msoflio kultura

qeTevan kakitelaSvili, giorgi niJaraZe, nino Ciqovani,

irakli CxaiZe, maia qvriviSvili, ivane wereTeli

Tbilisi

2012

msoflio kultura

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo himni

`Tavisufleba~

leqsi daviT maRraZisa

Cemi xatia samSoblo,

saxate mTeli qveyana,

ganaTebuli mTa-bari,

wilnayaria RmerTTana.

Tavisufleba dRes Cveni

momavals umRers didebas,

ciskris varskvlavi amodis

da or zRvas Sua brwyindeba.

dideba Tavisuflebas,

Tavisuflebas dideba.

qeTevan kakitelaSvili, giorgi niJaraZe, nino Ciqovani,

irakli CxaiZe, maia qvriviSvili, ivane wereTeli

msoflio kultura

X/XI/XII

moswavlis wigni

grifi mieniWa 2012 wels, saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros s. s. i. p. ganaTlebis xarisxis

ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier.

4 msoflio kultura

sarCevi

Sesavali 6

1. mravalferovani msoflio 7

2. ra aris kultura? 10

3. arseboben metad an naklebad kulturuli adamianebi? arseboben adamianebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT kultura? 14

4. ratom arsebobs ara erTi, aramed mravali kultura? 17

5. Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi 19

6. ra ganasxvavebs adamians sxva cocxali arsebebisagan? 21

7. aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura? 23

8. genetika da kultura 26

9. bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo: Cven rom sxvagan an sxva dros gvecxovra 29

10. sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi 33

11. sazogadoeba 38

12. socializacia 41

13. identoba 44

14. civilizacia 47

15. marginaloba 50

16. kontrkultura 52

17. samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala 58

18. subkultura 61

19. kulturis universaliebi 65

20. zRapari 68

21. magia 70

22. miTi 74

23. religia 77

24. mkurnaloba da medicina 79

25. simbolo 86

26. xelovneba 90

5

27. samarTali 94

28. Sroma, profesia da hobi 99

29. rekreacia 104

30. TamaSi 106

31. dro 109

32. cikluri da sworxazovani dro 114

33. ena. niSanTa sistemebi 118

34. enis „tyveobaSi“ 122

35. araverbaluri komunikacia 126

36. kulturaTa difuzia 130

37. asimilacia 132

38. masobrivi kultura 135

39. ratom aris maskultura masobrivi? 138

40. globalizacia 142

41. globalizacia _ safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba? 147

42. masmedia 152

43. kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi 156

44. kultura da genderi 162

45. kulturaTa tipologia 166

46. saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba 169

47. saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba 173

48. kulturuli Soki 176

49. stereotipi 179

50. kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobis barierebi: rasizmi da qsenofobia 182

51. istoriis gakveTilebi 184

52. eTnocentrizmi 189

53. eTnorelativizmi 192

54. interkulturuli komunikacia. interkulturuli dialogi 195

sarCevi

6 msoflio kultura

Sesavalira warmoidgine, roca am wignis saTauri waikiTxe? albaT, upirvelesad, msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi, sxvadasxva dros Seqmnili arqiteqturuli Zeglebi, ferweris nimuSebi, literaturuli da musikaluri qmnilebebi... magram mxolod es aris kultura? ratom imosebian da ikvebebian adamianebi sxvadasxvagvarad? ratom aqvT gansxvavebuli warmodgena silamazeze, sikeTesa da borotebaze, samarTalze, usamarTlobaze, Tavisuflebaze? ratom xumroben, brazoben, zeimoben da glovoben sxvadasxvagvarad? ratom anawileben gansxvavebulad dros, romelic, TiTqos, yvelgan erTnairad gadis?... saxelmZRvanelos wakiTxvis Semdeg aRmoaCen, rom es gansxvavebebi kulturiT aris ganpirobebuli _ Cven kulturulad mravalferovan msoflioSi vcxovrobT. swored es mravalferovneba _ gansxvavebebi warmodgenebSi, Sexedulebebsa da, zogadad, cxovrebis wesSi _ aRgviZravs interessa da cnobismoyvareobas. kulturuli gansxvavebebis codna da gacnobiereba gvazRvevs qsenofobiuri da rasistuli ganwyobebisagan, rac araerTxel gamxdara msoflios yvelaze sisxlismRvreli da tragikuli movlenebis safuZveli. Tanamedrove globalizebul samyaroSi, rodesac sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi yoveldRiurad xvdebian erTmaneTs swavlis, muSaobisa Tu dasvenebis dros, es codna warmatebuli TviTdamkvidrebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa. kulturuli mravalferovnebis, rogorc faseulobis, aRqma uaRresad mniSvnelovania Cveni qveynis moqalaqeebisTvis, radgan saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo da dResac aris sxvadasxva religiisa da kulturis mqone adamianebis samSoblo.

saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia X/XI/XII klasis moswavleTaTvis.

7

mravalferovani msoflio 1

gifiqria imaze, ratom ocnebobs TiT qmis yvela Cvengani mogzaurobaze? SeiZ leba imitom, rom „sxva samyaroSi“ mox vedra yovelTvis saintereso, mimzidveli da saxalisoa; es amravalferovnebs yovel dRiur cxovrebas, amdidrebs Cvens codnas da gamocdilebas. mogzaurobis dros aucileblad geqneboda fotokamera, Seecdebodi gadageRo lamazi peizaJebi, xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, saintereso momentebi. TvalSi gecemoda adamianebis gansxvavebuli qceva _ misalmebis

wesi, madlobis gadaxdisa Tu bodiSis moxdis forma, Cacmuloba, samzareulo, musika, sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemo... (motanili suraTebi swored kulturul mravalferovnebas asaxavs). mogzaurobidan dabrunebis Semdeg megobrebs, pirvel rigSi, albaT, imas mouyvebodi, ra iyo SenTvis uCveulo da gansakuTrebuli, ucnauri _ mimzidveli Tu miuRebeli.

yofilxar saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi? sul ramdenime saaTi dagWirdeba imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCino bunebisa da adamianTa cxovrebis wesis saocari mravalferovneba. saqarTveloSi erTmaneTs enacvleba sxvadasxva kuTxisa da eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis manera, kilo, tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, kerZebi, sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi...

samwuxarod, SeuZlebelia imogzauro yvelgan da naxo yvelaferi, rac sainteresoa, Tumca dRes, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis saSualebiT, dedamiwis nebismier kuTxeSi moaxerxeb virtualur mogzaurobas da informaciis miRebas sxvadasxva qveynisa da sazogadoebis Taviseburebebze.

1. mravalferovani msoflio

davaleba

l gaixsene, sad gimogzauria da gamoyavi mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebidan SenTvis yvelaze sagulisxmo epizodi.

warmoidgine, ra uintereso iqneboda cxovreba, adamianebi erTnairebi rom iyvnen. Cven yovelTvis gvizidavs da cnobismoyvareobas aRgviZravs is, rac ucxo da, erTi SexedviT, Znelad gasagebia. adamianebi dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi Sromoben da isveneben, uxariaT da glovoben, avadmyofoben da mkurnaloben, zrdian bavSvebs da iTviseben TaobaTa gamocdilebas, gmoben borotmoqmedebas da ganadideben saTnoebas,

8 msoflio kultura

l erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, imas, rac adamianebs aerTianebs da, amave dros, sxvebisagan ganasxvavebs, kultura ewodeba.

sxvadasxva kulturis adamianebs, romlebic, rogorc ukve vTqviT, sxvadasxvagvarad azrovneben, grZnoben da iqcevian, xSirad uWirT erTmaneTis gageba. magram, amave dros, isini mravali saerTo problemis winaSe dganan _ globaluri daTbobis, garemos dabinZurebis, ekonomikuri krizisis, terorizmis, Sidsis, siRaribis... am problemaTa daZleva mxolod saerTo ZalisxmeviT Tu moxerxdeba, erToblivi gadawyvetilebebi ki warmatebiT marto maSin xorcieldeba, Tu gaTvaliswinebulia kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi.

davaleba

l imsjele, globaluri problemebis erToblivi gadaWrisas ratom unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi?

Tanamedrove globaluri samyaro swavlis, muSaobis Tu dasvenebis dros erTmaneTs axvedrebs sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs. gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba Cvens cxovrebas ufro sainteresos, mimzidvels, naklebad konfliqturs xdis. adamians, romelic flobs mravalferovan kulturul garemoSi orientaciisa da komunikaciis unar-Cvevebs, warmatebis mopovebis meti SesaZlebloba aqvs rogorc sakuTar samSobloSi, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT. sxva kulturis adamianebTan urTierToba da TanamSromloba imas ki ar niSnavs, rom Cven erTmaneTis msgavsad an erTnairad unda moviqceT an vifiqroT, aramed imas, rom kargad vicnobdeT sakuTar kulturas, mis faseulobebs da, amis safuZvelze, vecnobodeT da pativs vcemdeT sxvebs, aRviqvamdeT maT, rogorc Tanasworebs.

kiTxva

l eTanxmebi Tu ara mosazrebas: „adamians, romelic flobs mravalferovan kulturul garemoSi orientaciisa da komunikaciis unar-Cvevebs, warmatebis mopovebis meti SesaZlebloba aqvs rogorc sakuTar samSobloSi, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT“? pasuxi daasabuTe.

iaponeli qali suSiT

xinkali

swamT, qmnian xelovnebis nimuSebs, magram yvelafer amas sxvadasxvagvarad akeTeben. sazogadoebebi gansxvavdebian eniT, religiiT, zne-CveulebebiT, msoflmxedvelobiT, warmodgeniT silamazeze, dasaSvebsa da akrZalulze, samarTlianobasa da usamarTlobaze, Tavazianobasa da uzrdelobaze...

91. mravalferovani msoflio

mecniereba kulturis Sesaxeb

yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan adamiani swored kulturiT gansxvavdeba. ra aris kultura, rogor warmoiSva da ganviTarda cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesi sxvadasxva dros da adgilas, arseboben Tu ara adamianebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT kultura; ra aris kulturuli Soki, ras niSnavs stereotipi da ra problemebi SeiZleba Seqmnas man kulturaTaSoris urTierTobaSi; ras mivirTmevT, rogor vimosebiT da vsaubrobT; rogoria Cveni warmodgena sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebze; ra aris globalizacia da emuqreba Tu ara msoflios gaerTgvarovnebis safrTxe - am da sxva bevr saintereso sakiTxs, romelsac saxelmZRvaneloSi gaecnobiT, swavlobs kulturis kvlevebi. mecnierebis es sfero gasuli saukunis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda, dRes ki msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis asaxsnelad mis monacemebs sul ufro farTod iyeneben. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi igi sxvadasxva saxeliT damkvidrda: kulturis kvlevebis garda, mas kulturologias da kulturis mecnierebebsac uwodeben.

l dawere ese: „Cven mravalferovan msoflioSi vcxovrobT“.

saSinao davaleba

10 msoflio kultura

ra aris kultura?2

kultura erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli sityvaa rogorc samecniero literaturaSi, ise yofiT metyvelebaSi. mas mravali mniSvneloba aqvs. zogi kulturas xelovnebasTan da, zogadad, adamianis SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobasTan aigivebs, zogi _ zrdilobasa da qcevis wesebTan. magram kultura gacilebiT rTuli da mravalmxrivi fenomenia, romelic samyaroSi adamianis moRvaweobis yvela sferos moicavs: yofas, cxovrebis stils, msoflmxedvelobas, normebs, faseulobebs, tradiciebs, xelovnebas,

literaturas... swored amitom, am fenomens araerTi mecniereba swavlobs: arqeologia, istoria, eTnologia, sociologia, filosofia, anTropologia, fsiqologia; gasuli saukunis Sua xanebSi ki kulturis kvlevebi mecnierebis calke mimarTulebad Camoyalibda.

sociologia (berZn. moZRvreba sazogadoebis Sesaxeb) _ mecniereba adamianebis, adamianTa jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis socialuri cxovrebis, socialur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb.

fsiqologia (berZn. fsiqe _ suli, logos _ moZRvreba) _ mecniereba adamianis fsiqikisa da misi funqciobis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb.

filosofia (berZn. sibrZnis siyvaruli) _ mecniereba samyarosa da masSi adamianis adgilis Sesaxeb.

anTropologia (berZn. anTropos _ adamiani, logos _ moZRvreba) _ mecniereba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianis yovelmxriv Seswavlas. igi ikvlevs adamianis fizikuri tipis ganviTarebas, kulturul da enobriv msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs drosa da sivrceSi

kultura (cultura) laTinuri sityvaa da niadagis damuSavebas niSnavs. garda amisa, laTinur enaSi sityva kultura aRniSnavda dasaxlebas, mfarvelobas, Tayvaniscemas da, rac mTavaria, aRzrdas, gonebis varjiSsa da, saerTod, gonebriv Sromas. Zveli romaelebi Tvlidnen, rom gonebis varjiSi da „damuSaveba“ Tavisufali adamianis xvedria.

112. ra aris kultura?

davaleba

l daakvirdi zemoT motanil fotoebs: romeli gamosaxuleba ganekuTvneba bunebas da romeli _ kulturas? ra niSniT ganasxvave isini?

12 msoflio kultura

mecnierebi amboben, rom dReisaTvis kulturis 500-mde gansazRvreba arsebobs. erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli da cnobili ganmartebiT, romelic britanel mecnier eduard bernet tailors ekuTvnis, „kultura... aris mTlianoba, romelic moicavs codnas, rwmenas, xelovnebas, morals, wes-Cveulebebs da nebismier sxva unarsa da Cvevas, romelsac adamiani iTvisebs rogorc sazogadoebis wevri”.

saqarTveloSi sityva „kultura“ me-19 saukunidan gavrcelda, Tumca kulturis, rogorc bunebisagan gansxvavebuli sinam dvilis gageba ufro adrec arsebobda. magaliTad, vaxuSti bagrationi (1696-1757) saqarTvelos Sesaxeb werda: „garna ars queyana Suenieri da nayofieri yovliTa RvTisa mier da ara xelovnebiTa kacTa“. swored „xelovnebiTa kacTa“ Seqmnili sinamdvile gaxlavT kultura.

kulturis zogierTi gansazRvreba mokle da sxartia, Sesa bamisad, advilad gvamaxsovrdeba, sxvebi _ ufro vrceli da rTuli. ai, zogierTi saintereso ganmarteba:

kultura _ es aris

l xalxis cxovrebis zogadi wesi;

l qceva, romelsac vswavlobT;

l koleqtiuri codnis saganZuri;

l garemosa da sxva adamianebTan Seguebis xerxebis erToblioba;

l naleqi, romelsac tovebs istoria;

l cxovrebis gzamkvlevi, ruka.

kulturis meSveobiT vecnobiT Cveni qveynisa da msoflios awmyosa da warsuls. adamianTa sazogadoebas, kulturis garda, sxva meqanizmi ar gaaCnia, rom kacobriobis mier dagrovil codnasa da gamocdilebas eziaros, amitom kulturas kacob riobis mexsierebasac uwodeben.

da bolos, ramdenime gansazRvreba, romlebic cnobil mwer lebsa da mecnierebs ekuTvnis:

antikur epoqaSi gavrcelebuli warmodgeniT, adamianis garemomcveli samyaro or nawilad iyofoda: bunebad _ naturad, anu imad, rac adamianisagan damoukideblad Seiqmna da kulturad _ „meore bunebad“, romelic Seqmnili an gardaqmnilia adamianis mier. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturis meSveobiT adamiani qmnis „axal samyaros” da sakuTar Tavs. TiToeuli kultura unikaluri da ganumeorebeli mTlianobaa, romlis farglebSi adamiani swored ase, da ara sxvagvarad, aRiqvams garemomcvel sinamdviles, Tavis Tavsa da sxvebs.

13

l kultura niSnavs - icode yovelive saukeTeso, rac Tqmula da rac gafiqrebula qveyanaze (meTiu arnoldi, ingliseli poeti da kritikosi);

l kultura yvelaferia. igi ar aris mxolod wignebis wera da saxlebis Seneba. kulturaa is, Tu rogor vicvamT, rogor gviWiravs Tavi, rogor davdivarT, rogor vikeTebT halstuxs... (eme sezeri, martinikeli mwerali, poeti, dramaturgi);

l kultura gansakuTrebuli codnis erTobliobaa, romelic Tavs iyris erT saerTo ojaxSi da misi TiToeuli wevris sakuTrebas warmoadgens (oldos haqsli, ingliseli mwerali, eseisti da kritikosi);

l uxeSad rom vTqvaT, kulturaa yvelaferi is, rasac Cven vakeTebT, da rasac maimunebi ar akeTeben (lord raglani, britaneli samxedro moRvawe);

l Tevzi mxolod wylis gareSe grZnobs, rom igi misTvis aucilebelia. Cveni kulturac wyaliviTaa. Cven misiT vsazrdoobT, vcxovrobT da vsunTqavT misi meSveobiT (fons trompenaarsi, Tanamedrove holandieli mecnieri, kulturis fsiqologiis mkvlevari);

l sazogadoebis kultura Sedgeba imisagan, rac saWiroa vicodeT da saWiroa gvwamdes, raTa Cveni qceva misaRebi iyos sazogadoebis sxva wevrebisaTvis (uord gudinafi, amerikeli anTropologi);

l termini “kultura” aRniSnavs specifikur adamianur Taviseburebebs, romlebic ganasxvavebs homo sapiensis modgmas yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan (vilhelm ostvaldi, germaneli qimikosi, nobelis premiis laureati).

kiTxva

1. Seni azriT, romeli gansazRvreba gamoxatavs yvelaze srulad kulturis arss?

2. rogor gesmis mosazreba, rom kulturis meSveobiT adamiani qmnis „axal samyaros” da sakuTar Tavs?

l Seni azriT, rogor SeiZleba daxasiaTdes „kulturuli adamiani“.

saSinao davaleba

2. ra aris kultura?

14 msoflio kultura

arseboben metad an naklebad kulturuli adamianebi? arseboben adamianebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT kultura?

3

xSirad amboben, rom adamianebi metad an naklebad kulturulni arian. miiCneven, rom adamiani, romelic operaSi dadis, Sampa nurs wrupavs da mxatvruli literaturiT tkbeba, ufro kulturulia, vidre is, vinc fexburTis matCs ar acdens, luds eZaleba da, Tu kiTxulobs, mxolod sportul gazeTs. adamianis „metad kulturulad“ aRqmas safuZvlad udevs warmodgena, rom igi miekuTvneba maRal socialur fenas, Sesabamisad, ufro ganaTlebulia, aqvs daxvewili gemovneba da manerebi.

kulturis aseTi gageba SeiZleba gavrcelebuli iyos yovel dRiur cxovrebaSi. mecnierebi ki Tvlian, rom „kulturuloba“ ar ganisazRvreba socialuri mdgomareobiT, ganaTlebis doniT an gemovnebiT. modi, vnaxoT, ramdenad marTebulia saubari „maRal“ da „dabal“, „ganviTarebul“ da „CamorCenil“, „karg“ da „cud“ kulturebze.

amerikeli anTropologi jon monegeni Semdeg istorias gviambobs:

“Cemma mistekma1 megobrebma sanadirod dampatiJes. iRbliani nadiroba ar gamovida, sul oriode patara ciyvis mokvla movaxerxeT. dRis bolos Cems megobrebs mTisken mivyvebodi. isini Cemze bevrad win midiodnen. rodesac mTis mwvervals mivaRwie, davinaxe, rom isini xis Ziras raRacas Semoxveodnen da gacxovelebiT laparakobdnen. mivuaxlovdi, aRmoCnda, rom erT-erT maTgans xidan futkris ska Camoegdo. gapobili skidan fiWa, Tafli da futkris Wuprebi moCanda. Cemi megobrebi skis SigTavss, Wuprebis CaTvliT, pirisken miaqanebdnen. erT-erTi maTgani adga da Tqva: „mismineT, Cven Tavazianad ar viqceviT.” is daixara, aiRo fiWis, Taflis da Wuprebis mozrdili ulufa da me momibrunda: „miirTvi, jon.” mivxvdi, rom uaris Tqma arafriT SeiZleboda. Rrmad CavisunTqe, Cemi ulufa pirSi Cavide da gadavylape.

erTi wlis Semdeg erTgvari revanSi aviRe, rodesac ramdenime maTgani, visTan erTadac sanadirod viyavi, CemTan saxlSi sadilad davpatiJe. siurprizis saxiT xaxvis wvniani movamzade, rac vihakaSi arasodes Semxvedria. rodesac kerZi sufraze mivitane, SevamCnie, rom stumrebi ar Cqarobdnen Wamis dawyebas. Semdeg SevniSne, rom erT-erTma maTganma wvniani magidis ukan gadaRvara. rodesac vkiTxe, yvelaferi rigze iyo Tu ara, jer gaCumdnen, bolos ki erTma zizRiT Tqva, rom xaxvs saSineli suni aqvs da didi raodenobiT misi Wama adamians asulelebso.”

ra kavSiri aqvs am istorias kulturasTan? pirvel rigSi, is aCvenebs, rom amerikelebs da mistekebs gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba aqvT imis Sesaxeb, ra aris sakvebad vargisi da ra _ ara. es kulturis nawilia, ase vaxarisxebT ara mxolod sakvebs, aramed yvela sxva sferosac. jonis zizRi gamoiwvia iman, rom misi kulturisaTvis mweri paraziti da mavnebelia da igi, erTmniSvnelovnad, ar miiCneva sakvebad. mis mistek megobrebSi ki zizRi xaxvis wvnianma gamoiwvia, radgan, maTi azriT, xaxvi mxolod sanelebelia da

1 mistekebi _ meqsikis erT-erT StatSi, vihakaSi mcxovrebi xalxi.

153. arseboben metad an naklebad kulturuli adamianebi? arseboben adamianebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT kultura?

franc boasi

iseve Seuferebelia kerZis mosamzadeblad, rogorc CvenTvis _ mdogvi an pirSuSxa.

cnobili amerikeli anTropologi franc boasi (1858-1942) ambobda, rom TiToeuli Cvengani „kulturis saTvales” atarebs, romlis meSveobiT aRviqvamT garemomcvel samyaros da vsazRvravT Cvens moqmedebebs. am `saTvaliT~ vxedavT sxva kulturebs, gaucnobiereblad, vadarebT maT Cvensas da vsazRvravT, ra aris „kargi“ da „cudi“. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sxva kulturas Cveni kulturis meSveobiT aRviqvamT. Cveni kulturis Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogorc vxedavT mas. kultura, rogorc saTvale, ganapirobebs Cvens mier samyaros xedvas. es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom kultura gansazRvravs, erTi SexedviT, „bunebriv“ reaqciebsac ki. kveba kulturis rTuli sistemis nawilia, is ar aris mxolod SimSilis dakmayofilebisaken mimarTuli qmedeba, aramed aseve gamoxatavs Cvens mier SeTvisebul codnas samyaros Sesaxeb.

yvela kultura unikaluri da Taviseburia. ena da Jestebi, religia da socialuri urTierTobebi, saqorwino da ojaxuri tradiciebi, sakvebi da dasveneba-garTobis formebi, samuSao, ganaTleba, sakomunikacio, ekonomiuri da politikuri sistemebi, janmrTelobaze zrunva, teqnikuri saSualebebi da teqnologiebi garemo pirobebisa da sxva kulturebTan urTierTobis gavleniT yalibdeba. ar arsebobs universaluri sazomi, romliTac Sefasdeboda kulturis ganviTarebis done da misi mniSvneloba.

roca sxva kulturis xalxs akvirdebi, zogi ram _ magaliTad, Cacmuloba, misalmebis wesi da sxva _ aSkarad gxvdeba TvalSi, zogi _ naklebad, zogi ki saerTod SeumCneveli grCeba. modi, kultura aisbergis saxiT warmovidginoT. aisbergis modeli naTlad gamoxatavs kulturis rTul da mravalferovan xasiaTs. aisbergis mxolod mcire nawili (1/8) Cans wylis zemoT, wylis qveS ki ufro didi, uxilavi nawilia dafaruli. kulturis is elementebi, romelic erTi SexedviTac TvalSisacemia (magaliTad, ena, arqiteqtu ra,

ritualebi, anbani, xelovneba, sakvebi, samzareulo, samosi, musika, aveji, samkauli da a.S.), SeiZleba SevadaroT aisbergis zeda nawils. kulturis fundamenturi elementebi (normebi, faseulobebi, msoflmxedveloba...), romlebic warmoadgens safuZvels kulturis „xiluli“ nawilisaTvis, SeiZleba SevadaroT aisbergis uxilav nawils. ama Tu im kulturasTan Sexvedris sawyis etapze, ver Se vicnobT fundamentur ele-mentebs, romlebidanac xiluli nawili momdinareobs.

16 msoflio kultura

davaleba

l Seecade, pasuxi gasce gakveTilis saTaurSi dasmul kiTxvebs. pasuxi daasabuTe.

jgufuri samuSao

l daiyaviT ramdenime jgufad da cxrilSi mowodebuli maxasiaTeblebi moaTavseT romelime nawilSi: A-Si isini, romlebic advilad gxvdeba TvalSi, B-Si - SedarebiT Znelad SesamCnevi, C-Si - romelTa danaxva mxolod maSin SegiZlia, Tu kargad icnob kulturas. SegiZliaT daamatoT maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic ar aris dasaxelebuli CamonaTvalSi.

ganixileT romelime kultura, romelsac jgufis wevrebi ase Tu ise icnobT. daasaxeleT da CawereT TiTo nawilSi, sul mcire, or-ori maxasiaTebeli, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, gansakuTrebiT arsebiTia am kulturisaTvis.

Tavazianoba, zrdiloba ❑ stumarTmoyvareoba ❑

saubris manera ❑ moZraobis wesebisadmi damokidebuleba ❑

sajarod gamoxatuli emocia ❑ ojaxi ❑

genderuli rolebi (socialuri

rolebis ganawileba qalsa da

mamakacs Soris) ❑ misalmeba ❑

iumori ❑ piradi urTierTobebi ❑

megobroba ❑ Jestebi ❑

presa da sxva media ❑ punqtualurobis xarisxi ❑

mniSvneloba, romelic eniWeba sazogadoebriv

da pirad cxovrebas ❑ sxvis, ucxosadmi damokidebuleba ❑

Sromis iaraRi ❑ folklori ❑

arqiteqtura ❑ religia ❑

sufra ❑ dakrZalvis wesi ❑

qcevis wesebi ❑ TaobaTa Soris damokidebuleba ❑

materialuri keTildReoba ❑ kariera ❑

ganaTleba ❑ demokratia ❑

mediis Tavisufleba ❑ xelovnebis nimuSebi ❑

174. ratom arsebobs ara erTi, aramed mravali kultura?

ratom arsebobs ara erTi, aramed mravali kultura? 4

kiTxva

l Seni azriT, rogor warmoiSva sxvadasxva kultura da ratom aris isini esoden mravalferovani?

msoflios sxvadasxva nawilidan aRebuli adamianis genetikuri masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze, biologebma daaskvnes, rom dRes dedamiwaze mcxovrebi yvela adamiani odesRac afrikis kontinentze, saharis samxreT regionSi mcxovrebi adamianis genetikuri memkvidrea. zogi lingvisti iziarebs biologebis hipoTezas da miiCnevs, rom yvela arsebuli ena afrikidan iRebs saTaves. biologiuri da lingvisturi monacemebi cxadyofs, rom Cven yvelas saerTo winapari gvyavs.

ram ganapiroba erTmaneTisagan gansxva-vebuli mravali kulturis warmoSoba?

klimatur, demografiul da sxva cvlilebebs mohyva adamianis gan-saxleba afrikis mTel konti nentze da danarCen msoflioSi. saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis manZilze adamianebi sxvada sxva, Zalian mravalferovan geo-

grafiul, klimatur, socialur da poli-tikur garemoSi cxovrobdnen. Sesa-bamisad, isini gansxvavebulad aRiqvam dnen samyaros, erT maneTs. zogi xalxi saTvis ucxo adamianTa gamoCena Cveuleb rivi ambavi iyo - maT miwa-wyalze vaWarTa qaravnebi moZraobda, xan erTi dampyro-beli gamoCndeboda, xan meore. sxvebi ufro gancalkevebulad cxov robdnen, maRal mTebs, gauval junglebs an udabnoebs Soris moqceul teritoriaze. es ganapirobebda samyaros gansxvavebul aRqmas, sxvadasxvagvar damokidebulebas erTmaneTisa da sxva xalxebisadmi.

18 msoflio kultura

dRes dedamiwaze 7 miliardamde adamiani cxovrobs da maT Soris ar moiZebneba ori erTnairi. Cven sxvadasxva feris kani da aRnagoba gvaqvs, gvacvia gansxvavebuli samosi da sxvadasxvagvarad aRviqvamT silamazes. zogs erTi RmerTi swams, zogs _ mravali, zogs ki saerTod ar swams; zogierTi warmoudgenlad mdidaria, zogi ki ukiduresad Rataki. erTi sityviT, Tanamedrove msoflio uaRresad mravalferovania, magram, amave dros, Zalian „mWidro“. mis calkeul nawilebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs ekonomikuri interesebi, vaWroba, migracia, turizmi... dRes msoflios winaSe mdgari mTavari gamowveva globaluri _ mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saWirboroto _ gadawyvetilebebis

miRebaa. mravalkulturul samyaroSi gadarCenis mTavari gza, pirvel rigSi, sakuTari kulturuli faseulobebis gaazrebaa, Semdeg ki _ maTi kulturuli faseulobebis gacnoba, visTanac gvaqvs urTierToba. globalur gamowvevebze pasuxis gacema moiTxovs imas, rom viswavloT urTierToba erTmaneTTan, miuxedavad imisa, Tu sad vcxovrobT, romeli kulturis warmomadgeneli varT, rogoria Cveni ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.

1. mas Semdeg, rac kacobrioba mTel dedamiwaze gansaxlda, gadarCenis saWiroebam kulturulad gansxvavebuli gzebis Ziebas misca biZgi. magaliTad, civi klimatis qveynebSi adamianebi ufro Tanasworuflebiani arian, vidre tropikuli klimatis qveynebSi. rogor fiqrobT, ratom?

2. qveynebs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebi mravali omis erT-erTi safuZveli gamxdara. rogor fiqrob, xalxTa Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis gaqrobis SemTxvevaSi, konfliqtebi aRar iqneba?

3. warmogidgenia msoflio kulturuli mravalferovnebis gareSe? miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturuli sxvadasxvaoba garkveul barierebs qmnis qveynebs Soris, isurvebdi erTgvarovan samyaroSi cxovrebas? ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxare eqneboda mas? gadmoeci am sakiTxebisadmi Seni damokidebuleba.

davaleba

erT-erTi ganmartebis Tanaxmad, kul tura _ es aris garemosa da sxva adamianebTan Seguebis xerxebis erToblioba. Tu fotoebs davakvir debiT, davinaxavT, rom es xerxebi erTnairi ver iqneboda sazogado-ebebisaTvis, romlebsac esoden gan sxva vebul garemoSi (tundra, stepi, tropikebi, mTa, udabno...) cxovrob dnen.

19

adamianis msgavs maimunebs Soris adamianTan genetikurad yvelaze axlos dgas Simpanze, masTan dnm-s daaxloebiT 98% gvaqvs saerTo; Semdeg modis gorila, romelTanac dnm-s 97% viziarebT; orangutangTan ki es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 96% aRwevs.

amrigad, biologiurad Cveni uaxloesi naTesavebi adamianis msgavsi maimunebi arian. manamdec, sanam mecnierebisaTvis dnm-is Sesaxeb gaxdeboda cnobili, cxadi iyo, rom adamianis msgavsi maimunebi Zalian gvgavdnen, maT bevri ram SeeZloT gaekeTebinaT ise, rogorc Cven vakeTebT, xandaxan ki _ ukeTac. eqsperimentebma cxadyo, rom maTi myisieri (xanmokle) mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesia, vidre adamianisa, sagangebo wvrTnis

SemTxvevaSi, maT SeuZliaT gaigon asobiT sityvis mniSvneloba, axerxeben ufro rTuli iaraRebis gamoyenebas, vidre Cven warmogvidgenia.

erTi SexedviT, maimunebisagan yvelaze metad garegnobiT ganvsxvavdebiT, Tumca, aRmoCnda, rom adamianisa da Simpanzes 5 Tvis embrionis garCeva Zalian rTulia, maTi ConCxi da guliscemac ki sruliad erTnairia. dabadebis Semdegac axalSobilebi erTmaneTis msgavsi arian.

Cven, adamianebi, sakuTar Tavs homo sapienss (homo sapiens), anu gonier adamians vuwodebT da vTvliT, rom Cveni biologiuri saxeoba gansakuTrebulia mTel planetaze. yvela saxeobas aqvs garkveuli Tviseba, rac mas danarCenebisagan gamoarCevs: zogi ufro swrafia, zogi _ ufro Zlieri, zogi _ ukeT Seguebuli sacxovrebel garemosTan. dedamiwaze arsebuli 10 milionze meti biologiuri saxeobidan zogierTi ufro axlos dgas adamianTan, vidre sxva. ra aris is, rac ganasxvavebs adamians yvela danarCeni cocxali arsebisagan?

5. Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi

Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi 5

ici, rom Cven dnm-is daaxloebiT 40% saerTo gvaqvs matlTan, 60% _ qaTamTan, 80% _ TagvTan da 95%-ze meti _ adamianis msgavs maimunebTan?

20 msoflio kultura

patara Simpanzes sxeuli daaxloebiT 5 milioni Reri TmiT aris dafaruli. Tu axalSobil bavSvs davakvirdebiT, mis sxeulzec SevamCnevT Tmas da, ra gasakviric ar unda iyos, maTi raodenobac iseTivea, rac Simpanzis, ubralod, adamianis Tma ufro Txeli da moklea.

msgavsebebi amiT ar amoiwureba. aRmoCnda, rom adamianis msgavs maimunebs SeuZliaT gamoamJRavnon „sikeTe“ an erTmaneTze zrunva. magaliTad, jgufis wevrebi TanagrZnobas iCenen brZolaSi daSavebuli Simpanzes mimarT, isini zrunaven masze, aCveneben, rom esmiT misi tkivili.

Cikagos zooparkSi sami wlis biWi gorilebis volierSi Cavarda da goneba dakarga. igi askilogramiani gorilebis garemocvaSi aRmoCnda. moulodnelad, erTma mdedrma gorilam biWi aiyvana da nazad daarwia, TiTqos misiani yofiliyos. es Zalian „adamianuri” qceva iyo, Tumca, cxadia, Cven ar viciT, ra motivebi amoZravebda am dros gorilas.

cdebis Sedegad mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom sivrciTi orientaciis unari adamianebs da adamianis msgavs maimunebs Tanabrad aqvT ganviTarebuli, Tumca am ukanasknelT igi ufro adre uviTardebaT. amis axsna imiT SeiZleba, rom bavSvebi ufro metad da didxans arian ufrosebze damokidebuli da ar saWiroeben sivrceSi damoukidebel orientacias mtrisgan Tavdasacavad an sakvebis mopovebis mizniT.

1. gaixsene magaliTebi cxovrebidan, filmebidan an literaturuli nawarmoebebidan, romlebic cxovelebis „adamianur“ qcevas asaxavs.

2. klasSi moawyveT diskusia: miuxedavad msgavsebisa, Simpanze isev xidan xeze xtis, adamiani ki kosmosSi mogzaurobs. ra aris amis mizezi? ra gvaqvs Cven iseTi, rac maT ar aqvT? ra aris dnm-s is 1,6%, rac Cven adamianad gvqmnis?

davaleba

216. Cveni uaxloesi biologiuri naTesavebi

ra ganasxvavebs adamians sxva cocxali arsebebisagan? 6

adamianebisaTvis samyaro simboloebiT aris datvirTuli. ras niSnavs es?

vefxvTan Sexvedrisas Svelica da uiaraRo adamianic erTnairad moiqcevian _ gaqceviT uSvelian Tavs (Tu moaxerxes, ra Tqma unda), radgan vefxvi orivesaTvis mtacebelia, romelic maT sicocxles emuqreba. magram SvlisaTvis vefxvis „mniSvneloba“ amiT da mxolod amiT amoiwureba, adamianisaTvis ki vefxvi, garda amisa, Zlierebis, simamacis, silamazis gansaxierebacaa _ sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, yovelive amis simboloa. amitom vefxvis saxels arqmeven bavSvebs: gavixsenoT qarTuli saxeli vefxia, golfis Cempioni Taiger (inglisurad vefxvs niSnavs) vudsi, vefxvs gamosaxaven droSebze, eTayvanebian da wminda cxovelad aRiareben, iyeneben safirmo niSnad da a.S. erTi sityviT, adamianisTvis vefxvi gacilebiT metia, vidre mxolod didi, zolebiani, saxifaTo cxoveli.

cxadia, rom vefxvTan dakavSirebuli mdidari simbolika, ZiriTadad, im qveynebSi arsebobs, sadac es cxoveli binadrobs. afrikaSi, sadac vefxvi ar cxovrobs, mis „rols“ lomi TamaSobs, samxreT amerikaSi _ iaguari da a.S. maSasadame, erTi da igive ram sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, sxvadasxva kulturaSi SeiZleba sxvadasxva simboloTi gamoixatos. magaliTad, CvenSi eSmakobis gansaxiereba melaa, Crdiloamerikel indielebSi _ yorani, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi _ kurdReli.

Cven, adamianebi, garkveul mniSvnelobas vaniWebT garemomcveli samyaros yvela Semadgenel nawils _ mcenareebs (tirifi sevdiani xea, muxa _ Zlieri), mTebs („wminda mTa“, „amayi mTa“), mdinareebs (wminda mdinare _ gangi, nilosi), ferebs (CvenSi Savi glovis feria, TeTri _ siwmindis...), aseve ricxvebs (yvelam viciT, rom 13 Tars ricxvad iTvleba), sxeulis nawilebs (marcxena xeli uwminduria, marjvena _ dalocvili), moZraobebs (Tavis daxra mowiwebis niSania)... swored amiT gamoixateba mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simbolizaciis, anu mniSvnelobis miniWebis unari, rac ganasxvavebs mas yvela sxva biologiuri saxeobisagan.

simbolo _ niSani, romelic SeiZleba aRniSnavdes sagans, movlenas, bgeras da sxva.

simbolizacia _ adamianis unikaluri unari, mniSvneloba mianiWos sagnebsa da movlenebs.

Taiger vudsi

iaguaris qandakeba_ actekebis kultura

22 msoflio kultura

simboloebs konkretuli, SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba aqvT konkretuli kulturis matarebeli xalxisaTvis. simboloa aso-bgera, sityva, sanoto da sagzao niSani, cifri. simboloebi erTgvari orientirebia, romlebic adamianebs erTmaneTTan urTierTobas uadvilebs da SesaZlebels xdis sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.

swored amitom, kulturologiis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma, amerikelma mecnierma lesli uaitma kulturis Semdegi ganmarteba SemogvTavaza: kultura _ es aris sagnebisa da movlenebis erToblioba, romelic dakavSirebulia mxolod adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel simbolizaciis unarTan.

kiTxvebi

jgufuri samuSao

1. romeli safirmo niSnebi ici da ras aRniSnavs isini?

2. Tu ukavSirdeba es niSnebi konkretul qveynebsa da kulturebs?

l daiyaviT jgufebad da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi furcelze CamowereT an daxateT rac SeiZleba meti simbolo.

vefxvis gamosaxuleba Tamilebis droSaze

23

yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSani, romelic adamians ganasxvavebs adamianis msgavsi maimunisagan, aris metyvelebis unari, romelic Cvenma Soreulma winaprebma daaxloebiT 200 000 wlis win SeiZines. swored am periodidan iRebs saTaves Tanamedrove adamianis saxeoba _ homo sapiensi. ena aris is iaraRi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis komunikacias, swavlasa da swavlebas, gamocdilebis gaziarebas, TanamSromlobas.

mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, adamianebis kultura, Tu ar CavTvliT enas, romelic marTlac unikaluria, mxolod xarisxiT gansxvavdeba zogierTi cxovelis cxovrebis wesisagan. kulturis mkvlevrebi am azrs ar iziareben da Tvlian, rom adamiani ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT ase martivad: Simpanze + ena.

adamianebi vamayobT Cveni istoriiT da kulturiT, modi vnaxoT, aqvT Tu ara sxva saxeobis warmomadgenlebs, Tundac Cvens uaxloes biologiur naTesavebs, Tavisi istoria da kultura?

istoria aris Tanmimdevruli faqtebi da movlenebi, romelTa mimdinareobis manZilze Tavad saxeobebi biologiurad ucvleli rCebian. istoriis qona niSnavs imas, rom jgufi/erToba gardaqmnis garemos da, masTan erTad, sakuTar Tavsac. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze teqnikur da teqnologiur miRwevebs Tan axlda socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri cvlilebebi adamianTa sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, adamianis mier mudmivi sacxovreblis agebam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia ojaxsa da socialuri urTierTobebis sxva sferoebze. rac Seexeba Simpanzeebs, marTalia, sul asiode welia, rac maT sagangebod swavloben, magram mecnierebi askvnian, rom maT cxovrebaSi istoriuli mniSvnelobis raime cvlileba ar momxdara da isini iseve cxovroben, rogorc aseul aTasobiT wlis win: iseTive sacxovrebelSi, iseTive, ZiriTadad genetikurad ganpirobebuli wesebiT.

yvela cocxali arsebisaTvis mniSvnelovania momavali TaobisaTvis informaciisa da gadacema, anu axalgazrdebis aRzrda. informacia gadaecema mSoblidan Svils, gamocdilidan _ gamoucdels, ufrosidan _ umcross. gamoyofen informaciis gadacemis sam safexurs. pirvel, yvelaze martiv safexurze informaciis gadacema mxolod instinqtis doneze xdeba: magaliTad, virTagva sakvebad irCevs imas, rasac suniT dedis rZes amsgavsebs. meore safexurze informaciis mimRebi „dainteresebulia“

aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura? 7

7. aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura?

24 msoflio kultura

misi miRebiT, informaciis gadamcemi ki „gulgrilia“ Sedegisadmi. amas imitacias an dakvirvebiT swavlas uwodeben: magaliTad, maimuni an bavSvi akvirdeba ufross da am gziT „swavlobs“. mesame, yvelaze maRal safexurze ki informaciis mimRebica da gamcemic mizanmimarTulad moqmedeben: rogorc imitaciis SemTxvevaSi, informaciis mimRebi akvirdeba ufross/gamocdils, magram es ukanasknelic akvirdeba mimRebis qcevas da usworebs, Tu is ver axerxebs Sesabamisad moqmedebas. es aris pedagogika da igi mxolod adamianebSi gvxvdeba. pedagogika moicavs dakvirvebas, Sefasebas da Carevas.

katas mihyavs Tagvi knutebTan, romlebmac Semdeg sul ufro da ufro meti warmatebiT unda SeZlon Tagvze nadiroba. aris Tu ara es pedagogika? _ ara, radgan kata ar amJRavnebs dainteresebas SedegiT. Tu knuti ver axerxebs Tagvze nadirobas, xom ar miscems mas mSobeli “damatebiT” Tagvs, raTa igi Tavis da-Zmebs daewios? mecnierebs ar aqvT monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom cxovelebi afaseben Svilebis qcevas da cdiloben “wvrTnis” mowesrigebas.

aRwerilia SemTxveva, roca Sinaurma katam daiWira knutis mier gaSvebuli Tagvi da daubruna mas, magram es iyo reaqcia Tagvze da ara knutis „warumatebel“ mcdelobaze. SimpanzeebTan, TiTqos, SeiniSneba pedagogikis msgavsi movlena, magram ara velur bunebaSi, aramed mxolod adamianebTan kontaqtis pirobebSi. kidev erTi gansxvaveba: sxva saxeobebSi wvrTna Semofarglulia, ZiriTadad, sakvebis mopovebiT, adamianuri pedagogika ki mraval sferos moicavs. igi miznad isaxavs ara mxolod arsebuli Cvevebisa da gamocdilebis gadacemas, aramed gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajildoebuli individebis miRwevaTa SenarCuneba-gadacemasac.

Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo aTwleulebSi mecnierebma cxovelTa Soris qcevis iseTi formebi aRmoaCines, romlebic Zalian waagavs kulturuls. magaliTad, Simpanzeebis erTma jgufma daiwyo ori qvis gamoyeneba kerketi kaklebis gasatexad. es jer erTma, „geniosma“, Simpanzem moaxerxa, Semdeg ki mas sxvebmac mibaZes. sxva sityvebiT, Simpanzeebis konkretul jgufSi gaCnda codna, romelic aragenetikuri gziT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas. kultura ki swored esaa. magram mecnierebi varaudoben, rom metyvelebis da sxva informaciuli saSualebebis gareSe amgvari codna aramdgradia da ramdenime Taobis Semdeg gaqreba, ase rom SimpanzeebSi srulyofili kulturis arsebobaze saubari jerjerobiT naadrevia...

25

rogorc vnaxeT, gansxvaveba adamiansa da sxva saxeobebs Soris, biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, arcTu didia. Tumca swored am umniSvnelo sxvaobam gaxada SesaZlebeli adamianis mier kulturis Seqmna. mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma simboluri azrovnebis unarma ganapiroba enis, istoriis, religiis, mecnierebis da, rac mTavaria, axali Taobis aRzrdis, misTvis informaciisa da gamocdilebis gadacemis mTeli rigi meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba. es ukanaskneli ki kulturis SenarCunebis aucilebeli pirobaa.

davaleba

1. Seni azriT, Cans Tu ara adamianTa realobaSi TaobaTa Soris informaciis gadacemis (aRzrdis) samive safexuri? moiyvane magaliTebi.

2. Seadare erTmaneTs adamianTa da cxovelTa „pedagogika”.

3. daasabuTe, ratom aris SeuZlebeli, rom cxovelebs hqondeT istoria da kultura?

4. rogor gesmis, rom axali Taobis aRzrda kulturis SenarCunebis aucilebeli pirobaa?

5. adamians, yvela sxva cocxali arsebisagan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs eWvi, rwmena, iumori... Seni azriT, kidev ra Tvisebebi SeiZleba daematos am CamonaTvals? imsjele, ramdenad aris isini mxolod adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli?

7. aqvT Tu ara cxovelebs istoria da kultura?

