BORE STABILITY.

7.7. STABLE AT HIGH BOTTOM-HOLE TEMPERATURE.STABLE AT HIGH BOTTOM-HOLE TEMPERATURE.

LOW SOLIDS NON-DISPERSEDLOW SOLIDS NON-DISPERSED

MUD SYSTEMSMUD SYSTEMS CONTD.CONTD.


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DISADVANTAGES OF LOW SOLIDSDISADVANTAGES OF LOW SOLIDS

NON-DISPERSED MUDSNON-DISPERSED MUDS

1.1. HYDRATABLE SOLIDS IN FAST DRILLINGHYDRATABLE SOLIDS IN FAST DRILLINGAREAS CAN NOT BE SATISFACTORILYAREAS CAN NOT BE SATISFACTORILYCONTROLLED CHEMICALLY ORCONTROLLED CHEMICALLY ORMECHANICALLY FOR EFFECTIVEMECHANICALLY FOR EFFECTIVE

MAINTENANCE.MAINTENANCE.2.2. NON-DISPERSED POLYMER MUDS WILLNON-DISPERSED POLYMER MUDS WILL

NOT TOLERATE SALT CONCENTRATIONSNOT TOLERATE SALT CONCENTRATIONSABOVE 1$,$$$ MG/1ABOVE 1$,$$$ MG/1

3.3. THESE MUDS REQUIRE SOLIDS REMOVALTHESE MUDS REQUIRE SOLIDS REMOVALEQUIPMENT WHICH IS INSUFFICIENT INEQUIPMENT WHICH IS INSUFFICIENT INMOST CASES, IMPROPERLY INSTALLED,MOST CASES, IMPROPERLY INSTALLED,POORLY ARRANGED OR NOT ADEQUATELYPOORLY ARRANGED OR NOT ADEQUATELY

MAINTAINED.MAINTAINED.


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OIL BASE MUD SYSTEM ANDOIL BASE MUD SYSTEM AND

THEIR APPLICATIONSTHEIR APPLICATIONS CONTD.CONTD.

IN ADDITION TO PROVIDING A MEANS FORIN ADDITION TO PROVIDING A MEANS FOR

AVOIDING THESE OB8ECTIONABLE FEATURESAVOIDING THESE OB8ECTIONABLE FEATURES

OF WATER MUDS: OIL MUDS OFFER SOMEOF WATER MUDS: OIL MUDS OFFER SOME

POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES:POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES:

BETTER LUBRICATING PROPERTIESBETTER LUBRICATING PROPERTIES

HIGHER BOILING POINTSHIGHER BOILING POINTS

LOWER FREEING POINTSLOWER FREEING POINTS


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OIL BASE MUD SYSTEMSOIL BASE MUD SYSTEMS

OIL BASE MUDS ARE WATER IN OILOIL BASE MUDS ARE WATER IN OIL

EMULSIONS IN WHICH OIL IS A CONTINUOUSEMULSIONS IN WHICH OIL IS A CONTINUOUSPHASE9 WATER IS A DISPERSED PHASE,PHASE9 WATER IS A DISPERSED PHASE,ELECTRICALLY NON-CONDUCTIVE ANDELECTRICALLY NON-CONDUCTIVE ANDHAVING OIL AS FILTRATE RATHER THANHAVING OIL AS FILTRATE RATHER THANWATER.WATER.

THE TERMS OIL BASE MUD ANDTHE TERMS OIL BASE MUD ANDINVERT EMULSION MUD SOMETIMES USEDINVERT EMULSION MUD SOMETIMES USEDTO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TYPES OF OILTO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TYPES OF OILMUDS.MUDS.

A"A" OIL BASE MUDOIL BASE MUD

B"B" INVERT EMULSION MUDINVERT EMULSION MUD


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PROPERTIES OF D/FLUIDSPROPERTIES OF D/FLUIDS

?? WEIGHTING MATERIALS MAY BE ADDEDWEIGHTING MATERIALS MAY BE ADDEDTO THE DRILLING FLUIDS TO INCREASETO THE DRILLING FLUIDS TO INCREASE

THEIR DENSITY SO THAT THE HYDROSTATICTHEIR DENSITY SO THAT THE HYDROSTATIC

HEAD PRESSURE BECOMES CLOSE TO THATHEAD PRESSURE BECOMES CLOSE TO THAT

OF FORMATION PORE PRESSURE. IN ORDEROF FORMATION PORE PRESSURE. IN ORDER

TO PREVENT THE INFLOW OF FORMATIONTO PREVENT THE INFLOW OF FORMATION

FLUIDS AND TO LAY DOWN A THIN, LOWFLUIDS AND TO LAY DOWN A THIN, LOW

PERMEABLE FILTER CAKE ON THE WALLS OFPERMEABLE FILTER CAKE ON THE WALLS OFTHE HOLE, THE PRESSURE OF MUD COLUMNTHE HOLE, THE PRESSURE OF MUD COLUMN

MUST E+CEED THE PORE PRESSURE BY ATMUST E+CEED THE PORE PRESSURE BY AT

LEAST 2$$ PSI 14 K/'>LEAST 2$$ PSI 14 K/'>22".".


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PROPERTIES OF D/FLUIDSPROPERTIES OF D/FLUIDS

THREE TYPES OF SPECIFIC WEIGHTS ORTHREE TYPES OF SPECIFIC WEIGHTS OR

DENSITY" ARE COMMONLY USED IN DRILLINGDENSITY" ARE COMMONLY USED IN DRILLINGFLUID CALCULATIONS: 1" STATIC 2"FLUID CALCULATIONS: 1" STATIC 2"EQUIVALENT CIRCULATION AND 3" ANNULAR.EQUIVALENT CIRCULATION AND 3" ANNULAR.

STATIC OR SURFACE SPECIFIC WEIGHT ISSTATIC OR SURFACE SPECIFIC WEIGHT IS

DETERMINED AT THE SURFACE CONDITIONSDETERMINED AT THE SURFACE CONDITIONSWITH A MUD BALANCE. ON THE OTHER HANDWITH A MUD BALANCE. ON THE OTHER HANDEQUIVALENT CIRCULATING DENSITY ECD" ATEQUIVALENT CIRCULATING DENSITY ECD" ATANY DEPTH IN A HOLE IS A FUNCTION OFANY DEPTH IN A HOLE IS A FUNCTION OFANNULAR PRESSURE LOSS, WHICH IN TURN ISANNULAR PRESSURE LOSS, WHICH IN TURN ISRELATED TO FACTORS SUCH AS CIRCULATIONRELATED TO FACTORS SUCH AS CIRCULATIONRATE AND HOLE CONDITIONS.RATE AND HOLE CONDITIONS.

