M&T Wadi Hanifah Restoration Project Booklet - 2010-03-S
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Wadi Haniah Restoration Projecta r r i y a d h d e v e l o p m e n t a u t h o r i t y | m o r i y a m a & t e s h i m a | b u r o h a p p o l d | m a r c h 2 0 1 0
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As recently as March 22nd, 2010, the United Nations Environmental Program released a report to
coincide with World Water Day highlighting the dire consequences o sick water globally. The
report states that more people die rom polluted water every year than rom all orms o violence,
including war
The UN Report states that an estimated two billion tons o waste water including ertilizer run-o,
sewage and industrial waste is being discharged daily ueling the spread o disease and damagingecosystems. It is estimated that 3.7% o all deaths globally are attributed to water-related diseases,
translating into millions o deaths.
In the context o such stark reality, the Wadi Haniah Restoration Project could not be o greater
signicance. We are honoured to present the Project in the ollowing pages.
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t v
t W h lg W g g
r. t v W h , g, .
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It transorms problems into opportunities, leading to a sustainable and productive setting, a continuous ribbon o naturalized
parklands that interconnects the city and the Wadi, in which residential development, arming, recreation, cultural activities and
tourism exist in harmony within an oasis that extends the ull length o the City, and into the surrounding rural areas.
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Bringing Environments Back From The Dead
s
Imagine an urban generated river fowing in the heart o a desert
nation, the Kingdom o Saudi Arabia, within an ancient basin the
Wadi Haniah. What would happen i this critical natural heritageresource died?
As recently as 2001, the river was so polluted rom direct dumping
o industrial and municipal waste water that animals and sh foat
dead in its waters. It was so damaged that an entire eco-system
along its shores and within a 4500 sq km catchment area was close
to extinction.
Now imagine that through a completely natural yet ground-
breaking processes o naturalization and bio-remediation an
inspired client and a team o planners, landscape architects and
engineers, over a period o almost 10 years, succeeds in savingWadi Haniah. An eco-system is restored to its natural greatness
and continues to be the sustainable source o lie or the City that it
once was.
The Arriyadh Development Authority as client, working closely with
Canadian architecture and planning rm Moriyama & Teshima, in
partnership with UK engineering rm Buro Happold, has achieved
this very eat: through a visionary Master Plan, Restoration Program
and ongoing enhancments. Wadi Haniah is living and thriving once
again today.
p:
1 / Map o Riyadh and the Wadi. 2 / Images o
polluted waters beore the Wadi Haniah Restoration
and Flooding Project was implemented. 3/ A restored
Wadi.
2
3
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Wadi Haniah is an outstanding example o recapturing urban wastewater and putting it to work transorming the citys relationship
with its most signicant natural eature, creating opportunities and benets or its people. The Wadi Haniah project is truly a project
o global signicance: it is a proven, measureable and tested vision and strategy with the capacity to restore degraded water and
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ecological systems in urban environments. I Wadi Haniah, its natural environment and 4500 sq km catchment area in the heart o
a desert can be restored and successully greened, imagine the potentials o this comprehensive approach in locations around the
world where humans and nature exist in confict.
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The ollowing pages present the Wadi Haniah Master Plan and
Implemented Restoration Project, endeavoring to summarize a
decade o complex environmental planning and design combined
with the undamentals o ground-breaking bio-remediation
science that have produced, and continue to produce outstanding
measureable outcomes:
A river back rom the dead;
Urban waste water remediated so that it is sae or human
contact;
Large quantities o urban waste water are recycled back to the
people o Riyadh or reuse;
Developed an entirely unique bio-remediation acility that is
already perorming beyond expectations and at a capital cost o
1/3 o a mechanical treatment plant;
An eco-system naturalized and restored, thereby greening the
desert with its indigenous fora and auna;
A city transormed, no longer turning its back to a polluted
Wadi Haniah;
Socio-cultural and economic benets;
People o Riyadh rom all walks o lie gathering together to
enjoy public parks and open green spaces and parks along the
Wadi or the rst time in their lives;
Real estate values along the Wadi soaring by ten-old;
An emerging collective pride and condence that comes when
people experience visible and tangible positive change in their
environment and recognize the commitment o their leaders to
a sustainable uture; and
Government and community commitment to responsible
stewardship o the Wadi, and an array o environmental and
educational programs that include the community.