26 msoflio kultura

adamianebma Seqmnes kultura da aman gansazRvra maTi unikaluroba Cveni planetis binadarTa Soris. magram adamiani, kulturulTan erTad, biologiuri arsebacaa, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT _ biologiuri saxeoba. am TvalsazrisiT, igi cocxali bunebis erT-erTi „rigiTi“ wevria. yovel saxeobas axasiaTebs specifikuri agebuleba, garegnoba, fiziologiuri procesebi, kvebis racioni, qcevis Taviseburebebi da a.S. yvela maTgans aqvs raRac gansakuTrebuli: kus _ javSani, spilos _ xorTumi, Jirafs _ grZeli kiseri... adamians, rogorc biologiur arsebas, ar gaaCnia arc basri kbilebi da klanWebi, arc maxvili mgrZnobeloba, arc gansakuTrebuli Zala, arc fexmardoba. samagierod, bunebam mas uboZa unikaluri organo, romelmac homo sapienss gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moutana mTel planetaze.

albaT mixvdi _ saubaria adamianis Tavis tvinze, romlis meSveobiTac Cven vazrovnebT, uzarmazari moculobis informacias vimaxsovrebT, vwerT leqsebs, vityuebiT, vqmniT manqanebs, vloculobT, erTi sityviT, kulturas viTvisebT, vaviTarebT mas da Tavad vcxovrobT kulturaSi. naTqvami rom ufro naTeli gaxdes, warmovidginoT, rom adamianma memkvidreobiT miiRo saxli, zogi ram Semata, rom sacxovreblad ufro moxerxebuli gamxdariyo da masSi cxovreba ganagrZo. asevea kulturis SemTxvevaSi.

adamiani orbunebovani arsebaa _ mis raobas, adamianad yofnas gansazRvravs ori sawyisi _ biologiuri da kulturuli.

adamianis biologiur sawyiss ganapirobebs misi genotipi _ memkvidreobiTi informaciis matarebeli bioqimiuri warmonaqmnebis, genebis urTulesi kombinacia. igi gansazRvravs yoveli konkretuli adamianis (iseve rogorc cxovelisa Tu mcenaris) unikalur garegnobas, agebulebas, mokled, anatomiisa da fiziologiis Taviseburebebs (gamonakliss Seadgenen e.w. erTkvercxovani tyupebi, romelTac erTnairi genotipi aqvT da swored amitom hgvanan ase erTmaneTs).

yoveli konkretuli adamiani ibadeba unikaluri genetikuri programiT, sadac „Cawerilia“ misi biologiuri maxasiaTeblebis „gegma“: garegnoba (magaliTad, Tvalebis Tu Tmis feri, cxviris forma Tu zoma da a.S.), aRnagoba (simaRle, kidurebis sigrZe, Zvlebis sisqe da a.S.), fiziologiuri Taviseburebebi (sisxlis jgufi, sasicocxlo procesebis tempi da intensivoba da a.S.). garda amisa, tvinisa da zogierTi sxva organos agebulebis Taviseburebebi, agreTve biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis (e.w. hormonebis) gamomuSavebis intensivoba, romelic isev da isev genetikuradaa gansazRvruli, ganapirobebs inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, mexsierebis moculobas, musikalur, sportul Tu maTematikur niWs, xasiaTis Taviseburebebs _ guneba-ganwyobis swraf an nel cvlas, midrekilebas ufro dadebiTi an uaryofiTi grZnobebisadmi. fsiqologebi xasiaTis amgvar gansxvavebebs e.w. temperamentis tipebs ukavSireben.

genetika da kultura8

27

magram genetikuri programis arseboba sruliadac ar niSnavs mis ganxorcielebas. esa Tu is genetikuri niSani rom gamov-lindes, aucilebelia Sesabamisi garemo pirobebi.

cnobilia, rom me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, adamianis saSualo simaRle mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da zrdas ganagrZobs. mecnierebi amis ramdenime mizezs asaxeleben, maT Soris umTavresia kvebis xarisxis, sanitariul-higienuri da sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobeseba. es kargad aCvenebs garemo pirobebis mniSvnelobas genetikuri SesaZleblobebis gamovlinebisaTvis.

garemom, SeiZleba, didi roli iTamaSos ama Tu im genetikuri niSnis gavrcelebaSi. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi pirveli jgufis sisxli yvelaze xSirad samegrelos mcxovreblebSi gvxvdeba. axsna Zalian sainteresoa.

8. genetika da kultura

ai, arnold Svarcenegeri. rasakvir-velia, mas hqonda Seudarebel aTletad qcevis genetikuri monacemebi. magram cudi kvebis, infeqciebis, mavne nivTierebebis, momqancveli fizikuri Sromis da sxva araxelsayreli garemoebebis gav leniT, SeiZleba, igi susti da sneuli gazrdiliyo da kaliforniis Statsac sxva gubernatori hyoloda.

qvemoT motanil saxumaro naxatze, romelic cnobil daniel karikaturist herluf bidstrups ekuTvnis, naCvenebia, Tu rogor iqceva sxvadasxva temperamentis adamiani - erTi da igive kulturis warmomadgenelic ki, erTsa da igive situaciaSi: erTi brazobs, meore sruliad gulgrili rCeba, mesame tirils iwyebs, meoTxe ki xarxars.

28 msoflio kultura

warsulSi samegrelos teritoriis didi nawili daWaobebuli iyo da aq malaria mZvinvarebda. malariis gamomwvevi mikrobi, romelic koRo anofelesis kbeniT vrceldeba, sisxlis wiTel burTulakebs azianebs, ris Sedegadac avadmyofs aqvs perioduli cieb-cxeleba, Zlier sustdeba da SeiZleba daiRupos kidec. rogorc gamoirkva, pirveli jgufis sisxlis burTulakebi malariis mikrobis mimarT SedarebiT mdgradia. Sesabamisad, sisxlis pirveli jgufis mqone adamianebi ufro janmrTelebi iyvnen, ufro didxans cocxlobdnen da, rac mTavaria, met da jansaR STamomavlobas tovebdnen, romelsac sisxlis pirveli jgufis genebs gadascemdnen. ase TandaTan, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, samegreloSi (iseve rogorc yvelgan, sadac malariaa gavrcelebuli) matulobda sisxlis pirveli jgufis mqone adamianTa xvedriTi wili.

rogorc ukve ici, sazogadoebebs silamazeze gansxvavebuli warmodgena aqvT. rogor fiqrob, ra kavSiria am warmodgenebsa da genetikurad gansazRvrul garegnul maxasiaTeblebs Soris?

gaxsovs msoflios xalxTa zRaprebis mzeTunaxavebi da ufliswulebi? ratom aris zogi maTgani oqrosferTmiani da cisferTvaleba, zogi ki giSrisTvala, Ramis wyvdiadiviT Savi TmiT?

...misi mSvenierebis aRwera eniT SeuZlebelia: maRalia, SavTvalwarba, tuCebi iamanis elvare sardions miugavs da tani _ Jasminis konas, _ es mzeTunaxavi Jasminia („aladinis jadosnuri lampari“).

...mefisa da dedoflis nanatr qaliSvils feriebma mSvenieri garegnoba daanaTles. erTma Tqva: „dae, Seni Tma oqrosfer abreSums hgavdes“, meorem _ „dae, Seni Tvalebi iyos cisferi, rogorc mowmendili ca...“ (Sarl pero, „mZinare mzeTunaxavi“).

Seni azriT, SeiZleba, rom mZinare mzeTunaxavisTvis feriebs „aladinis jadosnuri lamparis“ personaJis, mefis mSvenieri asulis, Jasminis garegnoba daenaTlaT? ratom?

davaleba

1. gaixsene magaliTebi, romlebic aCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas axdens bunebrivi garemo adamianis genetikur memkvidreobaze.

2. Seqmeni T sqema, romelic asaxavs Sens genetikur da kulturul maxasiaTeblebs.

Jasmini

mZinare mzeTunaxavi

29

Cven vnaxeT, rom erTi da igive genetikurad ganpirobebuli niSani, garemo pirobebis gavleniT, sxvadasxvagvarad vlindeba. es faqti Tanabrad exeba yvela cocxal arsebas, adamianis CaTvliT. Tumca aq erTi „mcire“ gansxvavebaa. Tu mcenaresa da cxovelze mxolod bunebrivi garemo moqmedebs, adamiani, umTavresad, kulturuli garemos gavlenas ganicdis. magaliTi uamravia: adamiani ibadeba genetikurad ganpirobebuli metyvelebis

unariT, magram ra enaze alaparakdeba igi, damokidebulia im enobriv garemoze, romelSic adamiani izrdeba. kultura gvaCvevs Wama-smis, Zilis da sxva biologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis wesebs.

Tqven ikiTxavT, maS ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi ase Zalian TviT erTi kulturis farglebSic? imitom, rom, jer erTi, adamianebs sxvadasxvagvari genetikuri memkvidreoba aqvT _ Tu bunebam ar giboZaT smena da xma, momRerali ver gaxdebiT; Tuki sxeulis kargi koordinacia „dagebedaT“, SesaZlebloba gaqvT, sportSi gamoiCinoT Tavi da a.S. meore da ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom TiToeuli kultura Zalze mravalferovania. saerTo kulturuli garemos yovel calkeul Semadgenel nawils Tavisi „mikrokultura“ aqvs: am ojaxSi adre adgomaa miRebuli da bavSvebsac amas aCveven; am skolaSi qimiis kargi laboratoriaa da moswavleebs eRviZebaT interesi am sagnisadmi; am sofelSi odiTganve Tixis nakeTobebs amzadeben da a.S. yovelive es met-naklebad moqmedebs adamianze da mas unikalur pirovnebad ayalibebs.

da mainc, daakvirdiT, ramdeni saerTo gvaqvs Cven, qarTuli kulturis pirobebSi aRzrdil adamianebs (yovel SemTxvevaSi, did umravlesobas) _ ena, tradiciebi, qcevis wesebi, warmodgenebi istoriasa Tu xelovnebaze da bevri, bevri sxva...

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamiani pirovnebad yalibdeba im SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, rasac misi kulturuli

bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo: Cven rom sxvagan an sxva dros gvecxovra

9

mikrokultura _ adamianTa mcire jgufis (ojaxi, skola...) kultura, romelic ramdenadme gansxvavdeba sxva aseTive jgufebis kulturebisagan.

9. bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo. Cven rom sxvagan da sxva dros gvecxovra

momTabareebma, romlebic mudmivad gada adgildebodnen, Cvili bavSvebis usaf-rTxod da mSralad mgzavrobisaTvis Seqmnes sagangebo sawoli, romelic Semdeg sxva xalxebis nawilSic gavrcelda da sxvadasxva saxe miiRo. es patara sawoli _ akvani _ didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gamo iyeneboda CvenTanac. bolo dros, roca medikosebma upiratesoba Cvilis Tavis uflad gazrdas mianiWes da gaCnda sagangebo safeni, akvani sul ufro naklebad gamoiyeneba.

30 msoflio kultura

garemo sTavazobs. Svarcenegeris fizikuri monacemebis mqone adamiani sadRac me-15 saukuneSi rom dabadebuliyo, SesaZloa, is didi meomari gamosuliyo, magram verafriT gaxdeboda didi meomrebis rolebis Semsrulebeli, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom kinematografi mxolod me-19-20 saukuneebis mijnaze gamoigones.

maS ase, adamiani genetikuri da kulturuli faqtorebis gavleniT yalibdeba. axla ki vnaxoT, rogor „asworebs“ kultura bunebis „Secdomebs“.

kultura, ZiriTadad, Seesabameba adamianis biologiur Taviseburebebs. erTi wuTiT warmovidginoT, rom adamians aqvs ara xuTi TiTi, aramed eqvsi an sami. ramdeni rame Seicvleboda _ musikaluri instrumentebi da TviT musika, kompiuteris klaviatura, Jestebi _ mokled, yvelaferi, rac xuTTiTian xelebzea morgebuli.

Tumca xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca kulturis moTxovnebi ar Seesabameba, an, sulac, ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis biologias. martivi magaliTi: kulturaTa umravlesobaSi miRebulia frCxilebisa da Tmis SeWra _ kultura ereva bunebriv procesSi da cvlis mas. zogjer kulturisa da biologiis dapirispireba usastikes formebs iRebs: magaliTad, rogorc cnobilia, Zvel spartaSi fizikurad sust axalSobilebs xramSi agdebdnen, radgan spartelebi Tvlidnen, rom maT mxolod meomrebi WirdebodaT.

gacilebiT ufro xSirad, adamianis anatomiasa da fiziologiaSi Careva misive keTildReobisaTvisaa gamiznuli _ medicina, romelic ama Tu im saxiT yvela kulturaSi arsebobs, sul ufro meti warmatebiT cdilobs Tandayolili Tu SeZenili daavadebebis da anomaliebis damarcxebas.

adamianis garegnobis xelovnuri Secvla xSirad modiT da silamazis adgilobrivi standartebiT aris nakarnaxevi: plastikuri operaciebi bevrgan ukve Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. zog kulturaSi grZeli yurebia modaSi da maT xelovnurad igrZeleben mZime sagnebiT.

CineTSi qalis silamazis aucilebeli elementi iyo patara zomis fexi. amitom gogonebs adreuli bavSvobidan mWidrod uxvevdnen fexebs da uviwroes fexsacmels acmevdnen. Sedegad, terfebi zomiT patara rCeboda, magram warmo-udgenlad icvlida formas. asi welic ar aris gasuli, rac CineTSi es tradicia akrZales.

grZeli yurebi _ silamazisa da socialuri statusis niSani malaiziaSi

31

da bolos, zogjer bunebiT boZebuli garegnobis Secvla religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis gavleniTac xdeba. zogi religia Tavisi mimdevrebisagan moiTxovs tanze da saxeze ritualuri sviringebis an iarebis gakeTebas, gavixsenoT agreTve winadacveTa _ operacia, romelic aucileblad iTvleba iudaizmisa da islamis mimdevrebSi.

kiTxva

l mocemuli suraTebis mixedviT, ra gansxvavebebs xedavT adamianis biologiuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis wessa da formaSi? Tqveni azriT, riT aixsneba es?

Cais sma evropulad

Cais sma iaponurad

qarTuli nadimi. niko firosmanaSvili (1862-1918)

afrikuli sadili

evropuli sadili

9. bunebrivi da kulturuli garemo. Cven rom sxvagan da sxva dros gvecxovra

32 msoflio kultura

davaleba

1. gadaxaze rveulSi cxrili da SeavseT adamianis Sesabamisi niSan-TvisebebiT.

genetikuri faqtorebiT gapirobebuli niSan-Tvisebebi

socialur-kulturuli faqtorebiT gapirobebuli niSan-Tvisebebi

2. gaixsene saqarTvelos calkeuli kuTxeebi da soflebi, romelTa mcxovrebni tradiciulad misdeven xalxuri rewvis romelime dargs an xelobas.

3. moiZie magaliTebi, roca:

a) medicina „asworebs“ bunebis „Secdomebs“,

b) adamianis garegnobaSi Careva ganpirobebulia religiiT, cxovrebis wesiT, esTetikuri SexedulebebiT an komerciuli mizniT.

saSinao davaleba

l dawere Txzuleba adamianis anatomiaze zemoqmedebis Tanamedrove saxeebis Sesaxeb, imsjele mis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.

33

sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi 10

warmoidgine, rom Tqven, ramdenime

megobarTan erTad, ukacriel kunZulze

aRmoCndiT, ai, aseTze.

raze izrunebT pirvel rigSi? cxadia,

sasmel wyalze. gagvimarTla! wyaro

aRmovaCineT, wyurvili aRar Segvawuxebs.

Semdegi problema _ gvSia! ai, palmebze

qoqosebia, ramdenime miwazec agdia,

gavtexoT... sul arafers sjobs, magram

ufro gemrieli ram ar gvawyenda; iqneb vcadoT, Tevzi daviWiroT? gamogvivida _

napirTan ramdenime zanti Tevzi movixelTeT. magram ra, umad vWamoT? isev gagvimarTla

_ erT-erT Cvengans sanTebela aRmoaCnda _ nafotebi movagroveT, Tevzi SevwviT,

mivirTviT _ kargia!.. kidev ra? horizontze muqi Rrubeli gamoCnda, Tavsxmas

gvpirdeba. modi, qoxi avagoT _ CavarWeT paloebi, gadavxureT totebiT, sakmaod

myudro gamovida... uh! axla SeiZleba suli moviTqvaT da, maSvelebis molodinSi,

cota davisvenoT _ Cven droebiT davikmayofileT ZiriTadi, sabaziso moTxovnilebebi,

anu movipoveT is, rac aucilebelia sicocxlis SenarCunebisaTvis _ wyali, sakvebi,

TavSesafari.

rasakvirvelia, Cvens SemTxvevaSi

yvelaferi kargad damTavrda _ meore

dResve kunZuls qaTqaTa xomaldi moadga

da rbili loginebis, cxeli yavisa da

internetis samyaroSi dagvabruna...

Cvenma Tavgadasavalma dagvafiqra,

ram xela gza gaiara kacobriobam nayofis

Segrovebidan internetamde da ra

siZneleebis gadalaxva uwevdaT adamianebs

mTel msoflioSi, rom, ubralod, Sim-

SiliT ar daxociliyvnen. modi, Tvali

gadavavloT im revoluciur aRmo Cenebs,

romelTac mkveTrad Secvales kacob -

riobis arseboba da romelTac uSualo

kavSiri aqvT adamianis sabaziso moTxov-

nilebebTan _ kvebasa da sacxovrisTan.

`Cveni~ ukacrieli kunZuli

cecxlis mopoveba xaxuniT

cecxlis mopoveba kaJiT

10. sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis formebi

34 msoflio kultura

uZvelesi adamianebi Tavs daaxloebiT ise irCendnen, rogorc Cven ukacriel kunZulze: SemgroveblobiT, anu daxetialobdnen tye-velad da moixmardnen yvelafers, razec xeli miuwvdebodaT _ kenkras, bolqvebs, mwerebs, patara cxovelebs, risTvisac uxeSad damuSavebuli qvis, xis an Zvlis iaraRebs xmarobdnen; avdrisagan dasacavad agebdnen saxeldaxelo qoxebs an iyenebdnen bunebriv TavSesafrebs _ mRvimeebs. daaxloebiT 1,5-2 milioni wlis win udidesi movlena moxda _ adamianma iswavla cecxlis gamoyeneba: jer bunebrivad, mexis dacemis Sedegad gaCenili cecxlis Senaxva, mogvianebiT ki misi mopoveba xaxuniT an kaJis meSveobiT. Sedegebi uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo: sakvebis xarisxis mkveTri gaumjobeseba, saimedo dacva nadirisagan, axali, ufro grilhaviani teritoriebis aTviseba.

amis Semdeg, milion welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, RirsSesaniSnavi TiTqmis araferi momxdara, magram mere saqme sul ufro swrafad wavida win.

Subi

mSvild-isari

400-500 aTasi wlis win gaCnda Subi, ramac ufro efeqturi gaxada nadiroba _ sakvebis mopovebis erT-erTi umTavresi saSualeba. mSvild-isris gamogonebis Sedegad nadiroba ufro usafrTxo gaxda: cxovelis monadireba SesaZlebeli iyo Sori manZilidanac. isriT daWrili, magram cocxlad gadarCenili cxoveli sakvebis erTgvar „marags“ qmnida, meore mxriv ki xels uwyobda cxovelTa moSinaurebas. magram yovelive amas kidev 350-400 aTasi weli daWirda.

25-30 aTasi wlis win daiwyo Tixis damuSaveba: gaCnda mravalgvari WurWeli, SesaZlebeli gaxda produqtebis xangrZlivi Senaxva da Sor manZilze gadatana. mogvianebiT Tixisagan damzadda axali saimedo saSeni masala _ aguri da kramiti.

sameTuneo rgoli Tixis WurWeli

35

Zv. w. me-10 aTaswleulidan safuZveli Caeyara miwaTmoqmedebas, rasac mohyva mudmivi dasaxlebebis warmoSoba da gavrceleba. amave periodSi adamianma ZaRli moiSinaura da erTguli megobari, monadire da daraji SeiZina.

Zv. w. me-9 aTaswleuliT TariRdeba dedamiwaze napovni liTonis uZvelesi nivTi _ spilenZis samkauli, romelsac arqeologebma Tanamedrove erayis teritoriaze miakvlies. qvis xana dasasruls miuaxlovda. adamianma pirvelad SeZlo iseTi nivTierebis miReba, romelic bunebaSi sufTa saxiT praqtikulad ar moipoveba _ es iyo jer brinjao, mogvianebiT ki rkina.

Zv. w. me-8 aTaswleuli: mecxo-veleobis dasawyisi _ adamianma moiSi-naura wvrilfexa saqoneli _ cxvari da Txa, rZis produqtebis, xorcisa da matylis saimedo wyaro.

Zv. w. me-6-7 aTaswleuli _ adamianma gamoigona guTani, mosavlianoba mkveT-rad gaizarda. gaCnda pirveli sarwyavi arxebi.

Zv. w. me-5 aTaswleuli _ Sua-mdinareTSi gamoigones borbali da uremi. gamocxva pirveli puri. daiwyo cxenisa da Roris moSinaureba.

Zv. w. me-4 aTaswleuli _ daiwyo msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlisa da qaTmis moSinaureba. indoCineTSi mohyavdaT brinji da Saqris lerwami.

ukve Zv. w.-mde me-4 aTaswleulis miwurulisTvis, anu 5000 wlis win, gakeTda TiTqmis yvela is ZiriTadi aRmoCena (sakvebi produqtebi, saSeni masalebi, teqnologiebi), romelTa meSveobiT kacobriobam me-15 saukunemde moaxerxa sicocxlis uzrunvelyofa da planetaze gabatonebuli mdgomareobis mopoveba. rasakvirvelia, siaxleebis farTod gavrcelebas (vaWrobis, migraciebis, omebis procesSi) an damoukideblad aRmoCenas (magaliTad, mSvild-isari an borbali msoflios mraval regionSi damoukideblad gamoigones) saukuneebi da aTas wleulebi daWirda. gavrcelebisas siaxleebi, havisa da adgilobrivi kulturuli tradiciebis Sesabamisad, saxes icvlida: zogan, ZiriTadad, mecxoveleobas misdevdnen, zogan _ miwaTmoqmedebas, zogan saxlebs xisgan

borblis gamosaxuleba mzis taZarze indoeTSi

qarTuli uremi


36 msoflio kultura

agebdnen, zogan _ qvisa Tu Tixisagan. axal-axali aRmoCenebi Tu gamogonebebi (magaliTad, wylis an qaris wisqvili) xvewda teqnologiebs, umjobesdeboda kulturuli mcenareebisa da Sinauri cxovelebis jiSebi.

me-15 saukunis meore naxevridan iwyeba e.w. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqa, romelmac, SeiZleba iTqvas, „gaamTliana“ da erT sivrced aqcia Cveni planeta. CvenTvis saintereso TvalsazrisiT, am xanaSi amerikis kontinentidan farTod

gavrcelda simindi, lobio, kartofili, kakao da sxva mcenareuli kulturebi.

me-18 saukunis meore naxevarSi ki samrewvelo revolucia moxda. gaCnda energiis axali umZlavresi wyaroebi _ jer orTqli, Semdeg navTobproduqtebi, mogvianebiT _ eleqtroba. TandaTan soflis meurneoba samrewvelo safuZvelze gadavida _ aSenda uzarmazari fermebi da plantaciebi, romlebsac manqanebi emsaxureboda, ganviTarda axali teqnologiebi _ produqtebis dakonserveba, gayinva; qimiuri mrewveloba axal-axal sinTezur produqcias qmnida. ai, ase movediT Tanamedrove supermarketamde, sadac, praqtikulad, nebismieri sakvebis, sasmelis Tu sicocxlis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiro nivTebis SeZena SegviZlia.

kiTxva

l ukacriel kunZulze xomaldi erTi Tvis an erTi wlis manZilze rom ar gamoCeniliyo, rogor warimarTeboda Seni cxovreba? kidev ra saWiroebebis winaSe dadgebodi?

davaleba

l eqstremalur pirobebSi aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, arCevanis saSualeba rom gqondes, Seni moTxovnilebebidan da saWiroebebidan romlebs ver daTmobdi? romel moTxovnilebebze ityodi uars? moaxdine Sens mier SerCeuli mTavari moTxovnilebebis ranJireba.

saSinao davaleba

1. moiZie informacia ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis formaTa Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kulturaSi.

2. moiZie informacia me-19 da me-20 saukunis im aRmoCenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic dakavSirebulia adamianis sabaziso moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan.

3. Caatare kvleva: Seadgine (an moipove) supermarketSi arsebuli produqciis sia da

orTqlmavali

37

daaxarisxe Semdegi cxrilis mixedviT:

produqcia, romelsac adamiani qvis xanaSic

daamzadebda (Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulamde)

produqcia, romelic XV saukunis Semdeg iqneboda

xelmisawvdomi

produqcia, romlis damzadebasac adamiani XVIII

saukunis Semdeg moaxerxebda


38 msoflio kultura

sazogadoebad ganixileba adamianTa is erToba, romlis wevrebsac yoveldRiuri

urTierToba aqvT da erTmaneTis cxovrebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen. yoveli

adamiani sazogadoebis nawilia. imisaTvis, rom icxovro srulfasovnad, gyavdes ojaxi,

megobrebi, miaRwio warmatebas, igrZno Tavi daculad, aucilebelia iyo sazogadoebis

wevri. sazogadoebis wevroba niSnavs _ gqondes am erTobis sxva wevrebTan saziaro

interesebi, faseulobebi, warmodgenebi. erTi da igive sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi

adamianebi ayalibeben cxovrebisa da urTierTobis saerTo, yvelasaTvis misaReb wess,

romelsac kultura gansazRvravs.

sazogadoeba Sedgeba sxvadasxva asakis, profesiis, interesebis, socialuri rolisa

da statusis mqone individebisagan. yoveli maTgani mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisTvis,

radgan yvelas Seaqvs sakuTari wvlili mis arsebobasa da ganviTarebaSi. yovel

diliT, rodesac viRviZebT, viwyebT urTierTobas ojaxis wevrebTan, Semdeg _

TanaklaselebTan, TanamSromlebTan, sruliad ucnob adamianebTan, romlebic

mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvraven Cvens yofas, imas, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT miznebis

miRwevas. magaliTad, bevr Cvengans gadaadgilebisa da yoveldRiuri saqmianobisaTvis

esaWiroeba transporti. Tu avtobusiT vmgzavrobT, mas aucileblad eyoleba mZRoli,

romelic Tavisi yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT gviadvilebs cxovrebas. Tavis mxriv,

SesaZloa, Cven gvqondes msgavsi gavlena sxva, CvenTvis sruliad ucnobi (an Tundac

nacnobi) adamianebis cxovrebaze. warmoidgineT, es yvelaferi rom ar arsebobdes,

rogori umweo da daucveli iqneboda TiToeuli Cvengani, albaT, Tavis gadarCenac

gagviWirdeboda. gavixsenoT robinzon kruzo, daniel defos amave saxelwodebis

cnobili romanis gmiri. man sakuTari miznis ganxorcieleba, anu ukacrieli kunZulidan

Tavis daRweva mxolod sxvaTa xelSewyobiT SeZlo.

pirovneba, romlis usafrTxo da

stabi luri cxovrebis erT-erTi Ziri-

Tadi garantia sazogadoebis wevrobaa,

Tavis mxriv, amave sazogadoebis mimarT

garkveul valdebulebebs atarebs. Tu

individi, rogorc sazogadoebis wevri,

mova leobebs warmatebiT asrulebs,

izrdeba misi piradi warmatebis pers-

peq tivac. igi, savaraudod, moipovebs

maRal socialur statuss, eqneba

kargi samsaxuri da a.S. meore mxriv,

gaziarebuli wesebis uxeS darRvevas,

SesaZ lebelia, sazogadoebis mxridan

mkacri reaqcia da sanqciebi moyves.

individs, SesaZloa, daekisros rogorc

sazogadoeba11

robinzon kruzo da paraskeva

39

moraluri, aseve samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba. pirveli, garkveul SemTxvevebSi,

samarTleb riv pasuxismgeblobaze aranakleb mZimea.

warsulSi sazogadoeba mkacrad gansazRvravda individis cxovrebis wess da

socialur mdgomareobas. xSirad adamiani dabadebidanve garkveuli statusis

matarebeli iyo da ar SeeZlo misi Secvla. magaliTad, batonymobis periodSi glexi

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze batons emsaxureboda da am mxriv arafris Secvla SeeZlo.

indoeTSi dRemde arsebobs kastebi, adamianebi ama Tu im kastis wevrad ibadebian da,

iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, sicocxlis bolomde inarCuneben am statuss.

adamianisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebulebasTan dakavSirebiT, saintereso

magaliTebi moipoveba qarTul literaturasa da folklorSi. saqarTvelos mTianeTSi

sazogadoebaSi miRebuli normebis darRveva, barTan SedarebiT, ufro mkacrad isjeboda.

amis dasturia e.w. „mokveTis“ wesis arseboba. vinc ar iziarebda sazogadoebaSi dadgenil

wesebs da upirispirdeboda maT, sazogadoebisgan moikveTeboda da iZulebiT tovebda

sacxovrebel adgils. gaixseneT vaJa-fSavelas cnobili poema „aluda qeTelauri“.

aluda, romelic sazogadoebis (Temis) erT-erTi lideria, uZveles xevsurul tradicias

arRvevs da mosisxles marjvenas ar aWris. aseTi darRveva TviT aludasTvisac

upatiebelia, igi iZulebuli xdeba, Temi datovos da masTan yovelgvari kavSiri

gawyvitos. vaJas kidev erTi nawarmoebis, „mokveTilis“ erT-erTi mTavari personaJi

baxa, romelic, aluda qeTelauris msgavsad, sazogadoebis pativiscemiT sargeblobs,

kavSirs amyarebs xevsurebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil qistebTan. am saqcielis gamo, igi

iZulebuli xdeba xevsureTidan gadaixvewos

cnobil inglisel filosofos Tomas hobss (1588-1679) Tu davesesxebiT, adamianis cxovreba sazogadoebis gareSe xanmokle, usargeblo da, SesaZloa, saSiSic iyos. im faqts, rom Cven socialuri arsebebi varT, sxva adamianebTan urTierToba, anu sazogadoebaSi cxovreba ganapirobebs. sazogadoeba, erTi mxriv, gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviT cxovrebas „gvaiZulebs“, xolo meore mxriv, warmatebebis miRwevisa da sakuTari Tavis realizaciis SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs.

kiTxva

l Tu gagCenia odesme azri, rom sazogadoebisgan gancalkevebulad gecxovra? warmoidgine, rom marto cxovreba gadawyvite. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogor moawyobdi Sens yofas?

Tomas hobsi

11. sazogadoeba

40 msoflio kultura

jgufuri muSaoba

1. ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi niSnebi aqvs cxovrebas sazogadoebasTan erTad da mis gareSe? imsjele da Seavse T-sqema.

cxovreba sazogadoebaSi cxovreba sazogadoebis gareSe

2. imsjele andazis Sesaxeb: `Tavisufali rom iyo, kanonebs unda daemorCilo~.

41

dabadebisas axalSobili ar gane kuTvneba

romelime kulturas. rogorc ici, kultura

genetikurad ar gadaecema. mxolod mSoblebis,

maswavleblebis da sxvaTa xelSewyobiT yalibdeba

bavSvi kulturisa da sazogadoebis wevrad,

kulturul da socialur arsebad. am process

socializacias vuwodebT. socializaciis

procesSi Cven vswavlobT im kulturis enas,

romelSic davibadeT, viTvisebT im sazogadoebriv

rolebs, romelic cxovrebaSi unda „viTamaSoT.“

magaliTad, gogona swavlobs, Tu rogori

diasaxlisi, da, megobari an, momavalSi, deda

unda iyos. garda amisa, socializaciis procesSi

axalgazrdebi swavla-ganaTlebis meSveobiT

euflebian sakuTar profesiul rolebsac.

socializacia 12

12. socializacia

socializacia _ individis mier kulturuli normebis da faseulobebis SeTvisebis procesi.

ise, rogorc ufrosebi

arc erTi biolo giuri saxe obis naSieri

aris ufrosze ise xangrZlivad damoki debuli,

rogorc adamianis. bavSvobisa da axalgazr-

dobis periodi SesaZleblobas iZleva, momaval

Taobas gadaeces is codna da gamocdileba,

romelic dagrovilia TaobaTa mier, unikaluria

yvela sazogadoebisaTvis da maT erTmaneTi sagan

ganasxvavebs.

socializaciis procesSi yalibdeba pirovnebis

Sexedulebebi, msofl mxedveloba, gemovneba,

garemoebisa da mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan

erTad, adamiani iTvisebs axal-axal socialur

rolebs.

42 msoflio kultura

socializaciis procesi dabadebidan

iwyeba. adreuli bavSvobis wlebi yvelaze

intensiuri socializaciis periodia,

rodesac veuflebiT enas da vswavlobT

Cvens kulturaSi arsebul ZiriTad

warmodgenebsa da Sexedulebebs.

sxvadasxva kulturaSi bavSvTa

socializaciis gansxvavebuli meTodebi

da saSualebebi gamoiyeneba. gamoyofen

socializaciis or zogad tips _ formalur

da araformalur socializacias.

formaluri socializacia, ZiriTadad,

saaRmzrdelo da saswavlo dawesebulebebSi - saklaso oTaxebSi, maswavleblebis da aRmzrdelebis garemocvaSi mimdinareobs, mas warmarTaven da akontroleben ufrosebi. araformaluri socializaciis dros bavSvi, umTavresad, mibaZviT, ufrosebis qcevis imitaciiT iTvisebs kulturis normebs da qcevis wesebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom msgavsi dayofa pirobiTia da socializaciis es ori zogadi tipi sxvadasxva kulturaSi gansxvavebuli saxiT gvxvdeba.

yovel sazogadoebaSi arsebobs e.w. socialuri institutebi. esaa organizebuli jgufebi, romlebic garkveul funqcias asruleben. socialur institutebs ganekuTvneba, magaliTad, uxucesTa sabWo, policia, an, sulac, Tamadis instituti saqarTveloSi.

institutebs, romlebic uzrun-velyofen adamianis sociali zaciis, sazogadoebaSi misi integraciis process, socializaciis agentebs uwodeben. esenia ojaxi, sabavSvo baRi, skola, sxva saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi, sanaTesao wre, megobrebi, samezoblo/ezo, quCa, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi da sxva.

formaluri socializaciis procesi

araformaluri socializaciis procesi

4312. socializacia

davaleba

1. daxate wre da dayavi nawilebad. TiToeuli nawili gamoxatavs im jgufs, romelsac Tavs miakuTvneb da Sens rols am jgufSi. romeli jgufic ufro mniSvnelovania SenTvis, mas wris ufro didi nawili dauTme:

megobrebi

skola

ojaxi

sanaTesao wre

samezoblo

sabavSvo baRi

ezo, quCa, ubani

televizia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tu saWirod CaTvli, Seavse CamonaTvali.

arCevani daasabuTe.

Seadare Sen mier Sesrulebuli davaleba Tanaklaselebis mier Sesrulebul davalebebs; imsjele msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb.

2. dawere ese: „ojaxi _ umniSvnelovanesi socialuri agenti?“

44 msoflio kultura

identoba13

identoba dakavSirebulia adamianis cxovrebaSi arsebul mTavar kiTxvebTan - „vin var me?” da „vin varT Cven?”

adamiani sakuTar identobas ama Tu im socialuri jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobiT sazRvravs. cxovrebis

manZilze am jgufebis raodenoba izrdeba. adamians erTdroulad ramdenime identoba aqvs, magaliTad, igi dakavSirebulia ojaxTan, rogorc Svili, meuRle, Zma an da, mama an deda; amave dros is, Tavis ojaxTan erTad, romelime socialur, eTnikur da religiur jgufTan aigivebs Tavs, romelime qveynisa da regionis mcxovrebia, romelime profesiul sazogadoebas da asakobriv jgufs miekuTvneba. es CamonaTvali kidev SeiZleba gagrZeldes, an misi Semadgeneli elementebi Seicvalos. magaliTad, qalaq romis mcxovrebi sakuTar identobas gansazRvravs rogorc romaeli, italieli, kaTolike, qristiani, evropeli, dasavleli.

identoba gansazRvravs adamianis qcevas. ramdenadac erTi da igive pirovneba erTdroulad ramdenime identobis matarebelia, misi qceva gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva viTarebaSi. magaliTad, igi sxvadasxvagvarad iqceva rogorc deda da rogorc TanamSromeli, rogorc Zma da rogorc

moswavle.

rogorc ici, socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba. Sesabamisad, adamianis identoba mudmivad ivseba axali „patara istoriebiT“.

kulturuli identoba individis cxovrebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

ganmsazRvrelia. adamianebi Tavs miakuTvneben ama Tu im jgufs, romlis wevrebTan erTad cxovroben konkretul teritoriaze, metyveleben ama Tu im enaze, aqvT saerTo religia, saerTo warsuli. kulturuli identoba adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvron, vin varT Cven da vin arian sxvebi.

identoba (laT. idem _ igive, msgavsi, identitas _ igiveoba) _ ama Tu im socialuri jgufisadmi mikuTvnebulobis gancda.

Cven aTasobiT patara istoriisagan SevdgebiT

socialuri statusi _ pirovnebis mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi.

4513. identoba

adamiani SeiZleba

ganisazRvros rogorc

arseba, romelsac SeuZlia

Tqvas „me“, SeuZlia

gansazRvros sakuTari Tavi

rogorc damoukidebeli

subieqti.

erix fromi, amerikeli

fsiqologi

identoba aris adamianTa

warmodgena imis Sesaxeb,

Tu vin arian isini, ras

warmoadgenen da ra

damokidebuleba aqvT

sxvebTan.

maikl hogi da dominik

abramsi,

amerikeli fsiqologebi

identoba gvaZlevs

adgils samyaroSi da

warmoadgens kavSirs Cvensa

da im sazogadoebas Soris,

romelSic vcxovrobT.

qeTrin vudvordi,

amerikeli mecnieri da

mwerali

kulturuli identoba, konkretuli faseulobebisa da normebis gaziareba gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor Seasrulebs individi sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul „rols“. magaliTad, kulturebSi gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba arsebobs qalisa da mamakacis, axalgazrdisa da zrdasrulis, qvrivisa da dauqorwineblis qcevis, Cacmis, metyvelebis, interesebisa da saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis identificirebas misi sqesisaTvis kulturiT gansazRvrul socialur rolTan genderuli identoba ewodeba.

stili _ Cacmuloba, varcxniloba, makiaJi, samkaulebi da aqsesuarebi, romelTa meSveobiT Cven SegviZlia mivxvdeT, rogoria adamianis identoba _ misi socialuri statusi, religiuri Sexedulebebi, eTnikuri kuTvnileba da sxva.

46 msoflio kultura

saxaliso istoria: vin var me?!

mark tveni

tragikuli naTesaoba

erTma filadelfielma moqalaqem Tavi moikla da Semdegi Sinaarsis werili datova:

me SevirTe qvrivi qali, romelsac mozrdili qaliSvili hyavda. mamaCemma Seiyvara igi da colad SeirTo. ase rom, mamaCemi Cemi siZe gaxda, xolo geri _ dedaCemi, radgan is mamaCemis meuRle iyo.

Cems cols SeeZina vaJi, romelic mamaCems colisZmad ekuTvnoda, me ki biZad, rogorc Cemi dedis Zma.

mamaCemis colsac SeeZina vaJi. igi, ra Tqma unda, Cemi Zmac iyo da SviliSvilic, rogorc Cemi qaliSvilis vaJi.

maSasadame, Cemi coli gaxda Cemi bebia, rogorc dedaCemis, anu Cemi geris deda, me ki, erTsa da imave dros, Cemi colisaTvis qmaric var da SviliSvilic. da radgan romelime adamianis bebiis qmari, amave dros, am adamianis babuac aris, gamodis, rom me sakuTari Tavis babuac vyofilvar.

davaleba

davaleba

1. moZebne 5 axalgazrduli jgufis suraTi, magaliTad, pankebis, reperebis, hipebis, sqinhedebis da a.S. TiToeuli suraTi aRwere da axseni, rogor aRiqvamen isini sakuTar Tavs da rogor gamoxataven sakuTar mikuTvnebulobas konkretuli jgufisadmi.

2. mocemul sqemis mixedviT aRwere, vin xar Sen?

3. rogor auxsnidi ucxoels, vin aris qarTveli? pasuxi gamosaxe sqemiT, logikuri jaWvis saxiT:

? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ? Æ ?

me

47

gaixsene identobasTan dakavSirebuli gakveTilis bolos mocemuli davaleba, sadac logikuri jaWvis saxiT unda warmogedgina qarTvelTa identoba. identobis romeli done iyo yvelaze farTo, romeli maTgani gaerTianebda yvelaze met adamianTan, vis msgavsadac Tavs miiCnev? Tu imave gakveTilSi motanil romis moqalaqis magaliTze Seecdebi am davalebis Sesrulebas da identobis doneebs wreebis saxiT warmoidgen, aseT sqemas miiReb:

am SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze farTo done dasavluri identobaa. mecnierTa nawili kulturuli identobis yvelaze farTo da mravali msgavsi niSnis momcvel dones civilizacias uwodebs. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, civilizacia aris saerTo

14. civilizacia

civilizacia 14

civilizacia (laT. civis, civilitas, civitas) _ moqalaqe, samoqalaqo, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.

48 msoflio kultura

niSnebis mqone kulturaTa pirobiTi erToba. kacobrioba aseTi erTobebisagan _ civilizaciebisagan _ Sedgeba, romelTagan TiToeuls sakuTari, sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli niSnebi aqvs, magaliTad, droisa da sivrcis aRqma, bunebisa Tu Sromisadmi damokidebuleba, amqveyniurisa da imqveyniuri samyaros Sesaxeb arsebuli warmodgena, religia, warsulisadmi damokidebuleba da sxva maxasiaTeblebi.

erT mSvenier dRes rom kacobriobam gonier ucxoplanetelebTan kontaqti daamyaros, Zalze savaraudoa, rom gaCndes identobis kidev ufro farTo done _ „dedamiwelebi“.

civilizacia yvelaze vrceli erTobaa, romelsac adamiani Tavs miakuTvnebs an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, romelTanac igi TviTidentifikacias axdens. civilizacia _ es aris yvelaze didi „Cven“, romlis farglebSi adamiani Tavs „Sin“ grZnobs. amave dros, igi gvyofs Cven maTgan, vinc am civilizaciis miRmaa.

samuel hanTingtoni, amerikeli politologisamuel hanTingtoni

me-20 saukunis bolos, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg, s. hanTingtonma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom dRes msoflioSi arsebobs 8 civilizacia: dasavluri, marTlmadideblur-slavuri, muslimuri, konfuciuri, iaponuri, indu-isturi, laTinuri amerikisa da afrikuli, romlebic erTmaneTis msgavsi niSnebis mqone kulturebs moicaven1. uaxloes

momavalSi msoflios saxes am civilizaciaTa urTierToba gansazRvravs. Tanamedrove samyaros konfliqtebi civilizaciaTa gansxvavebulobis da dapirispirebis Sedegia, ris gamoc maTma urTierTobam, SesaZloa, „civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis“ saxe miiRos. s. hanTingtonis versias didi gamoxmaureba da mwvave kamaTi mohyva.

albaT, ufro xSirad civilizaciis sxvagvari gageba Segxvedria, romlis Tanaxmad, civilizacia ama Tu im sazogadoebis an, mTlianad, kacobriobis ganviTarebis safexuria. cnobili amerikeli anTropologi luis henri morgani (1818-1881) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda civilizebul da primitiul sazogadoebebs, romelTac

luis henri morgani

1 hanTingtonis mier SemoTavazebuli am saxelwodebiT, marTlmadidebluri civilizaciis farglebs miRma rCebian, magaliTad, berZnebi, qarTvelebi, ruminelebi da zogi sxva marTlmadideblebi

49

civilizaciis safexurisaTvis jer ar mieRwiaT. civilizaciis niSnebad miCneuli iyo miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTareba, simdidris dagroveba, miwis kerZo sakuTrebis gaCena, qalaqebis zrda, saxelmwifosa da damwerlobis warmoSoba, vaWrobis ganviTareba, mecnieruli codnis (ariT metika, geometria, astronomia) Casaxva, xelovnebis Seqmna da a.S. dRes, xSirad, civilizacia teqnikur da teqnologiur progresTan igivdeba.

kiTxvebi

davaleba

buSmenebi

1. CamoTvale civilizaciebi (istoriuli da Tanamedrove).

2. romelia is niSnebi, romlebiTac kulturebi ama Tu im civilizacias miekuTvnebian?

3. gaixsene civi omis Semdgom periodSi momxdari an mimdinare konfliqtebi da imsjele maT kulturul-civilizaciur safuZvlebze. moifiqre am konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebi.

4. civilizaciis romel gagebas asaxavs yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi gavrcelebuli gamoTqmebi: „civilizebuli samyaro“, „civilizebuli adamiani“, „civilizebuli qceva“ da sxva.

l gakveTilSi mocemulia suraTi, romelic asaxavs „primitiuli“ sazogadoebebis cxovrebas. warmoidgine, rom xar me-19 saukunis evropeli politikosi, misioneri an mkvlevari. ris Secvlas ganizraxavdi am sazogadoebebis cxovrebaSi, ratom da rogor?

14. civilizacia

50 msoflio kultura

gaxsovs akaki wereTlis cnobili leqsi „Ramura“? Tagvs Tagvad yofna mobezrda da Citad qceva inatra. Tagunas survili Seusrulda da frTebi gamoesxa, magram, uCveulo garegnobis gamo, sxva Citebma aiTvalwunes da iZulebuli gaxda, isev TagvebTan dabrunebuliyo. frinvelad qceuli Tagvi aRarc Zvelma TanamoZmeebma miiRes. sabralo Tagunas sxva gza aRar hqonda, yvelas gaerida da bnel nangrevebSi daido bina. mas Semdeg igi samalavidan mxolod Ram-RamobiT gamodis.

im adamianebs, romlebic sazogado-ebisagan gariyulebi aRmoCndnen, akaki wereTeli Ramuras adarebs.

dRes aseT adamianebs marginalebs uwodeben. es termini im individebs aRniSnavs, romlebic, ama Tu im mizezis gamo, ver an ar arian srulfasovnad CarTuli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi; magaliTad, migrantebi _ erTi qveynidan meoreSi gadasuli pirebi, romlebic TavianT Cveul garemos mowydnen da axali garemo ver gaiTavises, agreTve usaxlkaroebi da a.S.

marginalobisadmi interesi ganapiroba dasavleTSi, gansakuTrebiT, amerikis Seer Tebul StatebSi migraciis aqtiurma procesma. sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmo mavlobis jgufebi, materialuri keTil dReobis Tu uzrunveli cxovrebis ZiebaSi, masobrivad tovebdnen sakuTar sacxovrebel adgils da ucxo qveyanaSi saxldebodnen. axal garemoSi damkvidrebis procesi yovelTvis rTulia, miT ufro maSin, roca mas Tan axlavs socialuri problemebi: umuSevroba, socialuri statusis da garantiebis arqona. viTarebas arTulebs isic, rom axal adgilas migrantebs aravin elis da maTi gamoCena damatebiT problemad aRiqmeba. swored aseTi viTareba iwvevs jgufis marginalizacias. es jgufebi marginalur mdgomareobaSi arian rogorc „maspinZel“, ise maTTvis mSobliur kulturasTan mimarTebaSi.

marginaloba15

marginali (laT. margo _are, kide, zRvari) _ Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda wignis gverdis kides (arSias), Tavisufal adgils ZiriTadi teqstis gverdiT, romelic gamoiyeneboda minawerebis gasakeTeblad. dRes am sityviT aRiniSneba individebi da jgufebi, romlebic sazogadoebis `miRma~ aRmoCndnen.

Sua saukuneebis xelnaweri wigni minawerebiT

usaxlkaro

5115. marginaloba

individebisa da jgufebis marginalizacia SeiZleba gamoiwvios ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri sistemis mkveTrma cvlilebam. magaliTad, batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg marginalur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen soflis mcxovrebni, romlebmac ver SeZles axal realobasTan Segueba, dakarges Zveli statusi da, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, ver SeiZines axali.

emigrantebi

1. gaixsene ilia WavWavaZis, daviT kldiaSvilisa da sxva qarTveli mwerlebis personaJebi. imsjele, romeli maTgani SeiZleba CaiTvalos marginalad?

2. imsjele, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalon marginalebad borotmoqmedebi da kriminaluri jgufebi?

davaleba

52 msoflio kultura

kontrkultura16

bevri Tqvengani atarebs jinsebs,

aqsesuarebs mSvidobis simbolos

gamosaxulebiT, biWebi _ grZel Tmas...

gifiqriaT imaze, es, ubralod, modaa Tu

raime ideis gamoxatuleba?