E.C.D. @ DRILLING FLUID DENSITY ANNULARE.C.D. @ DRILLING FLUID DENSITY ANNULARPRESSURE LOSS + 1/DEPTHPRESSURE LOSS + 1/DEPTH

G G S


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WEIGHTING MATERIALSWEIGHTING MATERIALS

COMMONLY ADDED TO MUDSCOMMONLY ADDED TO MUDSMATERIALMATERIAL S0.G S0.G

CALCIUMCALCIUMCARBONATECARBONATE

2.612.61 ACID SOLUBLE WEIGHTINGACID SOLUBLE WEIGHTINGMATERIAL FOR DRILLING,MATERIAL FOR DRILLING,COMPLETION AND WORK OVERCOMPLETION AND WORK OVERFLUIDS.FLUIDS.

IRONIRONCARBONATECARBONATE 3.3. WEIGHTING AGENT IN WORK OVERWEIGHTING AGENT IN WORK OVERFLUIDSFLUIDS

BARYTESBARYTES 4.24.2 WEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.WATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.

ILIMENITEILIMENITEF)O.T!OF)O.T!O22""4.74.7 WEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.WATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.

HEMATITEHEMATITEF)F)22OO33""

.$.$ WEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWEIGHTING MATERIAL IN BOTHWATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.WATER AND OIL BASE FLUIDS.

GALENAGALENA 5.6-65.6-6 HIGH DENSITY MATERIAL FORHIGH DENSITY MATERIAL FORHIGH WEIGHT MUDS.


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CALIBRATIONCALIBRATION

THE INSTRUMENT SHOULD BETHE INSTRUMENT SHOULD BE

CALIBRATED FREQUENTLY WITH FRESHCALIBRATED FREQUENTLY WITH FRESH

WATER. FRESH WATER SHOULD GIVE AWATER. FRESH WATER SHOULD GIVE A

READING OF 7.33 LB/GAL OR 52.3 ;&/'&.*=.READING OF 7.33 LB/GAL OR 52.3 ;&/'&.*=.

OR 1,$$ >/'&.'>. AT 6$OR 1,$$ >/'&.'>. AT 6$$$F. 21F. 21$$C".C".

IF IT SHOWS WRONG READING THENIF IT SHOWS WRONG READING THEN

THE BALANCING SCREW SHOULD BETHE BALANCING SCREW SHOULD BE

AD8USTED.AD8USTED.


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VISCOSITY GEL STRENGTHVISCOSITY GEL STRENGTH


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VISCOSITY GEL STRENGTHVISCOSITY GEL STRENGTHVISCOSITY IS DEFINED AS THEVISCOSITY IS DEFINED AS THE

RESISTANCE TO FLOW WHILE THE GELRESISTANCE TO FLOW WHILE THE GEL

STRENGTH IS THE THI+OTROPIC PROPERTYSTRENGTH IS THE THI+OTROPIC PROPERTY

OF MUD I.E. MUD TENDS TO THICKEN UP IFOF MUD I.E. MUD TENDS TO THICKEN UP IF

LEFT UNAGGETATED FOR SOME TIME.LEFT UNAGGETATED FOR SOME TIME.

VISCOSITY IS USUALLY MEASURED BYVISCOSITY IS USUALLY MEASURED BY

MARSH FUNNEL. IT IS THE TIMED RATE OFMARSH FUNNEL. IT IS THE TIMED RATE OF

FLOW AND MEASURED IN SECONDS PERFLOW AND MEASURED IN SECONDS PER

QUART OR IN METRIC UNITS, SECONDS PERQUART OR IN METRIC UNITS, SECONDS PER

1$$$ ML. HOWEVER FUNNEL VISCOSITY1$$$ ML. HOWEVER FUNNEL VISCOSITY

DOES NOT REPRESENT THE CORRECT VALUEDOES NOT REPRESENT THE CORRECT VALUE

OF THE ACTUAL VISCOSITY OF MUD.OF THE ACTUAL VISCOSITY OF MUD.


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VISCOSITY GEL STRENGTHVISCOSITY GEL STRENGTH CONTD.CONTD.

MORE MEANINGFUL INFORMATIONMORE MEANINGFUL INFORMATION

CONCERNING VISCOSITY AND ITS CONTROLCONCERNING VISCOSITY AND ITS CONTROLCAN BE OBTAINED WITH A ROTATIONALCAN BE OBTAINED WITH A ROTATIONALVISCOMETER. VISCOSITY AND GELVISCOMETER. VISCOSITY AND GELSTRENGTH INCREASE DURING DRILLINGSTRENGTH INCREASE DURING DRILLING

PENETRATION OF THE FORMATIONS BY THEPENETRATION OF THE FORMATIONS BY THEBIT, CONTRIBUTES THE ACTIVE SOLIDS,BIT, CONTRIBUTES THE ACTIVE SOLIDS,INERT SOLIDS AND CONTAMINANTS TO THEINERT SOLIDS AND CONTAMINANTS TO THESYSTEM. THIS CAN CAUSE INCREASEDSYSTEM. THIS CAN CAUSE INCREASED

VISCOSITY AND / OR GEL STRENGTH TOVISCOSITY AND / OR GEL STRENGTH TOLEVEL, WHICH MAY NOT BE ACCEPTABLE. INLEVEL, WHICH MAY NOT BE ACCEPTABLE. INGENERAL, WHEN THESE INCREASES OCCUR,GENERAL, WHEN THESE INCREASES OCCUR,WATER OR CHEMICALS THINNERS" OR BOTHWATER OR CHEMICALS THINNERS" OR BOTH

MAY BE ADDED TO CONTROL THEM.MAY BE ADDED TO CONTROL THEM.


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MUD ADDITIVES COMMONLY USEDMUD ADDITIVES COMMONLY USED

FOR IMPARTING VISCOSITYFOR IMPARTING VISCOSITY

AND REDUCING VISCOSITYAND REDUCING VISCOSITYNAMENAME FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

BENTONITEBENTONITECLAYCLAY

VISCOSIFIER AND FLUID LOSSVISCOSIFIER AND FLUID LOSSREDUCER IN FRESH WATER.REDUCER IN FRESH WATER.

ATTAPUL-GITEATTAPUL-GITE VISCOSIFIER AND FLUID LOSSVISCOSIFIER AND FLUID LOSSREDUCER FOR SALT WATER BASEREDUCER FOR SALT WATER BASESYSTEM WHERE SALINITY E+CEEDSSYSTEM WHERE SALINITY E+CEEDS3.#.3.#.

ASBESTOSASBESTOS VISCOSITIES:FRESH AND SALT WATERVISCOSITIES:FRESH AND SALT WATERSYSTEMSYSTEM

CARBO+YCARBO+YMETHYLMETHYLCELLULOSECELLULOSE

SELECTIVE FLOCCULANT, VISCOSITIESSELECTIVE FLOCCULANT, VISCOSITIESAND FLUID LOSS REDUCING AGENT.AND FLUID LOSS REDUCING AGENT.