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t s:
Riyadh (ar-Riyadh: meaning The
Gardens) is the capital and largest city
o Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital oRiyadh Province, and belongs to the
historical regions o Nejd and Al-Yamama.
It is situated in the center o the Arabian
Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home
to 4,854,000 people, and the urban center
o a region with a population o close to 6
million people.
t s a:
120 km stretch o Wadi Haniah running
through Riyadh; Catchment area o 4500
square kilometers.
m p p:
2001 to 2004 - Master Plan development,
Restoration Designs, and design o
Enhancements.
c / i p:
2004 to present.
W h Qk F:
120 km in length
500,000 m3 dumping removed
10 million m2 cleaned wadi bed
2.5 million m3 in reproling cut and ll
40 side Wadis (10 major wadis)
9 major parks created
5 lakes created (25.1 hectares total surace
area)
7.4 km pedestrian promenades
46.8 km o recreational trails created
30 toilet blocks designed and built
30,000 shade trees planted
6,000 planted date palms
50,000 shrubs planted
2,000 large Acacia transplanted
Bio-remediation Facility consisting o 134
bio-remediation cells designed and built
42.8 km o Wadi roads
2,000 parking spaces created
350,000 cubic metres o urban wastewater
cleaned per day (2010)
1,200,000 cubic metres o urban wastewater
cleaned per day expected in 2025
730 pieces o waynding and interpretive
signage
2,500 light standards along walking trails
and wadi roads
600 pieces o eature lighting
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Summary o the Naturalization Strategy:Components and Process
nz
One o the rst steps in the naturalization process to bring the
Wadi back to lie was to clear the entire Wadi river-bed o dumping
and debris. This was ollowed by extensive re-grading and food-
proling measures including the relocation and installation o
utilities and roadways. Once the Wadi bed had been cleared o
dumping, re-graded and food-prooed and the utilities and roads
redeveloped, the next task was to begin the naturalization process
that would lead to re-vegetating Wadi Haniah with the same
indigenous species o plants that once inhabited it. Following
the identication o key species indigenous to Wadi Haniah, the
ADA and its contractors collected cuttings and seeds rom some
o the least damaged portions o the Wadi and began the process
o growing thousands o trees, shrubs and grasses in the ADA
greenhouses, a process we termed greening the desert.
The new plants were installed in over 150 dierent designs o
planting cells and constructed by the thousands within the Wadi
bed along 70 km o its length. The planting cells were designed orthe unique Wadi conditions. They consist o gravel-topped planting
beds that become local nurseries which seed to propogate the
greenery across the Wadi bed, thereby naturalizing the continuous
open spaces. Within three years these planting cells have proven
very eective and are transorming the bare earth o the Wadi bed
into greenery or the people to enjoy.
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nz d pk
Rather than developing European style parklands, the Master Plan
recommended that the Wadi Haniah be landscaped as Naturalized
Desert Parklands that t with and are indigenous to Riyadhs arid
desert setting and ecology. This has resulted in a new landscape
o desert greenery and limestone rock works that meld with the
surroundings to become 70 km o naturalized desert parklands.
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W pk
In keeping with the Master Plan vision, principles and
recommendations, seven major Wadi parks have been completed
and two more parks are under construction, including a large water
park. The parks have been developed with visitor amenities and
ample parking. Since picnicking is a Riyadh amily recreational
pasttime, all parks have been designed to accommodate hundreds
o amilies. Three parks have a strong water ocus, utilizing water
cleaned by the bio-remediation acility. All o the parks are major
people attractions. The response o the public has been absolutelyoverwhelming in their enthusiasm or the new parks. For the rst
time in decades the people o Riyadh are enjoying the Wadi and
relaxing in green settings that bring amilies rom all walks o lie
together.
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bw: A googe image rom March 2010 o the constructed bioremediation works.
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b- F
Simply put, clean water creates opportunities or wide-scale public use. By improving Wadi
Haniah water quality, the greater the potential is or regaining the Wadi environment as the
most signicant open space in Riyadh.
Bio-remediation is a general term applied to the use o natural biological unctions or the
remediation o a variety o environmental damages. Its natures way o cleaning water.
This naturally occurring process can be augmented in wastewater systems through the
establishment o an ecologically ecient ood web consisting o not only primary producers
(algae and higher plants) but also consumer organisms (sh,birds, insects, etc).
This became the preerred methodology o cleaning the water because it enhanced the
natural processes o the Wadi ecology, and was less costly than mechanical treatment.