Tqven, albaT, usmenT biTlzs, jenis joplins, jimi hendrikss, pink floids, an

1960-iani wlebis sxva momRerlebsa da jgufebs. mogwonT maTi musika? iciT raime im

ideebis da msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb, ramac aseTi musikis Seqmna ganapiroba?

1960-ian wlebSi dasavleT evropis qveynebi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

manamde arnaxulma axalgazrdulma protestma moicva, romlis mizani kulturaSi

revoluciuri cvlilebebis ganxorcileba iyo. amerikelma sociologma Teodor

rozakma am moZraobas kontrkultura ewoda.

kontrkultura upirispirdeba gaba-to nebul kulturas da ayalibebs umravlesobis kulturis sawinaaR-mdego faseulobebsa da normebs.

biTlzi jenis joplini

pink floidi jimi hendriqsi

5316. kontrkultura

kontrkultura upirispirdeboda imdroindeli dasavluri

sazogadoebisaTvis Cveul, momxmareblur cxovrebis wessa da

msoflmxedvelobas. kontrkultura moicavda studentebisa da

hipebis moZraobas.

kontrkulturuli ideebis mqone axalgazrdebis

umravlesoba „nebiera bavSvebi“ iyvnen. kargma ekonomikurma

da socialurma pirobebma SesaZlebloba misca maT, naklebad

Sexebodnen cxovrebiseul realobas. yoveldRiuri

problemebisagan Tavisufalni, did dros uTmobdnen swavlas,

maTi uzrunvelyofili momavali winaswar gansazRvruli iyo.

SeiZleba, swored amitom, isini idealistebad Camoyalibdnen.

axalgazrdebs ar surdaT, gamoTxovebodnen bavSvobis idealebsa

da uzrunvel cxovrebas, mieRoT realuri samyaro, sadac maT

realuri valdebulebebi da pasuxismgeblobebi daekisrebodaT,

amitom maT gadawyvites, arsebuli sinamdvile TavianTi

idealuri samyaroTi CaenacvlebinaT.

1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi amerikuli da, mTlianad, dasavluri sazogadoebis

ZiriTadi faseulobebi iyo piradi warmateba, Seupovari Sroma, drois racionaluri

gamoyeneba, efeqtianoba da sargeblianoba, progresi, materialuri keTildReoba. am

pragmatul faseulobebs da konkurenciaze damyarebul sazogadoebas studentebma

daupirispires antimomxmarebloba, altruizmi, rogorc adamianTa urTierTobis

safuZveli, socialuri da moraluri Tanasworoba, orientacia inteleqtualur da

sulier faseulobebze. maga liTad, Tu umaRlesi ganaTleba warmatebuli kari erisa

da keTildReobis winapirobad miiCneoda, meamboxe studentebis umrav lesoba swavlis

1958 wels jerld holtomis mier Seqmnili mSvidobis simbolo, romelic pirvelad britaneTSi birTvuli ganiaraRebis kampaniisas gamoiyenes, kontrkulturis mTavar simbolod iqca

60-iani wlebis meamboxe axalgazrdoba

54 msoflio kultura

miznad samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis Secnobas Tvlida. es axalgazrdebi daupiris-

pir dnen ara socialur an raime sxva konkretul problemas, ara med mTlianad dasav-

lur civilizacias. kontr kulturis warmomad genel TaTvis damaxasi aTebeli iyo

Cacmis, qcevisa da, zogadad, garegnobis gans xva vebuli stili, rac sazogadoebisadmi

protests gamoxatavda. im periodis musika da poeziac gamsWvaluli iyo kontr-

kulturuli ideebiT.

`mSvidoba, siyvaruli, musika, Tavisufleba, zeimi~

„Cven ... gvzaravs samyaro, romelic memkvidreobiT miviReT, bavSvobaSi Cven dadebiTad miviCnevdiT amerikis faseulobebs: Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba yvelasaTvis.“

port-huronis deklaracia ”axalgazrdebi demokratiuli

sazogadoebisaTvis”, 1962 weli.

„me ukve aRar SemiZlia gaviziaro amerikis _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, dRevandeli amerikis _ morali. xval, SeiZleba, daibados axali amerika da me movindomo mis nawilad gaxdoma, magram dRes me Cemi sakuTari morali maqvs da amerika mas ar iRebs”, - ase gamoxatavda Tavis pozicias erT-erTi studenti.

„Cveni moRvaweoba nakarnaxevia grZnobiT, rom, SeiZleba, Cven varT ukanaskneli Taoba eqsperimentisa, romelsac sicocxle ewodeba“ (port-huronis deklaracia, 1962). „me rogorRac vgrZnob, rom Cven arc ise bevri dro dagvrCa Cveni ideebis dasaxvewad“ (erT-erTi hipis sityvebi).

hipebi

55

vietnamis omi _ 1955-1975 wlebis SeiaraRebuli konfliqti vietnamSi, laossa da kambojaSi. 1960-iani wlebidan masSi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi. daiRupa aTasobiT amerikeli jariskaci.

axalgazrdebi eWvqveS ayenebdnen dasavluri sazogadoebis unars, ecxovra mis mierve deklarirebuli Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa da mSvidobis idealebis Sesabamisad. amitom maT imedgacruebisa da gaucxoebis gancda daeuflaT.

protestis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi iyo vietnamis omi, romelsac studentebis didi nawili, iseve rogorc hipebi da sxva msgavsi moZraobebis warmomadgenlebi, danaSaulad miiCnevda.

1945 wels, meore msoflio omis damamTavrebel etapze, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma iaponiis ori qalaqis _ hirosimasa da nagasakis atomuri dabombva ganaxorcila. es birTvuli iaraRis politikuri zewolis mizniT gamoyenebis erTaderTi SemTxvevaa msoflio istoriaSi. pirveli bombi hirosimaSi 6 agvistos Camoagdes, xolo meore _ nagasakiSi 9 agvistos. dabombvis dResa da Semdegi Tveebis ganmavlobaSi damwvrobis, radiaciisa da sxva saxis dazianebisagan hirosimaSi 90 000-dan 166 000-mde, xolo nagasakiSi _ 60 000-dan 80 000-mde adamiani daiRupa, isini, umTavresad, samoqalaqo pirebi iyvnen.

poetebi alen ginzbergi da jek keruaki, iseve rogorc „daRlili/dacemuli Taobis“ („beat generation“) sxva poetebi, kontrkulturis sulier da ideur mamebad miiCneodnen.

16. kontrkultura

karibis krizisi _ civi omis periodis yvelaze mwvave dapirispireba sabWoTa kavSirsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris, romelmac birTvuli konfliqtis saSiSroebis winaSe daayena mTeli kacobrioba. es dapirispireba SeerTebul StatebSi cnobilia rogorc „kubis saraketo krizisi”, sabWoTa kavSirSi mas ”karibis kriziss” uwodebdnen, xolo kubaSi _ „oqtombris kriziss”. 1962 wlis oqtomberSi sabWoTa kaSirma kubaSi birTvuli raketebis ganlageba daiwyo. es iyo pasuxi 1961 wels aSS-s mier TurqeTSi birTvuli raketebis ganlagebaze, romelic sabWoTa kavSirs emuqreboda. krizisi 13 dRe gagrZelda. dapirispirebulma mxareebma SeTanxmebas miaRwies. sabWoTa kavSirma gaitana raketebi kubis teritoriidan, aSS moxsna kubis blokada, ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki TurqeTidan gaitana birTvuli raketebi.

alen ginzbergi

jek keruaki

56 msoflio kultura

aseTi apokalifsuri gancda ganpiro bebuli iyo SiSiTa da sasowarkveTilebiT, romelsac atomuri iaraRis gamoyenebis faqti (hirosima da nagasaki), karibis krizisi da vietnamis omi badebda. Tumca, es Taoba atomur saSiSroebas ufro farTod gaiazrebda. igi atomur iaraRs ganixilavda ara rogorc ubralod iaraRs, aramed rogorc amerikuli kulturis da, zogadad, dasavluri civilizaciis simbolos. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, gasagebi xdeba devizi _ „kultura borotebaa, sicocxle - sikeTe“, „ukan, bunebisaken!“ bunebriobisaken swrafva gamoixateboda hipebis garegnobaSic, protestis erT-erTi niSani iyo grZeli Tma da xazgasmiT daudevari damokidebuleba Cacmulobisa da higienis mimarT; narkotikebiTa da aRmosavluri religiebiT gataceba swored am „borotebiT“ aRsavse samyarodan Tavis daRwevis saSualebad miiCneoda.

1970-ian wlebSi kontrkulturuli moZraoba minelda. amboxebul axalgazrdaTa didi nawili daubrunda cxovrebis miRebul wess da Tavad gaxda amerikuli kulturuli tradiciis gamgrZelebeli. Tavis mxriv, Seicvala amerikuli sazogadoebac _ gadaixeda is, Tu ra SeiZleba yofiliyo „dasaSvebi“ an „misaRebi“ da ra _ ara. magaliTad, aRaravis ukvirda grZelTmiani da dauvarcxneli biWebi, daglejili jinsebi; hipebi amerikuli sazogadoebis Cveulebrivi nawili gaxda. rac adre bevrisTvis Sokismomgvreli iyo, axla kulturis Cveul nawilad iqca, metic _ moduradac ki miiCneoda. magaliTad, musikaluri industria uzarmazari raodenobiT awarmoebda popularuli rok-jgufebis Canawerebs, imarTeboda grandiozuli rok-koncertebi, rac zogisTvis ukve ara protesti, aramed samuSao iyo, zogisTvis _ moxmarebis sagani, sxvebisTvis ki _ mogebis wyaro.

vudstoki marto rok-festivali ar iyo, is male 1960-iani wlebis simbolod iqca

5716. kontrkultura

1. gaixsene magaliTebi, rodesac erT dros sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebeli qceva, Cacmuloba da Sexedulebebi SemdgomSi misi kulturis nawili gaxda.

2. Seni azriT, SeiZleba, rom radikaluri cvlileba kulturaSi kontrkulturuli amboxebis gareSe moxdes?

davaleba

58 msoflio kultura

samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala17

jinss, romelic Taobebis manZilze ar gadadis modidan, saintereso „biografia“ aqvs. misi „winaprebi“ warmoSobiT italiis qalaq genuasa da safrangeTis qalaq nimidan arian. isini „gadabargdnen“ amerikaSi da saTave daudes sruliad uCveulo movlenas samosis istoriaSi _ jinsis Sarvals, romelmac, rogorc amboben, „msoflio Secvala“.

sityva jinsi (jeans) italiis qalaq genuis (Genova) saxelwodebidan momdinareobs. es qalaqi ganTqmuli iyo sazRvao vaWrobiT. mezRvaurebs, romlebic drois did nawils zRvaSi atarebdnen, gamZle samosi WirdebodaT. amitom mis Sesakerad gamoiyeneboda masala, romelic Tavdapirvelad safrangeTis qalaq nimSi, ialqnebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. am masalas nimuri sarJa (Serge de Nîmes) ewodeboda.

amgvarad, qsovils, romlisganac SemdgomSi jinsis Sarvlebs keravdnen, „denimi“ (qalaq nimis saxelwodebis mixedviT) ewoda, Tavad samoss ki _ jinsi _ rogorc ukve vTqviT, qalaq genuas saxelwodebidan (blue de Gene _ „lurji genuidan“).

1848 wels kaliforniaSi oqro aRmoaCines, rasac cnobili oqros cieb-cxeleba mohyva: kalifornias oqros maZiebelTa uzarmazari talRa miawyda. san-francisko _ oqros cieb-cxelebis komerciuli centri _ xelsayreli adgili gaxda savaWro biznesisaTvis. swored amitom, 1853 wels niu-iorkidan san-franciskoSi, sabiTumo vaWrobis dawyebis mizniT, germaniidan emigrirebuli liob Strausi Cavida, Tumca mas am droisaTvis saxeli ukve Secvlili hqonda da dRes yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili livais strausi iyo. man aRmoaCina, rom oqros maZieblebs, pirvel rigSi, gamZle da magari masalisagan damzadebuli samosi WirdebodaT. Tavdapirvelad strausi maT brezentisgan keravda, Semdeg ki nimuri sarJis, anu denimis gamoyeneba daiwyo.

mkeravma jeikob devisma (warmoSobiT rigeli iakob iofisi) denimis Sarvlebs erTi mniSvnelovani detali daumata: man gamZleobisaTvis Sarvlebze spilenZis samagrebis gamoyeneba daiwyo; radgan am siaxlis patentis asaRebad sakmarisi fuli ar hqonda, livais strauss mimarTa. 1873 wels maT patenti aiRes da aqedan daiwyo denimis Sarvlis, Tanamedrove lurji jinsis istoria.

jeikob devisi

livais strausi

59

1930-ian wlebSi holivudis vesternis Janris kovboebi swored denimis SarvlebSi iyvnen gamowyobili. am droidan moyolebuli, jinsis Sarvali popularuli gaxda. 1940-ian wlebSi, meore msoflio omis periodSi, jinsis Sarvlebi naklebad ikereboda, Tumca danarCenma msofliom is zustad am periodSi, amerikeli jariskacebis meSveobiT gaicno.

1950-iani wlebidan denimi popularuli gaxda axalgazrdebs Soris. satelevizio programebsa da filmebSi is „meamboxe“ mozardebis simbolod iqca. swored maT SemoiRes saxelwodeba „jinsis Sarvali“ (jean pants). Tavdapirvelad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi zogierTi skolis moswavleebs jinsis Sarvlis tareba ekrZalebodaT, magram 1960-ian wlebSi mas ukve mravali universitetisa da kolejis studentebi icvamdnen. misi stili da forma mravalferovani gaxda _ ikereboda moqarguli, naxatebiani da sxva saxis jinsebi.

mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris, sabWoTa kavSirSi jinsis Sarvali amerikis simbolod iqca, Sesabamisad, igi uaryofiTad aRiqmeboda da misi Sovna arcTu advili iyo. rogorc amerikuli kompaniebi acxadebdnen, isini xSirad iRebdnen werilebs mTeli msofliodan TxovniT, gaegzavnaT maTTvis jinsis Sarvlebi.

1980-ian wlebSi jinsi ukve maRali modis nawili gaxda; cnobili dizainerebi sakuTari markiT uSvebdnen axali stilis jinsebs. 1990-ian wlebSi jinsebis gayidvis zrda SeCerda, Tumca, Tu erTmaneTs davakvirdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom amas jinsis popularobisaTvis didi ziani ar miuyenebia.

1886 wlidan livais strausis kompaniam Tavis Sarvlebze tyavis patara iarliyis mikereba daiwyo. naxatze gamosaxuli iyo Sarvali, romelsac ori cxeni erTmaneTis

sapirispiro mxares qaCavs. es reklama aCvenebda, ramdenad gamZle iyo

livaisis Sarvali: or cxensac ki ar SeeZlo misi gaxeva.

maRali modis jinsi

17. samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala17. samosi, romelmac msoflio Secvala

60 msoflio kultura

guruli mxedrebi

amerikaSi

“cota xani vimuSave livais maRaziaSi. nametari mdidaria. imsimagre Sarvals keravs, rum meindomo ver daxev, Tanac Casacmavia kai.”

ucnobi guruli mxedris Canawerebi

irakli maxaraZis wignidan “guruli mxedrebi amerikaSi”

l farTo moxmarebis nawarmidan (ar igulisxmeba mxolod tansacmeli) Tu SeiZleba kidev romelimeze iTqvas, rom man „msoflio Secvala“?

kiTxva

l Caatare kvleva (ojaxSi, skolaSi, samezobloSi, sofelSi...) da daadgine, mosaxleobis ra nawils acvia jinsi. gansazRvre jinsis momxmarebelTa asakobrivi Semadgenloba.

saSinao davaleba

61

albaT, xSirad SegimCneviaT, rom Cvens irgvliv erTsa da imave enaze mosaubre adamianebi gansxvavebuli formiT da sityvebiT gamoxataven TavianT azrebs, gansxvavebulad iqcevian erTsa da imave situaciaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, erTi kulturis farglebSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli jgufebi, romlebic gamoirCevian CacmulobiT, varcxnilobiT, gemovnebiT, interesebiT, leqsikiTa da metyvelebis maneriT, iumoriT, urTierTobis formebiT, faseulobebiT _ mokled, yvelaferi imiT, rasac, zogadad, cxovrebis wess vuwodebT. kulturaSi arsebul aseT gansxvavebul jgufebs aRniSnaven terminiT subkultura.

kontrkulturisagan gansxvavebiT, subkulturis wevrebi ar cdiloben daupirispirdnen gabatonebul kulturas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maTi Sexedulebebi ar Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. subkultura cdilobs SeinarCunos sakuTari gansxvavebuloba.

arsebobs eTnikuri, religiuri, asakobrivi, profesiuli da sxva subkulturebi.

subkultura 18

saqarTveloSi arsebul eTnikur subkulturebad SeiZleba miviCnioT is jgufebi, romlebic TavianT tradiciul cxovrebis wess inarCuneben da met-naklebad gansxvavdebian sazogadoebis danarCeni nawilisagan (azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, berZnebi, qurTebi, asirielebi, udebi, osebi, rusebi, ukrainelebi, Cexebi, polonelebi, germanelebi da sxvebi). religiuri subkulturis magaliTia muslimi da kaTolike qarTvelebi. es jgufebi swored imitom miiCnevian subkulturebad, rom warmoadgenen erTiani sazogadoebis nawils da, amave dros, gamoirCevian garkveuli TaviseburebebiT. kaTolike da muslimi qarTvelebis cnobili warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac mniSvnelovani kvali datoves qarTuli sazogadoebisa da kulturis istoriaSi, arian mixeil TamaraSvili, mixeil TarxniSvili, zaqaria faliaSvili, memed abaSiZe da sxvebi.

zaqaria faliaSvili

memed abaSiZe

18. subkultura

mixeil TarxniSvili

62 msoflio kultura

zogierTi _ pirvel rigSi, axal-gazrduli _ subkulturis warmomad-genelTaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba stils, riTac isini gamoxataven romelime subkulturisadmi kuTvnilebas. stili gamoixateba rogorc simboloebiT, romelsac subkulturis wevrebi atareben, aseve CacmulobiT, varcxnilobiTa da JargoniT, musikaluri stiliT, romlis msmenelebic isini arian.

goTebis subkultura 1980-ian wlebSi warmoiSva inglisSi. maTi stilis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia Savi samosi, Savi Tma, muqi makiaJi.

subkultura (laT. sub - qve, cultura - kultura) _ sazogadoebis ama Tu im jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli faseulobebis, qcevisa da normebis sistema, romelic ganasxvavebs mas gabatonebuli kulturisagan.

ani _ maradiuli sicocxlis aRmniSvneli Zvelegvipturi ieroglifi, romelic goTebis kulturis simbolod iqca.

goTebis Ceqma

sqinhedebis subkultura 1960-ian wlebSi Seiqmna britaneTSi. es saxeli jgufma misi wevrebis mokled SeWrili an gadaparsuli Tmebis gamo miiRo (ingl. skin _ kani , head _ Tavi). skinhedebis stilis ganuyofeli elementi iyo fexsacmeli `doqtor martines~, livaisis gadakecili jinsi, kubokruli perangi da Sarvlis samagrebi .

rokerebis subkulturis aucilebeli atributia motocikli, maTi stilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia tyavis samosi, grZeli Tma da tatuirebuli sxeuli.

6318. subkultura

arsebobs kriminaluri, e.w. `qurduli~ samyaros subkulturac. misi warmo-madgenlebis ena/Jargoni, msoflmxedveloba da qcevis modelebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia gabatonebuli kulturisagan.

kiTxva

1. daasaxele jgufebi, romlebic, Seni azriT, subkulturad CaiTvleba da daasabuTe Seni pasuxi.

2. gamokveTe subkulturisa da kontrkulturis msgavsi da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.

davaleba

l moiZie informacia qarTveli kaTolikeebisa da muslimebis Sesaxeb da imsjele maTi subkulturebis Taviseburebebze. Sesrulebul davalebas daurTe Sesabamisi vizualuri masala.

damatebiTi informacia

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi axal gazrduli subkultura - parkuri Camoyalibda. is Tavdapirvelad safran-geTSi Seiqmna. parkuri - es aris gada-adgilebis xelovneba, misi mizania sakuTari sxeulis SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebiT erTi wertilidan meoremde manZilis maqsi-malurad swrafad da efeqturad dafarva. treiseri (adamiani, romelic parkuriT aris gatacebuli) Tvlis, rom parkuri sportis, sabrZolo xelovnebisa da bilderingis (kedlebze cocva) garda, gansa kuTrebul msoflmxedvelobasac gulisxmobs.

GT Crew-s (Georgian Traceur’s Crew _ qarTveli treiserebis jgufi) veb-gverdze vkiTxulobT: „parkuri arc sportia, arc eqstremi da arc politika, es arsebobis xerxia. es aris sakuTari mTlianobis aRqma, gageba da TanamSromloba sakuTar sxeulTan, amavdroulad, Tanaarseboba qalaqTanac. es romantikaa, emociebis afeTqeba, vneba, moZraobebis Tavisufleba. parkuri _ es cxovrebaa. is cvlis cnobierebas da aiZulebs adamians yvelaferi sxvanairad aRiqvas. mxolod sakuTari SesaZleblobebis SegrZneba, warmateba SiSisa da tkivilis daZlevaSi afarToebs samyaros gagebis sazRvrebs. realobis aRqmis Secvlis gareSe parkuri SeuZlebelia. cxovreba parkuris wesebis mixedviT aris mudmivi moZraoba da yovelTvis mxolod swori bilikiT~.

treiserebi

64 msoflio kultura

saxaliso istoriebiCven ukve vaxseneT, rom sxva subkulturebTan erTad, arsebobs profesiuli

subkulturebic _ iuristebis, maswavleblebis, maRaroelebis, Jurnalistebis da sxva. Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom Cven garkveuli warmodgena gvaqvs imaze, Tu rogorebi arian ama Tu im profesiis adamianebi. magaliTad, miCneulia, rom eqimebs gaurkveveli xelwera da ucnauri iumoris grZnoba aqvT, iuristebi ki bevrs da Tavbrudamxvevad laparakoben. cxadia, erTi profesiis yvela adamiani erTnairi ver iqneba, magram mainc gamoiyofa Tvisebebis, gemovnebis, interesebis, qcevisa da leqsikis Taviseburebebi, romelic ganapirobebs gansxvavebebs profesiul subkulturebs Soris. ai, ramdenime saxaliso istoria:

J J J

eqimma pacienti kabinetSi Seiyvana da eubneba: erTi kargi ambavi maqvs da erTic _ cudi.

kargi, miTxariT.

Tqveni gardacvalebis Semdeg am daavadebas Tqvens saxels daarqmeven.

J J J

saavadmyofos eqimebi gaificnen. xelmZRvanelobam ganacxada, rom eqimebis moTxovnebze imsjelebdnen maSinve, rogorc ki moiyvandnen farmacevts maTi transparantebis amosakiTxad.

65

kulturis universaliebi 19

19. kulturis universaliebi

adamianebi moipoveben da gankargaven resursebs, qmnian wesebsa da kanonebs, swavloben da aswavlian, Sromoben da isveneben, ikvleven samyaros, qorwindebian da bavSvebs zrdian, yiduloben da yidian, ibrZvian da Tavs icaven, loculoben da msxverpls wiraven, Txzaven ambebs da xataven... yovelive CamoTvlils, ama Tu im formiT, uklebliv yvela kulturaSi vxvdebiT, Tumca, rasakvirvelia, Zalian gansxa vebuli saxiT.

amrigad, sxvadasxva kulturebs Soris garkveuli saerTo elementebi ikveTeba, rom lebic yvela an TiTqmis yvela sazogado ebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. maT kul-turis universaliebs (laTinuri sityvidan „universalis“ _ saerTo, sayovelTao) uwo deben. ar arsebobs kultura, romelsac ar aqvs ena gramatikuli struqturiT, ojaxis esa Tu is forma, bavSvebze zrunvis sistema. yvela kulturaSi arsebobs socialuri institutebi _ adamianis cxovrebis raime sferos mosawes rigeblad gamomuSavebuli kanonebisa Tu tradiciebis erToblioba. institutebia, magaliTad, qorwineba (ra asakidanaa daSvebuli, visTan SeiZleba daojaxeba da a.S.), religia (misi adgili sazogadoebaSi, ritualebi da a.S.), sakuTrebis formebi (kerZo, saTemo, saxelmwifo da a.S.), marTvis da Zalauflebis sistema (beladi, mefe, uxucesTa sabWo, arCeviTi parlamenti da a.S.). xsenebuli institutebi yvela kulturaSia da, amgvarad, universaliebis ricxvs miekuTvneba (Tumca arsebobs institutebi, romlebic universaluri ar aris, magaliTad, Tamadis instituti qarTul kulturaSi). garda

albaT, bevri Tqven -ga nisaTvis nacnobia „stra tegiis“ tipis kom-piute ruli TamaSebi. isini sxvada sxva asakisa da interesebis mqone adamianebisa Tvis aris gamiznuli, magram yve-

la maTgans saerTo principi aerTianebs: xdeba vir -tualur adamianTa (an adamianis magvar arsebaTa) jgufis cxovrebis modelireba. TamaSis Semqmnelebi iTvalis wineben (cxadia, gamar tivebuli saxiT) nebis-mieri sazogadoebis arse bobisaTvis aucilebel ele-mentebs _ sakvebs, sacxovriss, fuls, sabrZolo Tu samuSao iaraRebs, satransporto saSualebebs da a.S., anu garkveul resur sebs, romelTac gankargavs moTa maSe (da rac ukeTesad akeTebs amas, miT maRalia TamaSSi miRweuli Sedegi).

qarTuli qorwili

induri qorwili

66 msoflio kultura

amisa, universaliebia xelovneba, TamaSi, samkauli, higienis wesebi da sxva, romelTa umravlesobasac sxva gakveTilebSi mokled gavecnobiT.

qarTuli taZari

meCeTi

sinagoga

TamaSi

ojaxi

67

kiTxva

davaleba

l rogor fiqrob, aris Tu ara „iavnana“ kulturis universalia? moiZie sxvadasxva xalxis „iavnana“ da imsjele, erTi da igive funqciis garda, aqvT Tu ara maT raime saerTo?

l Seadgine socialuri institutebis CamonaTvali or svetad: erT svetSi daajgufe universaluri institutebi, meoreSi ki - erTi an ramdenime kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

19. kulturis universaliebi

68 msoflio kultura

zRapari20

iyo da ara iyo ra...sadRac iyo da Tan ar iyo...iyo da aris zRapris samyaro, sadac yovelTvis

yvelaferi kargad mTavrdeba.Tumca Cven Tavidan daviwyoT:

iyo da ara iyo ra... iyo dedamiwaze xalxi, romelsac ar Seuqmnia saxelmwifo, ar hqonia damwerloba, borbali, rogorc gadaadgilebisa da gadazidvis saSualeba... magram zRapari TiTqmis yvela xalxs aqvs.

zRapari _ erTi SexedviT, bavSvebisaTvis gankuTvnili, saxaliso da Wkvianuri ararealuri ambavi - adamianis fantaziis nayofia, romelic erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakacobrio universaliad miiCneva. sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, zRapari “ars mogonebul tyuili ambavad SemWevrebuli da ara qmnili myofobiT“.

zRapari Zalze Zvelia, zRaprebs yvebodnen manam, sanam adamiani weras iswavlida. is xalxuri zepirsityvierebis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. mravali aseuli wlis ganmavlobaSi es fantastikuri moTxrobebi, romelTa idea, Tematika, siuJeti, Txrobis stili, enobrivi Taviseburebebi kargad asaxavs misi Semqmneli xalxis yofasa da istorias, zepirad gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas, gadadioda xalxidan xalxSi, kulturidan kulturaSi.

nacarqeqia

mfrinavi xaliCa

qarTulma xalxurma zepirsityvierebam uamravi zRapari Semoinaxa. ra Tqma unda, pirvandeli saxiT maT Cvenamde ar mouRweviaT; Tormeti qarTuli zRapari pirvelad me-17 saukuneSi Cauweria italiel misioner bernarde neapolels, romelic orjer iyo saqarTveloSi.

amirani, kopala, pirquSi, samzevari, nacarqeqia, komble, wiqara Tu xuTkunWula _ ai, qarTuli xalxuri zRapris gmirebi, romelTa istoriebi uxsovari droidan Taobidan Taobas gadaeca, uamravjer gadakeTda da dRemde moaRwia. nacarqeqia zRapris erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli gmiria saqarTveloSi _ zarmaci da uqnara, magram, amave dros, moxerxebuli da gonieri adamiani, romelic gamWriaxobiT aRwevs sawadels. gagaxsendaT CvenSi farTod gavrcelebuli gamoTqma _ „niWieria, magram zarmaci“? iqneb, amitom mogvwons ase nacarqeqia? meore mxriv, aseve popularuli gmiria komble _ Sromismoyvare, patiosani, amasTan erTad, uSiSari da samarTliani.

zRapars, ambis zepir gadacemas, rogorc tradicias, zogierTi sazogadoebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. zog afrikul tomSi ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci yovel saRamos cecxlis garSemo krebda mTel ojaxs da zepiri Txrobis saSualebiT gadascemda informacias maTi tomis Sesaxeb: uambobda tradiciebze, Cvevebze, ojaxze... es iyo bavSvebis socializaciis, sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevrad Camoyalibebis saSualeba. zRapris moyolis tradicia iTavsebda skolis, ganaTlebis gadacema-miRebis funqcias.

6920. zRapari

zRapris meSveobiT socializaciis tradicia mxolod udamwerlobo xalxebSi ar arsebula. zRaparma damwerlobis arsebobis pirobebSic SeinarCuna Tavisi funqcia da tradicia. magaliTad, msoflio literaturis erT-erTi Sedevri _ „aTas erTi Rame“ _ xatovnad da sainteresod gviambobs aRmosavluri muslimuri samyaros msoflmxedvelobaze, zne-Cveulebebze, adamianTa urTierTobaze, cxovrebis wesze. es aris aRmosavluri kulturis jadosnuri sarke da visac es kultura ainteresebs, masSi aucileblad unda Caixedos.

aTas erTi Rame

zRapari sazogadoebis mudmivi Tanamgzavri iyo, droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda zRapris motivebi, siuJetebi, forma. igi gadadioda xalxidan xalxSi, qveynidan qveyanaSi. mogzaurebi, vaWrebi, elCebi sakuTar qveyanaSi dabrunebis Semdeg ucxo qveynis zRaprebs yvebodnen. arsebobs e.w. moaruli siuJetebic, romlebic sxvadasxva xalxis zRaprebSi gvxvdeba da, rogorc fiqroben, erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad gaCnda. aseTia, magaliTad, ukvdavebis maZiebelTa ambebi, boroti dedinacvlebis, keTili jadoqrebis da sxva istoriebi.

bevri ram, rac zRaparSi ocnebisa da fantaziis saxiT aisaxeboda, droTa ganmavlobaSi realobad iqca: mfrinavi xaliCa, wyliT savse Tasi, romlis saSualebiTac nebismieri adgilis danaxva SeiZleboda, jadosnuri sarke _ isini TviTmfrinavad, televizorad Tu kompiuterad mogvevlina.

ganurCevlad misi warmoSobis adgilisa, zRapari erTnairad sayvarelia yvela-saTvis. aRmosavluri zRapris zogi personaJi _ aladini, jini da sxva _ uolt disneis multiplikaciuri filmebis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli gmirebi gaxdnen. zRaprebi dResac iqmneba. albaT, ar gagiWirdeba Tanamedrove qarTveli da ucxoeli mwerlebis zRaprebis gaxseneba, romelTac siamovnebiT kiTxuloben bavSvebica da ufrosebic.

yvelaze mTavari ki is aris, rom zRapris bolo keTilia _ sikeTe yovelTvis amarcxebs borotebas.

Wiri iqa, lxini aqa,qato iqa, fqvili aqa...

davaleba

saSinao davaleba

1. daasaxele msoflioSi cnobili mezRapreebi da maTi nawarmoebebi.

2. gaixsene qarTuli da sxva xalxTa zRaprebi. imsjele maTi msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.

l moiZie qarTuli xalxuri da Tanamedrove zRaprebis TiTo nimuSi. warudgine klass da imsjele, rogor asaxavs isini sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs.

saxuravis binadari karlsoni

70 msoflio kultura

magia21

CvenSi, roca nacnobs vxvdebiT da vekiTxebiT _ „rogor xar?“, Zalian iSviaTad gvpasuxoben „kargad“, an „mSvenivrad“; gacilebiT xSirad gaigebT: „ise, ra...“, „vcocxlob jerjerobiT...“, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi ki _ „ara miSavs“, „normalurad...“ ratom? nuTu saqarTveloSi ase cotaa is, vinc

„kargadaa“? Turme, saqme sul sxva ramaa. es uZvelesi rwmenis gadmonaSTia: Tu ityvi, rom kargad xar, SeniT boroti sulebi „dainteresdebian“, „daiTarsebi“, „Tvali gecema“, mokled, kargad iyavi da cudad gaxdebi... gamodis, rom Cveni pasuxiT Tavs vicavT avi Zalebisagan, „vatyuebT“ maT _ xom xedavT, isedac ar var kargad, Tqveni Careva aRar aris saWiro...

ra Tqma unda, dRes ase cota Tu fiqrobs, magram am Cveulebis warmoSoba swored aseTia _ igi dacviT magias ukavSirdeba. magias miakuTvneben mravalferovan simbolur qmedebebs (Selocvebs, mkiTxaobas, zurgsukan gadafurTxebas, TiTebis gadajvaredinebas da a.S.), romlebsac adamianebi mimarTaven zebunebrivi Zalebis meSveobiT raRac miznis misaRwevad, magaliTad, axal mTvares fuli unda „daanaxo“, baraqa mogiva. magias miekuTvneba agreTve garkveuli qmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba _ magaliTad, saxlSi ar daustvino, fuli aRar geqneba.

magiis Cvens droSic bevrs sjera, magram mainc gacilebiT naklebs, vidre es warsulSi iyo. aravin icis, sad da rodis mimarTes pirvelad Cvenma winaprebma magiur qmedebebs. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es moxda maSin, roca adamianma iaraRebis damzadeba daiwyo da, Sesabamisad, gaiazra, ra aris keTeba. kaJis natexisagan SeiZleba dana daamzado, magram TavisTavad es ar xdeba, aucilebelia adamiani, gamkeTebeli. aqedan Sors aRaraa daskvnamde _ rac garSemo arsebobs da xdeba _ xe, wvima, avadmyofoba _ yvelaferi viRacis mieraa gakeTebuli an keTdeba. vin akeTebs? _ uxilavi Zalebi, keTili an boroti sulebi...

magia (berZ. magia, laT. magic, magia) _ codna da praqtika, romelic emyareba zebunebrivi Zalebis Tu garkveuli qmedebebis meSveobiT sasurveli Sedegis miRwevis rwmenas.

warmovidginoT: tomis saukeTeso monadire dasneulda, masSi borotma sulma daisadgura... mTeli tomi Sekrebilia da sinanuliT uyurebs, rogor sustdeba da uZlurdeba maTi TanamoZme; erTi CurCuls iwyebs: „gamokeTdi!“, „adeqi!“, mas meore ayveba, mesame, meoTxe; CurCuls SeZaxilebi cvlis, isini riTmuli xdeba, amas taSi emateba... ase grZeldeba didxans, da hoi, saocrebav! _ sneulma Tvali gaaxila, Semdeg wamodga kidec, ganikurna! Cvenma qmedebam gankurna! momavalSic ase unda moviqceT! magram... Semdeg sneuls ver vuSveleT... ratom? Zalian mZlavri avi suli aRmoCnda, anda araswor sityvebs vambobdiT, unda SevcvaloT... albaT, daaxloebiT amgvarad iSva samkurnalo magia.

7121. magia

Zveli samyaroSi arsebuli warmodgeniT, magi _ jadoqari, saswaulmoqmedi _ sulebis idumal samyarosTan kavSiris xelovnebas flobda. igi, amave dros, mkurnalic iyo. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi magia alqimiasa da astrologiasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da idevneboda eklesiis mier. jadoqrebs sastikad uswordebodnen, koconze wvavdnen. magias ar aRiarebs arc erTi didi religia.

mecnierebi magias uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa sistemad miiCneven. isini ganasxvaveben magiis or ZiriTad tips. erTi dafuZnebulia msgavs sagnebs Soris idumali kavSiris arsebobis rwmenaze. „tom soieris TavgadasavalSi“ aris aseTi epizodi: toms aqvs minis ori burTula, erTi uvardeba da ver poulobs; maSin meore burTulas ramdenjerme agdebs Zirs _ Tavis „megobarTan“ migordebao; meoTxe Tu mexuTe jerze SemTxveviT marTlac ase xdeba, rac toms arwmunebs arCeuli xerxis sisworeSi. an aviRoT e.w. mtruli magiis gavrcelebuli rituali: unda gaakeTo Tojina, mas mtris saxeli „daarqva“, Semdeg ki nemsiT „gangmiro“ _ mters igive daemarTeba.

magiis meore tipi uSvebs kavSirs mTelsa da mis nawils Soris. bayayi Tu mokali, wvima wamova, radgan bayayi wyalSi cxovrobs, misi „nawilia“, nawilze zemoqmedeba ki mTelzec aisaxeba. sasiyvarulo magiur ritualebSi Seyvarebulis „mosazidad“ Zalian xSirad gamoiyeneba misi kuTvnili raime nivTi, Tundac Rili. Zveli romaelebi saidumlo adgilas saTuTad inaxavdnen moWril frCxilebsa da Tmebs, raTa xelSi ar CavardnodaT mtrebs, romlebsac SeeZloT magiis meSveobiT patronisaTvis zianis miyeneba.

hekate _ magiis qalRmerTi berZnul mTologiaSi

magiuri rituali

saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis manZilze magia viTardeboda da rTuldeboda, Cndebodnen magiis „specialistebi“ _ mkiTxavebi, naTelmxilvelebi, grZneulebi, Samanebi... magia yvela kulturaSi gvxvdeba, Tumca Zalze gansxvavebuli formebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kacobriobis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodis manZilze swored magia warmoadgenda samyaros axsnis ZiriTad princips; yvelaferi arsebuli, adamianis CaTvliT, gagebuli iyo rogorc uxilavi, keTili da boroti Zalebis moqmedebis asparezi. magiis wiaRSi TandaTan warmoiSva kulturis umniSvnelovanesi elementebi _ religia da xelovneba.

72 msoflio kultura

sityva „Samani“ tungusuri enidan1 modis, rac qarTulad saswaulmoqmeds niSnavs. Samani magic iyo da eqimbaSic. igi mkurnalobda, amave dros, zebunebriv ZalebTan urTierTobis meSveobiT, aTvinierebda stiqiebs, micvalebulTa sulebi gadahyavda sxva samyaroSi da a.S.

cimbireli Samani

kiTxva

l ras efuZneba magiaSi samyaros axsna?

davaleba

l gaixsene SenTvis cnobili sxvadasxva crurwmena (gagonili, nanaxi an wignSi wakiTxuli), ucnauri Cveulebebi da qmedebebi. scade daakavSiro isini magiasTan da axsna maTi Tavdapirveli arsi.


qarTuli xalxuri Selocvebi magiuri Zalis rwmenis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa. maTi meSveobiT cdilobdnen xifaTis Tavidan acilebas, avadmyofis gankurnebas, bunebis Zalebze zemoqmedebas. ai, ramdenime nimuSi:

surdos anu, rogorc mas uwodebdnen, „crintas“ dros avadmyofs gamdinare wyalSi daabaninebdnen pirs da ulocavdnen:

crinta Savkar, SavpaWiWe,Savsa ZaRlsa gadavkide.ZaRli gaRma gamivarda,surdo wyalSi Camivarda.

SeSinebulis locva aseTi iyo:alisasa, malisasa,Sagilocav gulisasa.gulo, dadeg alagasa,gulo, gulis alagasa.gulo, ram SagaSinao? _elvam SagaSinao,Weqam SagaSinao,

1tungusuri ena alTaur enaTa jgufs miekuTvneba. aerTianebs aRmosavleT cimbirSi da manjuriaSi

mcxovreb sxvadasxva xalxebs.

73

nadirma SagaSinao,kacma SagaSinao,Tu ramac SagaSinao.wyali midgeba-modgeba,Tavis nadgomze dadgeba.gulo, dadeg alagasa,gulo, gulis alagasa.

nadirisagan dasacavad ase Seulocavdnen:qriste RmerTo,Camoyare klikiteni rkinisani,gzani Sakren savaladatyisani da mindvrisani.nadirs miscenomuxlni nabdisani,Tvalni miscen bambisani,kbilni miscen sanTlisani,miadgas kbili _ SeeJRaloso,gaxedos _ vera naxoso.esremc Saikvris nadiris pirio.

sxva bevri saintereso Selocva SeiZleba amoikiTxoT wignSi „gvel movkal uflisaTvis. qarTuli Selocvebi“. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „ilia“, 1993.

21. magia

74 msoflio kultura

miTi22

termini miTi, ufro zustad ki _miTosi, berZnuli warmoSobisaa da aRniSnavs sityvas, naTqvams, ambavs.

adamiani yovelTvis cdilobda da cdilobs axsnas samyaro, bunebrivi movlenebi Tu socialuri realoba, romelSic mas uxdeba cxovreba.

ratom gaCnda samyaro? vin, ram da rogor Seqmna igi? ratom Tovs? ratom wvims? sad Cadis mze? ratom Ramdeba? ratom cimcimebs varskvlavi? es im kiTxvebis mcire CamonaTvalia, romelzec adamianma, uZvelesi droidan dRemde, mravali gansxvavebuli pasuxi moZebna _ zebunebriv ZalebTan dakavSirebuli Tu mecnieruli. swored interesi, cnobismoyvareoba gaxda miTis Seqmnis safuZveli. TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi arsebobs miTi, rogorc samyaros axsnis erT-erTi forma.

miTosi aris ambavi RmerTebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. masSi moTxrobilia, rogor Seiqmna samyaro, rogor gaCnda esa Tu is sagani da movlena, ratom, risTvis da vin Seqmna adamiani. igi aseve gadmogvcems gmirebis ambebs. miTSi moqmedi pirebi, RmerTebTan erTad, adamianebic arian. Tavis mxriv, RmerTebs adamianuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebT, arian borotebi da keTilebi, zogjer Surianebi da xarbebic. isini arseboben rogorc adamianebi da maTgan mxolod ori TvisebiT gansxvavdebian _ ukvdavebiTa da zebunebrivi ZaliT.

zevsi

poseidoni

anubisi _ sikvdilis RmerTi Zv. egvipteSi. xSirad gamoisaxeboda ZaRlis an turis TaviT.

Zveli samyaros xalxebis istoriis gacnobisas iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos adamianebi da RmerTebi erTad cxovrobdnen da eWvic ar gvepareba, rom, Tuki „drois manqaniT“ Zvel saberZneTSi movxvdebiT, iseve SesaZlebelia sadme zevss an poseidons gadaveyaroT, rogorc aTenis romelime moqalaqes.

egviptis Zveli istoria erT mTlian miTs gavs, romelSic realoba da fantazia erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli. rom ara piramidebi, samarxebi, taZris nangrevebi da, rac mTavaria, warwerebi, Zveli egviptis istoria miTadve darCeboda, iseve rogorc troa hainrix Slimanis aRmoCenebamde.

7522. miTi

miTebze saubrisas, pirvel rigSi, Zveli berZnuli miTebi gvaxsendeba da arcTu usafuZvlod _ maT klasikur miTebs uwodeben. Tumca miTi iseTive universaliaa, rogorc zRapari. erTi SexedviT, miTi da zRapari erTsa da igives _ ararealur ambavs _ gulisxmobs, Tumca maT Soris didi sxvaobaa. adamianebs imTaviTve swamdaT, rom zRaparSi moTxrobili ambavi arasdros momxdara, xolo miTSi gadmocemuli istoriisa ki sjerodaT. SeiZleba, Cven dRes zRaprad CavTvaloT aqilevsis, herakles, aTenas, gilgameSis, enqidus, dalis, oCopintres, amiranis da sxvaTa miTebi, magram im dros, rodesac es miTebi iqmneboda, isini mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli rwmenasTan da religiur warmodgenebTan, asaxavda samyaros Sesaxeb arsebul codnas. miTosuri samyaros realurobaSi eWvi aravis Sehqonda. dResac arsebobs sazogadoebebi, romelTa cxovrebis wess miTosuri warmodgenebi gansazRvravs. xalxur zRaparSi ar aris dakonkretebuli dro da adgili, sadac moqmedeba xdeba, miTSi ki piriqiT: berZnuli panTeonis RmerTebi olimpos mTaze cxovroben, promeTe/amirani kavkasionzea mijaWvuli da a.S. Tu miTi qarTulia, moqmedebac saqarTveloSi xdeba, Tu Suamdinaruli _ SuamdinareTSi da a.S.

amoni _ mzis RmerTi Zv. egvipteSi

hadesi da persefonebasteti _ siyvarulisa da mxiarulebis qalRmerTi Zv. agvipteSi. gamosaxaven katis an katisTaviani qalis saxiT.

sizife

76 msoflio kultura

odini _ skandinaviuri miTo-logiis uzenaesi RvTaeba, sibrZnis, poeziis, magiis, omisa da sikvdilis RmerTi _ vazgardSi, valaskalfis sasaxleSi cxovrobda. aqedan igi Tvals adevnebda, Tu ra xdeboda skandinaviis cxra qveyanaSi. dro-dadro saxecvlili odini dedamiwas stumrobda, raTa enaxa, Tu rogor iqceoda xalxi da ras ambobdnen adamianebi mis Sesaxeb.

odini da misi coli friga

qarTul zRaprebsa da miTebSi asaxulia, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen qarTvelebi samyaros: qarTuli warmodgeniT, samyaro vertikalur sivrces warmoadgens da dayofialia sam nawilad: skneli, romelic dasaxlebulia adamianebiT, zeskneli _ RmerTebisa da fantastikuri arsebebis samflobelo _ da qveskneli, romlis binadarnic boroti arsebebi arian. samyaros am sam nawils Soris moZraoba mxolod da mxolod RvTaebebs, RmerTkacebs da gmirebs SeuZliaT.

amgvarad, miTi mxolod fantastikuri ambavi ar aris. es gaxlavT adamianTa warmodgena warsulisa da momavlis, samyaros warmoSobisa da cxovrebis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. es kiTxvebi, romlebze pasuxic miTis meSveobiT gaicemoda, universaluria yvela kulturisaTvis, swored amitom miiCneva miTi kulturul universaliad.

miTologiam didi gavlena moaxdina xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargze. sxvadasxva miTosuri siuJeti xSiradaa gamoyenebuli saxviT xelovnebaSi, musikaSi, TeatrSi, kinoxelovnebasa Tu literaturaSi.

davaleba

1. gaixsene naxatebze gamosaxul personaJebTan dakavSirebuli miTebi.

2. venis diagramis gamoyenebiT, erTmaneTs Seadare miTi da zRapari.

1. moiZie sxvadasxva xalxTa miTebi samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb da Seadare isini erTmaneTs.