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MUD ADDITIVES COMMONLY USEDMUD ADDITIVES COMMONLY USED

FOR IMPARTING VISCOSITYFOR IMPARTING VISCOSITY

AND REDUCING VISCOSITYAND REDUCING VISCOSITYNAMENAME FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

THINNER ORTHINNER ORDISPERSANTSDISPERSANTS

CHEMICALS FOR REDUCINGCHEMICALS FOR REDUCINGVISCOSITYVISCOSITY

FERROCHROMEFERROCHROMELIGNOSULPHONLIGNOSULPHONATEATE

DISPERSANT WHICH CONTRIBUTES TODISPERSANT WHICH CONTRIBUTES TOFLUID LOSS CONTROL AT HIGHETFLUID LOSS CONTROL AT HIGHETTEMPERATUARETEMPERATUARE

CHROME FREECHROME FREELIGNOSULPHONLIGNOSULPHONATEATE

DISPERSANT WHICH CONTRIBUTES TODISPERSANT WHICH CONTRIBUTES TOFLUID LOSS CONTROL AT HIGHERFLUID LOSS CONTROL AT HIGHERTEMPERATURESTEMPERATURES

MODIFIEDMODIFIEDTANNINTANNIN

THINNER FOR FRESH WATER ANDTHINNER FOR FRESH WATER ANDSALT WATER SYSTEMSSALT WATER SYSTEMS

CUTCHCUTCH THINNER FOR HIGH 0H FRESH WATERTHINNER FOR HIGH 0H FRESH WATERBASE SYSTEMBASE SYSTEM


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PLASTIC VISCOSITY P"PLASTIC VISCOSITY P"UNIT OF MEASUREMENT CENTIPOISE :UNIT OF MEASUREMENT CENTIPOISE : MUD IS COMPOSED OF SOLIDS THATMUD IS COMPOSED OF SOLIDS THATCONTRIBUTE TO APPARENT VISCOSITY.CONTRIBUTE TO APPARENT VISCOSITY.

PLASTIC VISCOSITY IS THAT PART OF FLOWPLASTIC VISCOSITY IS THAT PART OF FLOW

RESISTANCE, WHICH IS CAUSED BYRESISTANCE, WHICH IS CAUSED BY

MECHANICAL FRICTION. THIS FRICTIONMECHANICAL FRICTION. THIS FRICTION

OCCURS 1" BETWEEN THE SOLIDS IN MUD 2"OCCURS 1" BETWEEN THE SOLIDS IN MUD 2"

BETWEEN THE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS THATBETWEEN THE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS THAT

SURROUND THEM 3" WITH THE SHEARING OFSURROUND THEM 3" WITH THE SHEARING OFTHE LIQUID ITSELF. FOR PRACTICAL FIELDTHE LIQUID ITSELF. FOR PRACTICAL FIELD

PURPOSE, HOWEVER THE PV DEPENDS UPONPURPOSE, HOWEVER THE PV DEPENDS UPON

THE CONCENTRATION OF MUD SOLIDS.THE CONCENTRATION OF MUD SOLIDS.


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YIELD POINT Y0" YIELD POINT Y0" ::

MEASURED ! ;&/1$$


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MEASUREDMEASURED ! ;&/1$$


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MEASURED ! ;&/1$$


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MEASURED ! ;&/1$$


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APPARENT VISCOSITY:APPARENT VISCOSITY: THE APPARENT VISCOSITY IN CENTIPOISETHE APPARENT VISCOSITY IN CENTIPOISE

EQUALS THE 5$$ 0> READING DIVIDED BY 2EQUALS THE 5$$ 0> READING DIVIDED BY 2A.V. @5$$/2 IN CENTIPOISEJA.V. @5$$/2 IN CENTIPOISEJ

PLASTIC VISCOSITY PV":PLASTIC VISCOSITY PV":

FRICTION FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARTICLESFRICTION FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARTICLESIS KNOWN AS PLASTIC VISCOSITY READINGIS KNOWN AS PLASTIC VISCOSITY READINGAT 5$$ 0> - READING AT 3$$ 0>.AT 5$$ 0> - READING AT 3$$ 0>.P.V. @ 5$$ - 3$$ IN CENTIPOISEJP.V. @ 5$$ - 3$$ IN CENTIPOISEJ

YIELD POINT: YIELD POINT:3$$ 0> READING - PLASTIC VISCOSITY3$$ 0> READING - PLASTIC VISCOSITYY0 @ 3$$ - PV IN ;&/1$$


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APPLICATION OF FANNAPPLICATION OF FANN

VISCOMETERVISCOMETER1.1. DETERMINATION OF APPARENTDETERMINATION OF APPARENTVISCOSITY, PLASTIC VISCOSITY ANDVISCOSITY, PLASTIC VISCOSITY AND

YIELD POINT. YIELD POINT.

2.2. DETERMINATION OF GEL STRENGTH ORDETERMINATION OF GEL STRENGTH ORTHI+OTROPIC PROPERTIES OF THETHI+OTROPIC PROPERTIES OF THE

DRILLING FLUIDS.DRILLING FLUIDS.

GE STRENGTH


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GEL STRENGTHGEL STRENGTHTHI+OTROPY CAN BE ESTIMATED BYTHI+OTROPY CAN BE ESTIMATED BY

OBSERVING THE CHANGE IN STRENGTHOBSERVING THE CHANGE IN STRENGTHTAKING PLACE IN A GEL AS FUNCTION OFTAKING PLACE IN A GEL AS FUNCTION OFTIME. TWO VALUES, THE 1$ SECOND GELTIME. TWO VALUES, THE 1$ SECOND GELSTRENGTH IS KNOWN AS GEL$ AND THE 1$STRENGTH IS KNOWN AS GEL$ AND THE 1$MINUTE STRENGTH IS KNOWN AS GEL1$.MINUTE STRENGTH IS KNOWN AS GEL1$.

THESE TWO VALUES CAN BETHESE TWO VALUES CAN BEDETERMINED AS FOLLOWS. ALLOW THE MUDDETERMINED AS FOLLOWS. ALLOW THE MUDTO STAND UNDISTURBED FOR 1$ SECONDS.TO STAND UNDISTURBED FOR 1$ SECONDS.