This has uther contributed to environmental quality o the Wadi, which in turn has greatly
enhanced public perception and public use.
Within the dry weather fow channels o the Wadi Haniah watershed, naturalized channel
design provides continual bioremediation o toxicants, harmul bacteria, and excess
nutrients (contaminants rom urban and rural discharge) in the year-round fow.
The main Bio-remediation Facility is located north o the main highway interchange
and incorporates a series o weirs, rifes, pools, aerating pumps, bioremediation cells,
articial periphyton & benthic substrates, and riparian planting. Together, the elements o
this design have developed the appropriate aquatic and riparian conditions to assimilate
contaminants and urther remediate the water through a community o natural organismsthat aggregate to orm a ood web.
While all principles utilized in the Bio-remediation Facility are proven, the design o the
system integrates a hybrid o natural ecological principles and is the rst o its kind in the
world. This project is already successul in providing water treatment while creating a one-
o-a-kind natural acility and open-space public attraction.
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t g - :
1. Reduction o ecal and total Coliorm bacteria to sae levels;
2. Elimination o bad odours; and
3. Prevent cumulative negative impacts o nutrient load through the
Wadi.
t b- F g W h
r pj. t w 3 w k :
Aeration to kill the coloorm bacteria in the water;1.
Development o a ood chain to bio-accumulate excessive2.
nutrients derived rom urban sewage and wastewater; and
De-nitriying (to metabolize nitrogenous compounds) to reduce3.
odours emanating rom the wastewater.
b p a. (J - n 2009)
r r
0%
BOD
TSS
Phosphorous
Nitrogen
Carbon
Total Coliorm
Fecal Coliorm
20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
The our components o the Bioremediation Facility are designed to
enhance the natural treatment process are:
b1. These are the basic units o the Bio-remediation
Facility which are responsible or the bulk o nutrient
assimilation. The whole acility consists o 3 biocell groups as
ollows: Group 2 (20 biocells), Group 3 (34 biocells) and Group
4 (80 biocells);
a s2. This provides sucient levels o dissolved
oxygen (DO) to the system killing coliorm bacteria and
creating avorable conditions to microbes, sh & other aquatic
organisms;
af p b s3. Provide substrates
or biolm / periphyton which is essential or bio-accumulating
nutrients through the ood chain; and
F (t4. ) Serving as the top o the ood chain and
controlling the growth o lamentous algae.
Bio-remediation Facility
Objectives
The Bio-remediation Facility is designed as
habitat and natural structures to support the
biology that will do the work o cleaning the
water.
l, c:
Phosphorous, Nitrogen
and Oxygen are in
insucient quantities
to ully remediate as o
November 2009.
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b- F p
Based upon early testing and analyses only ve (5) months o data sets rom August 2009
to February, 2010 Nelson Environmental reported conclusive data in several key areas:
Suspended solid removal rates are high (clear water).
Ammonia removal rates are high.
Fecal and total coliorm removal rates are signicant.
System is unctioning without odours rom the water.
Aquatic higher lie orms (sh) are thriving in the Bio-remediation Facility.
Emergance o a new level o preditors - birds.
In summary, the Bio-remediation Facility is perorming beyond expectations.
The Bioremediation Sampling Monitoring Program is designed to allow or water sample
collection at strategic locations. The data collected is used to determine the treatment
eciency o individual biocells, groups o cells and o the entire acility. There are twenty-
two (22) water quality parameters being analyzed in each location and grouped under our
principal categories: General Variables; Organics; Nutrients; and Microbiology.
The long term purpose in collecting and analyzing data is to compare system perormance
to the Master Plan design objectives, in addition to developing long term bio-remediation
operation and maintenance protocols.
A summary o water quality analyses is presented in the Nelson Environmental
Bioremediation and Surace Water Monitoring Report dated February, 2010.
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Flood prooed entire landscape along 70km stretch o Wadi1.
Haniah through combination o grading and channelization;
Relocated all piped utilities (excepting heavy sewars) and2.
removed all overhead utilities (relocated underground);
Re-designed Wadi road system to reduce road widths,3.
rationalize road system into single primary route into the Wadi;
Implemented the channel system designed to biologically4.
remediate wastewater as it fows along the channels;
Completed construction o a major Bio-remediation Facility5.
with 4 water quality experts on site collecting data and
continually monitoring outcomes. Water quality Test Reports
show extremely signicant improvement in water quality;
Designed and built 7 major public landmark parks (with two6.
additional under construction) along the Wadi;
Designed and built 30 toilet blocks7.