2. Seasrule naxati, aplikacia, posteri an mxatvruli Canaxati miTosur Tematikaze (miTiuri gmiri, saintereso epizodi da sxva).

saSinao davaleba

7723. religia

religia 23

religia _ warmodgenaTa da qmedebaTa sistema, romelic emyareba zebunebrivi Zalebis rwmenas.

yvela kulturaSi arsebobs rwmena- warmodgenebi zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb, romlebic SegviZlia gavaerTianoT terminiT religia.

sxvadasxva kulturaSi bunebrivad da zebunebrivad sxvadasxva ram iTvleba. magaliTad, esa Tu is daavadeba zogan raime baqteriis an virusis gavrcelebis Sedegad miiCneva, sxvagan ki _ zebunebrivi ZalebiT gamowveul movlenad. warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris da ra ar aris zebunebrivi, erTi sazogadoebis SigniTac icvleba. epidemiebi, wyaldidobebi, miwisZvrebi, vulkanis amofrqvevebi da kometebi erT dros zebunebriv Zalebs miewereboda. droTa ganmavlobaSi cxadi gaxda, rom isini bunebrivi movlenebia, Tumca bevrs dResac sjera, rom amaSi zebunebrivi Zalebis xeli urevia.

religia dakavSirebulia adamianis moTxovnilebasTan, axsna mouZebnos mis irgvliv arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebs. igi ganuyofelia rwmenisagan, romelic mxolod adamianisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. religia gulisxmobs morwmuneTa jgufis arsebobas, Tumca, amave dros, religiuri gancda Rrmad individualuria. religia zRvars avlebs yoveldRiurobasa da zebunebriv, uCveulo movlenebs Soris, romlebic ar aris SezRuduli bunebis kanonebiT. igi moicavs ritualebs, morwmuneebisaTvis adgens qcevis maregulirebel mcnebaTa Tu normaTa sistemas, romelic gansazRvravs, Tu rogor unda moiqces morwmune am Tu im garemoSi.

religia aRiarebs kavSiris SesaZleblobas adamianur da RvTaebriv samyaroebs, miwasa da cas Soris. sainteresoa, rom Zvel romaelTa qurumis saxelwodeba pontifex niSnavs „xidis gamdebs“ rac gamoxatavda mis funqcias, erTmaneTTan daekavSirebina amqveyniuri realoba da RvTiuri samyaro.

RmerTebi da sulebi SeiZleba iyvnen idumalebiT moculni an advilad misawvdomni, adamianuri saqmeebiT dainteresebulni an gulgrilni maT mimarT. zog sazogadoebaSi RmerTebis ierarqia ar arsebobs, zogSi ki RmerTebsa da sulebs Soris Zalaufleba isevea gadanawilebuli, rogorc es adamianebSi xdeba.

uZvelesi arqeologiuri monacemebi mowmobs, rom religia arsebobda kacobriobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze. istoria mraval religiur sistemas icnobs; zogi maTgani aRar arsebobs, zogs ki dResac bevri mimdevari yavs.

78 msoflio kultura

religiis Camoyalibebas win uZRoda rwmenisa da ritualebis ganviTarebis grZeli gza. rwmena-warmodgenaTa erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli formaa totemizmi _ tomsa da romelime cxovels, mcenares an bunebriv movlenas Soris arsebuli sulieri kavSiris rwmena. magaliTad, cxovelis, kerZod, daTvis kultis arseboba dadasturebulia saqarTvelos teritoriaze, tyibulis raionis sof. cucxvaTis mRvimis arqeologiuri monacemebiT. uZveles sazogadoebebSi gavrcelebuli iyo fetiSizmi _ sagnebis Tayvaniscema, romelTac, TiTqos, zebunebrivi Tvisebebi qondaT. arsebobda winaprebis kulti, agreTve sulebis rwmena da bunebis gasuliereba, rasac animizmi ewodeba. aseve gavrcelebuli iyo magia. mags garkveuli qmedebebisa da Selocvebis meSveobiT gavlena unda moexdina adamiansa da bunebriv movlenebze (ix. gakveTili „magia“).

mogvianebiT gaCnda ufro rTuli warmodgenebi sulze, mis arsebobaze adamianis gardacvalebis Semdeg, imqveyniur samyaroze, RmerTebsa da gmirebze. Zvel

saberZneTSi RmerTebis mkacri, mowesrigebuli sistema arsebobda, magram religiuri da miTologiuri personaJebi jer kidev ar imijneboda erTmaneTisagan, radgan berZnebi RvTiur da miwier samyaros erT mTlianobad aRiqvamdnen (gaixsene berZnuli miTebi). TandaTan Camoyalibda Teisturi religiebi, isini aRiareben RmerTs, romelsac SeuZlia Tavis mierve Seqmnili wesrigis Secvla, romelsac araferi daemaleba, romelsac SegiZlia mimarTo gasaWiris dros. Teisturma religiebma mkafiod ganasxvaves miwieri da zeciuri samyaro, sxeuli da suli. aseTi religiebia: iudaizmi, qristianoba, islami.

aRmsarebloba adamianTa jgufis, eTnosis, eris, saxelmwifos identobis erT-erTi mTavari niSania. zogierTi xalxis an saxelmwifos identobas mxolod religia (da ara, magaliTad, ena, teritoria Tu eTnikuri kuTvnileba) gansazRvravda, magaliTad, ebraelebisas _ iudaizmi, bizantiisas _ marTlmadidebloba, arabTa saxalifos _ islami.

Teos _ berZn. RmerTi.

dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasamde aRmsarebloba arsebobs, maT Soris, poliTeisturi (mravalRmerTiani), monoTeisturi (erTRmerTiani), gvar-tomobrivi (gavrcelebulia xalxebSi, romelTac SenarCunebuli aqvT gvarovnuli urTierTobebi, magaliTad, avstraliis aborigenebi), nacionaluri (konkretul eTnikur an politikur sazRvrebSi moqceuli _ magaliTad, induizmi, konfucianeloba, Sintoizmi, sikhizmi) da msoflio (zenacionaluri) religiebi, romlebic scildeba konkretuli eTnikuri jgufisa Tu saxelmwifos farglebs da aerTianebs yvela adamians, dabadebis adgilis, enisa da eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad (qristianoba, budizmi, islami).

davaleba

1. imsjele religiis, magiisa da miTosis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb.

2. gaixsene samuel hanTingtonis mosazreba „civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis“ Sesaxeb; ratom CaTvala s. hanTingtonma religia civilizaciis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad.

7924. mkurnaloba da medicina

mkurnaloba da medicina 24ra aris janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba? am kiTxvaze sxvadasxva kulturas

gansxvavebuli pasuxi aqvs. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom daavadebis srulyofili mkurnaloba SeuZlebelia im bunebrivi, socialuri da kulturuli garemos codnis gareSe, sadac adamianebi cxovroben. erTi kulturis warmomadgenlebi ama Tu im avadmyofobiT ufro xSirad avaddebian, meoreni ki _ ara, mkurnaloba erT jgufSi ufro efeqturia, vidre meoreSi. Cveni Sexedulebebi janmrTelobis, avadmyofobisa da mkurnalobis Sesaxeb Cvenive kulturis gamoxatulebaa.

Tanamedrove medicina mravali sxvadasxva kulturisa da tradiciis urTierTSexvedris Sedegad Seiqmna. es iyo erTgvari „kulturuli mogzauroba“ antikuri berZnuli da romauli samyarodan axloaRmosavlur arabul kulturaSi, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, CineTsa da indoeTSi, da, Semdeg, kvlav evropaSi, sadac medicina sabolood Camoyalibda rogorc samecniero codnis sfero.

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi medicina ukiduresad swrafi tempiT viTardeba, amave dros, sul ufro meti yuradReba eTmoba daavadebis diagnostikisa da mkurnalobis sxvadasxva kulturebSi arsebul gamocdilebas, xalxur medicinas.

uZveles droSi avadmyofobas xsnidnen jadoqrobiT, demonuri Zalebis zemoqmedebiT an RvTis nebiT. daavadebulis gankurnebisaTvis zogjer dResac mimarTaven Selocvas, Tilismas Tu sxvadasxva siwmindes.

erT-erTi Zvelegvipturi papirusi, romelic Zv. w. daaxloebiT 1550 wliT TariRdeba, 900-mde wamlis aRwerilobas moicavs. egvipteSi samedicino codnis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo mumificirebis tradiciam: Zvel egviptelebs Rrmad swamdaT imqveyniuri cxovrebis, cdilobdnen daecvaT micvalebulis sxeuli gaxrwnisagan da mumificirebasac am mizniT misdevdnen. samkurnalo saqmis mfarvel RvTaebebad isida da lomisTaviani soxmeti miiCneodnen.

Zvelegvipturi qirurgiuli

iaraRis reliefuri gamosaxuleba. qom

ombos taZari

mxedvelobis mkurnaloba Zvel egvipteSi

Sumerebis samedicino codnis amsaxveli uZvelesi werilobiTi Zegli Zv. w. me-3 aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba. masSi mocemulia sami saxis (cxeli safenebis, Sinagani da garegani samkurnalo saSualebebis) 15 recepti.

80 msoflio kultura

Tanamedrove samedicino simboloebis da terminebis Seqmna Zvel berZnebs ukavSirdeba. isini kargad icnobdnen Zveli egviptis, babilonis, indoeTis samkurnalo tradiciebs. berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad, medicinis RvTaebad asklepiosi iTvleboda, igi RmerTi-mkurnalisa da RmerTi-winaswarmetyvelis, apolonis Svili iyo. asklepiosis samlocveloebi samkurnalo adgilebad iTvleboda. gadmocemis mixedviT, asklepiosi daqorwinda kunZul kosis mmarTvelis qaliSvilze. SemdgomSi es kunZuli gadaiqca Zveli saberZneTis samedicino ganaTlebis erT-erT centrad.

asklepiosis Svilebidan cnobili arian higia _ janmrTelobis qalRmerTi, romlis saxelidan modis sityva „higiena“ da panacea _ wamliT mkurnalobis mfarveli, romelic yvela daavadebas kurnavda. antikuri xelovnebis nimuSebSi asklepiosi warmodgenilia kombliT, romelzec gvelia Semoxveuli, xolo misi qaliSvili higia ki tunikaSi gamowyobili axalgazrda, lamazi qaliSvilis saxiT, romelsac xelSi gveli uWiravs da Tasidan aWmevs. SemdgomSi gvelSemoxveuli kombali da Tasi bevr qveyanaSi medicinis ZiriTadi simbolo gaxda.

medicinis mamad wodebulma hipokratem, romelic Tavs asklepiosis STamomavlad Tvlida, safuZveli Cauyara klinikur medi cinas _ eqimis regularul dakvirvebas avad myofze, misi mdgomareobisa da mkurna lobis mimdinareobis aRweras. dResac bevr qveyanaSi eqimebi samedicino saqmi anobis dawyebis win „hipokrates fics“ deben.

q. pompeis gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili romauli samedicino instrumentebi. italia Cv. w. 79 w.

asklepiosi Zvel romSi eskulapes saxeliT iyo cnobili. romaelebma Zveli berZnebis codna medicinis da higienis sferoSi kidev ufro ganaviTares. omis dros eqimebi da maTi vaJebi samxedro samsaxurisagan Tavisufldebodnen. romauli kanonebis zogierTi para-grafi sisufTavesa da moqalaqeTa janmrTelobis dacvas exeboda. romSi arsebobda akvedukebi (wyalsatari, romliTac wyali TviTdinebiT miemarTeba dasaxlebuli punqtebisaken), kerZo da sazogadoebrivi abanoebi da tualetebi (forikebi). qalaq pompeis gaTxrebis dros aRmoCnda arqeologiis istoriaSi pirveli samedicino inst-rumentebis sruli nakrebi.

gardis xidi, safrangeTi. Zv.w. Is. romauli akveduki.

Jozef piton de turneforis naxati Tbilisis akvedukis gamosaxulebiT. XVIII s. dasawyisi.

81

romis imperiis dacemis Semdeg berZnul-laTinuri samedicino kultura arabebis wyalobiT Semoinaxa. me-9-10 saukuneebSi berZnulidan arabul enaze iTargmna hipokratesa da sxva moazrovneebis TiTqmis yvela samedicino Txzuleba. amasTan, arabebma medicina gaamdidres mniSvnelovani naSromebiT ofTalmologiaSi, infeqciur sneulebebSi, Seqmnes uzarmazari samedicino enciklopedia „yovlis-momcveli wigni medicinaze“. samedicino traqtatebSi aRwerilia samkurnalo saSualebebi, sxvadasxva daavadebaTa simptomebi da mkurnaloba.

abu al-kasimi (laT. albukasisi) (936-1013) udidesi andalusieli arabi qirurgi iyo. mis mier Seqmnilma samedicino traqtatma, romelic axlo aRmosavlur da berZnul-romaul klasikur swavlebas aerTianebs, gansazRvra evropuli qirurgiuli procedurebis saxe renesansamde.

galeni, avicena da hipokrate, ilustracia avicenas `medicinis kanonis~ evropuli gamocemidan.avicenam, galenisa da hipokrates principebze dayrdnobiT, SeimuSava medicinis sruli sistema. amitom, sxvadasxva drosa da adgilas mcxovrebi am sami moazrovnis erTad gamosaxva maT swavlebas Soris arsebulikavSiris erTgvari aRniSvnaa.


asklepiosi

kiTxva

1. ratom aerTianebs mumificirebis tradicia Zveli egviptelebis religiur warmodgenebsa da samedicino codnas?

2. gaarkvie, romel balaxeul an sxva saSualebebs iyeneben dRemde adamianebi samkurnalod?

3. gaixsene istoriidan, ra viTarebaSi iTargmna qarTul enaze „wigni saaqimoi“?

davaleba

l ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa Tanamedrove dasavlur da Cinur medicinas Soris?

82 msoflio kultura

leonardo da vinCis anatomiuri eskizebi.leonardo da vinCim, renesansis epoqis udidesma mxatvarma da swavlulma, gvamebis gakveTis Sedegad gamoikvlia adamianis sxeulis agebuleba. renesansis mxatvrebis anatomiurma kvlevebma srulyves Sua saukuneebis evropul kulturaSi arsebuli warmodgena adamianis sxeulis Sesaxeb.

wiTeli ebrauli qudi:1360 wlis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, qalaq romis yvela ebrael mamakacs wiTeli qudi unda etarebina, raTa SesaZlebeli yofiliyo maTi qristianTagan gamorCeva. es damamcirebeli kanoni, gamonaklisis saxiT, mxolod eqimebs ar exeboda.

abu ali ibn-sina, laT. avicena (980-1037).abu ali ibn-sina iraneli eqimi da swavluli iyo. man Seajera misi droisTvis arsebuli aRmosavluri (arabuli) da evropuli samedicino tradicia da xalxuri medicina. misi memkvidreoba Tanabrad gaiTavisa rogorc arabulenovanma, ise evropulma kulturebma, aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom SemogvrCa misi saxelis ori _ arabuli da laTinuri forma.

renesansis periodSi evropam kvlav „aRmoaCina“ antikuri kulturuli memkvidreoba, maT Soris, samedicino sferoSic. es, upirveles yovlisa, swored arabi moazrovneebis meSveobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. antikuri filosofosebis zogi naSromi originalis saxiT aRar arsebobda da mxolod arabuli Targmanis saxiT iyo xelmisawvdomi.

oqros kveTis principis kvlevisa da idealuri proporciebis ZiebaSi, adamianis anatomiis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda, rasac udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda medicinis ganviTarebisaTvis.

tradiciuli Cinuri medicina msoflmxedvelobis ganuyofeli nawilia da gansazRvravs Cinelebis cxovrebis wess. amdenad, is Tavisi roliT da mniSvnelobiT, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba medicinisagan dasavlur sazogadoebebSi. dRes CineTis jandacvis sistemaSi Tanabrad gamoiyeneba dasavluri da tradiciuli mkurnalobis meTodebi. mkurnalobis xerxebidan gansakuTrebiT cnobilia mcenareuli da cxoveluri saSualebebi da akupunqtura _ nemsebiT mkurnaloba, rac xels uwyobs organizmis Sinagani wonasworobis aRdgenas da SenarCunebas.


Zveli qarTuli literaturuli Zeglebidan irk-

veva, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arsebobdnen

„mecnierni kurnebisa“, „xelovani mkurnalni“,

rom lebic avadmyofs yovelmxriv swavlobdnen,

arCev dnen samkurnalo saSualebebs, yuradRebas

aqcevdnen daavadebaTa gamomwvev geografiul da

klimatur faqtorebs. arsebobda saavadmyofoebi da

iTargmneboda samedicino Txzulebebi.

werilobiT wyaroebSi ixsenieba jara _ qirurgi, aqimi

_ Terapevti. aTonis iverTa monasterTan ramdenime

saavadmyofo arsebobda, maT Soris specializebuli

saavadmyofo keTrovanTaTvis _ leprozoriumi.

daviT aRmaSenebelma gelaTis monasterTan daaarsa

qsenoni _ saavadmyofo. miCneulia, rom me-13 saukunis

dasawyisSi Targmnili „wigni saaqimoi“ medicinis

saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyeneboda.

sulxan saba orbelianis cnobili leqsikoni

moicavs 50-mde anatomiur-fiziologiur termins,

daavadebaTa 160-mde saxelwodebas, daavadebis

simptomTa aRmniSvnel 40-mde sityvas, 140-mde

samkurnalo mcenaris dasaxelebas.

medea.evelin de morgani (1855-1919).

legendis Tanaxmad, medicina kolxeTis mefis, aietis qaliSvilis saxelwodebidan momdinareobs, romelic mkurnalobis xelovnebas flobda.

zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvilis karabadini,me-15 saukune. masSi saocari sizustiTaa ganxiluli medicinis rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli sakiTxebi. varZiis afTiaqi

84 msoflio kultura

hipokrates fici

`vficav apolon mkurnalsa, asklepiossa, higiasa da panaceas, da yvela RmerTsa da qalRmerTsa, mowmeebad vracx ra maT, rom keTilsindisierad, Cemis Zal-Ronisa da Cemis mixvedrilobis Sesabamisad aRvasrulo qvemore aRTqma da werilobiTi valdebuleba:

l vinc Semaswavla mkurnalobis xelovneba, Cemi mSoblebis Tanasworad miviCnio igi, gavunawilo mas Cemi monagari da saWiroebisas Sevewio gasaWirSi;

l misi STamomavalni Cems Zmebad miviRo da es xelovneba, Tuki isini mis dauflebas moisurveben, Sevaswavlo usasyidlod da yovelgvari pirobis gareSe;

l rCeva-darigebani, zepiri gakveTilebi da yovelive danarCeni moZRvrebisa vamcno Cems ZeT, ZeT Cemi maswavleblisa da mowafeebsac, romelnic Sekrulni arian valdebulebiTa da ficiTa saeqimo kanonis kvalobaze da aravis vamcno sxvas.

l Cemi Zal-Ronis Sesabamisad mxolod da mxolod sasargeblo ganweseba davudgino avadmyofs da averido yovelgvar vnebis miyenebas da usamarTlobas.

l ar mivce arcerT mTxovnels momakvdinebeli saSualeba da arca gza vaswavlo aseTi zraxvis Sesrulebisa;

l aseve ar mivce arc erT qals muclis mosaSleli pesariumi.

l spetakad da umwikvlod movixmaro Cemi cxovreba da Cemi xelovneba. romel saxlSic Sevide, mxolod avadmyofis sasikeTod SevaRo am saxlis kari da ar iyos gulsa Cemsa winaganzraxva, umarTebuloba da avi survili, miTumetes zraxvani samijnuroni qalTa mimarT da mruSobis ndoma kacTa mimarT, arca azatTa da arca monaTa mimarT.

l odes mkurnalobis Jams _ an Tu sxva dros _ yuri movkra anda vixilo raime kacTa cxovrebidan, raica ar unda iqnes gamJRavnebuli, saidumlod miviCnio da aravis gavumxilo igi.

l da me, ganuxrelad Semsrulebelsa ficisa, bedniereba mxvdes cxovrebaSi da Cemsa xelovnebaSic, da madidon kacTa ukuniTi ukunisamde, xolo ukeTu davarRvio fici anda cru aRTqma davdo, piruku momegos me”.


1. moiZie informacia berZnuli miTologiidan: ratom iyo kombalze Semoxveuli gveli asklepiosis da medicinis simbolo?

2. gamoikvlie daviT batoniSvilis pirovneba da moiZie informacia mis wignze „iadigar daudi”.

saSinao davaleba

daviT batoniSvilis (me-16-17ss.) enciklopediuri xasiaTis naSromi `iadigar daudi~ maSindeli medicinis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad sakiTxsexeba.


Tanamedrove eqimis fici1

l vxdebi ra samedicino profesiis warmomadgeneli, sazeimod vficav:

l Cemi cxovreba mivuZRvna adamianis samsaxurs;

l Rirseuli pativi da madliereba mivago Cems maswavleblebs;

l keTilsindisierad da Rirseulad Sevasrulo Cemi profesiuli movaleoba;

l pacientis janmrTeloba gavixado Cems umTavres sazrunavad;

l Sevinaxo CemTvis mindobili saidumlo pacientis sikvdilis Semdegac ki;

l SeZlebisdagvarad davamkvidro saeqimo profesiis keTilSobiluri tradiciebi;

l kolegebi miviCnio Zmebad da debad;

l ar davuSva pacientis asakis, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis, aRmsareblobis, rasis, sqesis, erovnebis, politikuri Sexedulebebis, seqsualuri orientaciis, socialuri mdgomareobis zegavlena Cemi profesiuli movaleobis aRsrulebaze;

l kvlavac usazRvro pativi vce adamianis sicocxles misi CasaxvisTanave, veraviTarma Zalam ver maiZulos gamoviyeno samedicino codna kacTmoyvareobis kanonebis winaaRmdeg;

l am aRTqmas vdeb sazeimod, nebayoflobiT da uangarod.

1miRebulia:

- msoflio samedicino asociaciis generaluri asambleis mier, Jeneva, Sveicaria, 1948 wlis

seqtemberi.

ganaxlebulia:

- 22-e msoflio samedicino asambleis mier, sidnei, avstralia, 1968 wlis agvisto;

- 35-e msoflio samedicino asambleis mier, venecia, italia, 1983 wlis oqtomberi;

- msoflio samedicino asociaciis 46-e generaluri asambleis mier, stokholmi, SvedeTi, 1994 wlis

seqtemberi.

86 msoflio kultura

„msoflios emblemebi da simboloebi marTaven, da ara sityva da kanoni“, ambobda Cineli filosofosi konfuci. simbolo lakonurad asaxavs sagans, movlenas an cnebas, romlis gamoxatvasac mravali sityva daWirdeboda.

simboloebs didi Zala da zemoqmedebis unari aqvT. isini, erTi mxriv, Seicaven informacias, codnas ama Tu im pirovnebis, jgufis, sagnis an institutis Sesaxeb, meore mxriv ki iwveven emociur gancdas.

simbolo25

simbolo (berZn. simbolon) _ niSani,

romelic SeiZleba aRniSnavdes

sagans, movlenas, bgeras da sxva.

brZolis dros aRmarTuli droSa armiis suliskveTebas gansazRvravda: sanam

droSa frialebda, gamarjvebisaTvis brZola grZeldeboda. daxrili droSa

kapitulacias (agreTve glovas) niSnavda, warmatebis aRsaniSnavad ki gamarjvebuli

mxare qalaqis an cixis Tavze sakuTar droSas aRmarTavda. rogorc wesi,

damarcxebuli mxare gamarjvebuls qalaqis gasaRebs da sakuTari Zalauflebis

niSnebs _ kverTxs, gvirgvins da, pirvel rigSi, droSas gadascemda. TeTri droSa

dResac brZolis Sewyvetas da molaparakebis SeTavazebas aRniSnavs.

religiuri simbolika

adamianis nebismieri saqmianoba, Sexeduleba, idea Tu

rwmena simboloTi gamoixateba. magaliTad, Sua saukune-

ebis evropaSi xelosanTa da vaWarTa gildiebs, aseve me-

19 saukunis saqarTveloSi amqrebs sakuTari, saqmianobis

Sesaba misi simboloebi hqondaT; dRes Tavisi simboloebi

aqvT, magaliTad, univer si tetebs, wiTeli jvrisa da

wiTeli naxevarmTvaris organizacias, pacifis tebs, mwva -

neebs, sxvadasxva saerTa Soriso organizacias _ gaeros,

iuneskos, natos; aseve simboloTa saSualebiT ganva-

sxvavebT erTmaneTisagan ama Tu im religiis aRmsareblebs;

simboloebiT aris datvirTuli olimpiuri TamaSebic,

sadac gamarjvebuli sportsmenis dajildoebis

ceremoniali saxelmwifo droSis aRmarTvis da himnis

Sesrulebis fonze mimdinareobs.

olimpiuri Cempioni laSa SavdaTuaSvili saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSiT.

8725.simbolo

simboloebi kulturidan kulturaSi „mogza-uroben“ da mniSvnelobas icvlian. magaliTad, varskvlavis gamosaxulebas sxvadasxva kulturaSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. xuTqimiani var skvlavi Sumerul miTologiaSi qalRmerT iSTaris simbolo iyo, antikur epoqaSi is sam-yaros mSvenierebis simbolod iTvleboda, radgan bunebis harmoniasa da proporcias gana saxi-erebda, qristianobaSi xuTqimiani varskvlavi beT lemis varskvlavsa da qristes xuT Wrilobas aRniS navs, wiTeli xuTqimiani varskvlavi, rome-lic sabWoTa kavSirisa da socialisturi banakis qveynebis saxelmwifo atributikis aucilebeli simbolo iyo, dRes totalitarizmis simbolod aRiqmeba. ori erTmaneTze dadebuli varskvlavi uZvelesi droidan ciuri da miwieri sawyisebis kavSirs gamoxatavda. dRes eqvsqimiani daviTis varskvlavi („magen davidi“ _ daviTis fari) israelis saxelmwifos simboloa.

sabWoTa kavSiris gerbi

samxedro piris samxre

israelis droSa

arsebobs „samecniero simboloebi“, romelTac, ZiriTadad, zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi iyeneben. magaliTad: F _ Zala, W _ vati, T _ dro, A _ amperi da a.S.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo droSa

erTi da igive sagani erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos niSani, meoreSi _ emblema, mesameSi ki _ simbolo. magaliTad varskvlavi samxreebze niSania, gerbze _ emblema, xolo beTlemis Tavze gamosaxuli ki _ simbolo. emblema _ esaa simbolos grafikul-vizualuri gamosaxuleba. jvari _ qristianuli samyaros simbolo _ saqarTvelos droSaze gamosaxulia, rogorc emblema. TeTr fonze gamosaxuli xuTi wiTeli jvari TavisTavad warmoadgens saqarTvelos erovnul simbolos _ droSas.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gerbze gamosaxulia iremi, romelic ZuZus awovebs nukrs. es, zogadad, universitetis ideis _ TaobaTa erTobis, ufrosis mier umcrosisaTvis codnis, sibrZnis gadacemis simboloa. irems sxvadasxva xalxSi gansxvavebuli simboluri datvirTva aqvs, magaliTad, CineTSi iremi simdidrisa da warmatebis simboloa, keltebs ki swamdaT, rom RmerTebis kuTvnili jogebi swored irmebisagan Sedgeboda. saqarTveloSi gamorCeuli miTologiuri da istoriuli gmirebi iremTan arian wilnayarni: amirani irmis faSvSi gaizarda, laSa-giorgi da erekle mefe irmis ZuZunawovad iTvlebodnen. rogorc Cans, iremi keTili sawyisis, siuxvis simboloa.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gerbi

88 msoflio kultura

garda oficialuri/saxelmwifo atributikisa, romelic saxelmwifos simbolikas warmoadgens, arsebobs kidev sxva, am Tu im xalxisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simboloebi. ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos yvelaze ufro „qarTul“ simbolod? savaraudod, es gaxlavT vazi. iSviaTad Tu naxavT saqarTveloSi eklesias vazis CuqurTmis gareSe. vazi imTaviTve iyo bunebis siuxvis simbolo. ioanes saxarebis mixedviT, qriste sakuTar Tavs vazs uwodebs: „me var vazi WeSmariti, da mama Cemi mevenaxea“. vazis simbolika Seerwya qarTvelTa gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas venaxisadmi. wminda ninom swored vazisgan Sekra jvari, romlis saSualebiTac moaqcia qarTvelebi. simboloebi ara mxolod xatovan gamosaxulebebSi, aramed werilobiT teqstebSic aisaxeba. albaT gaxsovT cnobili sagalobeli, romelic mefe demetre pirvels ekuTvnis:

Sen xar venaxi, axlad aRyvavebuli,morCi keTili, edemSi danerguli,alva sulneli, samoTxiT gamosruli,RmerTman Segamko, veravin gjobs qebuli,da TaviT TvisiT mze xar gabrwyinvebuli.

wminda nino vazis jvriT

vazis CuqurTma, sveticxoveli

Tbilisis gerbi stilizebuli vazis gamosaxulebiT

1. moiZie sxvadasxva qveynis saxelmwifo simbolika da imsjele maTze mocemuli gamosaxulebebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.

2. moiZie informacia me-20 saukuneSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simbolikis istoriis Sesaxeb.

3. moiZie informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs `alma mater~ da daukavSire igi Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gerbze gamosaxul simbolos.

saSinao davaleba

davaleba

l wina gakveTilebSi moiZie simboloebi da imsjele maTi mniSvnelobebis Sesaxeb.

89

damatebiTi informaciaSveicariis saxelmwifo droSa, TeTri jvari wiTel

kvadratSi, tradiciulad gamoxatavda Tavisuflebas, Rirsebas, erTgulebas. igi kvadratuli formisaa, msgavsi formis droSa, Sveicariis garda, mxolod vatikans aqvs.

1648 wlis vestfalis zavis mixedviT, evropis saxelmwifoebma aRiares Svei cariis damoukidebloba da neitra liteti. fiqroben, rom qveynis dRevan deli saxelmwifo droSis Seqmna am periods ukavSirdeba. mas safuZvlad daedo Sveicarieli jariskacis samosi, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo TeTri jvari wiTel fonze, rac qristianul rwmenas gamoxatavda. 1848-1889 wlebSi droSas qonda Sveicariis samxedro droSis statusi, 1889 wlidan ki igi arsebobs rogorc saxelmwifo droSa da erT-erTi uZvelesia msoflioSi. dRes Sveicariis droSa saxelmwifos neitralitetis, demokratiis da mSvidobis simbolod miiCneva.

1906 wels, Sveicariis droSis safuZvelze, Seiqmna saerTaSoriso humanitaruli organizaciis „wiTeli jvris“ droSa, am organizaciis damaarseblis anri dunanis (Henri Dunant) sapativcemulod, romelic Sveicariis moqalaqe iyo.

nepalis saxelmwifo droSa erTaderTi araoTxkuTxedi formis droSaa. igi am saxiT 1962 wlidan arsebobs. misi mkveTri wiTeli feri omSi gamarjvebis da nepaleli xalxis simamacis simboloa, lurji daboloeba ki mSvidobas da harmonias aRniSnavs. ori samkuTxedi simbolurad gamoxatavs himalais mTebs da qveyanaSi gavrcelebul or ZiriTad religias _ induizms da budizms, ciuri sxeulebi _ nepaleli xalxis ukvdavebas da imeds, rom nepali iarsebebs iseve didxans, rogorc mze da mTvare. mTvare aris nepalelTa simSvidis, xolo mze maTi mrisxanebis simbolo.

albaT, yvelas ecnoba sasurveli kompiuteris Tu mobiluri telefonis simbolo _ mokbeCili vaSli, romelic msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelze saxelganTqmuli brendis Apple-is niSania. miiCneven, rom stiv jobsis mier daarsebuli korporaciis warmatebas swored

am vaSlma Seuwyo xeli. vaSli aris srulyofilebis, silamazis simbolo da maradiul axalgazrdobasa da silamazes ganasaxierebs, mokbeCili vaSli ki im xilis gamoxatulebaa, romelic adamma da evam igemes, swored is miiCneva Semecnebis simbolod.

Sveiicariis saxelmwifo droSaa

nepalis saxelmwifo droSaa

25.simbolo

90 msoflio kultura

dedamiwis zurgze ar moiZebneba xalxi, romelsac ar aqvs xelovnebis sxvadasxva forma _ cekva, musika, mxatvroba... swored amitom ganekuTvneba xelovneba kulturis universaliebs.

bevr enaSi ar moipoveba xelovnebis aRmniSvneli sagangebo sityva, SeiZleba imitom, rom xelovneba xSirad religiuri, socialuri da politikuri cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad gvevlineba.

ra aris xelovneba? Sen warmoidgine, am kiTxvaze pasuxi arcTu advili gasacemia da xelovnebis sayovelTaod gaziarebuli ganmarteba arc arsebobs. modi, ase SevTanxmdeT: xelovnebas ganekuTvneba nawarmoebi (magaliTad, qandakeba), qmedeba (magaliTad, cekva), teqsti (magaliTad, leqsi), romelic adamianebSi (ar aris aucilebeli _ yvelaSi) aRZravs esTetur grZnobas („ra mSvenieria!“, „ra lamazia!“, „ra kargadaa gakeTebuli!“, an sulac, „au, ra magaria!“; esTeturi grZnoba SeiZleba uaryofiTic iyos _ „ra uSnoa!“, „ras gavs!“). aq ori sayuradRebo momentia: erTi, rom xelovnebis nimuSi

adamianis mier unda iyos Seqmnili, Torem esTeturi grZnoba bunebis qmnilebebmac SeiZleba aRZras _ lamazma xem an mSvenieri garegnobis adamianma; da meore, xelovnebis nimuSs aucileblad Wirdeba sxva adamiani _ mayurebeli Tu msmeneli, erTi sityviT, Semfasebeli. xelovnebis zogi gansazRvreba xazs usvams mis emociur maxasiaTeblebs. xelovnebis nimuSi gadmoscems avtoris emociebsa da mis ideebs, xolo mnaxvelSi ki is iwvevs grZnobebs. emociebi da ideebi sxvadasxva formiT gamoixateba: xatviT, qsoviT, sxeulis dekoraciiT, musikiT, cekviT, mwerlobiT.

xelovneba26

artemida SvliT (diana versaleli).ZvelberZnuli qandakebis romauli asli. luvri, parizi.

xelovnebis is sferoebi, romlebic dRes damoukideblad arsebobs, Soreul warsulSi adamianis yoveldRiuri yofis nawili iyo. alJirSi, israelSi, marokoSi aRmoCenilia niJarebis mZivebi, romlebic 82-100 aTasi wlisaa. isini samkaulis Soreul winamorbedad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

savaraudod, xelovnebis sxva formebic arsebobda, magaliTad, cekva. gaxsovT, rogor warmovidgineT samkurnalo magiis Casaxva? TiTqmis darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirvelyofili magiuri ritualebi mTeli jgufis riTmuli moZraobisa da SeZaxilebis TanxlebiT mimdinareobda. riTmi kravs jgufs, TiTqos Zalas matebs da aZlierebs mas _ gavixsenoT skandireba mitingebsa Tu stadionebze, an aRlumze samwyobro nabijiT mimavali samxedro nawili.

91

xelovnebis formebi TandaTan viTar-deboda, ixveweboda, rTuldeboda; gansxvavebuli ritualebi sxvadasxva riTmSi sruldeboda; gaCnda pirveli musikaluri instrumentebi _ qvis dafdafi, lerwmis Tu Zvlis salamuri; nel-nela cekva gamoeyo magias da TavisTavadi Rirebuleba SeiZina _ garTobisa da gantvirTvis.

magiidanve amoizarda saxviTi xelovneba. gamoqvabulebSi napovn qvis xanis naxatebze xSiradaa gamosaxuli isriT Tu SubiT gangmiruli cxovelebi. gaxsovT „msgavsebis magia“? _ daxatul isars namdvili isari pirdapir nadiris gulisken unda miemarTa... sanadiro magiasTan dakavSirebuli mxatvroba ise ganviTarda, rom, rodesac me-19-20 saukuneebis mijnaze evropis ramdenime gamoqvabulSi cxovelebis uzarmazari, gasaocari ostatobiT Sesrulebuli ferweruli gamosaxulebebi aRmoaCines, bevrma mecnierma arc ki daijera, rom es yvelaferi qvis xanaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo Seqmnili. dRes es mxatvroba msoflio xelovnebis saganZurSia Sesuli. geniosebi qvis xanaSic ibadebodnen.

26.xelovneba

qarTuli erovnuli cekva

genialuri mxatvris pablo pikasos sityviT, ”altamirasTan SedarebiT, sxva yvelaferi dabali donisaa.” alta-miras gamoqvabulebi espaneTis samx-reTiT mdebareobs. 1868 wels adgi-lobrivi monadire SemTxveviT waawyda maT. kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSebis Seswavla mogvianebiT daiwyo. gamoqva-bulis kedlebze naxatebi imdenad kargad iyo Semonaxuli, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi specialistebs eeWvebo-daT maTi siZvele. me-20 saukunis dasaw-yisSi sabolood dadasturda, rom es naxatebi 16 000 wlis winandelia. dRes altamiras mRvime iuneskos kultu ruli memkvidreobis Zeglebis siaSia Setanili.

Zveli egvipte. kedlis mxatvrobis nimuSi

altamiras gamoqvabulis kedlis mxatvroba.

92 msoflio kultura

aq ver ganvixilavT xelovnebis yvela formisa Tu mimarTulebis warmoSoba-ganviTarebas, vityviT mxolod, rom uZveles did civilizaciebSi _ egvipteSi, SuamdinareTSi, CineTSi, indoeTSi, saber ZneTsa Tu romSi _ xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela ZiriTad formas vxvdebiT: musikas, mxatvrobas, qandakebas, arqiteqturas, poezias, Teatrs. aq ukve arian profe sionalebi _ karis mxatvrebi Tu moxe tiale musikosebi. da veravin ityvis, rom mogvianebiT Seqmnili Sedevrebi „ukeTesia“, vidre maSindeli _ namdvili xelovneba ar Zveldeba.

xelovnebaze saubrisas ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT mis kavSirs religiasTan. religiuri wesebi da dogmebi xelovnebaze uzarmazar gavlenas axdenda; xelovnebis zogi forma ikrZaleboda da idevneboda, zogic yvelanairad waxalisdeboda. magaliTad, iudaizmi da islami krZalaven cocxali arsebebis gamosaxvas, amitom am religiis mimdevar xalxebSi monumenturi mxatvroba, portreti da qandakeba ar ganviTarebula, samagierod, muslimur kulturaSi umaRles dones miaRwia ornamentisa da kaligrafiis xelovnebam.

qristianobaSi amgvari akrZalva ar iyo, ris gamoc qristianul samyaroSi saxviT xelovnebas ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba mieca; Tumca didi xnis ganmavlobaSi igi eqvemdebareboda eklesiis mkacr zedamxedvelobas (es exeba xelovnebis sxva formebsac _ musikas, Teatrs da a.S.). mxolod aRorZinebis xanidan moyolebuli, xelovneba aRar ifargleba religiuri TemebiT da uzarmazari nabijebiT midis win.

samTavisis taZari. XI s.arabuli kaligrafiis nimuSi

sami lamazmani. iaponeli mxatvari kitagava utamoro (me-18 saukune)

9326.xelovneba

xelovnebaze udidesi gavlena aqvs teqnikur progress. me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi xelovnebis tradiciul formebs Seemata axlebi _ fotografia da kino, xolo gasuli saukunis miwuruls _ kompiuteruli xelovnebis mravalgvari forma. xelovneba masobrivi gaxda.

baleti

liTxva

l gaixsene istoriidan Tu saxviTi da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebidan antikuri xanis Sedevrebi da maTi avtorebi.

davaleba

l imuSaveT jgufebad. yovelma jgufma Camoweros wilisyriT Sexvedrili regionis, epoqisa Tu stilis (egvipte, SuamdinareTi, antikuri xana, Sua saukuneebi, aRorZinebis xana, baroko, klasicizmi, romantizmi... axali dro, uaxlesi dro) xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis qmnilebebi.

94 msoflio kultura

samarTali27

samarTali kulturis erT-erTi universaliaa. yvelaze zogadi ganmartebiT, samarTali aris wesebis erToblioba, romelic sxvadasxva gziT aregulirebs adamianebis qcevas da warmoadgens upirveles mediators, momrigebels adamianebis urTierTobaSi. ramdenad gansxvavebulia igi sxvadasxva xalxebSi? cnobili frangi fizikosi da moazrovne blez paskali ambobda: „is, rac alpebs iqiT WeSmaritebaa, alpebs aqeT sicruea“.

xamurabis stelis fragmenti

jer kidev Zvel babilonSi, Zv. w. me-18 saukuneSi,

mefe xamurabim Seqmna kanonTa krebuli _ yvelaze

srulyofili samarTlis Zegli Zvel mesopotamiaSi.

Tumca kanonTa krebulebi iq manamdec arsebobda.

muslimur samyaroSi moqmedebs SariaTi _musli-

muri kanonTa kodeqsi, romelic yurans emyareba.

SariaTis kanonebs xSirad warmoadgenen, rogorc

raRac gaqvavebul, saSinel wesebs, romlebic gul-

grilia adamianis mimarT, Tumca mas Zalian didi

inteleqtualuri safuZveli aqvs. xSirad SariaTi

ar eTanxmeba imas, rac Cven migvaCnia sworad, magram

es aris saukuneebis manZilze gamovlili, droSi

gamocdili da, rac mTavaria, konkretuli kulturis

Sesabamisi sistema. demokratiuli Rirebulebebi ar

aris universaluri da is, rac demokratiulad miiCneva

dasavleTSi, SeiZleba sruliad sawinaaRmdegod aRiq-

mebodes aRmosavleTSi, sadac urTierTobis, saxel-

mwifos mowyobis, genderuli rolebis gadanawilebis

da a.S. absoluturad gansxvavebuli tradiciaa.

giorgi lobJaniZe, aRmosavleTmcodne

Zv. w. me-7 saukuneSi saberZneTSi aTenis mmarTvelma

drakonma qalaqs Zalze mZime kanonebi dauwesa. dResac,

mkacri, mZime kanonebis aRsaniSnavad, viyenebT termins

„drakonuli kanonebi“. drakonis kanonebi solonma

_ berZenma sazogado moRvawem _ Secvala, romelic

demokratiis, rogorc mmarTvelobis formis erT-erT

sulisCamdgmelad iTvleba.

stela xamurabis kanonebiT

9527.samarTali

saqarTveloSi kanonSemoqmedebiTi tradicia

uZvelesi droidan arsebobs. kanonTa krebulebidan

gansakuT rebiT cnobilia giorgi brwyinvalis samar-

Tlis wigni „Zeglis dadeba“, beqasa da aRbuRas „wigni

samarTlisa kacisa Secodebisa yovelive“. iTarg mne-

boda ucxouri samarTlis Zeglebic, magaliTad, e.w.

„moses samarTali“, berZnuli, romauli, siriuli

kodeqsebi. sxvadasxva samarTlis Zeglis ganaxleba,

erTian krebulSi moqceva da xelaxali damkvidreba me-

18 saukunis dasawyisSi vaxtang VI moRvaweobas ukav-

Sirdeba. amis gamo vaxtang VI sjulmdeblad iwodeba.

vaxtang VI

kanoni samarTlis aRsrulebis saSualebaa. Tumca arsebobs magaliTebi, rodesac igi usamarTlobas emsaxureba: magaliTad, sabWoTa periodSi, 30-ian wlebSi arsebuli kanonebis safuZvelze, fizikurad ganadgurda mravali aTasi adamiani. Tengiz abulaZis filmi „monanieba“ kargad aRwers totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi arsebul usamarTlobas.

samarTali da kanonebi manamdec arsebobda da moqmedebda, sanam adamiani maT werilobiT formas miscemda. amis naTeli dadasturebaa adaTebze damyarebuli da zepirsityvieri saxiT Taobidan TaobisaTvis gadacemuli CveulebiTi samarTali. Tavad sityva adaTi arabulad Cveulebas niSnavs. swored adaTebs emyareba, magaliTad, svaneTSi, xevsa da fSav-xevsureTSi arsebuli samarTalwarmoebis wesi, romelmac uxsovari droidan moaRwia. sasamarTlos funqcias Temis sabWo asrulebda. bralmdeblad maxvSi (svaneTSi) an xevisberi (fSav-xevsureTSi) gamodioda. xevisberi da maxvSi Temis saxeliT laparakobdnen da Tavadve axorcielebdnen kanonis zedamxedvelobas (gavixsenoT „aluda qeTelauri“). kavkasiis mTianeTSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli sisxlis aRebis, Zmadnaficobis, qalis motacebis adaTebi. zogierTi maTgani dResac SemorCenilia.

sisxlis aRebis adaTi gavrcelebuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTisa da skandinaviis

qveynebSi, aseve albaneTsa da kavkasiaSi, italiaSi igi vendetas saxeliTaa cnobili.

es aris samarTalwarmoebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis regulirebis erTgvari wesi,

romelic misaRebi da marTebuli gaxldaT garkveul drosa da sivrceSi manam, sanam

igi warmoadgenda danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis formas da ara SurisZiebas. sisxlis

aRebis adaTi dafuZnebuli iyo principze „kbili kbilis wil“, rac gulisxmobs

Semdegs: mkvlelobis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, damnaSave an misi ojaxis romelime wevri

sikvdiliT isjeboda, amasTan erTad, mkvlelis ojaxi did materialur zaralsac

ganicdida. dRes sisxlis aRebis wess socialuri sargeblis motana ar SeuZlia,

metic _ is sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad iTvleba da kanoniT isjeba (gavixsenoT

Temur da gela babluanebis filmi „memkvidreoba“).

96 msoflio kultura

kacobriobis istoriis manZilze, kanonebTan erTad, icvleboda maTi sisruleSi moyvanis formebic. Tanamedrove etapze damnaSavis wameba kanoniT isjeba, odesRac ki mTavar mtkicebulebas swored wamebis dros miRebuli aRiarebiTi Cveneba warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiris generaluri prokurori andrei viSinski ambobda, aRiareba marTlmsajulebis dedofaliao. istoriidan yvelasaTvis kargad aris cnobili sxvadasxva saxis sajaro sasjelebi: Zelze gasma, koconze dawva, CamoxrCoba, daxvreta, giliotinisa da eleqtroskamis meSveobiT dasja. zogi maTgani dResac moqmedebs ama Tu im qveyanaSi. bevrgan, saqarTvelos msgavsad, sikvdiliT dasja gauqmda da igi samudamo patimrobiT Seicvala.

l SesaZleblad migaCnia sazogadoebis normaluri funqcionireba samarTlis gareSe? ra moxdeba, dawerili samarTali rom ar arsebobdes?

davaleba

1. ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs samarTlis sistemebis gansxvavebulobas sxvadasxva xalxebSi? istoriidan gaixsene da Seadare erTmaneTs sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arsebuli kanonebi.

2. rogor fiqrob, samarTlianoba da samarTali, kanoniereba da samarTlianoba erTsa da igives niSnavs?

3. rogor gesmis debuleba, rom sisxlis aReba warmoadgenda danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis formas?

4. sazogadoebis winaSe pirovnebis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebiT, gaavle paralelebi gakveTilTan „sazogadoeba“, imsjele am sakiTxze.

