MTY-7-EN Composites
Transcript of MTY-7-EN Composites
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MTY-7-ENComposites
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Examples of composites
•Composited in nature•wood
•bones
•Syntetic composites•Plywood•Paper •Metallic alloys•Reinforced concrete
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Advantages and disadvantages of composites
• Advantages• High ratio between strength and stiffness to density
• High resistance against creep and fatigue
• High strength at high temperatures
• High toughness
• Resistivity to corrosion
• Anisotropy
• Disadvantages• Expensive materials
• Expensive manufacturing
• Hard to repair
• Material properties
• Anisotropy
• Complex testing of properties and inspection
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Principle of composite
Two or more components are combined in such a way that the properties of the resulting material cannot be obtain from one homogeneous material
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High-tech application of composites
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Composites in sport and luxury goods
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Phases of composites
• Matrix - continuous
• Reinforcement – discrete
Metals Ceramics
Polymers Glasses
Composites
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Composite materials
Composites
particulate fibrous Structural
Large p. dispersion Long fiber Short fiber
oriented random
laminates sandwich
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Voigt
Reuss
Composites:isostress a isostrain
b
b
a
a
Reuss
effE
V
E
V
E
1
bbaa
Voigt
eff EVEVE
Density bbaaC VV
Modulus (bounds)
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Elastic moduli of long-fibre composites
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Mechanical properties of long-fibre composite
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Mechaniccal properties of composites
Lower
Upperbond
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Strength of composites
fiber fiber
composite
compositematrix
matrix
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Strength of fiber reinforced material
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Anisotropy of unidirectional fiber-reinforced layer
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Laminates - notation
Quasi isotropy
Symmetry
Lamina orientation
[0/45/-45/90]
Symmetry
[0/90/0]s = [0/90/0/0/90/0]
Layers repetition
[0/903/45] = [0/90/90/90/45]
Material indication
[0G/0C/90C/90K] – Glass, Carbon, Kevlar
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Sandwich
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Short-fiber composite
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Short – fibred composites
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Short fiber composites – fiber orientation
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Relation of fiber strength to its diameter
Material Elasticity modulusE [GPa]
Strength in tensionRm [MPa]
Glass fiber type E 72 2 100 to 3 500
Glass E 72 100
Carbon fiber 190 to 850 2 000 to 7 000
Polycrystalline graphite 10 20
Ceramic fiber SiC 400 3 900
bulk SiC 410 500
Polyethylene fiber UHMW PE 80 to 120 3 000
Comparison of bulk and fiber strength of selected materials
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Fiber materialsPolymeric material density
ϱ (g.cm-3
)R(MPa) E(GPa) Elongation A
(%)Syntethic wood 1,0 900 72,00 ---celullose (Fortisan) 1,52 1 100 2,4 ---polyester (Terylen) 1,38 600 1,2 ---polyamide (Nylon) 1,14 800 2,9 ---aramide (Kevlar 29) 1,44 3 450 58,6 4,0aramide (Kevlar 49) 1,44 3 620 124,0 2,5aramide (Kevlar 149) 1,45 2 410 146,0 1,5aramide (Twaron) 1,44 3 000 67,0 3,3aramide (Twaron HM) 1,45 3 000 125,0 2,3
Ceramic Material
Densityϱ (g.cm
-3)
Rm
(MPa)E
(GPa)Fiber
diameter(µm)
Thermal stability
(°C)Al2O3 3,15 to 4,0 2 070 to 2 800 172 to 470 25 800ZrO3 4,84 2 000 344 60 1 000
carbon 1,6 to 2,0 1 700 to 3 400 220 to 690 58 to 76 --BN 1,90 1 380 to 2 400 90 to 315 66 to 70 2 500
B4C 2,3 to 2,5 2 070 to 2 420 276 to 480 100 2 500
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Carbon fibres
Property Hi-modulusgraphite
Hi-strengthgraphite
steel(pcomparison)
density ϱ [g.cm-3] 1,90 1,90 7,8
Young modulus of elasticity E [GPa] 390 240 210
Strength Rm [GPa] 2,1 2,5 0,34 to 2,1
Effective modulus E/ϱ [MPa.g-1.cm3] 205 126 26,9
Effective strength Rm/ϱ [MPa.g-1.cm3] 1,1 1,3 0,043 to 0,27
Carbon fiber property at room temperature
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Materials of fibres
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Matrix Materials
•Polymeric• Thermosets (Epoxides)• Thermoplastic matrix (Polyetheretherketone (PEEK),
Polyfenylensulfide (PPS))
•Metallic• Copper• Sintered carbides• Cermets
•Ceramic• SiC whiskers / Al2O3 matrix• SiC whiskers / Si3N4 matrix• SiC / SiC matrix• Fiber / glass matrix• Carbon / carbon composites
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Synergic effect
•Rule of mixtures: PRoM = P1f1 + P2f2 (f1 + f2 = 1)
•Synergy Pobserved >>> PRoM
•Fracture toughness: •glass U~ 1 J/m2, •polyester U~ 100-1000 J/m2
•Rule of mixtures U~ 1 – 1000 J/m2 but... •Observed U~ 104 - 105 J/m2 !!
•WHY???
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Interface - wetting
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Interaction between fracture and composite
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-Plastic deformation of matrix in vicinity of crack-Crack changes direction in contact with fiber (not perpendicular to force)-Energy to separate fiber from matrix-Pull/out of fibers from matrix - friction
Fracture toughness of composites
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Comparison of composites and other classes of materials
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Testing of composite materials
• Elastic properties (4 independent values)• Modulus of elasticity in direction of fibers
• Modulus of elasticity in perpendicular direction to fibers
• Shear modulus
• Poisson ratio
• Strength properties (5 independent values)• In direction of fibers – tension and compression
• In direction perpendicular to fibers – tension and compression
• Shear strength
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Manufacturing of composites
prepregs
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Manufacturing of composites
autoclave
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Manufacturing and joining of composites
lepení
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Thank you for your attention!