THEN SLOWLY AND STEADILY ROTATE AT 3THEN SLOWLY AND STEADILY ROTATE AT 30>. ALLOW THE MUD TO STAND STATIC FOR0>. ALLOW THE MUD TO STAND STATIC FOR1$ MINS. THEN AGAIN SLOWLY ROTATE AT 31$ MINS. THEN AGAIN SLOWLY ROTATE AT 30>. BY THIS CALCULATE GEL$ AND GEL1$0>. BY THIS CALCULATE GEL$ AND GEL1$

IN ;&/1$$


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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS

THE FILTRATION PROPERTY OF A DRILLINGTHE FILTRATION PROPERTY OF A DRILLING

FLUID IS INDICATIVE OF THE ABILITY OF THEFLUID IS INDICATIVE OF THE ABILITY OF THE

SOLID COMPONENTS OF THE MUD TO FORM ASOLID COMPONENTS OF THE MUD TO FORM A

FILTER CAKE AND THE MAGNITUDE OF CAKEFILTER CAKE AND THE MAGNITUDE OF CAKE

PERMEABILITY. THE LOWER THEPERMEABILITY. THE LOWER THEPERMEABILITY, THE THINNER IS THE FILTERPERMEABILITY, THE THINNER IS THE FILTER

CAKE AND LOWERS THE VOLUME OFCAKE AND LOWERS THE VOLUME OF

FILTRATE FROM MUD. FILTRATION PROPERTYFILTRATE FROM MUD. FILTRATION PROPERTYIS DEPENDENT UPON THE AMOUNT ANDIS DEPENDENT UPON THE AMOUNT AND

PHYSICAL STATE OF COLLOIDAL MATERIAL INPHYSICAL STATE OF COLLOIDAL MATERIAL IN

THE MUD.THE MUD.


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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS CONTD.CONTD. IF THE COLLOIDAL CONTENT OF MUD IS LOWIF THE COLLOIDAL CONTENT OF MUD IS LOW

AND THE INERT SOLIDS CONCENTRATION ISAND THE INERT SOLIDS CONCENTRATION IS

HIGH, IT WILL RESULT IN A THICK FILTERHIGH, IT WILL RESULT IN A THICK FILTER

CAKE ON THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLE. ACAKE ON THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLE. A

THICK FILTER CAKE IS UNDESIRABLE AS ITTHICK FILTER CAKE IS UNDESIRABLE AS ITCONSTRICTS THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLECONSTRICTS THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLE

AND ALLOWS E+CESSIVE AMOUNT OFAND ALLOWS E+CESSIVE AMOUNT OF

FILTRATE TO MOVE INTO THE FORMATIONFILTRATE TO MOVE INTO THE FORMATIONRESULTING IN FURTHER PROBLEMS SUCH ASRESULTING IN FURTHER PROBLEMS SUCH AS

CAVING, TIGHT PULLS, HELD UPS, STUCKUPSCAVING, TIGHT PULLS, HELD UPS, STUCKUPS

ETC.ETC.


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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS CONTD.CONTD. THEREFORE A SATISFACTORY FLUID LOSSTHEREFORE A SATISFACTORY FLUID LOSS

VALUE AND DEPOSITION OF A THIN,VALUE AND DEPOSITION OF A THIN,

IMPERMEABLE FILTER CAKE ARE OFTEN THEIMPERMEABLE FILTER CAKE ARE OFTEN THE

DETERMINING FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFULDETERMINING FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL

PERFORMANCE OF A DRILLING FLUID.PERFORMANCE OF A DRILLING FLUID.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OFTHERE ARE TWO TYPES OF

FILTRATIONS NAMELY DYNAMIC FILTRATION,FILTRATIONS NAMELY DYNAMIC FILTRATION,WHEN THE MUD IS CIRCULATING, AND STATICWHEN THE MUD IS CIRCULATING, AND STATIC

FILTRATION WHEN THE FLUID IS AT REST.FILTRATION WHEN THE FLUID IS AT REST.


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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS CONTD.CONTD. DYNAMIC FILTRATION DIFFERS FROMDYNAMIC FILTRATION DIFFERS FROM

STATIC FILTRATION IN THAT THE FLOW OFSTATIC FILTRATION IN THAT THE FLOW OF

MUD BY THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLEMUD BY THE WALLS OF THE BOREHOLE

TENDS TO ERODE AWAY THE FILTER CAKE ASTENDS TO ERODE AWAY THE FILTER CAKE AS

THE FILTRATION PROCESS DEPOSITS IT. THETHE FILTRATION PROCESS DEPOSITS IT. THE

FILTRATION CAKE BUILDS UP UNTIL THEFILTRATION CAKE BUILDS UP UNTIL THE

RATE OF DEPOSITION EQUALS THE RATE OFRATE OF DEPOSITION EQUALS THE RATE OF

EROSION. WHEN THE FILTER CAKEEROSION. WHEN THE FILTER CAKE

REACHES AN EQUILIBRIUM THICKNESS THEREACHES AN EQUILIBRIUM THICKNESS THE

RATE OF FILTRATION BECOMES CONSTANT.RATE OF FILTRATION BECOMES CONSTANT.


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FILTRATION LOSSFILTRATION LOSS CONTD.CONTD. HOWEVER IN STATIC FILTRATION THEHOWEVER IN STATIC FILTRATION THE

CAKE CONTINUES TO GROW THICKER WITHCAKE CONTINUES TO GROW THICKER WITH

TIME AND THE RATE OF FILTRATIONTIME AND THE RATE OF FILTRATION

CONTINUES TO DECREASE. IN THE SAMECONTINUES TO DECREASE. IN THE SAME

PERIOD OF TIME, A STATIC FILTER CAKE WILLPERIOD OF TIME, A STATIC FILTER CAKE WILL

BE THICKER THAN A DYNAMIC FILTER CAKEBE THICKER THAN A DYNAMIC FILTER CAKE

AND THE STATIC RATE OF FILTRATION WILLAND THE STATIC RATE OF FILTRATION WILL

BE LESS THAN DYNAMIC RATE.BE LESS THAN DYNAMIC RATE.

SOME CHEMICALS USED FORSOME CHEMICALS USED FOR


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CONTROLLING FLUID LOSSCONTROLLING FLUID LOSSCHEMICALCHEMICAL FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

CARBO+Y METHYL CELLULOSECARBO+Y METHYL CELLULOSE SELECTIVE FLOCCULANT,SELECTIVE FLOCCULANT,

CMC L.V H.V"CMC L.V H.V" VISCOSIFIER FLUID LOSSVISCOSIFIER FLUID LOSS CONTROL INCONTROL IN

FRESH ANDFRESH AND BRACKISH WATER, IMPARTSBRACKISH WATER, IMPARTS DISPERSINGDISPERSING

PROPERTIES TOPROPERTIES TO

SALT WATER SYSTEM.SALT WATER SYSTEM.