Semajamebeli davaleba

97


giliotina

1789 wels, safrangeTis revoluciis dros, sikvdiliT dasjis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, safrangeTis nacionaluri asambleis wevrma, eqimma Jozef-ignas giliotenma Semdegi winadadeba wamoayena: sikvdilmisjili Tavis mokveTiT unda daisajos; es unda gakeTdes umtkivneulod, martivi meqanizmis gamoyenebiT.

revoluciamde safrangeTSi Tavis mokveTiT mxolod didebulebs sjidnen da es najaxis an sxva iaraRis gamoyenebiT xdeboda. sikvdilmisjilTa ojaxis wevrebi xSirad fulsac ki uxdidnen jalaTs, raTa mas sasjeli swrafad da, SeZlebisdagvarad, umtkivneulod aResrulebina. rigiTi moqalaqeebis sikvdiliT dasja CamoxrCobiT an sxva, kidev ufro saSineli formiT (Zelze gasma, borbliT dasja, koconze dawva...) xdeboda.

1791 wels nacionalurma asambleam gadawyvetileba miiRo, rom Tavis mokveTiT dasja yvela sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveze gavrcelebuliyo, ganurCevlad maTi wodebrivi kuTvnilebisa. amiT xazi esmeboda yvela adamianis Tanasworobas. Seiqmna specialuri komiteti, romelSic samedicino fakultetis anatomiis profesori J.-i. giliotenic Sedioda. Tavis mokveTis „martivi meqanizmis“ eskizis Semqmnelebad ki frangi antuan luisi da germaneli inJineri da klavesinis ostati tobias Smidti iTvlebian. meqanizmma saxeli eqim giliotenis gvaridan gamomdinare miiRo.

am droidan moyolebuli, giliotina safrangeTSi sikvdiliT dasjis erTaderT kanonier formad iqca. mas sxva qveynebSic iyenebdnen.

marTalia, Jozef-ignas giliotenis saxeli istoriaSi sikvdilis am meqanizmis wyalobiT Sevida, magram unda iTqvas, rom Tavad igi, zogadad, sikvdiliT dasjis mowinaaRmdege iyo da fiqrobda, rom mis mier SeTavazebuli umtkivneulo da, aqedan gamomdinare, ufro humanuri sasjeli pirveli nabiji iqneboda sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis gzaze. Jozef-ignas gilioteni aRiarebuli eqimi iyo. eduard jeneris mier vaqcinaciis (acra) gamogonebis Semdeg, igi gaxldaT parizis vaqcinaciis komitetis prezidenti, parizis medicinis akademiis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli.

„sikvdilis manqanis“ ideis avtorobis „pativi“ mZime tvirTi aRmoCnda J.-i. giliotenis STamomavalTaTvis. maT TxovniT mimarTes safrangeTis mTavrobas, giliotinasTvis saxeli SeecvalaT, magram uari miRes da SemdgomSi Tavad Seicvales gvari.

eqimi Jozef-ignas gilioteni

giliotina

27.samarTali

98 msoflio kultura

saxaliso kanonebi

l texasis StatSi yofnisas, Tu darwmunebuli ar xarT Tqvens siyvarulSi, nu warudgenT megobrebs samjer erTsa da igive qals, radgan amis Semdeg is Tqvens oficialur colad CaiTvleba.

l floridaSi gauTxovar qalebs paraSutiT xtoma ekrZalebaT. aseve ar SeiZleba sacurao kostumiT simRera da dReSi samze meti TefSis gatexva.

l indianas StatSi oqtombridan martamde abazanis miReba akrZalulia. aseve ar SeiZleba manqanebis gayidva kvira dRes.

l q. denverSi (kolorados Stati) akrZalulia mtversasrutis Txoveba.

l alabamaSi ikrZaleba saabazanoSi viris, arkanzasSi ki niangis Seyvana. luizianaSi isjeba adamianis kbena.

l alabamaSi ar unda marTo manqana Tvalebaxveulma, niu-iorkSi saxuravidan gadmoxtomis gamo dagsjian (Tu ukve dasjili ar daxvdi).

l aidahoSi akrZalulia aqlemze Semjdari Tevzaoba.

l dakotaSi danaSaulia CeqmebiT Zili, merilendSi - TeatrSi lomTan erTad misvla, q. atlantaSi ki - telefonis boZze Jirafis mibma.

l niu jersiSi patronma katebs eJvani unda Camokidos, raTa Citebma maTi miaxloeba gaigonon.

l safrangeTSi akrZalulia rkinigzis liandagze xvevna-kocna, aseve, dapatimreba ar agcdeba, Tu Rors napoleons daarqmev.

99

Sroma adamianis Tandayolili unaria.

cxovelebi da frinvelebic „Sromoben“:

ageben budeebs, Txrian soroebs, futkrebi

akeTeben fiWas da amzadeben Tafls...

magram, adamianisagan gansxvavebiT, es

yvelaferi instinqtis, genetikuri programebis safuZvelze xdeba, adamiani ki Sromis

process gaazrebulad, gonebis meSveobiT warmarTavs. swored adamianis Sromis

Sedegia kultura, radgan, rogorc ukve viciT, kultura aris adamianis mier Seqmnili

an gardaqmnili „meore buneba“.

adamianis Tavdapirveli saqmianoba Semgrovebloba da nadiroba iyo; Semdeg gaCnda

miwaTmoqmedeba da mesaqonleoba. kacobriobis ganviTarebasTan erTad, adamianTa

saqmianoba ufro mravalferovani gaxda. daiwyo Sromis diferenciacia: adamianebi

iwafebodnen garkveul saqmeSi - meTuneobaSi, metalurgiaSi; gaCndnen oqromWedlebi,

qvismTlelebi; Camoyalibda profesiebi, romelTa daufleba sagangebo codnis miRebas

moiTxovs: eqimi, zeinkali, mkeravi, agronomi, maswavlebeli, mZRoli da sxva.

saqmianobis mixedviT, adamianebi socialur jgufebad iyofodnen; am dayofas

sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli forma hqonda. upirvelesad, ganasxvavebdnen

gonebrivi da fizikuri SromiT dakavebul adamianebs; pirveli Tavisufal moqalaqeTa

xvedri iyo, fizikurad ki monebi, Sua saukuneebSi _ glexebi, Semdeg _ daqiravebuli

muSebi Sromobdnen. Zveli moazrovneebi Tvlidnen, rom Tavisufali adamiani amuSavebs

gonebas, iseve rogor mona _ miwas.

`adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dRes yovel

adamians aqvs Sromis, samuSaos Tavisufali arCevis, Sromis samarTliani da xelsayreli

pirobebisa da umuSevrobisagan dacvis ufleba.

Sroma kacobriobis universaluri

Tvisebaa: adamianebi dedamiwis nebismier

kuTxeSi Sromoben. magram ama Tu im

qveynis geografiuli, klimaturi da sxva

garemoebebi ganapirobebs saqmianobis

Taviseburebebs. magaliTad, zRvis

piras mcxovreb xalxebSi, rogorc wesi,

viTardeba naosnoba da masTan dakav-

Sirebuli dargebi.

28.Sroma profesi da hobi

Sroma, profesia da hobi 28

hobi (ingl. hobby) _ rameTi gataceba, saqmianoba, romelsac samuSaodan Tavisufal dros misdeven garTobisa da dasvenebis mizniT.

uZvelesi adamianis iaraRebi

100 msoflio kultura

egvipteSi nilosis delta rTuli „mosaTvi-nierebeli“ iyo, misma mowesrigebam da sairigacio sistemis Seqmnam ganapiroba sainJinro saqmis ganviTareba. sainJinro da samSeneblo xelovnebis mwvervalia piramidebi, romlebic msoflios erT-erT saocrebad iTvleba.

miwaTmoqmedebas dedamiwaze mcxov reb xalxTa umravlesoba misdevs, Tumca miwas sxvadasxva wesiTa da saxiT amuSaveben. magaliTad, mTagoriani landSaftis gamo, samxreT saqarTveloSi, mesxeTSi naklebad iyo samiwaTmoqmedo savar gulebi. am problemis gadaWris mizniT, mosaxleobam mTebi terasebad, miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis gamosadeg sivrced aqcia.

terasebi, rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis savargulebi, sxva kulturebSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad filipinebSi, provincia ifugaoSi aris adgili, romelsac msoflios merve saocrebasac uwodeben. igi zRvis donidan 1 500 metrze mdebareobs da daaxloebiT 10 360 kvadratul kilometrs moicavs. fiqroben, rom iq terasebi xelsawyoebis minimaluri gamoyenebiT, metwilad xeliT aSenda 2000 wlis win. terasebs wyliT amaragebda uZvelesi sarwyavi sistema. adgilobrivebs aq brinji da bostneuli dResac mohyavT.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom maias tomebi savargulebs xelovnurad qmnid-nen. Waobebidan ezidebodnen niadags, romelsac aTavsebdnen winaswar mow yobil terasebze da iyenebdnen sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnu lebisaTvis.

bumerangi

samuSao, sanadiro da sabrZolo iaraRs uZvelesi adamianic amzadebda. msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi aRmoCenili es martivi iaraRi Zalian gavs erTmaneTs. magram arsebobs konkretuli xalxebisaTvis dama-xasiaTebeli iaraRebic, magaliTad, bumerangi, romelic avstraliis aborigenebma Seqmnes.

terasebi samcxe-javaxeTSi terasebi filipinebSi

101

dedamiwaze uamravi, erTi SexedviT ucnauri saqmianoba arsebobs. ici, rom Zvel romSi „dasaflavebis jambazis“ profesia arsebobda? es adamiani dasaflavebis procesiis dros gardacvlilis msgavsad imoseboda, ikeTebda misi saxis mixedviT damzadebul niRabs da sxva jambazebTan erTad cekvavda gardacvlilis garSemo. romaelebi miiCnevdnen, rom es amSvidebda gardacvlilis suls da amxiarulebda mosaxleobas. am adamianebs aqtiorebi erqvaT.

minebis wmenda, TiTqos, Cveulebrivi saqmianobaa, magram warmoidgineT, ra saSiSi da riskiani xelobaa caTambjenis minebis wmenda. fotoze gamosaxuli mamakaci dubais erT-erTi caTambjenis 50-e sarTulis minebs wmends.

dasaflavebis jambazi Zvel romSi

droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris garToba, rasac Tavisufal dros vuTmobT, da ra _ samuSao. nadiroba, romelic odesRac adamianis ZiriTadi saqmianoba, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi pirveli profesia iyo, SemdgomSi gatacebad da garTobad iqca. Tumca nadiroba dResac arsebobs, rogorc profesia: egerebi - profesionali monadireebi - dahyvebian moyvarul monadireebs da Tvalyurs adevneben nadirobis wesebis dacvas.

profesiulis garda, adamianebs aqvT sxva interesebic. magaliTad: eqimi, SeiZleba, amave dros iyos filatelisti; inJineri _ kulinariiT gatacebuli da a.S. es aris hobi. operaciidan gamosuli, daRlili eqimi, SeiZleba, roials miujdes da gantvirTvisaTvis daukras beThovenis sonata, an universitetis profesorma momqancveli dRis bolos biliardi iTamaSos. rogorc xedavT, erTi da igive saqmianoba erTi adamianisaTvis specialobaa, meorisaTvis ki hobi da garTobis saSualeba. arseboben, magaliTad, profesionali fexburTelebi da fexburTis TamaSis moyvaruli sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi.

xSirad piriqiTac xdeba _ hobi iqceva ZiriTad saqmianobad. magaliTad, iaponelebs aqvT juja xeebis gamoyvanis Zalze saintereso tradicia, romelsac bonsai ewodeba (iaponurad bon _ qoTani, sai _ Cargva). es aris sxvadasxva jiSis xeebis zusti juja aslebis gamoyvana. am tradicias didi xnis istoria aqvs, rogorc Cans, igi iaponelebma Tavdapirvelad hobis saxiT, saxlis galamazebis mizniT moigones. dRes ki es Cveulebrivi profesiaa: bonsais xelovnebas sagangebo codna esaWiroeba. bonsai


102 msoflio kultura

binebsa Tu dawesebulebebSi xSirad gvinaxavs sxvadasxva formisa da zomis akvariumebi. akvariumistikiT (ekosistemis Seqmna daxurul xelovnur wyalsatevSi), rogorc Cans, adamianebi ZvelTaganve iyvnen dainteresebuli, radgan akvariumis winamorbedi xelovnuri wyalsatevebi jer kidev Zvel egviptesa da SuamdinareTSi

gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi ki es hobi imdenad popularulia, rom sxvadasxva saxis Tevzebi, reptiliebi, amfibiebi bavSvebisa Tu ufrosebis sayvarel „Sinaur“ arsebebad iqcnen. garda amisa, sazRvao-sakurorto qalaqebisaTvis erT-erT yvelaze mimzidvel RirSesaniSnaobad swored okeanariumi iTvleba. garda dasvenebisa da garTobisa, akvariumebi profesiuli interesis sagania iqtiologebisaTvis, raTa maT ukeT moaxerxon sxvadasxva saxis Tevzebze dakvirveba da maTi Seswavla.

saqarTveloSi arsebobs kompania “Eastern Promotion”, romlis saqmianoba ucxoel SemsrulebelTa koncertebis organizebaa. sainteresoa, rom kompaniis damfuZneblebi yofili wyalburTelebi arian, romelTac hqondaT hobi _ musika. Zvelma wyalburTelebma hobi ZiriTad saqmianobad aqcies da daiwyes festivalebis organizeba. es saqme warmatebuli aRmoCnda, “Eastern Promotion” -is organizebul koncertebSi monawileoba miiRes musikaluri samyaros msoflio varskvlavebma _ rei Carlzma, jeims braunma, maseo parkerma, jo kokerma, quliom, Sakiram da bevrma sxvam.

qulios koncerti saqarTveloSi

rei Carlzi da Eastern Promotion-is damfuZneblebi

103

SeuZlebelia profesiisa da hobis Sesaxeb visaubroT da ar gavixsenoT germaneli mrewveli hainrix Slimani (1822-1890). misi gvari, miuxedavad biznesSi didi warmatebisa, SesaZloa, saqveynod cnobili ar gamxdariyo, rom ara hobi _ arqeologia. biznesmenma Seiswavla berZnuli da arabuli, waikiTxa homerosis nawarmoebebi da miznad daisaxa troas aRmoCena. mTeli Tavisi qoneba swored am saqmes Sealia da mizansac miRwia, miakvlia manamde zRaprad miCneul troas da unikaluri masala Semata sakacobrio kulturas.


hainrix Slimani

davaleba

1. moiZie informacia saintereso, ucnauri da saSiSi profesiebis Sesaxeb.

2. CamoTvale profesiebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad mxolod garToba iyo.

3. moiZie informacia gamoCenili adamianebis hobis Sesaxeb.

adamians Seswevs unari, drois swori ganawilebisa da gonierebis xarjze, Sroma da dasveneba, profesia da hobi ise SeuTanxmos erTmaneTs, rom warmatebiT moaxerxos rogorc profesiuli winsvla, aseve sxva interesebis dakmayofilebac.

104 msoflio kultura

rekreacia dasvenebas, daxarjuli energiisa da Zalebis aRdgenas niSnavs. igi universaliaa da adamianis yofis iseTive Semadgeneli nawilia, rogorc Sroma. rogorc Cans, adamianisaTvis dasveneba imdenad mniSvnelovani ram aris, rom igi sagangebod zrunavs sarekreacio zonebis, dasasvenebeli adgilebis mosawyobad.

Zalebis aRdgenis bunebrivi saSualebaa Zili, romlis drosac adamianis yvela organo da kunTi modunebulia da isve-nebs. garda am bunebrivi saSualebisa, Tavad adamianma moigona rekreaciis uamravi forma: ezoebi, baRebi, parkebi... gavix se noT Tundac is, rom msoflios Svidi saoc rebidan erT-erTi swored semiramidas daki duli baRebia. arqiteqturasTan erTad, swo red sarekreacio zonebi gviqmnis pirvel STa-beWdilebas ucxo qveynaSi mogzaurobisas.

rekreacia29

rekreacia (laT. recreatio) _ aRdgena;

sarekreacio sivrce _ dasvenebisa da Zalebis aRdgenisaTvis gankuTvnili adgili.

raWis Rvinoebidan saukeTeso TeTr Rvinod „wulukiZis TeTra“ iTvleba (igi amave saxelwodebis yurZnis jiSisagan mzaddeba). Rvinis sayidlad erT-erTi glexis ojaxi migvaswavles. ezoSi SevediT, Cvens win ulamazesi baRnari gadaiSala: mwvaned mobibine mindorSi sxvadasxva feris yvavilebi moCanda, xviara vardi samzareulos erT-erT kedels Semoxveoda, mis win glexkacs akaciis boZebiT talaveri moewyo, CrdilSi mdgari kaklis kunZebisgan damzadebuli magida da skamebi bunebrivi gegonebodaT. ezom udidesi STabeWdileba moaxdina, naTeli iyo, rom mis patrons Rvinoc saukeTeso eqneboda.

aRfrTovaneba ver davmaleT da glexs naSromi movuwoneT. „es ezo, Svilebo, samuSaodan, venaxidan dabrunebuls „garTobaSi“ maqvs gakeTebuli, am saqmiT visveneb da siamovnebas viReb, aq vgrZnob Tavs yvelaze kargado“, gvipasuxa glexma. es ezo sarekreacio sivrcis qarTuli formaa.

qarTuli ezo

franguli parki

inglisuri parki

105

sarekreacio sivrceebi gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva xalxsa da kulturaSi, es ki mxolod klimatis, landSaftis, florisa da faunis sxvadasxvaobiT ar aris gamowveuli. magaliTad, franguli parkebi gansxvavdeba inglisuri parkebisagan: franguliSi, geometriuli figurebi da formebi Warbobs, inglisuri ki bunebvri formebs inarCunebs; ulamazesi baRebi aqvT iaponelebs, es aris bunebisa da adamianis usazRvro fantaziis Serwyma.

baR-parkebis garda, arsebobs sxva uamravi sarekreacio adgili da saSualeba: biliardisa Tu boulingis saTamaSo klubebi, zoologiuri parkebi, akvaparkebi...

29.rekreacia

iaponuri parki

albaT ici, rom mTel msoflioSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs ioga, rogorc energiis aRdgenis, janmrTelobis ganmtkicebisa da gantvirTvis saSualeba. igi saTaves indoeTSi iRebs. induri religiur-filosofiuri warmodgeniT, adamians sulieri da fizikuri varjiSiT SeuZlia miaRwios srulyofilebas, risTvisac yvelaze ukeTesi gza iogaa. igi dasavleTis qveynebSic gavrcelda, rogorc rekreaciis, dasvenebis, energiis aRdgenis, janmrTelobis SenarCunebis saSualeba. indoeTSi arsebobs iogas ramdenime mimarTuleba, romlebic religiur-filosofiur warmodgenebs efuZneba, xolo dasavleTSi Camoyalibda fitnes-iogas mimarTuleba, romelsac mxolod varjiSis, Zalebis aRdgenis, gamajansa-Rebeli datvirTva aqvs da ara religiur-filosofiuri.

zogierT zoologiur parkSi cxovelebs galiaSi ar aTavseben, isini Tavisuflad daseirnoben, adamianebi ki specialuri manqanebiT aTvaliereben zooparksa da mis binadrebs. samxreT afrikis respublikaSi arsebobs sastumro-zooparki, sadac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rolebia Secvlili _ „galiaSi“ adamianebi sxedan, anu sastumros nomrebi specialurad aris izolirebuli cxovelebisagan, romlebic Tavisuflad daseirnoben sastumros teritoriaze.

sportuli ioga

religiur-filosofiuri ioga

liTxva

l Seni azriT, riT aris ganpirobebuli gansxvaveba sxvadasxva qveynis sarekreacio zonebs Soris?

davaleba

l isaubre rekreaciis formebsa da saSualebebze, romlebic Sen yvelaze metad mogwons.

106 msoflio kultura

TamaSi30

albaT, ginaxavs saqsovi Zafis gorgaliT moburTave katis knuti, moTamaSe ZaRlis lekvebi an sxva cxovelebi. TamaSi mxolod adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli unari ar aris, cxovelebic TamaSoben. Tumca adamianma, cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT, Seqmna uamravi TamaSi: sabavSvoTi dawyebuli _ klasobana, Svidqvaobana, damalobana, koWobana, Cikori da sxva, sportis nairgvari saxeobebiT damTavrebuli _ fexburTi, Wadraki, kriketi...

TamaSi kulturis erT-erTi universaliaa. msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis mier Seqmnili araerTi TamaSi gascda warmoSobis adgils; magaliTad, Wadraki saTaves indoeTSi iRebs, olimpiuri TamaSebi _ saberZneTSi, fexburTi ki _ britaneTSi, dRes ki maT mTel msoflioSi TamaSoben. yvela TamaSs aqvs saerTo mizani _ gamarjveba, wesebi, saTamaSo adgili da dro. TamaSi ar aris „Cveulebrivi“, „namdvili“ cxovreba, patara bavSvmac ki icis, rom TamaSis dros yvelafers akeTebs „viTom“.

erTi mxriv, TamaSi aRiqmeba, rogorc araseriozuli, Sromis sapirispiro qceva (gaixsene ufrosebis SeniSvna _ „nu TamaSob, seriozulad dajeqi“, „saqmes akeTeb Tu TamaSob?“). TamaSis dros adamiani erToba, isevenebs da siamovnebas iRebs. swored amitom TamaSoben aramarto bavSvebi, aramed zrdasruli adamianebic. TamaSi maTTvis gantvirTvis saSulebaa.

meore mxriv, arsebobs sportuli TamaSis profesiuli saxeobebi, magaliTad, fexburTi. fexburTelebi didi energiisa da Sromis fasad cdiloben gaxdnen Cempionebi. es maTTvis ara garToba, aramed seriozuli saqmea, profesiaa (gaixsene gakveTili „Sroma, profesia da hobi“).

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zogierTi TamaSi msoflio masStabis gaxda, zogi ki mxolod adgilobriv tradiciebSi SemorCa. sainteresoa, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli bevri uZvelesi TamaSi dRemde Semoinaxa.

bavSvebis TamaSi

ZaRlebis TamaSi

„qarTvelebis odeni sxvadasxvagvari saTamaSo TiTqmis arc erTs xalxs ar aqvs da yovelgvari saTamaSoc uTuod iseTia, romelic Wkua-gonebasa da sxeuls swvrTnis, avarjiSebs. yvelas ar CamogiTvliT aq, ... davasaxeleb mxolod „burTaobas”... burTaobis dros Tvali, fexi, xeli, Tavi, tani da yoliferi Tanasworad eCveva simardes. qarTul saTamaSoebs bavSvebi Tavis xeliT akeTeben, magaliTad, tafa-riks TviTon gamosWrian xolme, Svildkodals ikeTeben, burTs Tavis xeliT amzadeben, da es Sroma kidev ufro ayvarebs patara patrons Tavis sakuTrebas“, _ ase ixsenebs akaki wereTeli Tavisi bavSvobis sayvarel TamaSebs TxzulebaSi „Cemi Tavgadasavali“.

akaki wereTlis mier CamoTvlili TamaSebidan bevri aRar arsebobs, Tumca erT-erTi maTgani _ „burTaoba“, romelsac meorenairad „lelos“ uwodeben, dRemde SemorCa.

107

laxti saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli xalxuri TamaSia. moTamaSeebi iyofian or gundad. Semoxazaven 6-8 nabijis siganis wres, TamaSisaTvis saWiroa imdeni qamari, ramdeni wyvilic TamaSobs. maT qamarze fexis dadgmis ufleba ar aqvT. Tavdamsxmelebi garSemo uvlian da wridan laxtis gamotacebas cdiloben. Tu erTi qamris xelSi Cagdeba mainc moaxerxes, danarCenebs advilad gaitaceben, radgan SeuZliaT gatacebuli qamriT damcvelebs wvivebSi scemon da wridan sxva qamrebic gamoitanon. aseve daSvebulia wridan damcvelis gamoTreva da amiT misi TamaSidan gamoTiSva. roca yvela qamars moitaceben, Tavdamsxmelebi iwyeben mowinaaRmdegeTa „axurebas“ _ qamrebiT muxls qvemoT cemas. damcvels SeuZlia metoqisaTvis qamris warTmeva (ukan dabrunebul qamars daagorgoleben da wris SuagulSi dadeben), moieriSis wreSi SeTreva da TamaSidan gamoTiSva, mowinaaRmdegis „CaWra“ _ muxlqveviT terfis mortyma, rac mogebis tolfasia. amis Semdeg rolebi icvleba da TamaSi Tavidan iwyeba.

30.TamaSi

lelo dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sportis uZvelesi erovnuli saxeobaa. es aris gunduri TamaSi burTiT. moTamaSeTa mizania burTis mitana mowinaaRmdege gundis piriT xazTan da lelos gatana. TamaSobda ubani ubanTan, sofeli sofelTan, Temi TemTan. lelo sabrZolo momzadebis erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad iTvleboda. guria-samegreloSi lelos dResac TamaSoben.

lelo

laxti

sajildao qva

sajildao qvis aweva _ Sejibri qvis awevaSi _ saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli sportis xalxuri saxeobaa. arsebobda sajildao qvis awevis ramdenime safexuri: qaris gatareba, anu qvis miwidan aReba, muxlamde aweva, aweva da nabijis gadadgma, mkerdamde aweva, Tavs zemoT aweva, Sekazmul cxenze gadagdeba. dawesebuli iyo sxvadasxva jildo: vinc lods odnav mainc aacilebda miwas, xuTi vercxliT unda dajildoebuliyo; „vinc muxlamde awevda, erT muWa vercxls uboZebdnen, xolo vinc mkerdamde aitanda, vercxliT qudis avsebas pirdebodnen“ (giorgi SatberaSvili). svaneTSi, sofel kalis saTemoSi, me-11 saukunis kvirikes salocavis ezoSi, kvirikoba dRes (28 ivlisi) imarTeboda Sejibreba sajildao qvis awevaSi, romelsac „baCa-liked“ erqva. zogierTi lodi daaxloebiT 140 kilorgams iwonida, sajildao qvis awevaSi zogjer qalebic monawileobdnen, romlebic SedarebiT mcire zomis lodebs eWidebodnen.

108 msoflio kultura

droTa ganmavlobaSi esa Tu is TamaSi formas da, zogjer, Sinaarssac icvlis. magaliTad, dRes gogonebi saxlobanas sxvanairad TamaSoben da ara ise, rogorc maTi dedebi an bebiebi. Cndeba axali TamaSebi. bevri maTgani kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba (gaixsene „strategia“ gakveTilidan „kulturis universaliebi“). sxvadasxva qveyanaSi iqmneba cnobili kompiuteruli TamaSebis „adgilobrivi“ versiebi, magaliTad, saqarTveloSi arsebobs seria „didi qarTvelebi“, romelTa naxva SegiZlia misamarTze http://gm.ambebi.ge/

qarTuli kompiuteruli TamaSi `didi qarTvelebi~ _ vaJa-fSavela

davaleba

1. gaixsene gakveTili „socializacia“ da imsjele, ramdenad SeiZleba TamaSi socializaciis agentad CaiTvalos?

2. moiZie informacia Sens kuTxeSi gavrcelebuli romelime Zveli TamaSis Sesaxeb. TamaSoben Tu ara mas dRes?

109

dro, TiTqos, adamianisgan damo-ukideblad arsebobs, ar eqvemdebareba mis zemoqmedebas. warsuls, awmyosa da momavals drois bunebriv monakveTebad miviCnevT. magram, kargad Tu davak-virdebiT, dro iseTive kulturuli artefaqtia, rogoric, magaliTad, magida an saxli. yvela kultura droSi arsebobs, magram TiToeuli kultura gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, anawilebs da gamoxatavs dros, gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs an, zog SemTxvevaSi, sruliadac uyuradRebod tovebs mas.

drois gazomva, misi msvlelobis Seswavla uZvelesi droidan adamianis erT-erT mizans warmoadgenda. amisaTvis mravali sxvadasxva xelsawyo Seiqmna _ mzis saaTi, wylis saaTi (klefsidra), qviSis saaTi, meqanikuri saaTi, eleqtronuli saaTi. istoriis manZilze saaTma mniSvnelovani adgili daikava adamianis cxovrebaSi. dRes Cven warmoudgenlad migvaCnia zedmiwevniT zusti drois codnis gareSe arseboba, Tumca es yvela kulturaze erTnairad ar iTqmis. zogi kultura met mniSvnelobas aniWebs sizustes, punqtualurobas, saqmianobis droSi ganawilebas da droulad Sesrulebas, zogi _ naklebs. droisadmi damokidebulebaze miuTiTebs cxovrebis tempic: dro, TiTqos, erTgan ufro swrafad midis, vidre sxvagan. is kulturebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT afaseben drois efeqtur gamoyenebas, cxovrebis maRali tempiT xasiaTdeba; saaTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos aucilebeli atributia.

droisadmi gansakuTrebuli yurad-RebiT dasavluri kulturebi gamoirCeva, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, yvela erTnairad ara. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi cxovrebis wess „dro karnaxobs“, cxovrebis tempi Zalian swrafia, xolo safrangeTSi, italiaSi an, Tundac, saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba, cxovreba droze naklebad „damokidebulad“ miviCnioT.

31.dro

dro 31

artefaqti (laT. arte _ xelovnuri, factum - gakeTebuli) _ adamianis naxelavi, mis mier Seqmnili an gardaqmnili.

mzis saaTi

mzis saaTi, gelaTi

klefsidra

110 msoflio kultura

sizustes iaponiaSi kidev ufro didi yuradReba eqceva, vidre evropasa da amerikaSi. es cxadad Cans iaponiis rkinigzis sistemis magaliTze: Tu evropaSi „dagvianeba” niSnavs ganrigidan 15 wuTze met gadacdenas, anu, Tu matarebeli 14 wuTs daagvianebs, es mainc droulad iTvleba, iaponiaSi dasaSvebad miiCneva ganrigSi miTiTebuli droidan mxolod erTi wuTis farglebSi gadacdena.

wminda ieronimemxatvari ios van kleve. me-16 saukune. kaTolikuri eklesiis erT-erT mamad miCneuli. wm. ieronime xSirad gamoisaxeboda Tavis qalasTan erTad. am naxatze Tavis qala, saaTi (zeda marjvena kuTxeSi) da TiTqmis Camwvari sanTeli amqveyniuri cxovrebis swrafmavlobas gamoxatavs.

daaxloebiT 1000 wels abatma herbertma (946-1003), romelic Semdgom romis papi silvestr II gaxda, gamoigona pirveli meqanikuri saaTi. manve xeli Seuwyo arabuli mecnierebis miRwevebis, ariTmetikisa da maTematikis gavrcelebas evro-paSi, xelaxla gaacno Tana-med ro veebs saangariSo da astrono miuli xelsawyoebi,

romlebic antikuri peri odis Semdgom daviwyebas mieca. daaxloebiT me-12 saukunidan germaniaSi gaCnda pirveli koSkis saaTebi, romlebiTac male mTeli evropa daifara. qalaqis moednebze ganTavsebuli saaTebi drois garkveul monakveTSi rekviT mTel qalaqs auwyebdnen ara mxolod zust dros, aramed axsenebdnen drois warmavlobasac.

xSirad saaTebi eklesiebzec keTdeboda da es SemTxveviTi ar iyo: qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, drois svlasTan erTad, ukanaskneli samsjavroc axlovdeboda. es yvela qristians unda xsomeboda yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da saqmianobaSi. ase rom, saaTis rekva eklesiebis samrekloebidan ukanasknel samsjavrosa da, masTan erTad, drois dasasrulsac axsenebda Tavis mrevls.

citgloge, me-13 saukunis saaTi bernSi, Sveicaria.

saaTis koSki sigiSoaraSi, rumineTi

msoflio saaTi berlinSi

me-15 saukunis astronomiuli saaTi praRaSi, CexeTi

111

saaTis koSki miunhenSi, germania

samreklodan da minareTidan qristian da muslim morwmuneebs locvis drois dadgomas auwyeben

kiTxva

1. gaixsene drosTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva gamoTqma da axseni, droisadmi rogor damokidebulebas asaxavs isini.

2. gamoikvlie, drois ra monakveTs gulisxmobs sityvebi „axlave“, „male“, „xuT wuTSi“, „axlaxan“.

3. warmoidgine da imsjele adamianTa cxovrebaze meqanikuri da eleqtronuli saaTebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

4. daakvirdi transportis moZraobis grafiks, miuTiTebs Tu ara droisadmi garkveul damokidebulebaze sazogadoebaSi _ magaliTad, punqtualurobasa an drois yairaTian moxmarebaze?

davaleba

l erTi amerikeli mecnieris TqmiT, amerikuli xuTi wuTi meqsikur erT saaTs udris _ es is droa, romelic, daTqmul Sexvedraze dagvianebis SemTxvevaSi, bodiSis moxdas gavaldebulebs. ra SemTxvevaSi vixdiT dagvianebisaTvis bodiSs saqarTveloSi?

31.dro

112 msoflio kultura


cxovreba drois gareSe

braziliaSi, tropikul junglebSi mcxovrebi pirahas tomi daaxloebiT 350-400 adamians iTvlis. am tomis xalxi monadireobiTa da SemgroveblobiT aris dakavebuli. isini sakuTar Tavs uwodeben hiaitihi, rac niSnavs „marTalni, Seumcdarni“.

pirahas kultura da ena unikaluria yvela arsebul kulturasa da yvela cocxal enaTa Soris. es Taviseburebebi mecnierTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa da kamaTis safuZveli gaxda.

amerikeli lingvisti daniel evereti, romelic 1970-ian wlebSi 7 wlis manZilze cxovrobda pirahas xalxTan da aTeulobiT wlis manZilze ikvlevda maT enasa da kulturas, miiCnevs, rom pirahas enis Seswavla ukiduresad rTulia. es Sefaseba ucnaurad SeiZleba mogveCvenos, radgan pirahas ena mxolod 3 xmovansa da 8 Tanxmovans Seicavs da leqsikuri TvalsazrisiTac erTob mwiria. Tumca, am enas axasiaTebs tonalobebis, maxvilebis da marcvalTa sigrZis/xangrZlivobis uaRresad rTuli mravalferovneba. amitom pirahas enaze molaparake adamians ise SeuZlia gamoTqvas xmovnebi da Tanxmovnebi, rom saubari ufro metad stvenas, simReras an zuzuns emsgavseba. garda amisa, pirahas enaSi zmnis struqturac uCveulod rTulia. am enis unikaluroba, rogorc lingvistebi miiCneven, isaa, rom pirahas ena erTaderTia, romelsac ar gaaCnia qvewyobili winadadeba. magram yvelaze uCveulo mainc is aris, rom am enaSi saerTod ar arsebobs feris, ricxvebis, raodenobis (mxolod „ramdenime“ da „meti“), aseve droisa da warsulis aRmniSvneli sityvebi. zmnas ar aqvs warsuli dro. ar arsebobs aranairi codna tomis warsulis Sesaxeb, pirahas xalxs ar hyavs gmirebi, ar gaaCnia zepiri istoriebi winaprebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac uyvebian axalgazrda Taobas. ar aqvT miTebi da samyaros SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli warmodgenebi, arc xatvis

tradicia, romelic sxva kulturebSi damaxsovrebis erT-erTi saSualebad miiCneva.

daniel evereti miiCnevs, rom ena kulturis mier iqmneba, pirahas kulturas ki ar ainteresebs warsuli da momavali, Sesabamisad, isini arc mis enaSi aisaxa. pirahas kulturis arsi aris „cxovreba aq da axla“. erTaderTi, rasac pirahasTvis mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes, aris is, rac xdeba awmyoSi. awmyoSi cxovreba xsnis imasac, rom maT ar aqvT miTebi samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb. maTi azriT, yvelaferi, rac aris, yovelTvis iyo. ramdenadac mniSvnelovani ar unda iyos awmyoSi momxdari movlena Tu adamiani, is maleve miecema daviwyebas. pirahas tomSi sul ramdenimes SeiZleba axsovdes, magaliTad, Tavisi bebiebisa da babuebis saxeli. pirahas xalxi ar interesdeba imiT, rasac uSualod ar xedavs an ganicdis, maTTvis abstraqtuli ideebi ar aris mimzidveli _yvelafers sagnobrivi Sesatyvisi unda moeZebnebodes.

daniel everetiamerikeli lingvisti

113

magaliTad, maT maSinve dakarges interesi ieso qristes mimarT, rogorc ki gaiges, rom is aravis unaxavs.

aseve gulgrilia piraha momavlis mimarTac. maTi saqmianoba tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom isini ar zrunaven momavalze ise, rogorc amas vakeTebT Cven. Cveni TiToeuli „dRevandeli dRis“ mniSvnelovan nawils ikavebs fiqri da zrunva „xvalindel dReze“. magram pirahas xalxi ase ar iqceva: magaliTad, isini arasodes imarageben sakvebs, rasac moipoveben, maSinve iTviseben. isini ar iyeneben xorcis Sebolvis xerxs misi Senaxvis mizniT, miuxedavad imisa, rom ician am xerxis Sesaxeb; fqvilsac mxolod ramdenime dRis samyofs fqvaven.

cxadia, rodesac ar aris codna zusti ricxvebis, raodenobis, gamoTvlis Sesaxeb, iq ver ganviTardeba codna drois Sesaxebac. Tu enaSi ar aris sityvebi ama Tu im ideis gasaviTareblad, es ideebi ver Camoyalibdeba. Tumca, aris iseTi magaliTi, rodesac varlpiris xalxma (avstralieli aborigenebi), romelTa raodenobis aRmniSvneli sityvebi Semoifargleboda „erTi, ori, bevri“, iswavla Tvla inglisurad. magram pirahas tomi aqac unikaluri aRmoCnda _ daniel evereti rva Tvis manZilze aswavlida maT Tvlas portugaliurad, magram verc erTma maTganma ver iswavla Tvla aTamde.

d. evereti darwmunebulia, rom es ar miuTiTebs pirahas xalxis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebze, aramed imaze, rom isini, ubralod, ar miiCneven Tvlas da ricxvebs saWirod Tavisi cxovrebisaTvis.

pirahas tomi ar cxovrobs garesamyarosgan izolirebulad, magram es maT cxovrebis wesze gavlenas ar axdens. pirahas xalxi gamorCeviT konservatiulia. magaliTad SeiZleba erTi istoria moviyvanoT. pirahas xalxi yoveldRiurad iyenebs kanoes (navs) TevzaobisaTvis. rodesac kanoeebi Zveldeba da xmarebisaTvis uvargisi xdeba, mis nacvlad isini, droebiT, xis qerqs iyeneben. amitom d. everetma moiyvana xelosani, romelmac maT kanoes damzadeba aswavla. garkveuli drois Semdeg, rodesac maT kidev dasWirdaT kanoe, pirahas xalxma ganacxada: „piraha ar amzadebs kanoes!“

31.dro

diskusia

l pirahas xalxis magaliTze, imsjeleT kulturisa da enis mimarTebis Sesaxeb drois konteqstSi.

114 msoflio kultura

cikluri da sworxazovani dro32

albaT, TiToeul Tqvengans, weliwadSi erTxel mainc, uxdeba qalaqidan sofelSi an soflidan qalaqSi wasvla. SeamCnevdiT, rom drois mniSvneloba sxvadasxvagvaria urbanul da agrarul sivrceSi. qalaqSi drois yovel monakveTs garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs, magaliTad, swavla da samsaxuri yovelTvis konkretul dros iwyeba, Sesvenebac saaTis mixedviT aris gawerili, imis miuxedavad, weliwadis ra droa da rogori amindia

ama Tu im dRes. sofelSi droisadmi damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia: aq ufro meti mniSvneloba drois did monakveTebs eniWeba, vidre wuTsa da wams. sofelSi, sameurneo saqmianobis specifikidan gamomdinare, yuradReba eqceva weliwadis dros, ganTiads, naSuadRevs an mwuxrs, cota vinme Tu akvirdeba saaTebsa da wuTebs imis gasarkvevad, rodis garekos saqoneli saZovarze, rodis mowvelos Zroxa, an rodis gavides mindorSi samuSaod. samagierod, yuradReba eqceva aminds, imas, romelime konkretul dRes wvims Tu Takara mzea.

mecnierebi ganasxvaveben drois orgvar aRqmas _ ciklurs/wriuls da swor xazovans. pirveli gagebis mixedviT, dro ganme orebadi ciklebis monac vleobaa. drois aseTi gageba dama xasiaTe-beli iyo mravali Zveli kulturisaTvis, maga liTad egvipturi, Suamdi na ruli, induri da sxva. aseTi aRqma

drois buneb rivi ciklebis (magaliTad, weliwadis droebi, okeanis miqceva da moq ceva, mdinarebSi wylis donis cvalebadoba, mTvaris ciklebi da a.S.) monacvleobas da mudmiv ganmeorebadobas eyrdnoboda. sazogadoebebi, romle bic drois cikluri aRqmiT xasiaTdeba, naklebad zrunavs warsulis Senaxvasa da damaxsovrebaze, radgan, maTi azriT, amqveynad yvelaferi meordeba. Sesabamisad, moma valic ar aris zrunvis sagani, radgan iqac yvelaferi winaswar gansazRvrulia. cikluri drois kulturebi, umTav resad, awmyoze arian orientirebuli.

actekebis wriuli formis kalendari kalaCakra _ `drois borbali~

induisturi da budisturi religiisa da filosofiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli koncefciaa, romlis mixedviT dro cikluria da ganmeorebadi periodebisagan Sedgeba

l imsjele, sofelSi maRviZaras ise aqtiurad iyeneben, rogorc qalaqSi?

davaleba

11532. cikluri da sworxazovani dro

droisadmi damokidebuleba, iseve rogorc kulturis sxva maxasiaTeblebi, enaSi vlindeba. qarTulSi sityva „win” asocirdeba momavalTan, xolo „ukan” _ warsulTan. rodesac adamianis gamxneveba gvinda, mas veubnebiT _ ukan nu moixedav, yovelTvis win iyureo. amiT vgulisxmobT, rom igi warsulisgan unda gaTavisufldes da momavalze izrunos. magram, amasTanave, qarTul enaSi gvaqvs sityvebi _ „guSinwin“, „winaT“, „ramdenime wlis win“ _ romlebic warsul dros ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, aq SeiZleba davinaxoT dros cikluri aRqmis magaliTi, rodesac warsuli da momavali erTi mTlianobaa da rac „winaT“ _ warsulSi iyo, is dagvxvdeba „win“ _ momavalSic.

qarTuli borjRali mzis simboloa, romelic, amasTanave, drois wrebrunvas gamoxatavs. es simbolo gamosaxulia uZvelesi periodis ritualur da sayofacxovrebo nivTebze, Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturul Zeglebze da Tanamerove saxelmwifo da sxva simbolikaSi

drois cikluri aRqma gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia im sazogadoebebisaTvis, romelTa cxovreba da saqmianoba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli drois bunebriv ciklebTan. urbanul sivrceSi ki, sadac saqmianobis sxva sferoebi ganviTarda (magaliTad, vaWroba, xelosnoba, warmoeba), droisadmi gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba Camoyalibda. aseTi gageba gulisxmobs dros, rogorc sworxazovans, wrfivs, romelsac aqvs dasabami da dasasruli an, sulac, usasruloa. aseTi dro Seuqcevadia, misi dabruneba SeuZlebelia, Sesabamisad, warsulSi Cadenili qmedebebic ar eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs.

davaleba

l Zveli berZeni tragikosis agaTonis (Zv.w. 448-400) sityviT, erTaderTi ram aris miuwvdomeli RmerTisTvis: Secvalos warsuli.

Seni azriT, drois aRqmis romel koncefcias gamoxatavs agaTonis sityvebi?

amgvarad, sworxazovani drois koncefciis far-glebSi, drois swrafi svla Zalian mZafrad ganicdeba. warsuli mkafiod aris gamijnuli momavlisagan. iwyeba zrunva imisaTvis, rom samudamod gasuli warsuli daviwyebas ar mieces _ iqmneba istoria. amasTanave, drois swor-xazovani gageba gulisxmobs,

istoriuli drois xazi, romelic xazovani drois koncefcias gamoxatavs

116 msoflio kultura

1. imsjele, Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli drois aRqma cikluria Tu sworxazovani.

2. moiZie informacia qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb, romlebic dakavSirebulia sezonuri ciklebis monacvleobasTan.

3. sworxazovani drois idea bibliidan iRebs saTaves. Tumca bibliis teqstebis sxvadasxva monakveTSi drois rogorc cikluri, ise sworxazovani koncefcia vlindeba. waikiTxe fragmentebi eklesiastes wignidan da imsjele masSi asaxul drois aRqmaze.

4. daakvirdi mocemul koordinatTa sistemas da imsjele, rogor aris asaxuli enaSi drosTan damokidebuleba.

davaleba

rom momavali adamianebze, maT saqmianobazea damokidebuli, rac naklebad SeiniSneba cikluri drois koncefciaSi.

droisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben, erTi mxriv, sazogadoebebs, romelic tradiciebis SenarCunebisaken arian midrekili da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebebs, romlebic siaxleebis damkvidrebas aniWeben upiratesobas.

სკნელი

117


aRmoxdeba mze da Cadis igi, ubrundeba Tavis adgils da kvlav iqidan amobrwyindeba.

samxreTisaken mihqris qari, gabrundeba CrdiloeTisken; brunavs, brunavs, mihqris qari da ubrundeba isev Tavis wres.

yvela mdinare zRvebisaken miedineba, zRva ki mainc ar aRivseba; mdinareni saiTkenac miedinebodnen, kvlavac iqiTken miedinebian.

rac yofila, igive iqneba da rac momxdara, igive moxdeba; araferia mzis qveS axali.

naxaven rasme da ityvian: aha, axali. [magram] esec yofila Cvens winare saukuneSi.

yovelives Tavis dro aqvs da yvelafers Tavisi Jami am cisqveSeTSi.

Jami Sobisa da Jami sikvdilisa; Jami danergvisa da Jami dangreulis aRmofxvrisa.

Jami mokvdinebisa da Jami gankurnebisa; Jami ngrevisa da Jami Senebisa.

Jami tirilisa da Jami sicilisa; Jami glovisa da Jami lxinisa.

Jami qvaTa mimofantvisa da Jami maTi Segrovebisa; Jami mijnurTa paemanisa da Jami maTi gayrisa.

Jami povnisa da Jami dakargvisa; Jami Senaxvisa da Jami gaflangvisa.

Jami darRvevisa da Jami Sekervisa; Jami dumilisa da Jami ubnobisa.

Jami siyvarulisa da Jami siZulvilisa; Jami omisa da Jami mSvidobisa.

yovelive erT adgils miva; yvelaferi miwisganaa da yvelaferi miwad iqceva.

eklesiaste

32. cikluri da sworxazovani dro

118 msoflio kultura

ena, niSanTa sistemebi33

sxva biologiuri saxeobebisagan adamians, upirvelesad, ena da metyvelebis unari gamoarCevs. misi meSveobiT adamianebi erTmaneTTan urTierTobas amyareben. ena informaciis dagrovebis, swavlebisa da swavlis, TanamSromlobis, gamocdilebis gadacemis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa. cxovelTa sakomunikacio sistemebisagan ena, pirvel rigSi, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom adamiani mas biologiuri memkvidreobis saxiT ki ar iRebs, aramed swavlobs. Sesabamisad, enobrivi komunikacia, TiTqmis srulad, swavlebazea dafuZnebuli.

ena, rogorc komunikaciis ZiriTadi saSualeba, kacobriobis evoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibda. igi ar gaCenila uceb, istoriis erT konkretul etapze, aramed aTaswleulebis manZilze viTardeboda. ganviTarebis romeliRac safexurze Cvenma winaprebma daiwyes bgerebis kombinireba. gaCnda danawevrebuli metyveleba. bgeriTi sistemebi, romlebsac Cveni winaprebi iyenebdnen, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda enebad.