Designed and built 46.8 km +/- o walking trails running8.
throughout entire park system;
Designed and built 7.4 km o pedestrian promenades9.
Designed and built street lighting and trail lighting system or10.
entire Wadi consisting o 2,500 xtures + 600 eature ligths;
Branded the Wadi and produced 730 pieces o signage /11.
waynding / interpretive signage (all now installed);
Grown and planted 30,000 indigenous shade trees, 6,000 date12.
palms, 50,000 shrubs and groundcovers, and transplanted
2,000 large native acacia trees;
Designed and built over 2,000 lay-by and parking spaces along13.
the length o the Wadi;
The people o Riyadh have started using the Wadi parks and14.
open spaces in large numbers as evidenced by the almost
capacity crowds on weekends;
Technical and construction issues are systematically being15.
resolved. The Wadi is becoming visibly green again and, as
per the Nelson Environmental test results discussed above
and presented in their Report, the water is being signicantly
cleaned;
The Bio-remediation Facility is developing the biology that16.
will do the work o cleaning the water. There is a tremendous
dierence in quality between the water fowing into the Bio-
remediation and that fowing out and into the Wadi. Already
the Bio-remediation Facility is perorming beyond expectations;
Maintenance and management o the Wadi is underway and17.
will continue to enhance the entire length o the Wadi;
Wadi Haniah is becoming recognized in Saudi Arabia and18.
around the world as a landmark initiative. Principles and
techniques developed or the Wadi will have application in
many places around the world;
aw / d:
Waterront Center (USA) Top Honor Award: Wadi Haniah
Comprehensive Development Master Plan, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia, 2003
Master Plan Presentation to United Nations Commission on
Sustainable Development, April 2004
Highly Commended award by the British Expertise
Association, UK, 2006
International Awards or Liveable Communities (LivCom)
Community Sustainability Award Natural Projects Gold,
2007
Overall Achievements and
Outcomes To Date:
The Wadi Haniah Restoration Project
is showing remarkable progress. It is
rapidly taking shape as one o the worlds
most distinguished park systems and willbecome Riyadhs Great City Park.
This remarkable progress has been
made possible through the concerted
teamwork o the ADA, Moriyama &
Teshima and Buro Happold, ADA/Site
Management, outside experts and
the contractors - all working together.
Although there is much work ahead to
complete implementation o the Master
Plan, the Restoration Projects in the main
Wadi have been completed. The positive
socio-cultural and measurable scientic
outcomes are already evident and very
impressive. The level o design is very
high. A summary o outcomes and
achievements ollows:
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Part Two:
Historical Background and Project Chronology
t h i W h c a
The Wadi Haniah watershed is the most signicant natural resource
in the Region. Wadi Haniah, running through the center o Riyadh,
is located in the heart o the Najd Plateau in the Kingdom o Saudi
Arabia. The Wadi and its many sub-wadis orm a unique 120
kilometre long ecological zone that descends rom the Tuwaiq
Escarpment in the northwest to the open desert southeast o
Riyadh, a region comprising a 4500 square km catchment basin.
The citys history and its uture are inextricably linked to the
existence and sustainability o Wadi Haniah.
An oasis in the heart o the Arabian peninsula, the water, land and
resources o the Wadi Haniah watershed have historically provided
sustenance or communities along its length. For centuries a
balance prevailed between the Wadi and the people, betweennatural processes and human interventions. Stability existed
because the inhabitants were completely dependent upon the Wadi
or their survival and prosperity.
The First Saudi State strategically located its capital at Addiriyyah
on the west bank o Wadi Haniah, taking advantage o its water
and arable lands. Subsequently Riyadh developed east o Wadi
Haniah as the new capital o the modern Saudi State. Until the
rapid expansion o Riyadh, in particular up to the early 1970s, the
city and the Wadi co-existed in harmony. Wadi Haniah was used as
a sustainable resource or water and ood - a balance prevailed.