PREGELATINISED STARCHPREGELATINISED STARCH FLUID LOSS CONTROL IN SALTFLUID LOSS CONTROL IN SALT

WATER SYSTEM CALCIUMWATER SYSTEM CALCIUM MUD SYSTEM.MUD SYSTEM.

CARBO+Y METHYL STARCHCARBO+Y METHYL STARCH VISCOSITIES AND FILTRATIONVISCOSITIES AND FILTRATION

REDUCER.REDUCER.

SOME CHEMICALS USED FOR


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CONTROLLING FLUID LOSSCONTROLLING FLUID LOSS CONTD.CONTD. CHEMICALCHEMICAL FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONSPOLYANIONIC CELLULOSEPOLYANIONIC CELLULOSE FLUID LOSS CONTROL INFLUID LOSS CONTROL IN PAC"PAC"

L.VR.G"L.VR.G" FRESH AND SALT WATERFRESH AND SALT WATER SYSTEM ANDSYSTEM AND

VISCOSIFIER.VISCOSIFIER.

HT-STABLE RESIN LIGNITEHT-STABLE RESIN LIGNITE FILTRATION CONTROL UNDERFILTRATION CONTROL UNDER

HIGH TEMPERATUREHIGH TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS.CONDITIONS.

SYNTHETIC POLYMERSSYNTHETIC POLYMERS VISCOSITIES AND FILTRATEVISCOSITIES AND FILTRATE REDUCER.REDUCER.

+-C POLYMER+-C POLYMER PRIMARY VISCOSIFYINGPRIMARY VISCOSIFYING POLYMER FOR ALLPOLYMER FOR ALL

WATERWATER BASE MUDS.BASE MUDS.


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0H:0H:

0H IS THE MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE0H IS THE MEASUREMENT OF RELATIVE

ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY OF A LIQUID. MUD 0HACIDITY OR ALKALINITY OF A LIQUID. MUD 0H

AFFECTS THE DISPERSIBILITY OF CLAYS,AFFECTS THE DISPERSIBILITY OF CLAYS,

SOLUBILITY OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS ANDSOLUBILITY OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS AND

CHEMICALS CORROSION OF STEELCHEMICALS CORROSION OF STEEL

MATERIALS, AND MUD RHEOLOGICALMATERIALS, AND MUD RHEOLOGICAL

PROPERTIES. TYPICAL 0H RANGE IS .$ TOPROPERTIES. TYPICAL 0H RANGE IS .$ TO1$.9 HOWEVER, HIGH 0H MUDS CAN RANGE1$.9 HOWEVER, HIGH 0H MUDS CAN RANGE

UP TO 12. TO 13.$.UP TO 12. TO 13.$.

PAPER TEST STRIPSPAPER TEST STRIPS


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PAPER TEST STRIPSPAPER TEST STRIPS

DESCRIPTION:DESCRIPTION:THE TEST PAPER IS IMPREGNATED WITHTHE TEST PAPER IS IMPREGNATED WITH

DYES OF SUCH NATURE THAT THE COLOURDYES OF SUCH NATURE THAT THE COLOUR

IS DEPENDENT UPON THE PH OF THEIS DEPENDENT UPON THE PH OF THE

MEDIUM IN WHICH THE PAPER IS PLACED.MEDIUM IN WHICH THE PAPER IS PLACED.

A STANDARD COLOUR CHART IS SUPPLIEDA STANDARD COLOUR CHART IS SUPPLIED

IN A WIDE RANGE TYPE, WHICH PERMITSIN A WIDE RANGE TYPE, WHICH PERMITS

ESTIMATION OF PH TO $. UNIT, AND INESTIMATION OF PH TO $. UNIT, AND INNARROW RANGE PAPERS WITH WHICH THENARROW RANGE PAPERS WITH WHICH THE

PH CAN BE ESTIMATED TO $.2 UNIT.PH CAN BE ESTIMATED TO $.2 UNIT.


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GLASS ELECTRODE 0H METER:GLASS ELECTRODE 0H METER:

DESCRIPTION:DESCRIPTION:

THE GLASS ELECTRODES PH METERTHE GLASS ELECTRODES PH METER

CONSISTS OF A GLASS ELECTRODECONSISTS OF A GLASS ELECTRODE

SYSTEM, AN ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIER AND ASYSTEM, AN ELECTRONIC AMPLIFIER AND A

METER CALIBRATED IN PH UNITS.METER CALIBRATED IN PH UNITS.THE ELECTRODE SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF:THE ELECTRODE SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF:

I.I. THE GLASS ELECTRODES, WHICH CONSISTSTHE GLASS ELECTRODES, WHICH CONSISTS

OF A THIN WALLED BULB MADE OF SPECIALOF A THIN WALLED BULB MADE OF SPECIAL

GLASS WITHIN WHICH IS SEALED AGLASS WITHIN WHICH IS SEALED A

SUITABLE ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODE.SUITABLE ELECTROLYTE AND ELECTRODE.

GLASS ELECTRODEGLASS ELECTRODE


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GLASS ELECTRODEGLASS ELECTRODE

0H METER0H METER CONTD.CONTD.

II.II. THE REFERENCE ELECTRODE, WHICH IS,THE REFERENCE ELECTRODE, WHICH IS,SATURATED CALOMEL CELL. ELECTRICALSATURATED CALOMEL CELL. ELECTRICAL

CONNECTION WITH THE MUD ISCONNECTION WITH THE MUD IS

ESTABLISHED THROUGH A SATURATEDESTABLISHED THROUGH A SATURATED

SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDESOLUTION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

CONTAINED IN A TUBE SURROUNDING THECONTAINED IN A TUBE SURROUNDING THE

CALOMEL CELL. THE ELECTRICALCALOMEL CELL. THE ELECTRICAL

POTENTIAL GENERATED IN THE GLASSPOTENTIAL GENERATED IN THE GLASSELECTRODE SYSTEM BY THE HYDROGENELECTRODE SYSTEM BY THE HYDROGEN

IONS IN THE DRILLING MUD IS AMPLIFIEDIONS IN THE DRILLING MUD IS AMPLIFIED

AND OPERATES THE CALIBRATED METER,AND OPERATES THE CALIBRATED METER,

WHICH INDICATES PH.WHICH INDICATES PH.


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CATION E+CHANGE CAPACITY ORCATION E+CHANGE CAPACITY OR

METHYLELENE BLUE TEST MBT"METHYLELENE BLUE TEST MBT"

IT INDICATES THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVEIT INDICATES THE AMOUNT OF ACTIVE

CLAY IN THE MUD. IT MEASURES THE TOTALCLAY IN THE MUD. IT MEASURES THE TOTAL

CEC OF THE CLAY BY TITRATING WITHCEC OF THE CLAY BY TITRATING WITH

STANDARD METHYLENE BLUE SOLUTION.STANDARD METHYLENE BLUE SOLUTION.