Sen ukve ici, ra aris simbolo, sagnebisa da movlenebis simbolizaciis unari, rasac adamianis unikalur Tvisebad miiCneven. cnobili germaneli filosofosis ernst kasireris azriT, adamiani „simboloTa badiT“ aris SemosazRvruli da am badeSi, miTosTan, xelovnebasTan, religiasTan erTad, enas wamyvani adgili uWiravs. ena simboloTa sistemaa. am simboloebis _ sityvebis _mniSvneloba gaziarebulia konkretuli sazogadoebis wevrTa mier, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gasagebia am sazogadoebis wevrebisaTvis. rogorc enaTmecnierebi varaudoben, dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT 5-6 aTas sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben. metyvelebis unari, romelic enis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, adamianis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi umTavresi niSania, romlis saSualebiT gamovTqvamT azrebs, sityvieri formiT gamovxatavT grZnobebs.

komunikacia (laT. communicare _ sayovelTaod gaxdoma) _ aris kavSiris damyarebis, codnis an informaciis gadacemis procesi or an mraval individs, jgufs Tu kulturas Soris.

ernst kasireri

119

adamianebi aseve xSirad iyeneben niSanTa enas. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba is sistemebic, romlebiTac smenadaqveiTebuli da metyvelebis unars moklebuli adamianebi sargebloben komunikaciis procesSi. es sistemebi moicavs sabaziso Jestebis SezRudul raodenobas, romelic salaparako enaSi gamoyenebul bgerebs Seesabameba. maTi kombinirebis Sedegad yalibdeba sityvebi da mniSvnelobebi.

arsebobs saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli niSanTa sistemebi, romelTa gareSe Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianTa urTierToba Zalian Zneli iqneboda. isini Tanabrad gasagebia qarTvelisa da frangisTvis, Cinelisa da brazilielisTvis _

33.ena, niSanTa sistemebi

me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, roca ivane javaxiSvili, TanamoazreebTan erTad, qarTuli universitetis daarsebisaTvis iRvwoda, qarTuli samecniero terminologia, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobda. misi Seqmna universitetis mecnierTa pirveli Taobebis damsaxurebaa. „Cven unda CamovayaliboT mecnieruli WeSmaritebani im enaze, romelzec gavigoneT dedis alersi da warmovTqviT pirveli sityva. es iqneba im didi kulturis aRorZineba, romelic winaprebma dagvitoves“, aRniSnavda universitetis pirveli reqtori petre meliqiSvili. swored am droidan damkvidrda mecnierebasa da yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi dRes farTod gavrcelebuli terminebi _ Jangbadi, wyalbadi, mJava, tute, naerTi, zeJangi, rkinigza, uReltexili, gantoleba, asanTi da sxva.

axal terminebs, qarTuli enis bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qmnidnen ilia WavWavaZe da me-19 saukunis sxva qarTveli moRvaweebi. magaliTad, iliam daamkvidra sityvebi: Sinaarsi, TvalTaxedva, uaryofa, ufleba, mmarTveloba, rwmuneba, kacobrioba, erovneba, mTavroba da zogi sxva, akakis ekuTvnis Sexmatkbileba, gaiZvera, bobola, niko nikolaZes _ liandagi, orTqlmavali. am sityvebis nawili Zveli qarTulidan iyo aRebuli, nawili iqmneboda arsebuli Zirebis gamoyenebiT.

istoriul da socialur cvlilebebTan erTad, ena mudmivad viTardeba. Cndeba axali sityvebi, icvleba maTi mniSvneloba. magaliTad, regveni Zvel qarTulSi axalgazrdasa da gamoucdels niSnavda, dRes ki sulelis, briyvis mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. icvleba ara marto literaturuli ena, aramed yofiTi metyvelebac: Jargoni, romelsac Tqveni mSoblebi iyenebdnen, SesaZloa, TqvenTvis sruliad gaugebari iyos da piriqiT.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ena kulturis „saxlia“: igi asaxavs kulturaSi arsebul yvela warmodgenas, Sexedulebas, damokidebulebas, tradicias. TiToeuli Cvengani samyaros aRiqvams mSobliuri enis meSveobiT, romelSic Tavmoyrilia TaobaTa codna da gamocdileba.

piqtograma (laT. pictos _ daxatuli, berZn. grama _ Canaweri) _ pirobiTi niSani, naxati;

piqtografia _ xatovani damwerloba.

120 msoflio kultura

yvelasTvis, visac saqmiani an diplomatiuri misiiT, saswavleblad, samuSaod Tu turistad mogzauroba uwevs. am niSnebs piqtogramebs uwodeben.

da bolos, niSanTa sistemebs ganekuTvneba sxvadasxva mecnierebaSi gamoyenebuli simboloebi, sanoto sistema, morzes anbani da sxva, romelTac aseve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

sanoto niSnebi

saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli niSnebi _ piktogramebi

sagzao niSnebi maTematikuri simboloebi

121

l niSanTa kidev romel sistemebs icnob?

davaleba

kiTxva

1. moifiqre da moiZie qarTuli sityvebi, romelTa mniSvneloba droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala.

2. CamoTvale dRes gamoyenebuli sityvebi, romlebic ucvlelad gadmovida sxva enebidan.

davaleba

33.ena, niSanTa sistemebi

122 msoflio kultura

enis `tyveobaSi~34

ena nebismieri kulturis aucilebeli

komponentia. adamiani samyaros swored

enis meSveobiT aRiqvams da enisave

meSveobiT qmnis mis suraTs; rogorc

mecnierebi amboben, enaSi kodirebulia

arsebuli sinamdvile. ras niSnavs es?

mivmarToT magaliTs.

Cven ferad samyaroSi vcxovrobT _ xiluli sinamdvile uamravi feris sagnebisa Tu

sivrceebis saxiT gvexateba. magram fizikosisaTvis feri _ es aris sxvadasxva sixSiris

eleqtromagnituri gamosxiveba, e.w. speqtri, romelsac aRiqvams adamianis Tvali da

Sesabamis signalebs gadascems tvins. tvini ki miRebul informacias ferebad „alagebs“

_ garkveuli sixSiris talRebs erT ferad aRiqvams, sxvas _ sxva ferad. magram ra

fers ra saxeli daerqvas, amas tvins ena karnaxobs. qarTul da bevr sxva enaSi Svidi

ZiriTadi feris aRmniSvneli sityva arsebobs: wiTeli, narinjisferi, yviTeli, mwvane,

cisferi, lurji, iisferi. magram zog enebSi ZiriTad ferTa ricxvi sxvaa. arsebobs

enebi, romlebSic mTeli speqtri sul or feradaa dayofili. es ar niSnavs, rom amgvar

enebze molaparake adamianebi Cvenze uaresad arCeven ferebs; ubralod, maTi enebi

sxvanairad axdenen samyaros erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTeblis _ feris _

kodirebas.

adamianisTvis imdeni feri arsebobs, ramdenis aRmniSvneli sityvac aris mis

mSobliur enaSi. cnobilia, rom inglisurSi ferebis aRmniSvneli naklebi sityvaa,

vidre zogierT sxva enaSi, Tundac qarTulSi. Tu qarTulSi cisfer da lurj ferebs

vasxvavebT, inglisurSi es ori feri erTi sityviT (blue) aRiniSneba.

gadavinacvloT Tvalidan yurze. mTel msoflioSi mamlebi daaxloebiT erTnairad

yivian, magram qarTulad molaparakeebs es yivili gvesmis rogorc „yiy-li-yo“,

ingliselebs „qoq-e-dudl-du“, rusebs _ „ku-ka-re-ku“, Cinelebs _ „go-ge-go-go“,

sparselebs _ „qu-qu-li-qu“, somxebs _ „wu-Rru-Ru“, filipinelebs _ „tik-ti-la-ok“

da a.S. rogorc xedav, yvela am mibaZviT sityvaSi raRac saerToa, magram gansxvavebac

bevria; es imis maCvenebelia, rom sxvadasxva enaSi erTi da igive mocemulobis (Cvens

SemTxvevaSi _ mamlis yivilis) kodireba SeiZleba gansxvavebulad moxdes.

rasakvirvelia, zemoTqmuli exeba ara marto ferebsa da bgerebs, aramed ufro

rTul cnebebsa da faseulobebs; sabolood ki gamodis, rom ena Tavisebur „tyveobaSi“

aqcevs adamians _ igi „iZulebulia“, ise aRiqvas sinamdvile, rogorc amas ena karnaxobs,

rogorc es sinamdvile kodirebulia enaSi.

kodireba _ procesi, romlis Sedegad informacia gardaiqmneba simboloebad da konkretuli mniSvnelobis matarebeli xdeba.

123

bibliuri Tqmuleba babilonis godolis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems, Tu rogor alaparakdnen adamianebi sxvadasxva enaze. mecnierebma ar ician enis warmoSobis zusti dro. ar viciT, hqonda Tu ara rodesme kacobriobas saerTo ena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arseboben monaTesave enebi, TiToeuli maTgani unikaluri da TviTmyofadia. lingvistebi miuTiTeben, rom erTi enis sxvadasxva variantis Camoyalibebaze did gavlenas axdens konkretuli kultura. magaliTad, inglisuri mSobliuri enaa ingliselebisa da amerikelebisaTvis, avstralielebisa da

samxreT afrikelebisaTvis, magram isini am enis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebul versiebs iyeneben.

34.enis `tyveobaSi~

sainteresoa evropuli klasikuri nawarmoebebis _ msoflio literaturis Sedevrebis _ Targmanebi sxvadasxva (ZiriTadad aRmosavlur) enaze. mTargmnelebi iZulebuli iyvnen, gaeTvaliswinebinaT ama Tu im enis da, Sesabamisad, kulturis Taviseburebebi Targmanis Sesrulebis dros, sxvagvarad mkiTxvels misi aRqma gauWirdeboda. amgvarad Seiqmna originaluri saxelwodebebis nawarmoebebi, romelTa dedanTan dakavSireba, erTi SexedviT, Zalian rTulia. ai, ramdenime maTgani: hariet biCer sTous „biZia Tomas qoxi“ Cinurad ase iTargmna _ „Savi mona cas SehRaRadebs“; servantesis „don kixoti“ _ „raindi satanis cxovrebis aRwerad“ iqca; iaponiaSi gamocemul puSkinis „kapitnis qaliSvils“ grZeli da poeturi saxeli daerqva _ „yvavilis guli da peplis suli. saocari ambebi ruseTidan“; lev tolstois „omi da mSvidobis“ saTauris Targmani ki Semdegnairia: „yvavilTa glova da mwuxare tirifebi, anu saSineli brZolebis sisxliani nakvalevi CrdiloeT evropaSi“.

rogorc ukve ici, ena komunikaciis ZiriTadi saSualebaa. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi am funqcias ar asrulebs, an nawilobriv asrulebs, rTulia sazogadoebaze, rogorc mTlian da unikalur organizmze saubari. amis naTeli magaliTi Cveni qveynis istoriaSic gvxvdeba: swored qarTuli enis funqciis problema afiqrebdaT „Tergdaleulebs“ me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebSi. ilia da misi Tanamoazreebi miiCnevdnen, rom am periodamde arsebuli saliteraturo qarTuli ena sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilisTvis _aristokratiisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. es, Tavis mxriv, arTulebda socialur fenebs Soris komunikacias, rac sazogadoebis erTianobis safuZvelia. „TergdaleulTa“ iniciativiT gatarda enis reforma, xmarebidan amoiRes ramdenime aso-niSani, riTac igi gacilebiT moqnili da yvelasTvis misawvdomi gaxda. qarTuli enis is forma, romelzec dRes Cven vsaubrobT da vwerT, am epoqidan iRebs saTaves. Tu Seadareb enis reformamde da reformis Semdeg daweril poetur da prozaul nimuSebs, gansxvavebas TvalnaTliv dainaxav.

piter breigeli (1525-1569). babilonis godoli.

124 msoflio kultura

mSobliuri enis kategoriebi, gramatikuli formebi da leqsikuri maragi gansazRvravs adamianis azrovnebas, mis qcevas da garesamyarosadmi damokidebulebas. es mosazreba cnobil amerikel mecnierebs eduard sepirsa (1884-1939) da benjamen li uorfs (1897-1941) ekuTvnis. ena gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor yalibdeba da gamoixateba azri. Cven ar SegviZlia viazrovnoT sakuTari enis „miRma“, CvenTvis samyaro iseTia, rogoradac misi aRqmis SesaZleblobas ena gvaZlevs. magaliTad, im xalxis enaSi, sadac Zlieri naTesauri kavSirebi arsebobs, naTesavis aRmniSvneli bevri sxvadasxva sityvaa. Tu qarTulSi ganvasxvavebT deidas, mamidas, bicolas, inglisurSi maT mxolod erTi sityviT moixsenieben _ aunt. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mazlTan da qvislTan, an rZalTan da mulTan dakavSirebiT, inglisur enaSi msgavsi dayofa ar gvxvdeba, yvela maTgans aRniSnaven sityvebiT „brother-in-law“ da „sister-in-law“.

b. uorfi ikv-levda CrdiloeT amerikis adgilob-riv mosaxleobas, kerZod, amerikeli indielebis toms _ hopis. man aRmo-aCina, rom am tomis enaSi ar moiZebneba

sxvadasxva droiTi kategoriis aRmniSvneli gramatikuli formebi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maT ar aqvT sityvebi, romlebic aRniSnaven warsuls, awmyos da momavals. es faqti gviC-venebs, rom hopis tomis warmomadgenlebs dro-isadmi friad Taviseburi damokidebuleba aqvT.

amgvarad, Cven sakuTari enis erTgvar „tyveobaSi“ vimyofebiT. SeiZleba Tu ara am „tyveobisagan“ Tavis daRweva? ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba. yoveli axali enis Seswavla axali samyaros Secnobaa, rac avsebs da afarToebs adamianis msoflmxedvelobas. erTi sityviT, rogorc didma germanelma poetma goeTem Tqva, „ramdeni enac ici, imdeni kaci xar“.

eduard sepiri

benjamen li uorfi

hopis tomi

125

enis codna ar niSnavs mxolod sityvebis mniSvnelobisa da gramatikis wesebis daswavlas. magaliTad, iranSi dRemde arsebobs “zrdilmetyvelebis” metad Taviseburi instituti, e. w. “Taarofi”, romelic gulisxmobs da gvaswavlis imas, Tu ra pasuxi unda miagebo SenTvis naTqvam komplimentsa Tu keTil sityvas. Tu es ar ici, sparsuli rac ar unda kargad icode, iraneli, rogorc uzrdels, laparaks didxans mainc ar gagibams. magaliTad: roca geubnebian, rom sparsulad kargad laparakob an lamazad gamoiyurebi, Sen ueWvelad unda uTxra: „Tqveni Tvalebi lamazad xedaveno“. an kidev: roca romelime qalbatoni SemTxveviT zurgiT aRmoCndeba da amis gamo sazogadoebas bodiSs mouxdis, rogorc wesi, zrdilobiani kaci miugebs: „ras brZanebT, qalbatono, vards zurgi da piri ara aqvso!“

giorgi lobJaniZe, aRmosavleTmcodne

l ramdeni sxvadasxva sityviT aRiniSneba qarTulsa da SenTvis cnobil romelime sxva enaSi wvima? ganTiadi? Seni azriT, raze miuTiTebs es gansxvaveba?

kiTxva

1. saskolo programidan gaixsene me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi qarTveli mwerlebisa da poetebis mier Seqmnili nawarmoebebi (magaliTad, qarTvel romantikosTa leqsebi) da Seadare isini „Tergdaleulebis“ (i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli da sxva) nawarmoebebs. imsjele maT Soris arsebul enobriv msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze.

2. waikiTxe sareklamo sloganebi da ecade axsna, ram gamoiwvia aseTi paradoqsuli Targmanebi? romeli faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba gamorCaT sareklamo kampaniis dros?

kentukis Semwvari qaTmebi CineTSi. slogani _”TiTebs Caikvnet, iseTi gemrielia” _iTargmna ase : ”moiWame Seni TiTebi”.

pepsi taivanSi. slogani: „gamococxldi pepsis TaobasTan erTad“ gardaiqmna frazad: ”pepsi gaacocxlebs Sens winaprebs”.

sigareti salemi iaponiaSi. slogani: ”salemi _ SeigrZeni Tavisufleba”. Targmani: ”salemis mowevisas ise gamococxlebulad grZnob Tavs, TiTqos Seni goneba Tavisufali da carielia”.

fordis avtomobili ”kaliente” meqsikaSi. rodesac aRmoCnda, rom manqanebi ar iyideboda, kompaniam gaarkvia, rom “caliente” Jargoni iyo da ”meZavs” aRniSnavda.

jeneral motorsis avtomobilma ”nova” seriozuli fiasko ganicada centralur da samxreT amerikaSi. espanurad “no va” niSnavs ”is ar dadis”.

amerikis aviaxazebma gadawyvita pirveli klasis salonis tyavis savarZlebis reklamireba meqsikur bazarze. slogani ”ifrine tyavSi” (“Fly in leather”) sityvasityviT gadaTargmnes, es ki espanurad niSnavs ”ifrine SiSvelma” (“vuela en cuero”).

davaleba

34.enis `tyveobaSi~

126 msoflio kultura

araverbaluri komunikacia35

adamianisTvis ena ar aris komunikaciis erTaderTi saSualeba. urTierTobis procesSi mosaubris ganwyoba, garda sityvebisa, mimikiT, JestebiT da sxva niSnebiT gamoixateba. mniSvnelovania ara marto is, Tu ra aris naTqvami, aramed isic, Tu rogor aris naTqvami. Cven viyenebT komunikaciis verbalur (sityvier) da araverbalur gzebs, raTa gamovxatoT enTuziazmi, mowyeniloba, mwuxareba, mxiaruleba da a.S. kultura gvaswavlis garkveul manerebs da stils, romelic Tan unda axldes ama Tu im saxisa da Sinaarsis saubars.

zogierTi emocia, magaliTad _ sixaruli, mwuxareba, gaoceba, SiSi, gabrazeba, sevda _ yvela kulturaSi met-naklebad erTnairad gamoixateba da aRiqmeba. magram sxvadasxva kultura gansxvavebulad gansazRvravs imas, Tu ramdenad TavSekavebiT an Riad unda gamoixatos emociebi. magaliTad, zogierTi sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi mxiarulebas, sxvebTan SedarebiT, ufro TavSekavebulad gamoxataven; zogierT kulturaSi kacebi naklebad icinian, vidre qalebi. Rimilis da moRuSvis xangrZlivoba gavlenas axdens adamianebis garegnobasa da ierze (magaliTad, saxeze naoWebis sixSireze da a.S.). erTTaTvis ufro mravlismetyvelia mosaubris Tvalebi, meoreni met yuradRebas aqceven warbebis an piris moZraobas.

SenTan sasaubro maqvs, _ mimarTavs aRmosavleli mamakaci amerikel meuRles. _ SeiZleba raRac gkiTxo?

_ ra Tqma unda.

_ xandaxan, roca me da Sen vsaubrobT, Sen laparaks wyvet, kbilebs maCveneb, Tvalebs Wutav da mere isev agrZeleb laparaks. ai, ase _ da igi cdilobs mimikis gameorebas.

_ mere ra? ase Cems bednier da xalisian ganwyobas gamovxatav, mixaria, rom erTad varT da sasiamovno Temebze vsaubrobT.

_ uh! _ SvebiT amoisunTqa kacma. _ me ki megona, es tiki1 iyo da SeiZleboda Cvens Svilebze gadasuliyo. TqvenSi es normalurad iTvleba? es iseTi arabunebrivia!

1 tiki _ gaukontrolebeli, uneblie moZraoba an qmedeba

127

bevr kulturaSi Tavis vertikaluri moZraoba ar niSnavs raimeze Tanxmobas, iseve rogorc horizontaluri moZraoba yovelTvis ar aRniSnavs raimes uaryofas (magaliTad, bulgarelebTan da sxva xalxebTan Tavis aseTi moZraoba, Cvengan gansxvavebiT, Tanxmobas gamoxatavs). brazilielebi sakuTar uaryofiT damokidebulebas TiTis daqneviT gamoxataven. amerikelebi da bevri sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi raimeze misaTiTeblad TiTebs iyeneben, madagaskaris

macxovreblebi ki tuCebis moZraobiT uTiTeben.

rogor amyareben erTmaneTTan urTierTobas cxovelebi? rogor gadascemen isini informacias?

Jesti, mimika da sxeulis moZraoba, rac adamianisaTvis komunikaciis damxmare saSualebaa, cxovelebisaTvis urTierTobis erT-erTi mTavari formaa. magaliTad, ZaRlebi kudis qiciniT keTilganwyobas gamoxataven, kbilebis dakreWiT _ muqaras, mamali farSevangi kudis gaSliT mdedris moxiblvas cdilobs, mdedri

cicinaTelebi mamrebis mosaxiblad ganaTebis sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTaven. futkrebi gzavnian mzveravebs, romlebic eZeben neqtriT mdidar adgilebs; skaSi dabrunebis Semdeg isini asruleben moZraobebs, romelsac Cven futkrebis cekvas vuwodebT. mzveravebi saocari sizustiT gadascemen muSa-futkrebs sakvebis adgilmdebareobas, agreTve imas, Tu ramdeni „sawvavi“ daexarjebaT maT iq misaRwevad: skidan gamofrenamde muSa-futkrebi aucileblad iReben sazrdod garkveuli raodenobis Tafls, raTa Zalebi moikribon.

garda amisa, cxovelebi komunikaciisaTvis bgeriT sistemebsac iyeneben, isini moicaven bgeraTa garkveul raodenobas. adamianis msgavsi maimunebis bgeriTi sistemebi SedarebiT srulyofilia, Tumca maT SeZaxilebs sityvebad ver miviCnevT.

35.araverbaluri komunikacia

128 msoflio kultura

Simpanzeebs da gorilebs aqvT elementaruli enobrivi SesaZleblobebi. mecnierTa mier Catarebuli cdebi aCvenebs, rom maT SeuZliaT Jestebis enis safuZvlebis Seswavla da gamoyeneba, Tumca es adamianebis Carevis Sedegad xdeba da ara bunebrivad. magaliTad, gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi Simpanzes Seaswavles amerikuli niSnebis ena, pirvel etapze Simpanzem TandaTanobiT Seiswavla 100-ze meti niSani, romlebic inglisuri sityvebis analogebs warmoadgendnen, Semdeg ki, maTi kombinirebis Sedegad, SeZlo elementaruli winadadebebis awyoba. gabrazebisas igi iyenebda SeZenil codnas da sxva maimunebs Seuracxmyofeli „gamoTqmebiT“ mimarTavda, magaliTad - „binZuri maimunebi“ da a.S. Tanamedrove eqsperimentebma cxadyo, rom maimunebs SeuZliaT iswavlon enis calkeuli elementebi, magram ara saubari.

maimunebisTvis salaparako enis swavlebis mcdelobebma aCvena, rom maTi enobrivi SesaZleblobebi mwiria. 1950-ian wlebSi amerikelTa ojaxma gazarda Simpanze, saxelad viki, rogorc sakuTari ojaxis wevri, magram, miuxedavad amisa, man mxolod oTxi sityvis daswavla SeZlo (“mama”, “papa”, “up” da “cup”).

kiTxva

1. ra emocias gamoxatavs TiToeul suraTze gamosaxuli mimika?

2. zoologiis kursidan da mxatvruli literaturidan gaixsene, ra saSualebebs iyeneben cxovelebi komunikaciisaTvis.

3. SeuZlia Tu ara cxovels adamianTan komunikacia? moiyvane amis magaliTebi.

129

davaleba

1. moswavleebi iyofian jgufebad. TiToeuli jgufi warmoadgens patara siuJets Jestebis gamoyenebiT, danarCenma jgufebma unda amoicnon Sinaarsi.

2. moZebne mxatvrul literaturaSi araverbaluri komunikaciis gamoyenebis epizodebi da amowere isini rveulSi.

damatebiTi informaciaram SeiZleba gamoiwvios gaugebroba sxva kulturiswarmomadgenelTan urTierTobaSi

l zemoT aweuli cera TiTi msoflios zogierT nawilSi niSnavs _ yvelaferi kargadaa, maSin rodesac zogierT muslimur qveyanaSi (aseve sardiniaSi) is aRiqmeba, rogorc Seuracxymyofeli niSani. safrangeTSi da zogierT evropul qveyanaSi zemoT mimarTuli cera TiTi aRniSnavs erTs, maSin rodesac sxva qveynebSi „erTis“ gamosaxatad saCvenebeli TiTi gamoiyeneba. indoeTsa da indoneziaSi ki is niSnavs _ gisurveb yovelive saukeTesos.

l yvelaferi kargadaa dasavleT evropis qveynebSi xSirad gamoixateba SeerTebuli cera da saCvenebeli TiTiT, romlebic kravs aso O-s. koreaSi da iaponiaSi ki es niSnavs axla droa fulze vilaparakoT, samxreT safrangeTSi aRniSnavs arafers, raRacas, rasac ar aqvs Rirebuleba. saberZneTsa, TurqeTsa da braziliaSi es Jesti vulgarulad miiCneva.

l amerikaSi da arabul qveynebSi pauzebi sityvebs Soris ar aris xangrZlivi, indoeTSi, indoneziasa da iaponiaSi ki gaxangrZlivebuli siCume savsebiT misaRebia. iq fuWad molaparake cudad aRzrdil adamianad miiCneva, romelsac uWirs Tavis gakontroleba.

l sicili TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi dakavSirebulia bednierebasa da mxiarulebasTan, xolo iaponiaSi is xSirad dabneulobisa da daucvelobis gancdas gamoxatavs.

l bevr kulturaSi, ufrosebTan an ufro maRali socialuri statusis mqone adamianTan saubrisas maTTvis Tvalis arideba pativiscemis niSania, xolo, magaliTad, evropaSi TvaliT kontaqti yuradRebis gamoCenad aRiqmeba.

35.araverbaluri komunikacia

130 msoflio kultura

qaRaldi Cinelma cai lunma gamoigona ax. w. 105 wels, daaxloebiT ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg, igi ukve bevr adgilas gamoiyeneboda centralur CineTSi. me-8 saukunis bolodan qaRaldis warmoeba farTod gavrcelda arabul samyaroSi. evropelebs qaRaldi arabebma gaacnes, 1150 wels qaRaldis pirveli sawarmo aages espaneTSi da amis Semdeg misma warmoebam evropaSic moikida fexi.

kulturis difuzia36

yovel diliT viRviZebT sawolSi, romlis winamorbedi odesRac axlo aRmosavleTSi Seiqmna, Semdeg ki Tanamedrove saxe evropaSi miiRo; gvaxuravs sabani, romlis damzadebis teqnologia aseve axlo aRmosavleTidan modis. sauzmis dros

viyenebT Cinuri faifurisagan damzadebul TefSs, rkinis danas, romelic pirvelad indoeTSi gaakeTes, Cangals da kovzs, romlebic Sua saukuneebis evropaSi Seiqmna. egvipturi „warmomavlobis“ minis fanjridan gavxedavT aminds da, Tu wvims, saxlidan gasvlisas Tan centralur aziaSi gamogonil qolgas waviRebT.

rogorc vxedavT, Cven yoveldRiurad viyenebT uamrav nivTs, romlebic sxvadasxva kulturaSi Seiqmna, Tumca dRes Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens.

uZvelesi periodidan moyolebuli, kul-turis elementebi _ wes-Cveulebebi, rwmena-warmodgenebi, teqnologiebi, religia, ena da a.S. _ mudmivad vrceldeboda erTi kulturidan meoreSi. am process kulturis difuzia ewodeba. kulturis zogierTi elementi universaluri swored difuziis procesis Sedegad gaxda. magaliTad, miCneulia, rom daaxloebiT 10 aTasi wlis win miwaTmoqmedeba axlo aRmosavleTidan mTel evraziis kontinentze gavrcelda. aseve cnobili magaliTia liTonis dnobis teqnologiis sayovelTao gavrceleba. kulturis difuzias xels uwyobda migracia, savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, omebi.

ganasxvaveben kulturaTa pirdapir da arapirdapir difuzias. pirdapiri difuziis dros sxvadasxva kulturis matarebeli sazogadoebebi xangrZlivi drois manZilze Tanacxovroben da kulturaTa difuzia uSualo kontaqtis Sedegia. magaliTad, qristefore kolumbis mier amerikis kontinentis aRmoCenamde evropelebisaTvis ucnobi iyo kartofili, pomidori, gogra, simindi, lobio, Tambaqo, aseve indauri. amerikis adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ki evropelTa wyalobiT gaecno cxens, Zroxas, cxvars, futkars, stafilos, yavas... pirdapiri kontaqtis dros ama Tu im kulturis elementebs pirvelad uSualo mezoblebi iTviseben, Semdeg isini TandaTanobiT ufro Sors vrceldeba.

uZvelesi metalurgebi

cai luni

difuzia _ gavrceleba, gavrcoba, SeRweva

13136.kulturis difuzia

msoflios mravali qveynis restornebSi gagimaspinZldebian „befstroganoviT“ (beef - Zroxis xorci), Tumca cota vinmem Tu icis, rom am gemrieli kerZis saxeli rus graf aleqsandre grigoris Ze stroganovs ukavSirdeba. me-19 saukuneSi mas odesaSi hqonia kvebis obieqti _ „Ria sufra“, sadac Sesvla Tavisufali iyo nebismieri ganaTlebuli da wesierad Cacmuli adamianisaTvis. maT iq swored am kerZiT umaspinZldebodnen: es iyo swrafad da iolad mosamzadebeli, amave dros, noyieri da gemrieli sadili. Semdeg igi mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda da, ama Tu im qveynis kulinariuli tradiciebis Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva saxe miiRo.

rogorc cnobilia, dRes msoflioSi sportis yvelaze popularuli saxeoba _ fexburTi _ britaneTSi warmoiSva. miuxedavad amisa, bevrma fexburTis samSoblod, SeiZleba, brazilia daasa-xelos. es imitom, rom fexburTi brazi-lieli xalxis kulturisa da yofis ganuyofel nawilad iqca da es qveyana, garda ulamazesi sanapiroebisa, swored fexburTiT aris cnobili msoflioSi.

ukanasknel periodSi kulturaTa arapirdapiri difuzia globalizaciis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iqca. sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, radiom, televiziam da internetma sxvadasxva kulturis matarebel adamianebs arapirdapiri kontaqtis saSualeba misca. amis Sedegia dasavluri kulturis mzardi gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, vcxovrobT Tu ara dasavleTSi da gvaqvs Tu ara masTan uSualo kontaqti.

zogjer kulturis esa Tu is elementi, warmoSobis adgilze metad, mimReb kulturasTan asocirdeba.

quCis fexburTi braziliaSi

difuziis procesis Sedegad kulturis yvela elementi erTnairad ar vrceldeba. zogi maTgani SedarebiT umtkivneulod mkvidrdeba, radgan ar ewinaaRmdegeba adgilobriv tradiciebs, faseulobebs, normebs, socialur garemos, zogi ki seriozul winaaRmdegobas awydeba, cxovrebis damkvidrebul wesTan SeuTavseblobis gamo da misi damkvidreba met dros moiTxovs. magaliTad, moduri mokle varcxniloba, romelic Zalian popularuli iyo amerikel qalbatonebSi 1920-ian wlebSi, adgilobriv indiel qalebs Soris ar gavrcelda. mizezi martivi iyo: indielebi, tradiciulad, Tmas glovis dros iWridnen da amgvari varcxniloba maTTvis sikvdilTan asocirdeboda.

davaleba

1. moiZie kulturis pirdapiri da arapirdapiri difuziis magaliTebi.

2. gaixsene „aisbergis modeli“ da imsjele, kulturis romeli elementebis difuzia xdeba ufro swrafad?

132 msoflio kultura

asimilacia37

asimilacia niSnavs ori sxvadasxva kulturis urTierTqmedebas, romlis Sedegadac erT-erTi maTgani kargavs sakuTar saxes da STainTqmeba meoris mier. me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi es termini amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaCnda da „amerikanizaciis“ sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda; igi adgilobrivi amerikelebis (indi-elTa) kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis Secvlisaken mimarTul politikas aRniS-

navda. SemdgomSi terminis mniSvneloba gafarTovda, dRes igi, zogadad, kulturuli TviTmyofadobis dakargvasa da sxvasTan Serwymas gulisxmobs.

asimilacia xangrZlivi procesia da zogjer ramdenime Taobas moicavs. rogorc wesi, asimilacias ganicdian umciresobaTa jgufebi, agreTve migrantebi, romlebic TandaTan iTviseben umravlesobis faseulobebsa da zne-Cveulebebs. miCneulia, rom sruli asimilacia iSviaTi movlenaa. ufro xSirad xdeba kulturaTa calkeuli elementebis gaqroba an Sereva.

modi, asimilaciis procesi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze ganvixiloT.

imigraciam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mravali eTnikuri jgufis saerTo sam-Soblod aqcia. oskar hendlini _ Tanamedrove amerikeli istorikosi _ werda: „erTxel me gadavwyvite, damewera imigraciis istoria amerikaSi, magram Semdeg aRmovaCine, rom imigracia Tavad aris amerikis istoria“.

asimilacia (laT. assimilatio) _ damsgavseba, STanTqma.

amerikanizacia _ termini, romelic 1907 wlidan gamoiyeneba da aRniSnavs aSS kulturisa da politikis gavlenas sxva qveynebze. xSirad miiCneva, rom es gavlena safrTxes uqmnis adgilobriv kulturul tradiciebs.

aSS saxelmwifo beWedze laTinuri warweraa: E Pluribus Unum _ erTi mravlisagan. es fraza, faqtobrivad, aSS devizad iTvleboda 1956 wlamde, roca kongresma oficialur devizad aRiara In God We Trust _ Cven gvwams RmerTis. E Pluribus Unum amerikul monetebzecaa warwerili. es fraza 13 asos Seicavs, rac simbolurad gamoxatavda 13 kolonias, romlebic amerikis SeerTebul Statebad Camoyalibda. „rkinis ledis“ saxeliT cnobilma britaneTis yofilma premier ministrma margaret tetCerma SeerTebul StatebTan dakavSirebiT erTxel aRniSna, rom „arc erT sxva erSi ar gvxvdeba sxvadasxva rasisa da naciis esoden warmatebuli gaerTianeba saerTo kulturiT“.

aSS saxelmwifo beWedi

13337.asimilacia

amerikelebis, rogorc mravali sxvadasxva war -momavlobis xalxisagan Semdgari eris idea gamoixa-teboda farTod gavrcelebuli metaforiT _ „sadnobi Rumeli“ (melting pot), romelic me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gaCnda da kulturuli gaerTgvarovnebis TiTqosda umtkivneulo process asaxavda. amerikis sazogadoeba ganixileboda uzarmazar „SemoqmedebiT laboratoriad“, sadac sxvadasxva kulturuli tradicia erTmaneTs ereoda da „gadaidnoboda“ axal kulturad, am „RumelSi“ moxvedrili ingliselebi, frangebi, germanelebi, irlandielebi Tu italielebi TandaTan kargavdnen sakuTar kulturul identobas da erTian sazogadoebad yalibdebodnen.

amerikaSi, evropel imigrantebTan da sxvadasxva dros afrikis kontinentidan Seyvanil SavkanianebTan erTad, adgilob-riv amerikelTa mravali sxvadasxva tomi cxovrobda. es ukanasknelni iZulebuli iyvnen, TandaTan daetovebinaT TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebi, bevri maTgani epidemiebis Sedegad, Setakebebisa Tu ajanyebebis dros daiRupa, zogi tomi mTlianad gawyda, nawili ki asimilirda. me-18 saukunis bolodan aSS xelisufleba cdilobda adgilobrivi amerikelebis ganaTlebis xelSewyobas, maT „civilizebas“ da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTvas. es politika xels uwyobda bunebriv asimilacias.

me-20 saukunis 70-iani wlebSi aSS xelisuflebam miiRo „aqti indielTa TviTgamorkvevisa da ganaTlebis xel-Sewyobis Sesaxeb“. dRes SeerTebul StatebSi federaluri mTavrobis mier aRiarebuli 562 satomo TviTmmarTveloba arsebobs. aRiarebis mosapoveblad saWiroa warmomavlobis dasabuTeba, rac arcTu iolia.

adgilobrivi amerikelebi Tanamedrove aSS mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.8% Seadgenen da TiTqmis SeumCnevelni arian mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis. isini cdiloben sakuTari kulturis gadarCenili elementebis SenarCunebas, dakargulis aRdgenas da axalgazrda TaobisaTvis gadacemas.

adgilobrivi amerikelebis fotoebi 1868-1924 wlebSi

amerikuli sadnobi Rumeli

134 msoflio kultura

gsmenia jorj balanCinis Sesaxeb?

misi namdvili saxeli giorgi balanCivaZe gaxldaT. igi cnobili qarTveli kompozitorisa da sazogado moRvawis meliton balanCivaZis Svili da aseve cnobili kompozitoris andria balanCivaZis Zma iyo. meliton balanCivaZe wyaltubosTan axlos, sofel banojaSi daibada, dakrZalulia quTaisSi, bagratis taZris ezoSi. igi qarTuli saopero musikis erT-erTi fuZemdebelia. andria balanCivaZe ki sankt-peterburgSi daibada da TbilisSi gardaicvala, dakrZalulia didubis sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi.

giorgi balanCivaZe, SemdgomSi jorj balanCini, 1904 wels daibada sankt-peterburgSi da 1983 wels niu-iorkSi gardaicvala. daamTavra petrogradis

konservatoria, iyo petrogradis1 operisa da baletis akademiuri Teatris msaxiobi. 1924 wels sazRvargareT gaemgzavra. jer safrangeTis sabaleto dasebSi moRvaweobda, 1933 wels miiwvies SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac Seqmna amerikuli sabaleto skola da dasi `niu iork siTi balei~. dadgmuli aqvs 160-ze meti sabaleto speqtakli buenos-airesis, kopenhagenis, londonis, milanis da sxva qalaqebis TeatrebSi. jorj balanCini Tanamedroveobis udides qoreografad da amerikis klasikuri baletis fuZemdebladaa aRiarebuli.

l moiZie saTanado masala da dawere mcire Txzuleba „Caina Taunisa“ (Chinatown) da „liTl italis“ (Little Italy) Sesaxeb. sad da rogor Camoyalibda isini, ras warmoadgenen dRes?

kiTxvebi

l dRes imigrantebi, rogorc wesi, ufro myarad inarCuneben sakuTar kulturul normebsa da faseulobebs. imsjele, ra ganapirobebs amas?

diskusia

1. msoflio istoriidan gaixsene asimilaciis magaliTebi da daasabuTe Seni arCevani.

2. SegiZlia moiyvano magaliTebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, roca ucxo kulturuli jgufi asimilirdeboda qarTul garemoSi?

3. gaixsene periodebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, roca qarTul kulturas asimilaciis safrTxe emuqreboda.

davaleba


jorj balanCini

1 pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg sankt-peterburgis saxelis germanuli forma rusuliT Seicvala da petrogradi ewoda.

13538.masobrivi kultura

masobrivi kultura 38

„Tanamedrove epoqa brendebs Soris gamarTuli samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZo lis velia“, werda erT-erTi internet-Jurnali. „mersedes benci“, „koka-kola“, „borjomi“ „naiki“, „roleqsi“, „bibisi“, „soni“, „nokia“, „makdonaldsi“, „boingi“, „Saneli“, „hugo bosi“, „ulqeri“, „universal fiqCersi“, „redisoni“ (zogierTi maTgani ix.

suraTebze) _ SeiZleba CamovTvaloT kidev bevri samarko niSani, romelTa daniSnuleba rac SeiZleba meti momxmareblis mizidvaa. brendi ar aris mxolod logo, sareklamo gancxadeba an Tavad produqti, igi momxmareblis STabeWdilebebis krebulia.

adamians cxovrebisaTvis uamravi ram esaWiroeba. yvelas unaxavs arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili nivTebi, romelsac adamiani moixmarda: WurWeli, samkauli, sabrZolo Tu sameurneo iaraRi... kacobriobam drois, energiisa da SesaZleblobebis didi nawili swored samomxmareblo nivTebis gamogonebas, Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas moaxmara. didi xnis manZilze adamiani, upirveles yov lisa, mwarmoebeli iyo; igi awarmoebda imas, rac Wirdeboda da swored

imdens, ramdenic aucile-beli iyo moxmarebisa da vaWrobisaTvis. magram, evropaSi samrewvelo revo-luciisa da qalaqebis zrdis kvaldakval, sul ufro meti adamianisaTvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi is, rac adre mxolod „maRali sazogadoebis“ viwro wrisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. warmoebis zrdam, wignierebisa

da ganaTlebis miRebis gasayovelTaoebam sazogadoeba ufro metad „momxmarebeli“ gaxada, vidre uwin. garda pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebisa (tansacmeli, WurWeli, aveji da sxva), adamianTa farTo masebi iqcnen musikis, literaturis,

brendi _ saxelwodebis, simbolos da dizainis erToblioba, rac konkretul produqts sxvebisgan gamoarCevs.

136 msoflio kultura

maskulturas vuwodebT popularul kul-turas, romelic dRes adamianTa umravle-sobisTvis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia. terminebi maskultura da popkultura sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. rodesac vicvamT jinsebs, Tvals vadevnebT popularul telegadacemebs, vuyurebT holivudis filmebs, laTinur-amerikul „sapnis operebs“, davdivarT makdonaldsSi, vsvamT koka kolas, vusmenT pop-musikas, Cven „movixmarT“ maskulturas, romelic ZiriTadad, dasavlur samyaroSi iqmneba da udidesi adgili uWiravs Tanamedrove msoflioSi.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi vrceldeba ara mxolod maskulturis ucxouri nawarmi, aramed iqmneba adgilobrivi nimuSebic, romlebic sazogadoebaSi

didi popularobiT sargeblobs.

mxatvrobis, Teatris, kinos „momxmarebelebadac“. amave dros, warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba da asortimenti gacilebiT Warbobs adamianis mier maTi moxmarebis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, verasdros SevZlebT, Tundac erTxel gavsinjoT tkbileulis yvela is saxeoba, romelsac mwarmoeblebi gvTavazoben. xandaxan axal tansacmels vyidulobT ara imitom, rom Zveli gacvda, aramed modis axali moTxovnebidan gamomdinare.

xose ortega i gaseti

cnobili espaneli moazrovne xose ortega i gaseti me_20 saukunis 30_iani wlebis dasawyisSi werda: „qalaqebi savsea xalxiT, saxlebi _ binadrebiT, sastumroebi _ mdgmurebiT, matareblebi _ mgzavrebiT, kafeebi _ stumrebiT, bulvarebi _ moseirneebiT, saxelganTqmul eqimTa misaRebi oTaxebi _ avadmyofebiT, Teatrebi, Tu iq Tanamedrove Temebze dadgmul speqtaklebs uCveneben _ mayureblebiT, plaJebi _ mzis gulze gasarujad gaSxlarTuli damsveneblebiT. rac guSin araviTar problemas ar warmoadgenda, dRes TiTqmis mudmivi problemaa: Tavisufali adgilebi ar aris“. yovelive aman ganapiroba masobrivi kulturis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba.

137

saqarTveloSi yvelaze reitinguli gasarTobi teleseriali „Sua qalaqSi“ amerikuli „megobrebis“ („Friends“) analogia, Tumca masSi gaTvaliswinebulia Cveni kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi Taviseburebebi: adgilobrivi iumori, megobrebisadmi da mezoblebisadmi damokidebuleba, samsaxurebrivi, ojaxuri da naTesauri urTierTobebi, gvar-saxelebi da a.S., ris gareSec serialis reitingi eWvqveS dadgeboda da igi, SesaZloa, naklebad misaRebi yofiliyo saqarTvelos sazogadoebisTvis.

aseve SegviZlia gavixsenoT britanuli „eqs faqtori“ („X Factor”) da qarTuli „niWieri“. bevrgan, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, arsebobs amerikuli „Ramis Sous“ formatis iumoristuli gadacemebi.

es magaliTebi gvaCvenebs, erTi mxriv, maskulturis udides popularobas Tanamedrove msoflioSi da, meore mxriv, mis araerTgvarovnebas. miuxedavad dasavleTis ganmsazRvreli gavlenisa, maskulturis adgilobrivi produqcia avtorTa mier, umTavresad, sakuTari kulturis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneba. makdonaldsis restornebis qseli - aTasobiT restorani mTel msoflioSi originaluri da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili msoflios bevr qveyanaSi.

maskulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia kinoindustria, Tanamedrove masobrivi kino, romlis centrad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, kerZod, holivudi miiCneva. holivuduri melodramebi Tu mZafrsiuJetiani filmebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva qveynis kinoindustriaze. amerikuli holivudis yvelaze cnobili gamoZaxili induri bolivudia1, romelic Tanamedrove kinoindustriis udidesi centria da sul ufro met popularobas ixveWs. metic, iTvleba, rom bevri cnobili holivuduri miuzikli (magaliTad, „mulen ruJi“) induri kinos gavleniT aris gadaRebuli.

1sityva bolivudi Seqmnilia amerikuli holivudis pirveli asos CanacvlebiT indoeTis qalaq bombeis (dRevandeli saxeli _ mumbai) saxelis sawyisi asoTi. holivudisagan gansxvavebiT, bolivudi ar aris realurad arsebuli adgilis saxeli.

kiTxvebi

1. Seni azriT, ra ganapirobebs maskulturis ase farTod gavrcelebas da popularobas mTel msoflioSi?

2. maskulturis romel produqcias xvdebi da iyeneb yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi? ratom?

38.masobrivi kultura

138 msoflio kultura

ratom aris maskultura masobrivi?39

maskulturaze saubris dros,

albaT, gagiCndaT kiTxva: Tu arsebobs

maskultura, maSin xom unda arsebobdes

aramasobrivi, „elituri“ kulturac?

zogierTi mecnieri miiCnevs, rom me-19-

20 saukuneebamde „elitur“ da „saxalxo“

kulturebs Soris gansxvaveba met-

naklebad mkafio iyo. elituri anu

„maRali kultura“ moicavda xelovnebas,

literaturas, klasikur musikas da a.S.,

saxalxo kultura ki _ quCis karnavalebs,

dResaswaulebs, festivalebs da sxva.

gavixsenoT, magaliTad, berikaoba da

yeenoba saqarTveloSi. Tumca isic

unda iTqvas, rom elituri kulturis

warmomadgenlebi siamovnebiT monawile-

obdnen masobriv dResaswaulebSi, Rvinisa

da ludis festivalebSi.

dRes TiTqmis SeuZlebelia imis

gansazRvra, Tu ra aris kulturaSi

masobrivi da ra _ ara. beWdviTi

mediis (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi), radios,

televiziis da, Semdeg, eleqtronuli

mediis gaCenam popularuli, masobrivi

kulturis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba. dRes

maskulturis produqciiT sargeblobs

TiTqmis yvela, ganurCevlad asakisa,

socialuri warmomavlobisa, saqmianobisa,

miuxedavad imisa, dadis Tu ara operaSi,

usmens Tu ara klasikur musikas da

kiTxulobs Tu ara Seqspirs. maskultura

sayovelTaoa da sazogadoebis TiToeul

wevri mas farTod moixmars.

yeenoba. lado gudiaSvilis naxati

berikaoba. skulpturuli kompozicia TbilisSi, baraTaSvilis quCaze. moqandake avTandil monaseliZe.

saopero speqtakli

13939.ratom aris maskultura masobrivi?

maskulturis gavrcelebaSi did rols asrulebs reklama. sityva reklama (frang. réclame) niSnavs sxvadasxva saSualebiT gavrcelebul informacias, potenciuri myidvelisa Tu momxmareblis yuradRebis mipyrobisa da interesis gaRvivebis mizniT. janmrTelobisa da socialuri sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil an saqvelmoqmedo miznisaken mimarTul reklamas, romelic ar aris komerciuli an winasaarCevno, socialur reklamas uwodeben. igi miznad isaxavs narkomaniis, alkoholizmis, Sidsis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebisadmi da sxva socialuri problemebisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebulebis Secvlas.

masobrivi komunika-ciis, anu informaciis Sor manZilze swrafad gadacemis da farTo auditoriasTan urTier-Tobis umTavresi saSu-aleba radio, televizia da beWdviTi mediaa. me-20 saukunis bolos maT internetic daemata, Tumca, televiziasTan

SedarebiT, mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis igi jerjerobiT nakleb xel misawvdomia. Cven yovel-dRiurad viRebT sxvadasxvagvar informacias, vuyurebT filmebs, gasarTob telegadacemebs. Cven mier masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebiT miRebuli informaciis didi nawili maskulturis produqtia, romelic did gavlenas axdens Cvens yofaze, qcevaze da urTierTobebze.

mowevis sawinaaRmdego reklama avtobusze quCis reklamis saxeoba

140 msoflio kultura

msoflioSi pirveli sareklamo biuro 1611 wels londonSi Seiqmna. dRes reklamirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba televizia, radio, filmebi, Jurnalebi, gazeTebi, interneti, sareklamo dafebi _ e.w. bilbordebi.

koka-kolas reklama tramvaize britanuli enciklopediis nabeWdi reklama

l waikiTxe alberto moravias moTxroba „rogorc reklamaSi“ da imsjele reklamis rolze da Zalaze Tanamedrove samyaroSi

kiTxvebi

1. masobrivi komunikaciis romel saSualebebs iyeneb? risTvis?