W h u t
From the early 1970s Riyadh expanded westward towards Wadi
Haniah, eventually spreading along its west bank. The Wadi was
exploited to satisy the increasing demand or water and to provide
mineral resources to meet the massive construction needs arising
rom the rapid growth o the City. By the 1980s water resources in
the Wadi could not cope with the demand, and water table levels
dropped well below sustainable limits. To meet continued demand,
Riyadh began to receive desalinated water piped rom the Eastern
Province. This brought with it a new problem: rising groundwater
contaminated with raw sewage. As the natural drainage system or
Riyadh, the Wadi was inappropriately used as a drainage channel
or this urban generated waste water. Oten standing water resulted
along the wadi bed creating a public health hazard. Thus began the
negative public perception o Wadi Haniah as Riyadhs sewer and a
serious health hazard.
Wadi Haniah urther deteriorated with the onset o widespread
dumping and quarrying resulting in widespread environmental
destruction.
For the next twenty-ve years the City o Riyadh turned its back on
Wadi Haniah and its deterioration continued.
a tk b a d a
r W
Investigations into the serious consequences o development,
groundwater levels and dumping in Wadi Haniah began in
the 1980s. This led the Arriyadh Development Authority to
carry out technical and environmental studies in parallel with
the development o a strategy or the Wadi. In addition to the
groundwater studies and ongoing groundwater monitoring, the
Arriyadh Development Authority undertook studies on water
resources and fooding, as well as the historical and archaeological
assets. These studies were used as the technical basis or theStrategy or Wadi Haniah, which was adopted in 1994.
t c oj 1994 Strategy for Wadi Hanifah:
The High Commission or the Development o Arriyadh enorced
urgent measures to remove the sources o pollution and most o
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the industrial activities along Wadi Haniah. This included halting
removal o soil and stopping dumping o waste. Additionally, the
food plain boundaries were dened and the placement o utilities
and services was limited. Monitoring o the wadi environment, and
issuance o guidelines and regulations were also carried out.
Despite attempts to improve the condition o Wadi Haniah, the
Wadi continued to deteriorate. The lack o a comprehensive plan
made it dicult or authorities to improve and restore Wadi Haniahto health and thereby to improve the quality o lie or the people o
Riyadh.
By 2001, when the food plain boundaries were dened, it was
evident that a comprehensive plan was an essential step orward to
restore the Wadi. The ollowing conditions had reached a critical
state:
Environmental degradation, loss o natural unctioning and
ecosystem productivity o the Wadi through unsustainable use
o land, water, energy and other resources.
Lack o special development controls or Wadi Haniah and its
environs.
Illegal dumping o solid and liquid wastes.
Development that had led to encroachments into the food
fow channel, and to changes o levels o the Wadi bed. These
conditions negatively aected the Wadis unction as a natural
drainage system, and its ability to deal with foods.
Inadequate system o surace fow channels, which receive fow
resulting rom rising groundwater as well as discharge rom
the Manouha Sewage Treatment Plant. The measures taken
to that point had provided an interim response to the problem
only, and required planning and co-ordination to address abroader range o issues.
Uncontrolled discharges into the Wadi surace fow channel
and/or its tributaries or example rom the abattoir, the
tannery, and unauthorized discharges rom sewage tankers.
Health issues related to the quality o water in surace fow
channels because o uncontrolled discharges.
The general waste o a potentially valuable water recycling
resource.
Visual degradation, resulting rom loss o natural environment,
dumping, quarrying, lack o coordinated inrastructure
installation, and lack o development controls.
Uncoordinated use o the Wadi or trunk utilities, such as
sanitary, potable water, irrigation mains, and use o the Wadi
or overhead electrical distribution.
The 1994 Strategy was just the beginning o a long-term program
or the preservation and proper use o the Wadi basin and its
environs. The next step required a comprehensive development
plan or Wadi Haniah that reviewed the existing conditions,
explored opportunities, and provided a vision, master plan and
details or the development o priority projects. Based on two
objectives:
1. t e; and
2. Q l.
An over-riding concern or the plan would be the restoration o
balance between needs o the Wadi ecosystem, and the needs,
desires and expectations o the City o Riyadh with environmental
sustainability the guiding principle.
t W h c d p c /
t r
The Arriyadh Development Authority prepared the terms o
reerence or the Comprehensive Development Plan ollowing the
direction o the High Commission and dened the approach andcontent o Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3 o the assignment. Based on
the Terms o Reerence the Arriyadh Development Authority called
or proposals and selected the Joint Venture Team o Moriyama
& Teshima plus Buro Happold which began the Wadi Haniah
Comprehensive Development Plan on July 28, 2001.