BENTONITE CONTENT ACTIVE CLAY" CAN BEBENTONITE CONTENT ACTIVE CLAY" CAN BE

ESTIMATED IF OTHER ADSORPTIVEESTIMATED IF OTHER ADSORPTIVE

MATERIALS ARE NOT PRESENT", BASED ONMATERIALS ARE NOT PRESENT", BASED ON

AN E+CHANGE CAPACITY OF 6 MILLAN E+CHANGE CAPACITY OF 6 MILL

EQUIVALENT PER1$$ GM OF DRYEQUIVALENT PER1$$ GM OF DRY

BENTONITE.BENTONITE.


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METHYLENE BLUE TEST FORMETHYLENE BLUE TEST FOR

CATION E+CHANGE CAPACITYCATION E+CHANGE CAPACITY

PRECISE DRILLING MUD CONTROLPRECISE DRILLING MUD CONTROLREQUIRES THAT SOME MEASUREMENT BEREQUIRES THAT SOME MEASUREMENT BEMADE TO GIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THEMADE TO GIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THENATURE AND TYPES OF CLAYS THAT ARENATURE AND TYPES OF CLAYS THAT ARE

PRESENT IN MUD, AND THE SAMEPRESENT IN MUD, AND THE SAMEINFORMATION IS REQUIRED ABOUT THEINFORMATION IS REQUIRED ABOUT THECLAYS AND SHALES THAT ARE BEINGCLAYS AND SHALES THAT ARE BEINGDRILLED, SINCE THEY MAY BECOME PART OFDRILLED, SINCE THEY MAY BECOME PART OFTHE MUD SYSTEM.THE MUD SYSTEM.

THE METHYLENE BLUE TEST FOR CATIONTHE METHYLENE BLUE TEST FOR CATIONE+CHANGE CAPACITY OF CLAYS IS SUCH AE+CHANGE CAPACITY OF CLAYS IS SUCH AMEASUREMENT. THE FOLLOWING MATERIALSMEASUREMENT. THE FOLLOWING MATERIALSARE REQUIRED TO ESTIMATE THE CATIONARE REQUIRED TO ESTIMATE THE CATIONE+CHANGE CAPACITY OF DRILLING MUDE+CHANGE CAPACITY OF DRILLING MUDSOLIDS OR CLAYS: -SOLIDS OR CLAYS: -


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METHYLENE BLUE TEST FORMETHYLENE BLUE TEST FOR

CATION E+CHANGE CAPACITYCATION E+CHANGE CAPACITY

I.I. METHYLENE BLUE SOLUTIONMETHYLENE BLUE SOLUTION

3.64 GM U.S.P. GRADE METHYLENE3.64 GM U.S.P. GRADE METHYLENEBLUE PER 1$$$ CUB.CM."BLUE PER 1$$$ CUB.CM."

1CM @ $.$1 MILLE EQUIVALENT.1CM @ $.$1 MILLE EQUIVALENT.HYDROGEN PERO+IDE - 3# SOLUTION.HYDROGEN PERO+IDE - 3# SOLUTION.

II.II. DILUTE SULFURIC ACID APPRO+. N"DILUTE SULFURIC ACID APPRO+. N"

III.III. ONE 2. CUB.CM. OR 3 CUB.CM.ONE 2. CUB.CM. OR 3 CUB.CM.

SYRINGESYRINGEIV.IV. FLASK, BURETTE, GRADUATEDFLASK, BURETTE, GRADUATEDCYLINDER, HOT PLATE, FILTER PAPERCYLINDER, HOT PLATE, FILTER PAPER ETC.ETC.


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LUBRICITYLUBRICITY

REQUIREMENT FOR LUBRICATION IS CRITICALREQUIREMENT FOR LUBRICATION IS CRITICAL

ESPECIALLY IN DIRECTIONAL WELL" TOESPECIALLY IN DIRECTIONAL WELL" TO

REDUCE TORQUE AND DRAG. LUBRICATINGREDUCE TORQUE AND DRAG. LUBRICATING

TESTERS ARE MODIFIED TO MEASURETESTERS ARE MODIFIED TO MEASURE

LUBRICITY COEFFICIENT AND FILM STRENGTHLUBRICITY COEFFICIENT AND FILM STRENGTH

EP TEST". BASED ON WHICHEP TEST". BASED ON WHICH

RECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN FORRECOMMENDATIONS ARE GIVEN FORTREATMENT OF THE MUD WITH LUBRICATINGTREATMENT OF THE MUD WITH LUBRICATING

AGENTS.AGENTS.


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SAND CONTENTSAND CONTENT

EQUIPMENT:EQUIPMENT:SAND CONTENT OF MUD IS ESTIMATED BYSAND CONTENT OF MUD IS ESTIMATED BY

THE USE OF A SAND SCREEN SET. THE SETTHE USE OF A SAND SCREEN SET. THE SET

CONSISTS OF A 2$$ MESH SIEVE 2 1/2 INCHCONSISTS OF A 2$$ MESH SIEVE 2 1/2 INCH

53. MM" IN DIAMETER, A FUNNEL TO FIT TO53. MM" IN DIAMETER, A FUNNEL TO FIT TOSCREEN AND GLASS MEASURING TUBE. THESCREEN AND GLASS MEASURING TUBE. THE

MEASURING TUBE IS MARKED FOR THEMEASURING TUBE IS MARKED FOR THE

VOLUME OF MUD TO BE ADDED IN ORDER TOVOLUME OF MUD TO BE ADDED IN ORDER TO

READ DIRECTLY THE PERCENTAGE OF SANDREAD DIRECTLY THE PERCENTAGE OF SANDIN THE BOTTOM OF THE TUBE, WHICH ISIN THE BOTTOM OF THE TUBE, WHICH IS

GRADUATED FROM $ TO 2$ PERCENT.GRADUATED FROM $ TO 2$ PERCENT.


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LIQUIDS AND SOLIDSLIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

EQUIPMENT:EQUIPMENT:A RETORT IS USED TO DETERMINE THEA RETORT IS USED TO DETERMINE THEQUANTITY OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS IN THEQUANTITY OF LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS IN THEDRILLING FLUID.DRILLING FLUID. MUD IS PLACED IN A STEELMUD IS PLACED IN A STEELCONTAINER AND HEATED UNTIL THE LIQUIDCONTAINER AND HEATED UNTIL THE LIQUIDCOMPONENTS HAVE BEEN VAPORIED. THECOMPONENTS HAVE BEEN VAPORIED. THEVAPOURS ARE PASSED THROUGH AVAPOURS ARE PASSED THROUGH ACONDENSER AND COLLECTED IN A GRADUATEDCONDENSER AND COLLECTED IN A GRADUATED

CYLINDER AND THE VOLUME OF LIQUID ISCYLINDER AND THE VOLUME OF LIQUID ISMEASURED. SOLIDS, BOTH SUSPENDED ANDMEASURED. SOLIDS, BOTH SUSPENDED ANDDISSOLVED ARE DETERMINED BY DIFFERENCE.DISSOLVED ARE DETERMINED BY DIFFERENCE.