2. axdens Tu ara reklama gavlenas Sens gadawyvetilebebze? gaixsene aseTi SemTxvevebi.

3. ra gavlena aqvs masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebiT gavrcelebul maskulturas Cvens sazogadoebaze? pasuxi daasabuTe.

davaleba

14139.ratom aris maskultura masobrivi?


berikaoba _ qarTuli xalxuri sanaxaoba, niRbebis Teatri, romelic nayofierebisa da Svilierebis kults ukavSirdeboda da yvelieris dasasruls imarTeboda. droTa ganmavlobaSi berikaobam dakarga sakulto-religiuri daniSnuleba, berikuli warmodgenebis Sinaarsi saukuneTa manZilze icvleboda, mdidrdeboda da Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda. maTi Sinaarsi da moqmedebis xasiaTi berikebis niWsa da unarze iyo damokidebuli. Cvenamde moRweulia berikaobis 100-mde siuJeti. maTi nawili asaxavs ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis brZolas, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenas Soris urTerTobas. siuJetebis umetesoba komikuria da sayofacxovrebo Temazea Seqmnilia. berikaoba sxvadasxva saxisa iyo: berikebi xan kardakar dadiodnen, xan warmodgena sagangebod SerCeul moedanze imarTeboda, mas sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgeneli eswreboda. berikaobis tradiciuli niRbebi iyvnen taxi, daTvi, Txa da sxva cxovelebi.

berikebi mefis (sasiZo), kekelas (sarZlo), maWanklis, glexis, Tavadis, mosamarTlis, eqimis, xucesis, taxis, daTvis, Txis, xaris niRbebiTa da cxovelTa tyaviT imosebodnen. warmodgenas Tan axlda simRera da sakravieri musika. SemorCenilia ramdenime cnobili berikas saxeli: me-18 saukuneSi aseTebi yofilan oTar norioeli da oiana-buiana _ erekle meoris sasaxlis karis berika, romelic, gadmocemis mixedviT, gmirulad ibrZoda sparselebTan omSi; me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi cnobili berika yofila abel revaziSvili. berikaobis warmodgena kaxeTSi SesaniSnavad aris aRwerili levan goTuas romanSi „gmirTa varami“.

bolo ramdenime welia, berikaobis tradicia TbilisSic aRdga. Tavis wignSi “Zveli tfilisis literaturuli bohema” cnobili poeti ioseb griSaSvili agviwers yeenobis dResaswauls TbilisSi:

yvelieris orSabaTs mTeli tfilisi yeenobis saTamaSod emzadeboda. qalaqi or ubnad iyo gayofili: isani da nariyala, baraTaSvili da erisTavi; isnis mxareze kaxeTis mebatoneebi: WavWavaZe, jorjaZe, ColoyaSvili, vaxvaxiSvili, jandieri. “yeenis” taxti seidabadis (botanikur baRTan) maRlobze idga. yeenad irCevdnen gonebamaxvil, oxunj da moxerxebul kacs. wowola qudiT Tavze da tanT gadmobrunebuli tyapuWiT, gamuruli saxiT virze ukuRma iyo amxedrebuli. aseve sasacilod iyo gamowyobili misi “amala”, romelic xalxs Seseoda da fuls sZalavda “yeenis xarkisTvis”. amasobaSi xalxi ajanyebisTvis xis xmlebs, xanjlebsa da Surdulebs amzadebda. ajanyebuli xalxi yeens tyved Caigdebda xelSi da mtkvarSi gadauZaxebda. gamxiarulebuli xalxi Segrovebuli fuliT nadimobda orTaWalis, veris Tu didubis baRebSi.

yeenobis mTavar personaJebad zogjer sazogadoebis TvalsaCino adamianebi gamodiodnen. erT-erTi ukanaskneli “yeenoba” me-20 saukuneSi poet grigol abaSiZis monawileobiT gamarTula.

142 msoflio kultura

globalizacia40

ras niSnavs globalizacia?

daakvirdi mimdinare procesebs: mTeli rigi movlenebis gavlena erTi saxelmwifos

sazRvrebs scildeba. magaliTad, iaponiaSi 2011 wels momxdari miwisZvra da cunami

ara marto iaponiis tragedia iyo: fukuSimas atomuri eleqtrosadguris afeTqebas,

SesaZloa, msoflio masStabis ekologiuri katastrofa gamoewvia. aseTive globaluri

movlenaa terorizmi, romelsac ar gaaCnia sazRvrebi. navTobis fasis momateba

londonis birJaze gavlenas axdens purisa Tu sxva produqtebis fasze TbilisSi.

milanis modis kvireuli aisaxeba Cacmis stilze mTel msoflioSi, holivudSi

gadaRebuli filmis premiera saerTaSoriso masStabis movlenaa, fexburTis msoflio

Cempionati, olimpiuri TamaSebi Tu didi saerTaSoriso saCogburTo turnirebi

erTnairad sainteresoa dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.

sityva globalizaciis xsenebam, albaT, Senc makdonaldsi, koka-kola, holivudi,

madona, inglisuri ena da sxva bevri iseTi ram gagaxsena, rac dasavlur, ufro

zustad ki amerikul kulturas ukavSirdeba. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan

mTavar „globalizatorad“, rogorc wesi, swored dasavleTi ganixileba. Tumca

globalizaciaSi sxva kulturebsac SeaqvT wvlili: gavixsenoT iaponuri anime da

suSi, induri ioga, afrikuli vuvuzela; CineTSi mobinadre panda (bambukis daTvi)

cxovelTa dacvis msoflio organizaciis emblemad iqca.

termini globalizacia modis sityvidan global (global), rac frangulad sayovelTaos, mTlians, saerTos niSnavs. advili misaxvedria, rom cnebac, „gasayovelTaoebas“ aRniSnavs. ras niSnavs „gasayovelTaoeba“? ra, rogor an ratom unda gaxdes sayovelTao - samyaros xibli xom mis mravalferovnebaSia?

„asociaciobanas“ TamaSis dros, gadamwyveti qulis gaTamaSebisas, mowinaaRmdegem gamosacnob sityvad „hamburgeri“ miTxra. im imediT, rom Cems mewyviles saqmes gavuadvilebdi, asaxsnel sityvad „makdonaldsi“ vukarnaxe, Tumca man, warmatebaSi darwmunebulma, amis nacvlad „globalizacia“ wamoiZaxa. qulis dakargvis gamo gavbrazdi, magram, rodesac davfiqrdi, davrwmundi Cemi megobris simarTleSi: ra Tqma unda, „makdonaldsis“ xseneba, pirvel rigSi, „globalizaciis“ asociacias gamoiwvevda, radgan igi Tanamedrove globaluri samyaros erT-erTi mTavari simboloa.

dapataravebuli msoflio

14340.globalizacia

masobrivi sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, TviTmfrinavis, sakabelo televiziis, internetis, mobiluri telefonisa Tu sabanko gadaricxvebis gaCenam ganapiroba saxelmwifoebs Soris mWidro da intensiuri ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebi, migraciuli procesebi _ adamianTa jgufebis masobrivi gadaadgileba erTi qveynidan meoreSi. mokled rom vTqvaT, msoflio, TiTqos, „dapataravda“ da, gavrcelebuli gamoTqmiT, „erT did soflad“ an, rogorc xSirad uwodeben, „globalur soflad“ iqca. ratom soflad? warmoidgine, rom soflis erT-erTma mkvidrma raime saqme wamoiwyo, magaliTad, miwis nakveTis SemoRobva an saxlis SekeTeba. amis Sesaxeb mTeli sofeli maSinve igebs. mezoblebi, albaT, TviTonac Caebmebian am saqmianobaSi. muSaobis dros isini saubroben, xumroben, kamaToben, yvebian sxvadasxva ambavs, erTmaneTs uziareben Sexedulebebs, gamocdilebas. daaxloebiT aseTive urTierToba myardeba sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebs Soris globalizaciis procesSi, adamianebi ecnobian erTmaneTis kulturul normebsa da faseulobebs.

globalizaciis process siaxleebi Seaqvs kulturaSi. ra Tqma unda, mWidro politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi gavlenas axdens kulturaze. Tumca ucxo kulturis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli gansxvavebul garemoSi Taviseburad aisaxeba. modi, kidev erTxel gavixsenoT makdonaldsi, romelic amerikuli kulturis msoflioSi gavrcelebis erT-erT ZiriTad simbolod miiCneva. bevr qveyanaSi makdonaldsis meniuSi adgilobrivi kvebis racionisa da samzareulos gavlena aisaxa.

indoeTSi makdonaldsis meniuSi ar aris Zroxis xorci, radgan indusebi mas ar miirTmeven; muslimebi da iudevelebi ar miirTmeven Roris xorcs da, Sesabamisad, arc momxmarebels sTavazoben mas; germaniaSi menius damatebuli aqvs ludi; Tevzis moyvarul norvegielebs saSualeba aqvT, makdonaldsSi Tevzisgan momzadebuli kerZi miirTvan; saqarTveloSi makdonaldsSi gaCnda samarxvo meniu, mak-lavaSi, rac kidev ufro sainteresoa, Tbilisobis dResaswaulze momxmareblebs qarTul nacionalur tansacmelSi gamowyobili restornis TanamSromlebi emsaxurebodnen.

ai, ratom gaaxsenda Cems megobars „globalizacia“ makdonaldsis xsenebisas.

makdonaldsis mravalferovani meniu

germania(ludi)

norvegia (Tevzi) kanada (kiborCxala)

144 msoflio kultura

saberZneTi(berZnuli sawebeli)

kosta-rika (brinji) hong kongi (brinji)

Tbilisi (mak-lavaSi)

l dawere ese „globalizacia da saqarTvelo”.

davaleba

1. daakavSire erTmaneTTan maskultura da globalizacia. Seni azriT, aris Tu ara maskultura globalizaciis procesis Semadgeneli nawili? pasuxi daasabuTe.

2. gaixsene movlena, romelic SeiZleba CaiTvalos „globalurad“, anu movlenad, romelic erTnairad saintereso, sasikeTo, an saSiSia mTeli msofliosaTvis.

saSinao davaleba

kiTxva

l rogor fiqrob, aqvs Tu ara globalizaciis process gavlena Sens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze?

14540.globalizacia


swrafi kvebis istoria saqarTveloSi

albaT, ici gemrieli da surnelovani laRiZis wylebis Sesaxeb. maTi Semqmneli iyo mitrofane laRiZe (1869-1960) _ qarTveli mewarme da qvelmoqmedi. igi quTaisSi, kokoCaSvilisa da ivanovskis afTiaqsa da ivanovskis limonaTis sawarmoSi muSaobda, sadac xileulis wvenebis momzadebis wesebi iswavla da, ivanovskis gardacvalebis Semdeg, TviTon Caudga saTaveSi sawarmos. 1902 wels igi sazRvargareT gaemgzavra da germaniasa da safrangeTSi gaecno xileulis wylebis damzadebis teqnologias.

mitrofane laRiZis wylebma didi saxeli moixveWa. saerTaSoriso gamofenebze maT mravalgzis mieniWa pirveli xarisxis premiebi, oqrosa da vercxlis medlebi. laRiZis wylebi ise moswondaT, rom sazRvargareTac gahqondaT. TbilisSi myofi iraneli vaWrebi maT, rogorc gansakuTrebul saCuqars, iranis didebulebsa da warCinebul pirebs „feSqaSad“ ugzavnidnen.

mitrofane laRiZe, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavda, xilis wvenebis damzadebisas ar iyenebda araviTar sinTezur esenciasa da qimikats. igi axali xileulis wvenebiT amzadebda sasmelebs, SerCeuli hqonda esa Tu is raioni, sofelic ki, radgan, gansxvavebuli niadagisa da havis gamo, xilsac sxvadasxva gemo da surneli aqvs. magaliTad, Jolos tkbili wveni mxolod borjomis xeobaSi, umTavresad, bakurianSi gavrcelebuli xil-kenkriT mzaddeboda.

Tbilisi (mak-lavaSi)

akaki wereTelma 1900 wels mitrofane laRiZis ualkoholo sasmelebs eqspromtad aseTi leqsi uZRvna:

sasmelebis metoqe var,Rvinis, ludis, wylis da rZisa,xileulTa esencia _mitrofane laRiZisa.gemoca maqvs, sunica maqvsgTxovT orive gamisinjoT,Torem ise rad mindixarT,moxvideT da gadibrinjoT.

146 msoflio kultura

1906 wels m. laRiZem ukve TbilisSi gaxsna Tavisi limonaTis qarxana da maRazia. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, pirveli fenovani xaWapuri da TbilisSi pirveli aWaruli xaWapuric swored rusTavelze mdebare „laRiZis wylebSi“ gamoucxviaT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo swrafi kvebis erT-erTi pirveli obieqti TbilisSi. igi male iqca Tbilisis savizito baraTad. aTwleulebis manZilze „laRiZis wylebi“ yvela Taobis Tbiliselebis usayvarlesi adgili iyo.

laRiZis wylebis jixuri.Tbilisi. aleqsandres baRi. 1914w.

Senoba TbilisSi, rusTavelis gamzirze, sadac ganTavsebuli iyo `laRiZis wylebi~.

14741.globalizacia - safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba?

globalizacia - safrTxe Tu SesaZlebloba? 41

Cemi megobari saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi

muSaobs. samsaxuris gamo, xSirad uwevs

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mogzauroba da cxovreba.

erTi sityviT, igi Tanamedrove „globaluri

soflis“ moqalaqed SeiZleba CaiTvalos. uamravi

foto aqvs gadaRebuli. misi feisbuqis gverdis

daTvalierebisas saintereso faqti SevniSne da

minda, mas Senc miaqcio yuradReba. daakvirdi

suraTebs, SegiZlia daasaxelo qveynebi, romlebSic

es qalaqebi mdebareobs?

amis gakeTeba, albaT, rTulia, radgan maT

Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis ar aris, Tumca pirveli

niu-iorkia, meore _ Sanxai, mesame ki tokio. wina

gakveTilebSi ki vnaxeT, rom Cinuri, iaponuri,

induri, evropuli, qarTuli Tu sxva qveynis

sacxovrisebi sruliad sxvadasxvagvari iyo.

iqneb swored es aris kulturis „gasayovel-

Taoeba“, „gaerTgvarovneba“?

globalizaciis procesi, romelic kulturaTa daaxloebas da maT Soris

faseulobebis urTierTgaziarebas uwyobs xels, sazogadoebis mxridan araerTgvarovnad

aRiqmeba. adamianTa arcTu ise mcire nawili globalizacias safrTxed miiCnevs.

negatiuri damokidebulebis safuZveli, ZiriTadad, orgvaria _ ekonomikuri da

kulturuli. globalizaciis kritikosTa erTi nawili miuTiTebs saSiSroebaze,

romelic ucxo qveyanaSi damzadebuli produqciis Semotanas axlavs Tan da xels

uSlis adgilobrivi nawarmis gavrcelebas. magaliTad, am Sexedulebis mixedviT,

saqarTveloSi koka kolas damkvidrebas, SesaZloa, laRiZis wylis an romelime sxva

qarTuli gamagrilebeli sasmelis warmoebis SeCereba mohyves.

sxvaTa azriT, dasavluri faseulobebis gavrceleba safrTxes uqmnis sxva

kulturebs da, SesaZlebelia, maTi TviTmyofadobis dakargva gamoiwvios. gaCnda

samyaros amerikuli kulturis yaidaze mowyobis, misi meSveobiT tradiciuli

Rirebulebebis Canacvlebis, gaqrobis SiSi. „globalizacia“ „amerikanizaciasTan“

gaigivda. ratom? imitom, rom ekonomikuri da politikuri Zliereba zurgs umagrebs

dasavluri, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikuli kulturis gavrcelebas. koka kola, imisaTvis

rom yovelTvis lideri iyos, Semosavlebis did nawils reklamas axmars; TiToeuli

148 msoflio kultura

warmatebuli filmis gadaRebisaTvis holivudSi aTobiT da asobiT milioni dolari

ixarjeba; fexburTSi warmatebas is gundi aRwevs, romelsac didi Tanxebi aqvs kargi

sportsmenebis SesaZenad.

miuxedavad imisa, rom orive mosazrebis avtorebs seriozuli argumentebi aqvT,

globalizacia calmxrivad, mxolod safrTxis Semcvelad ar unda gavigoT. marTalia,

globalizaciis process seriozuli da yovlismomcveli cvlilebebi mohyva, magram

mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom es cvlilebebi, umTavresad, kulturis zedapirul, xilul

nawils (simboloebs, gmirebs, moxmarebas, modas) Seexo da naklebad _ fundamentur

warmodgenebs samyaros, sakuTari Tavisa Tu sxvaTa Sesaxeb. magaliTad, Tu romelime

aziur qveyanaSi siamovnebiT miirTmeven koka-kolas, es ar niSnavs, rom Seicvala

maTi damokidebuleba ufrosebis an avtoritetebisadmi; Turqi axalgazrdebi iseve

gansxvavdebian amerikeli axalgazrdebisagan, rogorc moxuci Turqebi _ moxuci

amerikelebisagan. rogorc aRmoCnda, sazogadoebebs sakuTari identobis SenarCunebis

saocari unari aqvs. sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebam, erTi mxriv, mWidrod

daakavSira erTmaneTTan sazogadoebebi, meore mxriv ki gazarda kulturuli

gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba.

kvlevebma daadastura, rom kulturebi iSviaTad emsgavsebian erTmaneTs

xangrZlivi Tanaarsebobis pirobebSic ki. sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris saukuneebis

win gamovlenili gansxvavebebi dResac arsebobs, miuxedavad mudmivi mWidro

urTierTobisa.

erTi sityviT, medals yovelTvis ori mxare aqvs. kulturaTa mWidro

urTierTkavSiri, ideebis, faseulobebisa da Sexedulebebis urTierTgacvla, Ria

sazRvrebi, masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebaTa mravalferovneba adamians sruliad

warmoudgenel SesaZleblobebs aZlevs. Cven SegviZlia warmatebulebi viyoT ara

mxolod sakuTar qveyanaSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac da, amave dros, ar movwydeT

mSobliur kulturas.

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi swavla niSnavs

msoflio masStabiT umaRlesi ganaTlebis sivrceSi moxvedras: sauniversiteto

sivrces ar aqvs sazRvrebi, es gaxlavT erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gaxsnili, anu

globaluri sivrce „patara did sofelSi“, sadac bejiTi swavlis, sakuTar

Tavze muSaobis, mondomebisa da, SesaZloa, cota gamarTlebis Sedegad SeiZleba

oqsfordisa Tu kembrijis, haidelbergisa Tu sorbonas universitetebis damTavreba.

SenTvis kargad aris cnobili, rom profesionali, gamocdili adamianebis simravle

saxelmwifos, sazogadoebis, kulturis ganviTarebis winapirobaa.

149

gia dvali zaza faCulia

gia yanCeli

araerTma qarTvelma miRwia msoflio masStabis aRiarebas da warmatebas: gavixsenoT kompozitori gia yanCeli, kinoreJisorebi oTar ioseliani da gela babluani, saopero momRerlebi paata burWulaZe da nino surgulaZe, baletis mocekvaveebi nino ananiaSvili da irma nioraZe, msaxiobebi merab niniZe da levan uCaneiSvili, fexburTeli kaxi kalaZe, kalaTburTeli zaza faCulia, fizikosi gia dvali da sxvebi.

paata burWulaZis mier daarsebulma fondma „iavnanam“ uamravi sasikeTo saqme gaakeTa saqarTveloSi. mis mier organizebuli saqvelmoqmedo koncertebi gascda saqarTvelos sazRvrebs, masSi monawileoben saopero samyaros msoflioSi aRiarebuli warmomadgenlebi. erTi mxriv, koncertebi konkretuli adamianebis problemebis mogvarebas emsaxureba, meores mxriv, misi meSveobiT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb informacias igebs saopero xelovnebis moyvaruli msoflio sazogadoeba.

rac Seexeba ucxoelebs, magaliTad, cnobili kinovarskvlavi, oskaris mflobeli msaxiobi nikol kidmani daibada da aRizarda avstraliaSi, warmatebas ki amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, holivudSi miaRwia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sarliz teronze, romelic samxreT afrikaSi, xelmokle ojaxSi aRizarda, dRes ki msoflio kinos erT-erTi yvelaze kaSkaSa varskvlavia. rogorc nikol kidmani, aseve Sarliz teroni mWidro kavSirs inarCuneben samSoblosTan. Sarliz teroni


150 msoflio kultura

warmoidgine, rom swavla damTavrda, dadga zafxuli, daiwyo ardadegebi. albaT, zRva da baTumi gagaxsenda. Tanamedrove baTumi globalizaciis mier SemoTavazebul SesaZleblobaTa gamoyenebis kargi magaliTia. msoflios wamyvani biznesmenebi dainteresdnen misi turistuli potencialiT, ganxor-cielda da daigegma uamravi axali proeqti, romelmac baTumi Tanamedrove turistul qalaqad aqcia. iq uamravi maRali donis koncerti tardeba. amave dros, baTumi gansakuTrebulia sakuTari, TviTmyofadi „suliT“ da „xasiaTiT“.

globalizaciis procesi saSualebas gaZlevs, Seni kultura qveynis farglebs gareT gaitano da msoflio sazogadoebis winaSe TviTmyofadi saxiT wardge.

„erisionma“ tradiciul qarTul cekvas Sous elementebi da Tanamedrove

musikaluri instrumentebi Semata. Sedegi marTlac STambeWdavi iyo da msoflios

sxvadasxva adgilas gamarTulma koncertebma didi rezonansi gamoiwvia. igive

SeiZleba vTqvaT suxiSvilebis ansamblze, romelic cdilobs, axali elementebis

SetaniT gaamravalferovnos da ufro mimzidveli gaxados mdidari SemoqmedebiTi

tradicia. eTnojazis msoflioSi warmatebuli jgufia ansambli „Sini“.

erisionis koncertis afiSa suxiSvilebi. assa farTi

151

globalizacia, romelmac samyaro „erT did soflad“ aqcia, ar gaxlavT calsaxad dadebiTi an uaryofiTi procesi. mas ori mxare aqvs. yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor gamoiyenebs adamiani, sazogadoeba Tu saxelmwifo Seqmnil realobas.

davaleba

1. gaixsene „aisbergis modeli“, daakavSire igi globalizaciis procesTan.

2. daiyaviT globalizaciis damcvelebad da mowinaaRmdegeebad. TiToeulma jgufma daasabuTos, ratom aris an ar aris globalizacia safrTxe kulturis TviTmyofadobisaTvis?

3. moiZie informacia dRes ucxoeTSi moRvawe cnobili qarTvelebis Sesaxeb.


152 msoflio kultura

Tanamedrove msoflios saxis gansazRvraSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs masmedia. televizia, radio, gazeTi, cifruli da eleqtronuli saSualebebi, romelTa meSveobiT informacia miewodeba farTo,

geografiulad, socialurad da kulturulad mravalferovan sazogadoebas, adamianis umniSvnelovanes qmnilebaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba. termini masmedia me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi gaCnda, roca radiomauwyeblobam, gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis gavrcelebam masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo. dRes internetmediam warmoudgenlad gaafarTova komunikaciis saSualebebi.

masmedia42

media _ Sualeduri, Suamavali

adamiani odiTgan ocnebobda komunikaciis iseT saSualebebze, romlebic maT manZilis swrafad dafarvisa da Soreuli mxareebis ambebisaTvis Tvalis devnebis SesaZleblobas miscemda. gavixsenoT zRaprebi mfrinavi xaliCisa Tu jadosnuri sarkis Sesaxeb. informaciis Sor manZilze gadacemisaTvis sxvadasxva saSualebas iyenebdnen, magaliTad, sasimagro nagebobaTa koSkebze avardnili kvamli mosaxleobas mtris Semosevas auwyebda.

Tanamedrove eleqtronuli da beWdviTi media moicavs radio da telemauwyeblobas, sxvadasxva saxis audio da videosaSualebebs (xmis Tu gamosaxulebis Canawerebi, diskebi, videoproduqcia da sxva), filmebs, internets, mobilur telefons (telefonis uSualo funqciis garda, misi meSveobiT gadaicema uaxlesi ambebi, gafrTxilebani, horoskopi, musika, TamaSebi da a.S.), beWdviT da eleqtronuli gamocemebs (wignebi, Jurnalebi).

pirveli germanuli gazeTis “Relation” satitulo gverdi

15342.masmedia

Tanamedrove media saSualebebidan yvelaze xangrZlivi istoria aqvs gazeTs, romelmac dRevandeli saxe me-16 saukuneSi miiRo. erT-erTi cnobili moazrovnis sityviT, beWdurma produqciam samyaros forma da struqtura Secvala. 2007 wlis monacemebiT, yoveldRiurad msoflioSi gazeTebis 395 milioni egzemplari iyideba. me-19 saukuneSi gaCnda radio, romlis dasaxelebac laTinuri sityvidan modis da niSnavs _ vasxiveb. igi iqca informaciisa da garTobis mTavar saSualebad, radiomimRebi _ erT-erT mniSvnelovan nivTad ojaxisaTvis. Semdgom mas mocile gamouCnda televizoris saxiT.

legendis mixedviT, Zveli welTaRricxvis 490 wels, maraTonis brZolaSi berZenTa mier sparselTa damarcxebis Semdeg, berZenma macnem ramdenime aTeuli kilometri irbina, raTa aTenelebisaTvis gamarjvebis ambavi ecnobebina. man mTeli manZili Seusveneblad dafara, Tumca es sicocxlis fasad daujda da ambis Setyobinebidan ramdenime wuTSi suli ganuteva.

antikuri periodis berZnuli qalaqebis centrSi arsebuli agora, vaWrobisa da politikuri diskusiebis garda, informaciis gadacemis adgilic iyo. aseTive funqcia hqonda romaul forums da `salaybod~ wodebul adgils Zvel TbilisSi.

radiomimRebi

154 msoflio kultura

masmediis meSveobiT msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi mcxovrebi adamianebi erTmaneTs

mWidrod daukavSirdnen, erTmaneTze damokidebuli gaxdnen. yvelaze Soreul

kuTxeSi momxdari faqti maSinve xdeba cnobili mTeli danarCeni kacobriobisaTvis.

media saSualebebiT vmogzaurobT iq, sadac, albaT, realurad arasdros movxvdebiT,

vecnobiT adamianebs, romlebTanac arasdros mogviwevs pirispir Sexvedra, viRebT

informacias CvenTvis saintereso nebismier sakiTxze, viZenT da vyidiT, vuwevT

reklamas, gamovxatavT sixaruls Tu mwuxarebas.

masmediis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom xSirad mas meoTxe xelisuflebas

uwodeben - sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa Semdeg. igi

xalxze zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRia. vinc flobs informaciis saSualebebs, flobs

Zalauflebasac.

kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganvi Tarebam mkveTrad Secvala samyaros saxe. interneti Tanamedrove msoflios simbolod iqca. misi meSveobiT praqtikulad nebismieri informaciis moZiebaa SesaZlebeli. amave dros, igi komunikaciis yvelaze mosaxerxebeli saSualebaa. saZiebo sistemebis, amouwuravi informaciis gverdiT arsebobs e.w. socialuri qselebi (Facebook, Twitter, Skype da sxva), romlebiTac adamianebi mudmivad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs, iZenen nacnobebs, megobrebs, saaTobiT saubroben. virtualurma samyarom, TiTqos, realuris adgili daikava.

me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gansakuTrebiT gaxSirda Zaladobis faqtebi. amerikis kongresis warmomadgenlebma amis ZiriTad mizezad teleeTerSi Zaladobis gaxSirebuli Cveneba miiCnies da mouwodes telekompaniebis mflobelebs, SeemcirebinaT Zaladobis Semcveli telegadacemebi da filmebi. senatorma ilinoisis Statidan pol saimonma Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa telekompaniaTa mesveurebs: „Tqven flobT iaraRs, romelic Tavisi siZlieriT uprecedentoa kacobriobis istoriaSi“. swored am periodSi miRweuli SeTanxmebis Semdeg SemoiRes asakobrivi zRvaris aRmniSvneli niSani filmebsa da telegadacemebze.

U

18

155

Tanamedrove epoqaSi „namdvil“ omebs _ sabrZolo moqmedebebs _ rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs sainformacio omi: foto da telekamerebis, mobiluri telefonebis, internetis meSveobiT, monawile mxareebi cdiloben, msoflios maTTvis xelsayreli informacia miawodon. xSirad amas Tan sdevs kiber-omic _ Seteva veb-gverdebze, raTa mowinaaRmdeges ar hqondes am mniSvnelovani sainformacio saSualebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.

davaleba

1. imsjele, ra rols asrulebs masmedia globalizaciis procesSi.

2. masmediis saSualebebiT moiZie kviris yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena da daasaxele informaciis mopovebis wyaro.

3. moiZie informacia gakveTilSi naxsenebi da naCvenebi media saSualebebisa da teqnologiebis gamomgonebelTa Sesaxeb.

kiTxva

l Seni azriT, ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom adamianTa urTierTobaSi virtualurma samyarom Caanacvlos realuri urTierTobebi? ra safrTxis Semcvelia virtualuri urTierTobebi?

42.masmedia

156 msoflio kultura

kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi43

xSirad amboben: ramdeni adamianicaa, imdeni azri arsebobs. aranaklebi darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ramdeni kulturacaa, imdeni gansxvavebuli axsna da Sefaseba SeiZleba hqondes erTsa da imave faqts, movlenas, situacias, Jests Tu saxis gamometyvelebas. yvela sazogadoebas aqvs ena, samzareulo, xelovneba, miTebi, religia, ojaxi, ekonomikuri sistema, naTesauri kavSirebi, xelisufleba, sacxovrebeli, higiena, qcevis wesebi, akrZalvebi da a.S. rogorc ukve ici, es universaliebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi mravalferovani formiT gvxvdeba. magaliTad, adamianebi ikvebebian, magram is, Tu ras, rodis, sad, visTan erTad da rogor miirTmeven, sxvadasxva kulturaSi Zalian gansxvavebulia. aseve sxvadasxvagvaria misalmebis wesi, keTilganwyobis Tu undoblobis gamoxatvis formebi da sxva. erTi sityviT, kulturuli msgavsebebi da gansxvavebani erTi medlis ori mxarea.

sad vcxovrobT?

afrikuli qoxi

xata _ slavuri saxli

indoneziuri saxliiurta

15743.kulturaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi

rogor vimosebiT?

sari - indoeTi

meqsikuri samosi

perueli mamakacis samosi

Sotlandiuri kilti qarTuli Coxa indoneziuri saqorwino samosi

slovakuri samosi

evropuli samosi

qarTuli samosi. me-19 saukune niqabi

158 msoflio kultura

ras da rogor mivirTmevT?

Cinelebis ojaxi sadilobisas

Cinuri sufra

frangebis ojaxi sadilobisas iranuli sufra

kulturul msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebs mxolod maSin „aRmovaCenT“, roca sakuTar kulturas sxvas vadarebT. gansxvavebebs vxedavT ara mxolod Cvensa da sxva kulturebs Soris, aramed Cveni kulturis dRevandel da adreul safexurebs Sorisac.

rodesac evropelebma, msoflioSi mogzaurobis Sedegad, manamde sruliad ucnobi mxareebi aRmoaCines, isini gaocebuli iyvnen adgilobrivTa cxovrebis wesiT, romelic maTi cxovrebis wesisagan Zalian gansxvavdeboda; amis gamo, xSirad, maT „CamorCenilebad“ an, sulac, „velurebad“ Tvlidnen. Tumca evropeli mogzaurebi ar iTvaliswinebdnen, rom am xalxebsac, SeiZleba, ucnaurad da gaugebrad moCvenebodaT evropelebisaTvis sruliad Cveulebrivi qcevebi.

sazogadoebebisaTvis, sadac bavSvebi mudam ufrosebTan erTad arian, dedis zurgze mokalaTebuli gadaadgildebian, maTTan erTad sZinavT, bavSvis marto datoveba maneJSi an calke sawolSi, SeiZleba, barbarosul da sastik mopyrobad Candes.

159

sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen adamianis fizikur silamazesac. magaliTad, zog kulturaSi msuqani adamiani miiCneva lamazad, zogan ki simsuqnes problemad Tvlian da didi mondomebiT cdiloben mis daZlevas. erTi Tanamedrove anTropologis sityviT, simsuqne lamazia iq, sadac mxolod msuqnebi arian kargad. ras niSnavs es? sazogadoebebSi, sadac sakvebis naklebobaa, simsuqne kargi cxovrebis niSnad iTvleba. iq ki, sadac adamianebs naklebad aSinebT SimSilis safrTxe, sigamxdre ufro fasobs. Tu afrikaSi didi xnis megobar qals eubnebian, rom man wonaSi moimata, es niSnavs, rom is fizikurad ufro jansaRia, vidre adre, an kargad daisvena. xolo igive SeniSvna sxvagan Seuracxyofad miiCneva.

ra aris silamaze?

SeiZleba ferebs kulturuli mniSvneloba hqondeT? Turme, SeiZleba. zogierTi feri ama Tu im kulturaSi arsebul warmodgenebsa da grZnobebTanaa dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, wiTlis, TeTrisa da lurjis kombinacia amerikul kulturaSi pozitiur da patriotul grZnobasTan asocirdeba. CineTSi ki lurji/cisferi sikvdils ukavSirdeba. sportuli gundebi irCeven ferebs Tavis simbolod, romelic Semdeg siamayisa da miRwevebisagan ganuyofeli xdeba (narinjisferi - holandia, wiTeli da TeTri vardebi inglisSi da a.S.). ramdenadac ferebis mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi, grafikuli dizainerebi amis gaTvaliswinebiT qmnian produqts sxvadasxva qveynisa da kulturis warmomadgenlebisaTvis.


160 msoflio kultura

l daakvirdi gakveTilSi mocemul suraTebze asaxul samoss, sacxovriss, sufras, samkauls da imsjele, ramdenad SesaZlebelia moiZebnos universaluri kriteriumi maT Soris saukeTesos gamosavlenad.

kiTxvebi

l ufrosebis gamokiTxvis, Zveli fotosuraTebis, kinofilmebis safuZvelze, gamoikvlie, rogor Seicvala warmodgena silamazeze saqarTveloSi me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan dRemde.

diskusia

davaleba

l erT-erT arabul qveyanaSi Setanili medikamentis kolofze mocemuli iyo samnawiliani sareklamo gamosaxuleba: 1. avadmyofi adamiani, 2. igi iRebs wamals, 3. gamojanmrTelebuli da bednieri adamiani. wamali ar gaiyida. ratom?


es magaliTebi aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas aniWeben sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi, erTi SexedviT, sruliad umniSvnelo niuansebs:

l amerikaSi da arabul qveynebSi pauzebi sityvebs Soris, Cveulebriv, ar aris xangrZlivi, indoeTsa da iaponiaSi ki pauza gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba. gaxangrZlivebuli siCume savsebiT misaRebi da komfortulia indoeTSi, indoneziasa da iaponiaSi. iq fuWad molaparake cudad aRzrdil adamianad miiCneva, romelsac uWirs Tavis gakontroleba. evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikasa da avstraliaSi ki dumili uxerxulobas iwvevs. skandinavielebi ufro mSvidad xvdebian dumilis pauzebs saubris dros.

l evropis xmelTaSuazRvispira qveynebSi, laTinur amerikasa da afrikaSi, saharis samxreTiT, savsebiT misaRebia vaxSamze naxevari saaTiT dagvianeba, maSin rodesac germaniasa da SveicariaSi es uzrdelobad aRiqmeba.

l aziis bevr qveyanaSi da centralur amerikaSi misaRebia vaxSmobis Semdeg wasvla, Tu adamiani ase ar moiqca, es niSnavs, rom is sakmarisad ar danayrda. indoeTSi, evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi ki vaxSmis Semdeg maspinZlis datoveba uzrdelobaa da mianiSnebs, rom stumars mxolod Wama undoda da ara maspinZlebis sazogadoebaSi drois gatareba.

161

l iranul kulturaSi, rodesac vinmes sTavazoben, magaliTad, sasmels, Tavazianobad iTvleba daTanxmebamde ramdenjerme uaris Tqma. etiketis aseTi forma gavrcelebulia sxva qveynebSic, magaliTad, indoeTsa da indoneziaSi. sxva kulturebSi miRebulia mxolod erTxel SeTavazeba.

l qristianul da muslimur kulturebSi patarZals TeTri samosi acvia, rac ubiwoebis simboloa, induistur kulturaSi ki TeTri samosi mwuxarebis niSania da mas qvrivebi icvamen.


162 msoflio kultura

kultura da genderi44

yvelam kargad viciT, rom adamianebi iyofian gogonebad da biWebad, qalebad da kacebad. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gansxvavdebian sqesobrivi niSniT. asevea cxovelebSic; sqesobrivi niSnebi _

magaliTad, xvadi lomis fafari, mamali farSevangis kudi biologiurad, genetikuradaa ganpirobebuli. biologiis kursidan, albaT, gaxsovs, rom sqesobrivi gamravleba genetikurad mravalferovani STamomavlobis gaCenas uzrunvelyofs, rac sasargebloa biologiuri saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.

rogorc ukve mravaljer aRvniSneT, adamianis unikaluroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi ara mxolod biologiuri, aramed kulturuli arsebacaa. kultura msWvalavs adamianis cxovrebis yvela sferos, maT Soris sqesebs Soris urTierTobebs. yovel kulturaSi arsebobs uamravi wesi da norma, Tu rogor unda gamoiyurebodes an iqceodes gogona da biWi, kaci da qali. am kulturuli wesebisa da normebis nawili uSualod aris dakavSirebuli biologiur gansxvavebebTan. magaliTad, zogierT kulturaSi miRebulia wveris yoveldRiuri gaparsva, sxvagan piriqiT _ moSveba. cxadia, rom amgvari norma mxolod mamakacebze vrceldeba, radgan wveri mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli biologiuri niSania.

magram arsebobs gacilebiT meti tradicia da norma, romlebic qalebs da kacebs, erTnair situaciaSi, qcevis gansxvavebul normebs karnaxobs. ai, majis ori saaTi. yoveli Tqvengani uSecdomod amoicnobs: es kacisaa, es ki qalis. ki, magram, ratomaa kacis saaTi ufro didi? iqneb kacebs uaresi mxedveloba aqvT? ara, aseTi ram ar dasturdeba. iqneb imitom, rom saSualod kacebi zomiT aRematebian qalebs? es ufro saintereso varaudia, magram Tu asea, maSin ratom xmaroben qalebi da kacebi erTnairi zomis wignebs, mobilur telefonebs, dana-Cangals, skamebs? iSviaTad, magram zogjer zoma Sebrunebuladaa „ganawilebuli“: magaliTad, im kulturebSi, sadac sayures orive sqesi atarebs (magaliTad, Tanamedrove dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi), mamakacis sayure, umetesad, sagrZnoblad mcirea qalisaze.

maS, raRaSia aq saqme? modi, am SekiTxvas odnav mogvianebiT gavceT pasuxi, aq ki yuradReba mivaqcioT erT Zalian mniSvnelovan garemoebas: yvela kulturaSi qalebs da mamakacebs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs ara mxolod (da ara

genderi (ingl. gender) _ enaTmecnierebaSi gramatikul gvars aRniSnavs.

qalis saaTi

mamakacis saaTi

16344.kultura da genderi

imdenad) biologiuri niSnebi, aramed kulturuli wesebi da normebi: Zlieri gancdisas qalisaTvis dasaSvebia tirili, kacma ki Tavi unda Seikavos; mRvdelTmsaxuri mxolod kaci SeiZleba iyos; qalisaTvis SeiZleba maRal quslebze siaruli, kacisaTvis _ ara da a.S. amgvar gansxvavebebs genderuls uwodeben.

bevr enaSi (romelTa ricxvSi qarTuli ar Sedis) yvela sagans _ suliers da usulos, saxels da cnebas garkveuli „sqesi“ anu gvari miewereba. magaliTad, germanulSi „magida“ _ mamrobiTi gvarisaa, „ojaxi“ _ mdedrobiTis, xolo „puri“ _ saSualosi. rogorc vxedavT, gramatikuli „sqesi“ sruliad sxva ramaa, vidre biologiuri. sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi sityviT „genderi“ aRiniSneba yovelive is, rac qalebsa da kacebs arabiologiurad ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan. sqesi, rogorc viciT, cxovelebsac aqvT, genderi ki _ mxolod adamianebs. genderi socialuri sqesia, rac gulisxmobs gansxvavebebs saxelebSi, CacmulobaSi, qcevis da metyvelebis wesebsa da maneraSi, saqmianobaSi da a.S. zog SemTxvevaSi sqesi da genderi SeiZleba arc emTxveodes erTmaneTs _ biologiurad qali iqceodes ise, rogorc mamakaci da piriqiT. gakveTilis bolos moyvanilia amis ori magaliTi sxvadasxva kulturidan.

genderul gansxvavebebs bavSvis dabadebidanve eyreba safuZveli. magaliTad, bevr qveyanaSi axalSobil gogonas, tradiciulad, vardisfer sabanSi axveven, biWs ki cisferSi. ramdenime TveSi dgeba saTamaSoebis dro: biWisaTvis _ burTi, manqana, xmali, gogonasTvis _ Tojina, WurWeli... mSoblebi da aRmzrdelebi, zogjer gaucnobiereblad, sxvadasxva Tvisebebs waaqezeben da waaxaliseben, biWebSi _ aqtiurobas, siTamames, Sejibrisaken miswrafebas („gogo xom ar xar!“), gogonebSi _ morcxvobas, Tavmdablobas, emociurobas („biWi xom ar xar!’). mimdinareobs genderuli socializacia, romlis Sedegadac bavSvi yalibdeba konkretul kulturaSi arsebuli genderuli normebisa da wesebis Sesabamisad.

mecnierebma aCvenes, rom bevri Tviseba, romelic „bunebrivad“ iTvleboda qalisa Tu kacisaTvis, sinamdvileSi gansxvavebuli aRzrdis Sedegia. magaliTad, gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, romelic mecnieruladac dasturdeba, qalebi ufro damyolni, damjerni arian, ufro advilad da xSirad icvlian Sexedulebebs, eTanxmebian sxvebs, vidre kacebi. magram 6-7 wlis bavSvebSi amgvari gansxvaveba ar aRiniSneba, ase rom igi Tandayolili ar aris. rogorc irkveva, es gansxvaveba aRzrdis Sedegia _ kulturaTa umravlesobaSi gogonas aCveven morCilebas, unergaven azrs, rom gadawyvetilebebi kacebma unda miiRon.

aq Cven mivadeqiT umniSvnelovanes problemas _ genderul uTanas-worobas. warsulSic da awmyoSic, kulturaTa did umravlesobaSi mamakacebs gabatonebuli mdgoma-reoba uWiravT, swored isini floben politikur, ekonomikur, religiur da ojaxur Zalauflebas, qalebis roli ki metwilad bavSvebis aRzrdiTa da ojaxuri saqmianobiT Semoifargleba. iTvleboda da

164 msoflio kultura

iTvleba kidec, rom mamakaci, silamazis garda, yvela sxva dadebiTi TvisebiT (Wkua, zneoba, sxvadasxva niWi da a.S.) bevrad sjobnis qals. sinamdvileSi, rogorc irkveva, mamakacebis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba mxolod imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom mamakaci qalze fizikurad Zlieria, xolo mTeli es „ideologia“ mamakacis viTom „bunebrivi“ upiratesobis Sesaxeb arsebuli mdgomareobis gamarTlebisTvis aris Seqmnili.