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The three part assignment consisted o :
p 1, Introductory Appraisal: including review o existing studies,
appraisal o existing data, evaluation o environmental, water
quality and urban issues, development scenarios, together with the
articulation o a short and long-term vision or the Wadi.
p 2, Master Plan: including Environmental Plan, Water Resources
Management Plan, and Land Use Plan, plus a dened program o
Priority Projects, and 10 year Implementation Program.
p 3, Staged Implementation Phase: including designs or Priority
Projects related to water resources, transportation and utilities,
programs and design options or environmental restoration and
conservation, plus recreation and open spaces, guidelines and
principles or urban development, inrastructure and engineering
coordination, environmental and urban management, and nancing
principles. The capital construction works to implement the Master
Plan were divided into two Parts, and 5 construction zones, which
are described in detail below:
The1. W h r pj being those construction
works necessary to restore food perormance and water
quality and to complete the Wadi Bed restoration; and
W h d pg2. being those public
inrastructure and public landscape capital construction works
which, together with private sector investment projects, will
build on the platorm provided by the Wadi Haniah Restoration
Project to complete the implementation o the Wadi Haniah
Comprehensive Development Plan.
t W h r pj
The overall implementation process began by rst meeting
immediate existing demands along Wadi Haniah beore
addressing uture needs. This required restoring and protecting
the environmental values o Wadi Haniah and upgrading its
unctionality including:
Cleaning the Wadi bed o dumping;
Improving the food perormance o the channel by re-proling
and re-grading; and
Improving the Wadi road network in relation to the proposed
water restoration works, to better accommodate local access
needs, connections to the Riyadh road network and to provide
better perorming and saer local Wadi roads.
The cleaning up o the Wadi is o course one o the critical partso the project however just as important are the other measures
designed to bring the Wadi back to the people o Riyadh.
W h d pg:
This component o the Comprehensive Plan builds upon the Wadi
Haniah Restoration Project, and then continues with strategic
public and private sector projects to more ully develop the
environmental, cultural, recreational and water resources o the
Wadi Haniah by:
Providing open spaces and parklands along the Wadi and1.
extending them into surrounding residential areas;
Developing the magnicent cultural resources o Wadi Haniah,2.
particularly at Addiriyyah, Hay Al Masani, the Old Dam and Old
Al Hair;
Re-establishing the natural landscape in the desert tablelands3.
and rangelands o the desert catchment area above the Wadi
bed, including construction o check dams;
Providing private sector investments to renew the Seyah mixed4.
use development area;
Providing private sector investment opportunities or5.
recreational and leisure acilities;
Providing private sector investment opportunities or tourism6.
development;
Providing private sector investment or innovative agricultural7.
development;
Constructing water recycling and treatment acilities, to meet8.
uture water needs in Riyadh.
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F e
All o the work realized to date is only the beginning o a continuing
cultural and environmental process to sustain lie and give meaning
to Wadi Haniah or uture generations. There are a number o key
initiatives that are important to realize its vision as a Living Wadi.These include:
Enhancement o The Wadi Haniah Directorate to ensure the
ongoing protection, management and enhancement o the
Wadi Haniah;
Establishment o an educational an interpretative/inormation
centre that will ocus on the environmental and cultural
stewardship o Wadi Haniah and its ongoing importance to the
city o Riyadh;
Restoration and enhancement o the 10 main sub wadis and
their linkage to Wadi Haniah in a total watershed management
program;The continuing development o Wadi Haniah as the Great City
Park o Riyadh.
Al Hair Lakes Tourist District
Establishment o Wadi Reserve Zones (Al Hair Lakes, Wadi
Laban, Al Hessiah)
Continuing water cleaning, recycling and reuse
a G p s
Wadi Haniah Restoration Project is a bold vision being
implemented in a world city that will enhance Riyadh as a model
or sustainability in a world where resh water is an increasingly
scarce and precious commodity. By recycling and reusing 350,000cubic metres per day o cleaned urban waste water rom the
City, it provides opportunities or the uture as well as tangible
economic benets today. The Plan uses urban waste water to
restore, green and re-connect this most signicant environmental
eature as public space in the capital city o 4.5 million people.
The greening programs and projects throughout the watershed
will make a signicant contribution to the quality o lie in Riyadh,
while the people o Riyadh also gain access to 120 km o new
open spaces and parklands. The ground-breaking vision, plan
and implementation technologies have application globally or the
protection and resurrection o other threatened environments.
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