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FILTRATE ANALYSISFILTRATE ANALYSIS

SUCH CHEMICAL TESTS ARE MADE ONSUCH CHEMICAL TESTS ARE MADE ONMUD FILTRATES TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCEMUD FILTRATES TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE

OF CONTAMINANTS, SUCH AS SALT OROF CONTAMINANTS, SUCH AS SALT OR

ANHYDRITE, OR TO ASSIST IN THE CONTROL OFANHYDRITE, OR TO ASSIST IN THE CONTROL OF

MUD PROPERTIES. FOR E+AMPLE, THE TESTMUD PROPERTIES. FOR E+AMPLE, THE TEST

FOR ALKALINITY IN HIGH PH MUDS. THE SAMEFOR ALKALINITY IN HIGH PH MUDS. THE SAME

TESTS CAN BE APPLIED TO MAKE UP WATERS,TESTS CAN BE APPLIED TO MAKE UP WATERS,

WHICH IN SOME AREAS CONTAIN DISSOLVEDWHICH IN SOME AREAS CONTAIN DISSOLVEDSALTS, WHICH AFFECT MUD TREATMENT.SALTS, WHICH AFFECT MUD TREATMENT.


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ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONS


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ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONS2.2. ADD 2 TO 3 DROPS OFADD 2 TO 3 DROPS OF

PHENOLPHTHALEIN INDICATORPHENOLPHTHALEIN INDICATORSOLUTION.SOLUTION.

3.3. ADD $.$2 NORMAL N/$" SULFURICADD $.$2 NORMAL N/$" SULFURICACID FROM AN AUTOMATIC BURETTEACID FROM AN AUTOMATIC BURETTE OROR

A PIPETTE, STIRRINGA PIPETTE, STIRRING CONTINUOUSLY,CONTINUOUSLY,UNTIL THE SAMPLEUNTIL THE SAMPLE TURNS FROM PINK TOTURNS FROM PINK TOCOLOUR LESS, IFCOLOUR LESS, IF THE SAMPLE IS SOTHE SAMPLE IS SOCOLOURED WITHCOLOURED WITH CHEMICALS THAT THISCHEMICALS THAT THIS

END POINT ISEND POINT IS MASKED, THE END POINT ISMASKED, THE END POINT ISTHENTHEN TAKEN WHEN THE PH DROPS TOTAKEN WHEN THE PH DROPS TO7.37.3 USING THE GLASS ELECTRODES 0HUSING THE GLASS ELECTRODES 0H

METER.METER.



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ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSTHE NUMBER OF CUB.CMS. OFTHE NUMBER OF CUB.CMS. OF $.$2$.$2

NORMAL N/$" SULFURIC ACID DIVIDEDNORMAL N/$" SULFURIC ACID DIVIDEDBY THE CUB.CMS. OF SAMPLE TAKEN ISBY THE CUB.CMS. OF SAMPLE TAKEN IS

CALLED THE P ALKALINITY OF THECALLED THE P ALKALINITY OF THE

FILTRATE PF".FILTRATE PF".

4.4. TO THE SAMPLE, WHICH HAS BEENTO THE SAMPLE, WHICH HAS BEENTITRATED TO THE P END POINT, ADD 2TITRATED TO THE P END POINT, ADD 2

TO 3 DROPS OF METHYL ORANGETO 3 DROPS OF METHYL ORANGE

INDICATOR SOLUTION. ADD STANDARDINDICATOR SOLUTION. ADD STANDARD

ACID DROP BY DROP FROM THEACID DROP BY DROP FROM THE

PIPETTE WHILE STIRRING UNTIL THEPIPETTE WHILE STIRRING UNTIL THE

COLOUR OF THE SOLUTION CHANGESCOLOUR OF THE SOLUTION CHANGES

FROM ORANGE TO PINK.FROM ORANGE TO PINK.



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ALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSALKALINITY DETERMINATIONSRECORD AS MF TO TOTAL VOLUME OFRECORD AS MF TO TOTAL VOLUME OF

ACID IN THE CUB.CMS. USED TO REACHACID IN THE CUB.CMS. USED TO REACHTHE METHYL ORANGE END POINT,THE METHYL ORANGE END POINT,INCLUDING THAT OF THE P END POINT.INCLUDING THAT OF THE P END POINT.IF THE SAMPLE IS SO COLOURED THATIF THE SAMPLE IS SO COLOURED THAT

THE CHANGE IN COLOUR IS NOT EVIDENT,THE CHANGE IN COLOUR IS NOT EVIDENT,THE END POINT IS TAKEN WHEN THE PHTHE END POINT IS TAKEN WHEN THE PHDROPS TO 4.3 AS MEASURED WITH THEDROPS TO 4.3 AS MEASURED WITH THEGLASS ELECTRODE PH METER.GLASS ELECTRODE PH METER.

.. REPORT THE METHYL ORANGEREPORT THE METHYL ORANGEALKALINITY OF THE FILTRATE, ML, AS THEALKALINITY OF THE FILTRATE, ML, AS THETOTAL CUB.CMS. OF $.$2 NORMAL ACIDTOTAL CUB.CMS. OF $.$2 NORMAL ACIDPER CUBIC CM OF FILTRATE REQUIRED TOPER CUBIC CM OF FILTRATE REQUIRED TOREACH METHYL ORANGE END POINT.REACH METHYL ORANGE END POINT.


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SALT CONCENTRATIONSALT CONCENTRATION


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CHLORIDEJ TESTCHLORIDEJ TEST

THE TEST IS MADE ON A PORTION OF THETHE TEST IS MADE ON A PORTION OF THE

ORIGINAL FILTRATE, OR ON THE SAMPLEORIGINAL FILTRATE, OR ON THE SAMPLE

FROM THE ALKALINITY TEST TO WHICH AFROM THE ALKALINITY TEST TO WHICH A

PINCH OF CALCIUM CARBONATE HAS BEENPINCH OF CALCIUM CARBONATE HAS BEEN

ADDED. THE CHLORIDE CONTENT TESTADDED. THE CHLORIDE CONTENT TEST

PROCEDURE FOLLOWS: -PROCEDURE FOLLOWS: -

1.1. MEASURE A SAMPLE OF ANYMEASURE A SAMPLE OF ANY

CONVENIENT VOLUME, FROM ONE CCCONVENIENT VOLUME, FROM ONE CC TO 1$TO 1$CC, INTO THE CONICAL FLASKCC, INTO THE CONICAL FLASK AND DILUTE TOAND DILUTE TO

ABOUT $ CC WITHABOUT $ CC WITH DISTILLED WATER.DISTILLED WATER.


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CHLORIDEJ TESTCHLORIDEJ TEST

4.4. ADD STANDARD SILVER NITRATEADD STANDARD SILVER NITRATE

SOLUTION A DROP AT A TIME STIRRINGSOLUTION A DROP AT A TIME STIRRING

CONTINUOUSLY. THE END POINT OF THECONTINUOUSLY. THE END POINT OF THETITRATION IS REACHED WHEN THETITRATION IS REACHED WHEN THE

SAMPLE FIRST CHANGES TO ORANGE ORSAMPLE FIRST CHANGES TO ORANGE OR

BRICK RED.BRICK RED.

CALCULATE THE CHLORIDE C;" CONTENT ASCALCULATE THE CHLORIDE

C;" CONTENT AS


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CALCULATE THE CHLORIDE C;" CONTENT ASCALCULATE THE CHLORIDE C;" CONTENT ASFOLLOWS: -FOLLOWS: -

C; CONTENT IN > PER LITER OR 0>C; CONTENT IN > PER LITER OR 0>

CC OF SILVER NITRATECC OF SILVER NITRATE + 1,$$$+ 1,$$$

@ -------------------------------------------------- @ -------------------------------------------------- CC OF SAMPLE CC OF SAMPLE

IF IN THE STANDARD SOLUTION.IF IN THE STANDARD SOLUTION.

IF I.$ CC @ 1 MG C;, OR 4.61$ > OF ANOIF I.$ CC @ 1 MG C;, OR 4.61$ > OF ANO33 PER LITER $.$272N"PER LITER $.$272N" OROR

CL - CONTENT IN MG PER LITER OR PPM.CL - CONTENT IN MG PER LITER OR PPM.

CC OF SILVER NITRATECC OF SILVER NITRATE + 1$,$$$+ 1$,$$$

@@ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CC OF SAMPLECC OF SAMPLE

IF IN THE STANDARD SOLUTIONIF IN THE STANDARD SOLUTION

IF I.$CC @ 1$ > C;, OR 46.1$ > OF ANOIF I.$CC @ 1$ > C;, OR 46.1$ > OF ANO33 ,,

PER LITER $.272N"PER LITER $.272N"


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Hole cleaningHole cleaning

FLUID ANNULAR VELOCITY IS A KEYFLUID ANNULAR VELOCITY IS A KEY

PARAMETER IN CUTTINGSPARAMETER IN CUTTINGS

TRANSPORT. IF AN HOLE CLEANING TRANSPORT. IF AN HOLE CLEANING

PROBLEM EXISTS , CUTTINGPROBLEM EXISTS , CUTTING TRANSPORT MAY BE IMPROVED BY TRANSPORT MAY BE IMPROVED BY

INCREASING FLOW RATE TO ITSINCREASING FLOW RATE TO ITS

MAXIMUM VALUE WITH FLOW REGIMEMAXIMUM VALUE WITH FLOW REGIMEAND PUMP LIMITATIONS.AND PUMP LIMITATIONS.


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IN LAMINAR FLOW , HIGHER YIELDIN LAMINAR FLOW , HIGHER YIELD

POINT / PLASTIC VISCOSITY ( YP / PV )POINT / PLASTIC VISCOSITY ( YP / PV )

RATIOS IMPROVE CUTTINGSRATIOS IMPROVE CUTTINGS

TRANSPORT ; IN TURBULANT FLOW , TRANSPORT ; IN TURBULANT FLOW ,MUD RHEOLOGY HAS LITTLE EFFECTMUD RHEOLOGY HAS LITTLE EFFECT

ON CUTTINGS TRANSPORT. THISON CUTTINGS TRANSPORT. THIS

APPEARS TO BE TRUE IN ALL RANGESAPPEARS TO BE TRUE IN ALL RANGESOF INCLINATION .OF INCLINATION .


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PIPE ECCENTRICITY MAKES CUTTINGSPIPE ECCENTRICITY MAKES CUTTINGS

TRANSPORT MORE DIFFICULT AS FLUID TRANSPORT MORE DIFFICULT AS FLUID

VELOCITY IS REDUCED IN THE MOREVELOCITY IS REDUCED IN THE MORE

NARROW PORTIONS OF THE ANNULAS .NARROW PORTIONS OF THE ANNULAS .

WHEN ANNULAR FLUID IS LAMINAR , THIN ,WHEN ANNULAR FLUID IS LAMINAR , THIN ,

TURBULANT SWEEPS FOLLOWED BY THICK TURBULANT SWEEPS FOLLOWED BY THICK

SWEEPS MAY AID HOLE CLEANING BYSWEEPS MAY AID HOLE CLEANING BY

FIRST STIRRING THE CUTTINGS , THENFIRST STIRRING THE CUTTINGS , THENSWEEPING THEMOUT OF THE HOLE .SWEEPING THEMOUT OF THE HOLE .


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HYDRAULIC HOLE CLEANING MAY BEHYDRAULIC HOLE CLEANING MAY BE

SUPPLEMENTED BY MECHANICALSUPPLEMENTED BY MECHANICAL

MEANS . WIPER TRIPS ANDMEANS . WIPER TRIPS AND

DRILLSTRING ROTATION ( WHENDRILLSTRING ROTATION ( WHENPOSSIBLE ) DISTURB THE CUTTINGSPOSSIBLE ) DISTURB THE CUTTINGS

BED AND ENCOURAGE TRANSPORT .BED AND ENCOURAGE TRANSPORT .

TOP DRIVES ARE BENEFICIAL BY TOP DRIVES ARE BENEFICIAL BYALLOWING PIPE ROTATION ANDALLOWING PIPE ROTATION AND

CIRCULATION WHILE TRIPPING .CIRCULATION WHILE TRIPPING .


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SPE PAPER - 14167 OKRAN@8NI, )=. %;"H;) I';!%=! H;) ';)%!

0 - 450 - Laminar flow with higher YP/PV ratio.Cuttings bed can begin to form on lower side.

45 - 550 - Laminar flow turbulent flow ha!esimilar results. "igher YP/PV ratio hel#s in laminarflow. Cuttings bed ma$ slide down hole.


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H;) I';!%=! H;) ';)%!

55 - %00 - &urbulent flow #ro!idesbetter cuttings

trans#ort.

- "igher YP/PV ratio im#ro!estrans#ort in laminar flow.

- Cuttings beds generall$ willnot slide down hole.

Mud Circulation Principals,Execution & Importance

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Transcript of Mud Circulation Principals,Execution & Importance