Tanamedrove mecnieruli gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom, fizikuri siZlieris garda, qalebi arc erTi sxva maxasiaTebliT ar Camouvardebian mamakacebs. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom inteleqtis donis dReisaTvis dafiqsirebuli ori umaRlesi maCvenebeli qalebs ekuTvnis.

maRal, gabatonebul socialur mdgomareobas sxvadasxva simbolika usvams xazs; rac ufro maRalia statusi, rogorc wesi, miT ufro didi zomisaa Sesabamisi simboloebi: mefes yvelaze didi etli emsaxureba, generals didroni varskvlavebi umSvenebs samxreebs, miliarderi ugrZesi limuziniT mgzavrobs... gaxsovs qalisa da kacis saaTebi? diax, mamakacis saaTis sidide misi ufro maRali socialuri statusis gamoZaxilia...

mecnierebma ramdenime Tvis bavSvi ise gamoawyves, rom misi biologiuri sqesis amocnoba SeuZlebeli iyo. Semdeg, maT axalgazrda qalebis or jgufs sTxoves, bavSvTan naxevar-naxevari saaTi gaetarebinaT. pirvel jgufs uTxres, rom bavSvs hqvia „zuriko“, meores ki _ „ninuca“. bolos orive jgufis wevrebs SesTavazes, gaeziarebinaT TavianTi STabeWdilebebi bavSvis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom pirveli jgufi bavSvs aRwerda ZiriTadad rogorc aqtiurs, „biWurs“, meore ki rogorc nazs, „pranWias“, „tipur gogos“. bavSvi, rogorc gvaxsovs, erTi da igive iyo.

albaneTi: „nafici qalwulebi“

albaneTSi mravali saukunis manZilze moqmedebda kanoni, romelic qalebs kerZo sakuTrebis uflebas arTmevda. roca ojaxSi mamakaci aRar rCeboda, mTel qonebas epatroneboda Soreuli, xSirad ara sisxliT naTesavi mamakaci. am usamarTlo kanonis sawinaaRmdegod albanelma qalebma aseTi xriki gamoigones. rodesac gvarSi ukanaskneli mamakaci kvdeboda, erT-erTi qali debda gauTxovrobis fics da xdeboda e.w. „nafici qalwuli“, anu... kaci! imoseboda rogorc kaci, svamda da eweoda, mamakacur samuSaos asrulebda, monawileobda kacebis TavyrilobebSi, maTTan erT oTaxSi eZina kidec. rac mTavaria, mamakacebi mas rogorc Tanaswors epyrobodnen da erTi wuTiTac ar axsendebodaT misi „qaluri“ warsuli. xdeboda biologiuri sqesis da genderis sruli dacileba.

dRes, rasakvirvelia, Zveli kanoni gauqmebulia da es gasaocari tradicia warsuls Cabarda, Tumca jer kidev cocxalia ramdenime aTeuli „nafici qalwuli“.

albaneli `nafici qalwuli~

165

samoa: „qalisnairni“

samoas kunZulebze (okeania) gogonebi aqtiurad exmarebian dedas saxlis meurneobis gaZRolaSi. magram ra vuyoT, Tu ojaxSi mxolod biWebi ibadebian? ai, aseT SemTxvevaSi umcros biWs aRzrdian rogorc gogonas _ Sesabamisad acmeven, aswavlian saxlis saqmes da a.S. Cndeba axali, rogorc maT uwodeben, Fa’afafine, anu „qalisnairi, qalisebri“, romelic, adgilobrivTa rwmeniT, „mesame sqess“ ganekuTvneba (Cven ki viciT, rom es mesame sqesi ki ara, mesame genderia, anu socialuri sqesi). sagulisxmoa, rom „qalisnairni“ araviTar diskriminacias ar ganicdian da, Sesabamisad, arc fsiqologiuri travmebi awuxebT. maT sasiyvarulo urTierTobac ki SeuZliaT gaaban qalTan, Tumca mTeli cxovreba TavianTi genderuli rolis Sesruleba uwevT.

davaleba

1. Seni azriT, arsebobs „qaluri“ da „mamakacuri“ profesiebi? pasuxi daasabuTe.

2. gavlili masalidan romel sakiTxebs daukavSireb am gakveTilSi ganxilul Temas?

kiTxva

l gaixsene magaliTebi istoriidan, literaturidan da Tanamedrove realobidan, romlebSic asaxulia genderuli rolebis ganawileba sxvadasxva epoqasa da kulturaSi. Camoayalibe Seni damokidebuleba eses saxiT.

44.kultura da genderi

166 msoflio kultura

modi, gakveTili aseTi davalebiT daviw yoT. gaecani qvemoT mocemul CamonaT vals da daajgufe raime niSnis mixedviT:

„vefxistyaosani“ , novruz bairami, nariyala, versali, „abesalom da eTeri“, „SuSa-nikis wameba“, awyuris cixe, „mravalJamieri“, „aida“, „Cakrulo“, aRdgoma, sveti cxoveli, paseqi, „grigol xanZTelis cxovreba“, gelaTi, „sibrZne sicruisa“, koloseumi.

SesaZloa, Seni da Seni megobrebis mier dajgufebisaTvis SerCeuli kriteriumebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqven yvelam airCieT erTi principi _ gamokveTeT saerTo niSnebi.

swored aseve, ama Tu im niSnis mixedviT, kulturebic SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes, rasac kulturaTa tipologias uwodeben. dedamiwis sxvadasxva regionis kulturaTa Seswavlis Sedegad, mecnierebma gamokveTes garkveuli niSnebi, romlebsac tipologia emyareba.

kulturaTa tipologia mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli faseulobebTan, msoflmxedvelobasTan, cxovrebis wesTan. kulturebi gansxvavdebian an erTmaneTs gvanan pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobis xasiaTiT, damokidebulebiT droisa da sivrcisadmi, individisa da jgufisadmi, tradiciisa da siaxlisadmi.

kulturaTa tipologia45

tipologia (laT. typus _ saxeoba) _ obieqtebis (sagnebis, movle nebis) dajgufeba garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebis, maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.

me-20 saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saerTaSoriso korporacia IBM-ma (International Business Machines Corporation) aRmoaCina, rom misi filialebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvari warmatebiT muSaobdnen. marTvisa da teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, korporaciaSi, TiTqos, yvelaferi rigze iyo. arsebuli problemis mizezebis asaxsnelad, korporaciis mesveurebma miiwvies holandieli fsiqologi heert hofstede. sagangebod SemuSavebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze, man

Seiswavla kompaniis 100 aTasze meti TanamSromeli msoflios masStabiT. aRmoCnda, rom problemebs muSaobis procesSi kulturul gansxvavebaTa gauTvaliswinebloba qmnida. IBM korporaciis TanamSromlebi nebismier qveyanaSi muSaobdnen erTnair ofisebSi, erTnairi grafikiT, erTnair samuSao pirobebSi, mzaddebodnen erTi da igive programebiT. am dros ki isini sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT droisadmi, piradi da jgufuri pasuxismgeblobisadmi, samuSao sivrcisadmi, Zalauflebisadmi, qalisa da mamakacis rolisadmi da a.S.

heert hopstede

16745.kulturaTa tipologia

zogierT kulturaSi individis, calkeuli adamianis interesebs upiratesoba eniWeba jgufis interesebTan SedarebiT; mizani adamianis piradi interesidan gamomdinare isazRvreba; gacnobisas yuradReba eqceva imas, Tu ras warmoadgens Tavad es pirovneba da ara is jgufi (ojaxi, sanaTesao, samegobro), romelsac igi ekuTvnis. aseT kulturebs individualistur kulturebs

uwodeben. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba SeerTebuli Statebis, avstraliis, didi britaneTis, kanadis, holandiis da zogi sxva qveynis kultura.

amisagan gansxvavebiT, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac jgufis interesebi ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCneva. adamianebi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze inarCuneben kavSirs ojaxTan, naTesavebTan, mezoblebTan da, xSirad, organizaciebTan, romelSic muSaoben; pirovnebis mizans jgufuri interesi gansazRvravs; adamiani fasdeba imis mixedviT, Tu romel jgufs miekuTvneba igi. aseT kulturebs koleqtivisturs uwodeben. aseTebad iTvleba saberZneTis, CineTis, indoeTis, meqsikis, taivanis, venesuelas da sxva kulturebi.

kulturaTa dajgufebis kidev erTi modeli emyareba droisadmi damokidebu lebas. zogierTi kulturis warmomadgenlebi TavianT saqmianobas drois xangrZlivi mona kveTisaTvis gegmaven da mzad arian, Sedegsa da gaweuli Sromis sazRaurs didxans daelodon. maTTvis mniSnelovania ara samuSaos dasrulebis dro, aramed saboloo Sedegis maRali xarisxi. aseT kulturebSi (CineTi, iaponia, samxreT korea da sxva) fasobs momWirneoba, Seupovroba, socialuri valdebulebebis pativiscema. amis sapirispirod, zogi sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi orientirebuli arian swraf konkretul Sedegze, zustad gaweril samuSao grafikze, droSi konkretulad gansazRvrul anazRaurebaze (didi britaneTi, SeerTebuli Statebi, axali zelandia, avstralia da sxva).

zogi kulturis warmomadgenlebisaTvis ufro komfortulia Ria, gaxsnili sivrce. magaliTad, ezoebi dabali RobeebiT, xolo samuSao kabinetebi gamWvirvale tixrebiT aris gamijnuli, kari mudmivad Riaa. magram aseT garemos Znelad Tu Seegueba adamiani, romlis samuSao oTaxis kari mxolod gansazRvrul dros iReba; igi ar aris miCveuli mudmivad sxvisi Tvalsawieris areSi yofnas.

kulturebi gansxvavdeba imiTac, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba warsuls, awmyosa da momavals. warsulze orientirebuli sazogadoebebi gansakuTrebiT afaseben tradiciebs, winaprebs da mWidro ojaxur kavSirebs. awmyoze orientirebuli sazogadoebebisaTvis aqtualuria „aq da axla“, warsuli naklebad mniSnelovania, momavali ki _ bundovani da arawinaswarmetyvelebadi. momavalze orientirebuli sazogadoebebi aqcents akeTeben cvlilebebsa da progresze.

sazogadoebebi

rigi individualistur da koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi

168 msoflio kultura

zog kulturaSi adamianebi uSualo kontaqtis dros erTmaneTTan axlos midian, sxvagan ki aseTi miaxloeba gaugebaria da piradi sivrcis darRvevad miiCneva. magaliTad, xmelTaSuazRvispirul da samxreTamerikul kulturebSi Cveulebrivad iTvleba saubris dros mxarze xelis dakvra, xelis gadaxveva, CrdiloeT evropis warmomadgenelTaTvis ki es damabneveli Jestia, romelic, SeiZleba, safrTxis momaswaveblad aRiqmebodes.

kulturaTa tipologiis nebismieri modeli pirobiTia: ar arsebobs kultura, romelic zustad da mkafiod Seesabameba zemoT dasaxelebul maxasiaTeblebs. miuxedavad amisa, kulturaTa tipologiis sferoSi dagrovili codna Zalian mniSnelovania, magaliTad, diplomatebisaTvis, romelTac, sagangebod aswavlian kulturaTa Taviseburebebs. am faqtors aseve gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben saerTaSoriso biznes kompaniebi, TavianTi saqmianobisa da produqciis reklamirebis warmatebis uzrunvelsayofad.

piradi sivrce

davaleba

1. gakveTilSi mocemuli tipologiis modelebis mixedviT, imsjele qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb.

2. gaixsene kulturis universaliebi da imsjele, ramdenad SeiZleba iyos romelime maTgani kulturaTa tipologiis safuZveli.

16946. saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba

saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba 46

„Cven kargad viciT, erTsa da imave mSoblebis Svilebs gvari erTi aqvT, magram saxelebi ki sxvadasxva. msgavsad amisa, Cveni qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxes, anu nawils, gvartomobis saxeli erTi da igive hqvia _ saqarTvelo, magram amave dros, TiToeul nawils Tavis sakuTari saxelic hqvia, swored ise, rogorc RviZl Zmebsa da debs sxvadasxva saxels uwodeben xolme. ai, is saxelebi: kaxeTi, qarTli, imereTi, samegrelo, guria, raWa, svaneTi...“, _ werda iakob gogebaSvili.

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis mcxovrebni erTmaneTisagan gansxvav debian metyvelebiT, yoveldRiuri yofis elementebiT, sadResaswaulo da glovis ritualebiT. amave dros, yvela maTgani erTiani qarTuli kulturis nawilia, erTi saxelmwifo da saliteraturo eniT1. gansxvavebulma landSaftma, klimaturma pirobebma da istoriulma realobam gansazRvra cxovrebis wesis mravalferovneba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.

saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba qarTuli enis dialeqtebSic vlindeba. isini gavlenas axdenen qarTuli saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebaze. qarTuli klasikuri nawarmoebebi gajerebulia ama Tu im kuTxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli dialeqtebiT, rac gansakuTrebul xibls sZens maT.

dialeqti _ ama Tu im enaze

metyvelebis regionul-

kuTxuri nairsaxeoba.

1 saqarTvelos konstituciiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze saxelmwifo enad aRiarebulia agreTve afxazuri ena.

170 msoflio kultura

moxeveebis metyvelebis Taviseburebebi ilia WavWavaZis „mgzavris werilebidan“:

_ ra gqvian, Zmobilo? _ vkiTxe me.

_ ...lelT Runias mixmoben, _ momigo man.

_ sadauri xar?

_ sadavel? gaibotnidam, aqaiv mTaCia, Terg_kidurzed...

_ kai adgilia es Tqveni adgili.

_ araa gonjai: Cvens beCaobas Sehferobs.

_ amisTana wyali, amisTana haeri swored bednierebaa.

_ hm! _ Caicina moxevem.

_ ras icini?

_ sacinals vicini. carial stvamaqi magniT ver gaZRebis.

_ aq Zalian mosavali unda icodes?!

_ raid ar ecodinebis? adgil araa gonjai, patar gvaqvn: TviTvauls kacs or_or Sabadis yana ar eqmnebis. viwrod varn.

_ es didi gza did xels mogcemT.

_ rai bedanaa gzai? ig misTvis vargobs, visec Tvis naSvrel_namuSever gasatan_gasasyid aqvn.

guruli dialeqtis magaliTi egnate ninoSvilis moTxrobidan:

„paliastomis tba“

_ neta, ra qnes, beJukai da daTikelai rom mogvyoboden ukan tiviT? _ ikiTxa nikom.

_ sicive SeaSinebda da zeiT karavSi meicTiden. sxvebic iyven, arc igini Cans. sibriyve maTi! am qariza geeswren, Tvara axla rom qari ameiWreba, TuTxmet dRes ar Cavardeba. mere ufro ar deixocebian am boRazSi yuryutiT! _ Tqva ivanem, romelic mZlavrad miaqanebda tivs da xandaxans umzerda cas.

TuSuri dialeqti eTer TaTaraiZis leqsis mixedviT:

yvela dilizd vemzadeb, avfrindebid, frii, muxlT mZime kupr Canasxam, Ten-binds far-xmals vxyrii. xvalizd garev vemzadeb cisk wavaliv, frii,

fexT dolabeb Senabam, naocnebars vSlii. arav, arav Tavs veZalv, avfrindebiv, frii, myarad miwas minajaWv, TvaliTa cremls vscrii.

171

saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba sainteresod aisaxeba sacxovrisis tipebSi. tradiciulad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi sacxovrebeli saxli qviTkirisa iyo, umetesad kramitiT gadaxuruli, win Ria aivani hqonda. dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi gavrcelebuli iyo oda saxlebi, romlebsac gars didi ezo ekra. ezoSi idga damxmare nagebobebi _ samzadi (samzareulo), nalia, saqonlis sadgomi da sxva. gurul da megrul oda saxls, nestiani havis gamo, xis an qvis boZebze dgamdnen. samegreloSi, oda saxlTan erTad, gavrcelebuli iyo jargvalic _ xis gauTleli morebisgan ulursmnod nagebi Senoba. afxazeTSi, iseve rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT sxva regionSi, agebdnen facxas; es iyo wnulkedliani, TixiT Selesili, miwis iatakiani, wriuli an oTxkuTxa moyvanilobis sacxovrisi, romelsac isliT an CaliT xuravdnen.

svaneTSi yovel gvars sakuTari koSki hqonda, romelsac TavdacviTi funqcia ekisreboda. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielebi sipi qvebiT agebul saxlebSi cxovrobdnen. aseTi sacxovreblebi SemorCenilia, magaliTad, SatilSi, mucoSi, omaloSi. mTis bevri sofeli mtrisgan kargad daculi erTgvari cixesimagre iyo.

samcxe-javaxeTSi, ZiriTadad, erdoian-gvirgvinian darbazul saxlebs agebdnen. misi mTavari Tavisebureba safexurebiani gumbaTia, romelic sakvamuriT _ erdoTi mTavrdeba. centrSi cecxlis dasanTebi adgili, kera iyo. garda amisa, hqondaT miwisqveSa samalavebi _ daranebi.

facxa imeruli oda

svanuri koSkebi Satili

46. saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovneba

172 msoflio kultura

saqarTvelos kuTxeebi meurneobis tradiciuli dargebiTac gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, Cveni samSoblo mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis qveynad iTvleba, maRal mTiani regionebis garda, mas yvelgan misdeven, Tumca sxvadasxva kuTxeSi yurZnis moyvanisa da Rvinis dayenebis gansxvavebuli wesi arsebobs, rac ganpirobebulia yurZnis jiSebis mraval ferovnebiT. kaxeTi am mxriv gamorCeuli kuTxea. guriaSi gavrcelebulia „maRlari“ venaxi, sadac vazi xeebs auyveba; mis dasakrefad sagangebo kalaTs - gidels iyeneben. raWa-leCxumi cnobilia unikaluri RvinoebiT, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia „xvanWkara“ (raWaSi) da „usaxelauri“ (leCxumSi).

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ara mxolod yofiT, aramed qceviT, metyvelebis maneriT, Tavazianobisa da maspinZlobis formiT da sxva maxasiaTeblebiT. es gansxvavebebi TvalSisacemi xdeba, rodesac erTi romelime kuTxis warmomadgeneli meoreSi aRmoCndeba da misTvis uCveulo garemoSi amoyofs Tavs. eTno-gra fiuli Taviseburebebi araerTi stereotipuli Sexedu lebis safuZveli gaxda, magaliTad, miCneulia, rom raWveli nelia, guruli _ ficxi, megreli _ moxerxebuli, imereli _ mkvircxli, kaxeli _ dinji da a. S. stereotipebi yvelaze cxadad saxaliso istoriebsa da anegdotebSi gamovlinda.

jargvali

gideli

mesxuri darbazuli saxlis gvirgvini

davaleba

1. yurZnis ra jiSebia gavrcelebuli Sens regionSi? gamoikvlie, gvxvdeba Tu ara isini saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi.

2. qarTul literaturaSi moiZie saqarTvelos eTnografiuli mravalferovnebis amsaxveli magaliTebi _ ama Tu im kuTxis warmomadgenelTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyveleba, Cacmuloba, kerZebi, yoveldRiuri yofis Taviseburebebi da a.S. imsjele maT Soris msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze.

3. naxe qarTuli mxatvruli filmebi _ „imeruli eskizebi“ (reJisori nana mWedliZe), „siyvaruli yvelas unda“ (reJisori giorgi Sengelaia) da `memkvidreoba~ (reJisori gela babluani). imsjele filmebSi asaxul kuTxur Taviseburebebze.

saxaliso TamaSi socialur qselze: http://apps.facebook.com/chemi_sakhli/

17347. saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba

saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba 47

„saRamos mTeli soxumi portSi iyo gamosuli. iyo bevri yvavilebi, orkestric, taS-fanduric, cxvirsaxocebis frialic, madloba, naxvamdis, mSvidobiT, magram yvelaferze meti mainc cremli iyo. soxumis moqalaqeni Tavisi sxeulis nawils, Tavis sisxls da xorcs _ berZnebs acilebdnen. berZnebi ukve asuliyvnen gemze, RrubeliviT TeTr da qaTqaTa „poseidonze“ da iqidan gviyvirodnen xelebis qneviT raRacas, zogs berZnulad, zogs rusulad, zogs afxazurad, zogs somxurad, zogs qarTulad...“

nodar dumbaZe, “Hellados”

es citata nodar dumbaZis cnobili moTxrobidan kargad asaxavs saqarTvelos qalaqebis mravalkulturul garemos, romelic saukuneebis manZilze yalib-deboda. albaT, gsmenia qalaquri ezos Sesaxeb. qalaqis centrSi, quCidan alayafiT gamoyofil ezoSi, or an samsarTulian saxlSi erTad cxov-robdnen qarTvelebi, azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, qurTebi, rusebi, ukrainelebi... maTi binis kari arasdros iketeboda; mezoblebs yoveldRiuri yofa aerTianebda: ezos centrSi, onkanTan, dRisiT diasaxlisebi saqmianobdnen - recxavdnen sarecxs, xarSavdnen murabebs, saRamos mamakacebi ikribebodnen, TamaSobdnen nards da dominos, arCevdnen politikis ambebs, iSleboda saxeldaxelo sufra. bavSvebi erTad izrdebodnen da ramdenime enaze saubrobdnen, erTi sityviT, erT did ojaxad cxovrobdnen, kargad icodnen erTmaneTis wes-Cveulebebi da tradiciebi, icnobdnen mezoblebis naTesavebsa da megobrebs.

qalaquri ezo

somexi memusikeni tfilisSi. d. ermakovis foto

„Svili mezrdeba pirdapir sagareo saqmeTa ministri. somxuri icis? _ icis, qarTulad laparakobs? _ TavisTavad, inglisurze dadis? _ dadis, Cveni meezovis, fizulis gogo cota qurTuls aswavlis? _ aswavlis...“

nodar dumbaZe, „maradisobis kanoni“

174 msoflio kultura

qalaqis calkeuli ubnebi gansakuTrebuli siWreliT gamoirCeoda, magaliTad, TbilisSi _ avlabari, orTaWala, sololaki, quTaisSi _ yofili Saumianis quCa. swored amitom Sendeboda aseT ubnebSi, erTmaneTis siaxloves, sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis aRmsarebelTa salocavebi.

mravalkulturuloba, rogorc wesi, qalaqebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca saqarTveloSi bevria iseTi daba Tu sofelic, sadac gansxvavebuli erovnebisa da religiis adamianebi cxovroben.

xangrZlivma Tanacxovrebam gavlena iqonia sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis cxovrebis wesze, sameurneo yofaze. maT gaiTavises qarTuli kulturis rigi elementebi da, Tavis mxriv, gavlena moaxdines masze. es naTlad Cans sacxovrebeli Tu sameurneo nagebobebis, qorwinebis, glovis,

dakrZalvis ritualebis magaliTze. eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebi monawileoben erTmaneTis tradiciul dResaswaulebSi. urTierTgavlenis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi macxovrebelma TiToeulma eTnikurma jgufma SeinarCuna TviTmyofadoba.

mravalkulturul sazogadoebaSi cxovreba ar aris dazRveuli sirTuleebisa da problemebisagan, rac SeiZleba gamoiwvios ara imdenad kulturaTaSorisma gansxvavebebma, ramdenadac maTma arasworma aRqmam da gagebam. qveynis mSvidobiani arseboba mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli sxvadasxva eTnikuri, religiuri da kulturuli jgufebis harmoniul urTierTobaze.

ebraeli qalebi.a. roiniSvilis foto

azerbaijaneli moswavleebi qarTul da azerbaijanul samosSi

175

davaleba

1. airCie saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi romelime eTnikuri umciresoba (somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, rusebi, ebraelebi, berZnebi, osebi, qurTebi, asirielebi...) da CamoTvale misTvis damaxasiaTebeli tradiciebi, dResaswaulebi, saWmeli, samosi da sxva niSnebi. Seni azriT, ra elementebi aerTianebs dRes saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs?

2. imsjele, ra sirTuleebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios kulturuli gansxvavebebis arasworma aRqmam da gagebam?

kiTxva

l Seni azriT, ratom aris damaxasiaTebeli mravalkulturuloba ufro metad qalaqebisaTvis, vidre soflebisTvis?

47. saqarTvelos kulturuli mravalferovneba

176 msoflio kultura

kulturuli Soki48

gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi saharis udabnoSi dakargul patara oazisSi kinodanadgari Caitanes da adgilobriv mcxovreblebs filmi aCvenes. „moZravma suraTebma“, cxadia, gakvirveba da aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia, magram kidev ufro didi STabeWdileba udabnos binadrebze filmis Sinaarsma moaxdina _ moqmedeba didi mdinaris maxloblad mimdinareobda. mayureblebma

ver daijeres, rom am raodenobiT wyali sadme SeiZleba arsebobdes. jer gaocdnen, Semdeg ki RimiliT gadaxedes erTmaneTs _ ver mogvatyuebT, raRac fandia, amdeni wyali mTels dedamiwaze ar ariso... oazisis mkvidrebma kulturuli Soki ganicades.

SeiZleba vinmes kiTxva gauCndes: mdinare xom bunebis nawilia da ara kulturis? marTalia, magram mxolod nawilobriv: udabnos mcxovrebTa mier gancdili Soki mainc kulturuli xasiaTisaa, vinaidan maTi cxovrebis wesis Taviseburebebs, mniSvnelovanwilad, wylis nakleboba gansazRvravs; mdinare ki ara marto bunebis, aramed kulturis nawilicaa _ igi aTvisebulia, masze gemebi moZraoben, mdinareze Txzaven leqsebs da iReben filmebs.

kulturul Soks, rogorc wesi, ganicdis emigranti, saswavleblad wasuli axalgazrda, ucxo qveyanaSi samuSaos maZiebeli, mogzauri; zogi iTrguneba da didi xniT kargavs sicocxlis xaliss (rogorc mecnierebi amboben, depresia eufleba); zogi qedmaRlobiT „iaraRdeba“ _ „es raa, samagierod Cven iseTi mTebi gvaqvs, amaT rom arc daesizmrebaT“;

zogsac uCndeba survili gaigos, Seimecnos, Seisisxlxorcos sxva kulturis miRwevebi. erTi sityviT, kulturuli Soki adamianze sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas axdens.

termini kulturuli Soki me-20saukunis 60-iani wlebidan damkvidrda. ase uwodeben Zlier, ZiriTadad, damTrgunvel grZnobebs, romelsac aRZravs sxva kulturis uCveulo Semadgenel nawilebTan Sexeba. es SeiZleba iyos gaoceba, gaRizianeba, Suri da agresiac ki.

kulturuli Soki

17748. kulturuli Soki

gamoyofen kulturuli Sokis 5 safexurs:

1. „Taflobis Tve“ _ garSemo yvelaferi axali, gansxvavebuli da dadebiTia.

xalxi sasiamovno STabeWdilebas tovebs, adamiani enTuziazmiTaa ganwyobili

siaxleebisadmi.

2. dezorientacia/dabneuloba _ nacnobi da Cveuli araferia, axal kulturasTan

Segueba metismetad did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. siaxlis SegrZneba TandaTan

qreba da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis siZneleebi iCens Tavs. adamiani dabneulia,

mas nostalgia eufleba; SesaZlebelia, janmrTelobis problemebic Seeqmnas

_ uZiloba, ucxo sakvebTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi. es reaqciebi droTa

ganmavlobaSi qreba.

3. imedgacrueba da mtruli ganwyoba _ adamiani Tavs jer kidev daucvelad

da daTrgunulad grZnobs, raSic sxvebs adanaSaulebs; uaryofs axal

kulturas. SesaZloa, imaze fiqric daiwyos, rom samSobloSi yvelaferi

bevrad ukeTesad iyo, vidre iq, sadac axla imyofeba.

4. avtonomiis done/Seguebis dasawyisi _ adamiani ufro imedianadaa ganwyobili,

rwmundeba, rom SeuZlia axal situaciasTan Segueba.

5. damoukideblobis done _ axal kulturasTan adaptaciis safexuri

gadalaxulia. adamiani Tavs komfortulad grZnobs.

kulturuli Sokis es safexurebi pirobiTia da yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi

zustad aseTi saxiT ar gvxvdeba.

SeiZleba Tu ara gavumklavdeT kulturuli Soks?

diax, SeiZleba, da ai, ramdenime rCeva:

ucxo qveyanaSi gamgzavrebis win gaecani mis tradiciebs, normebs, naxe fotoebi, filmebi, daiswavle ramdenime sityva da winadadeba;

Tu Soki mainc ganicade, icode _ es kulturuli Sokia, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi gaivlis;

Seecade moToko SiSi da „CarTo“ cnobismoyvareoba;

daamyare kontaqti adgilobriv mcxovreblebTan.

kulturuli Soki sakuTar kulturul garemocvaSic SeiZleba ganicado, maga-liTad, sxva skolaSi, qalaqSi, soflidan qalaqSi, ojaxSi, organizaciaSi moxvedris dros, aseve maSin, rodesac sazogadoebaSi xdeba swrafi cvlilebebi _ Semodis axali teqnologiebi (magaliTad, kompiuteri), icvleba politikuri reJimi (magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg), an, sulac, Cndeba axali moda. zogierT adamianSi es iwvevs dabneulobas, miuReblobas, gaRizianebas, undoblobas... ras izam, bevr adamians uWirs ZvelTan, CveulTan ganSoreba da axal garemosTan Segueba. swored isini ganicdian kulturul Soks, Sin Tu ucxoeTSi.

178 msoflio kultura

qarTveli studentis monaTxrobi

maxsovs Cemi aRfrTovaneba, roca TviTmfrinavSi Cavjeqi axal universitetSi gasamgzavreblad. CrdiloeT evropis erT-erT qveyanaSi mivdiodi, swavla im universitetSi unda gamegrZelebina, romelzec vocnebobdi. axali nacnoboba, axali megobrebis SeZena meloda.

pirveli kvira praqtikuli problemebiT iyo aRsavse: unda momeZebna bina, amerCia sagnebi, SemeZina wignebi. met daxmarebas velodi, magram Cemi xelmZRvaneli sul dakavebuli iyo: xan sadme miemgzavreboda, xan Sexvedraze eCqareboda, xan _ leqciaze. momdevno ramdenime kviris manZilze vfiqrobdi, rom aq Zalian civi xalxi cxovrobda. dRis ganmavlobaSi maT arafrisTvis ecalaT, samuSaos garda. mezoblebTan oficialuri da zedapiruli urTierToba mqonda. sul vfiqrobdi, rogorc SeiZleboda yovelive amis Secvla. kviris saukeTeso dRe SabaTi iyo, roca saRamoobiT saxlSi vrekavdi da Cemianebs vesaubrebodi.

Semdeg erT-erTi studenti daqorwinda da wveulebaze dampatiJa. es araCveulebrivi iyo! gavicani axali adamianebi, bevri vimxiaruleT, isini TavianT cekvebs maswavlidnen, me _ Cemsas. Sinisken mimavali, vfiqrobdi: „axla ukve vici, rogor SeviZino megobrebi am qveyanaSi“.

magram orSabaTs yvelaferi ise gagrZelda, TiTqos araferi momxdariyos. isini, visTanac ase kargad vgrZnobdi Tavs wina saRamos, derefanSi mokle gamarjobiT an xelis aweviT ifarglebodnen da TavianT saqmeebze miiCqarodnen. isev marto davrCi. ra ar gavakeTe sworad? rogorc Cans, es yvelaferi mxolod imas niSnavs, rom me ucxoeli da, maSasadame, gareSe piri var?

Cemi gancdebi, albaT, saxeze mewera, imitom rom ramdenime dRis Semdeg erT-erTi studenti, romelTan erTad im saRamos vcekvavdi, CemTan movida da mkiTxa, ra xdeboda. Cven visaubreT; man amixsna, rom yvelaferi Cveulebrivad iyo, da rom adamianebi aq mkafiod ganasxvavebdnen erTmaneTisagan samuSao da Tavisufal dros. Tavi ukeT vigrZeni. amis Semdeg Cven vsaubrobdiT xolme, es gogona da kidev ramdenime adamiani Cemi megobrebi gaxdnen. axla kargad var. muSaobis organizacia aq araCveulebrivia, amitom me aSkarad vgrZnob winsvlas Cem saqmeSi. adamianebi pouloben dros Cemi samuSaos Sesaxeb sasaubrod, Tu maT amas vTxov. miuxedavad amisa, Zalian maklia Cemi qveynis Cveuli siTbo.

davaleba

1. studentis monaTxrobSi gamoyavi kulturuli Sokis safexurebi (1-4), romelic axalgazrdam gaiara.

2. rogor fiqrob, SeiZleba kulturuli Soki iqces marginalobis (ix. gakveTili 15) safuZvlad?

3. moiZie informacia `stendalis sindromis~, `parizis sindromis~ da `ierusalimis sindromis~ Sesaxeb. imsjele, ramdenad SesaZlebelia maTi dakavSireba kulturul SokTan.

17949. stereotipi

stereotipi 49

kulturaTa Soris urTierTobis damabrkolebel faqtorTagan erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari stereotipebia. xSirad Cveni warmodgena adamianebze ganpirobebulia zogadi codniTa da damkvidrebuli SexedulebebiT im jgufebis Sesaxeb, romelsac isini miekuTvnebian. magaliTad, vTvliT, rom yvela germaneli punqtualuria, warmatebuli mZleosnebi Savkanianebi arian, iseve rogorc jazis Semsruleblebi. am winaswari warmodgenebidan gamomdinare, xSirad vxedavT imas, rac gvinda rom davinaxoT, an ris danaxvis molodinic gvaqvs da uarvyofT yvela sxva SesaZlo informacias, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba am molodins. Cven gvjera ara imis, rasac vxedavT, aramed vxedavT imas, risac gvjera. Tu veliT, rom romelime qveynis warmomadgeneli arakeTilganwyobilia ucxoelebis mimarT, maTi moqmedebac, savaraudod, winaswari molodinis Sesabamisad iqneba aRqmuli.

stereotipi aris farTod gaziarebuli, standartizebuli, gamartivebuli da winaswar arsebuli warmodgena ama Tu im jgufis Tvisebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb.

stereotipuli damokidebuleba gulisxmobs individis Sefasebas eTnikuri, rasobrivi, socialuri, asakobrivi, religiuri, genderuli da sxva nebismieri jgufisadmi kuTvnilebis niSniT. ama Tu im jgufisaTvis miwerili myari maxasiaTeblebi jgufis yvela wevrze vrceldeba. es niSnebi moicavs rogorc fizikur, ise inteleqtualur da zneobriv mxares. stereotipi SeiZleba iyos rogorc pozitiuri, aseve negatiuri („yvela amerikeli mdidaria“, „yvela frangi Zunwia“).

stereotipebs or jgufad yofen: avtostereotipebad da heterostereotipebad. avtostereotipi gulisxmobs adamianTa jgufis warmodgenas sakuTar Tavze, xolo heterostereotipi aRniSnavs erTi jgufis warmomadgelebis Sexedulebas sxva jgufebze.

stereotipi (berZn. stereos _ myari, tipos _ anabeWdi) _ iTargmneba rogorc „myari anabeWdi“.

180 msoflio kultura

irlandielebi xSirad miiCneodnen ficx CxubisTavebad da loTebad. me-19 saukunis erT-erT britanul karikaturaze irlandieli imigranti gamosaxulia rogorc maimunis msgavsi arseba, rasobrivad gansxvavebuli anglosaqsuri tipisagan.

amerikul JurnalSi Harper’s Weekly dabeWdil ilustraciaze irlandieli negroiduli rasis warmomadgenlis msgavsad aris gamosaxuli da orive maTgani maimuns aris mimsgavsebuli.

meore ilustracia aseve upirispirebs erTmaneTs anglosaqsuri warmoSobis qals da irlandieli qalis stereotipul saxes (New Physiognomy, New York, 1866).

ebraeli warmodgenili iyo rogorc mdidari, xarbi, Zunwi adamiani. is xSirad gamoisaxeboda rogorc vaWari, romelic fuls iTvlis da Zvirfas qvebs agrovebs. karikaturebze stereotipizebuli iyo maTi garegnobac: muqi kanis feri, xveuli Tma, grZeli kexiani cxviri, Txeli tuCebi da didi muqi Tvalebi.

ebraelebis stereotipizacia evropaSi saukuneebis manZilze mimdinareobda. socialuri problemebis wamoWris SemTxvevaSi isini xSirad „gantevebis vacis“ rols TamaSobdnen. nacistur germaniaSi (me-20 saukunis 30-40-ian wlebi) periodSi antisemitizmma yvelaze mZafri forma miiRo.

nacisturi propaganda miznad

isaxavda ebraeli xalxis negatiuri stereotipis

gamyarebas. suraTze dapirispirebulia

mdidrulad Cacmuli ebraelebis wyvili

(marjvniv) da Raribi ojaxi (marcxniv).

xazgasmulia ebraelTa garegnobis

stereotipuli niSnebi.

18149. stereotipi

rogor gadavlaxoT stereotipebi

l gavacnobieroT Cveni sakuTari winaswari warmodgenebi da stereotipebi sxva kulturasTan mimarTebaSi;

l meti viswavloT da gavigoT sxva kulturis Sesaxeb.

davaleba

diskusia

l imsjele Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebul stereotipebze. daasaxele magaliTebi, isaubre, ra safrTxeebs Seicavs stereotipebi da ra SeiZleba gakeTdes maTi Tavidan asacileblad.

1. moiyvane fizikuri, inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi stereotipebis magaliTebi.

2. romeli avtostereotipebis dasaxeleba SegiZlia? daajgufe isini pozitiur da negatiur stereotipebad.

3. daakvirdi karikaturaze warmodgenil saxeebs da imsjele, ra ganwyoba SeiZleba Seiqmnas maT safuZvelze?

4. gaixsene SenTvis cnobili literaturuli nawarmoebebi (Tomas main ridis, mark tvenis, jeims fenimor kuperis, hariet biCer stous da sxva) da moiyvane stereotipebis magaliTebi.

182 msoflio kultura

kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis barierebi:rasizmi da qsenofobia

50

mravali saukunis manZilze sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenlebi qedmaRlurad uyurebdnen da arasrulfasovnad miiCnevdnen erTmaneTs gansxvavebuli enis, religiis, tradiciebis, Cacmulobis, kanis

feris da sxva maxasiaTebelTa gamo. bevr enaSi ucxos, gansxvavebulis aRmniSvneli sityvebi, xSirad, damakninebel, uaryofiT ganwyobas gamoxatavs, xazs usvams sakuTar upiratesobas sxvasTan SedarebiT. amis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia „barbarosi“, romelsac Zveli berZnebi sxva, maTTvis gaugebar enaze metyvel xalxs uwodebdnen, amave dros, aRniSnavdnen maT ”arakulturulobas”, ”aracivilizebulobas” da ”CamorCenilobas”.

gansxvavebuli kulturis, eTnosis an rasisadmi mtruli damokidebuleba rasizmisa da qsenofobiis safuZvelia, rac, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva saxis

diskriminaciisa da konfliqtis mizezs warmoadgens. gansxvavebulis mimarT Seuwynarebloba umTavresi dabrkolebaa sxvadasxva kulturis adamianTa mSvidobiani TanaarsebobisaTvis.

rasizmi emyareba Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, genetikuri faqtorebi adamianis gonebrivi da fizikuri SesaZleblobebis mTavari ganmsazRvrelia. warmodgena rasebis uTanasworobis Sesaxeb, Ziri Tadad, uflebriv gansxvave bebSi vlindeba. rasobrivi kuTvnileba xSirad kultu rasTan, eTnikurobasa da socialur-ekonomikur sta-tus Tan kavSirSi ganixileba. rasobriv da eTnikur safuZ velze adamianis uflebebis SezRudvas rasobrivi diskri minacia ewodeba. mis sxvada sxva formas Soris erT-erTi rasobrivi segregaciaa, rac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sxva dasxva rasobrivi jgufebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvniT gamo-ixateba.

sxvadasxva rasis adamianTa erTmaneTisagan gamoyofa zogierT qveyanaSi saxelmwifos mier iyo dakanonebuli da gulisxmobda erTi rasis uflebriv upiratesobas meoresTan SedarebiT.

rasa _ biologiuri/genetikuri maxasiaTeblebiT gansazRvruli adamianTa didi jgufi.

segregacia _ gamoyofa, izolacia, gancalkeveba.

moswavleebi plakatebiT: `Cven ar gvinda zangebi Cvens skolaSi~, `Cven ar vivliT skolaSi zangebTan erTad~, `gaficva integraciis winaaRmdeg~.

18350. kulturaTSorisi urTierTobis barierebi: rasizmi da qsenofobia

qsenofobia ucxoelebisa da maTi kulturis usafuZvlo da gauazrebeli SiSi, undobloba da siZulvilia. qsenofobiis SemTxvevebi dResac bevria. Tanamedrove konfliqtebSi CarTuli mxareebi xSirad ganicdian dapirispirebuli eTnikuri Tu religiuri jgufis mimarT siZulvils.

umetesad, negatiuri damokidebuleba ar aris ganpirobebuli konkretuli mizeziT, sxva eTnikur Tu religiur jgufTan urTierTobis gamocdilebiT, aramed gauazrebel, stereotipul winaswar ganwyobas warmoadgens.

termini „rasobrivi diskriminacia“ niSnavs gansxvavebas, gandevnas, SezRudvas an upiratesobis miniWebas rasis, feris, warmomavlobis, nacionaluri Tu eTnikuri kuTvnilebis safuZvelze, romlis mizani an Sedegia ... adamianis uflebebisa da fundamenturi Tavisuflebebis SezRudva politikur, ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva nebismier sferoSi.

gaeros saerTaSoriso konvencia yvela saxis rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb. niu iorki, 7 marti, 1966

qsenofobia _ berZn. qsenos _ ucxo, ucxoeli, fobos _ SiSi

kiTxva

l ra sityvebiT aRiniSneb(od)a sxva, ucxo qarTul da sxva enebSi? ra saxis gansxvavebebs usvams xazs es sityvebi? gamoxatavs Tu ara isini sakuTar upiratesobas sxvebTan SedarebiT?

niSanze aRniSnulia, rom sacurao adgili gankuTvnilia mxolod TeTri rasis warmomadgenlebisTvis

184 msoflio kultura

istoriis gakveTilebi51

1876-1965 wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi moqmedebda e. w. jim qrous1

kanonebi, romlebic rasobrivi segre-gaciis iuriduli safuZveli iyo. es kanonebi Savkanian amerikelebs statusiT TeTrkanianebis Tanaswor, magram gancal-kevebul jgufad aRiarebda. miuxedavad amisa, maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi mniSvnelovnad izRudeboda. kanonis Tanaxmad, rasobrivi niSniT gamijnuli iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero _ skolebi, transporti, sapirfareSoebi, restornebi, sasmeli Sadrevnebi da sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris yvela sxva adgili.

warwera abraze: `vemsaxurebiT mxolod TeTrebs, espanelebi da meqsikelebi ar daiSvebian~.

Teatris abra warweriT: `feradkanianTa Teatri~. aSS. 1950 weli. gancalkevebuli onkanebi TeTr- da feradkanianTaTvis (eliot urvitis foto).

alabamas Statis qalaq montgomeriSi moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, avtobusSi gamoyofili iyo TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa seqciebi, romlebic moZravi niSniT imijneboda. mZRols SeeZlo gadaeadgilebina ”feradkanianTa seqciis” aRmniSvneli niSani, an saerTod aeRo is. TeTkanianebi avtobusis wina rigebSi sxdebodnen da TandaTan avsebdnen mas ukana rigebisaken, Savkanianebi piriqiT, ukana adgilebs ikavebdnen da TandaTan avsebdnen wina rigebs. Savkanianebs SeeZloT msxdariyvnen Sua rigebSi, sanam TeTrkanianTa seqcia gaivseboda. Tu orive seqcia Sevsebuli iyo da avtobusSi Savkaniani mgzavri amovidoda, is fexze unda mdgariyo, xolo Tu TeTrkaniani amovidoda, maSin TeTrkanianTa seqciasTan mdebare uaxloes rigSi msxdomi yvela Savkaniani mgzavri valdebuli iyo, gaeTavisuflebina adgili

1„jim qrou“ - afro-amerikelebis damamcirebeli saxeli, aSS-Si damkvidrda 1830-iani wlebidan.

18551. istoriis gakveTilebi

holokosti. nacisturi ideologiis Tanaxmad, erTmaneTisagan uflebrivad imijnebodnen germanelebi, rogorc umaRlesi, „ariuli rasis“ warmomadgenlebi da ebraelebi, romlebic arasrulfasovan rasad miiCneodnen.

TeTrkanianTa axali rigis Sesaqmnelad. Tu adgili aRar rCeboda, maT unda daetovebinaT avtobusi.

Tu wina rigebi ukve dakavebuli iyo TeTrkanianTa mier, Savkanianebi jer wina karidan adiodnen avtobusSi mgzavrobis safasuris gadasaxdelad, Semdeg isev Cadiodnen da ukana karidan xelaxla adiodnen avtobusSi. xSirad xdeboda ise, rom avtobusi iZvreboda da safasuris gadaxdis Semdeg Savkaniani mgzavri veRar aswrebda SavkanianTaTvis gankuTvnili karidan asvlas.

holokosti (berZn. holos _ mTeli, kostos _ damwvari) _ ebraelTa genocidi meore msoflio omis dros germaniasa da mis mier okupirebul qveynebSi.

es fotoebi 1940 wels aris gadaRebuli. pirvel maTganze miTiTebulia, rom bavSvTa saTamaSo moedanze ebraelebi ar daiSvebian, xolo meoreze igive akrZalvaa kinoTeatrSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT. suraTebi daculia praRis ebraul muzeumSi.

avtobusi TeTrkaniani da Savkaniani mgzavrebisTvis gamijnuli seqciebiT

186 msoflio kultura

1948-1993 wlebSi samxreT afrikis respublikaSi gabatonebuli iyo rasobrivi segregaciis samarTlebrivi sistema _ aparteidi. aparteidis periodSi samxreT afrikis mosaxleobis umravlesobis _ feradkanianebis _ uflebebi SezRuduli iyo mmarTveli TeTrkanianebis mier, romlebic Tavad umciresobas warmoadgendnen. rasobrivi segregacia samxreT afrikaSi koloniuri periodidan arsebobda, magram nacionaluri partiis mier misi dakanoneba 1948 wels moxda.

ebraelTa uflebebis SezRudva gavrcelda nacisturi germaniis mier okupirebul yvela qveyanaSi. Seiqmna sakoncentracio banakebi („sikvdilis banakebi”), sadac „dabali rasis” warmomadgenlebs _ ebraelebsa da boSebs _ fizikurad anadgurebdnen. garda amisa, maTze sxvadasxva samedicino eqsperiments atarebdnen, iyenebdnen iZulebiTi samuSaoebisaTvis. istoriaSi arnaxuli gegmazomieri masobrivi ganadgurebis Sedegad, daaxloebiT 6 milioni ebraeli daiRupa.

aparteidi (holand. apartheid) _ gamoyofa, gancalkeveba.

1935 wels nacistur germaniaSi SemoiRes antisemituri (ebraelTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli) kanonebi, romlebic niurnbergis kanonebis saxeliTaa cnobili. am kanonebiT dadginda sqema, romlis safuZvelze unda garkveuliyo rasobrivi kuTvnileba, uaxloesi winaprebis eTnikuri warmomavlobis mixedviT. „wminda“ ebraelad iTvleboda adamiani, romelsac ori Taobis winaprebidan sami an oTxi ebraeli hyavda. naxevrad ebraelad miiCneoda is, vinc iudaizmis mimdevari iyo da Sereul qorwinebaSi imyofeboda. maT mimarT kanoni gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo. germanuli sisxlis siwmindisa da pativis dacvisaTvis, kanoni krZalavda Sereul qorwinebas germanelebsa da ebraelebs Soris da ebraelebs germaniis moqalaqeobas arTmevda.

niSanze aRniSnulia, rom sacurao adgili gankuTvnilia mxolod TeTri rasis warmomadgenlebisTvis

niSanze aRniSnulia, rom sapirfareSo gankuTvnilia mxolod SavkanianebisaTvis, feradkanianTa da azielebisTvis

187

samxreT afrikis respublikis kanonmdebloba mosaxleobas oTx rasobriv jgufad yofda: Savkanianebi, TeTrkanianebi, feradkanianebi da azielebi. 1950 wels SemoiRes piradobis mowmobebi, sadac miTiTebuli iyo rasa. Seiqmna sagangebo komisiebi im adamianTa mikuTvnebulobis gansasazRvrad, romelTa rasa mkafio ar gaxldaT. gancalkevebuli iyo sxvadasxva rasis sacxovrebeli adgilebi, rac xSirad Zaladobrivi gziT xdeboda. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo maTTvis, visi ojaxis wevrebi, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva rasisaTvis miekuTvnebinaT da erTmaneTisagan daeSorebinaT. kanoniT ikrZaleboda rasebs Soris Sereuli qorwinebebi. mTavrobam ganacalkeva saganmanaTleblo, samedicino da samoqalaqo momsaxurebis sferoebi. SavkanianTaTvis gankuTvnili momsaxureba xarisxiT gacilebiT CamorCeboda TeTrkanianebisas. gancalkevda plaJebi, avtobusebi, TavSeyris nebismieri sxva adgili. niSnebi warweriT „mxolod TeTrebisaTvis“ parkebSi skamebTanac ki iyo dadgmuli. segregacia ganaTlebis sferoSi gamoixateboda ara mxolod gancalkevebuli skolebis arsebobiT, aramed SavkanianTaTvis calke saganmanaTleblo sistemis SeqmniT. gansazRvruli iyo, rom Savkanian moswavleebs muSaTa rigebi unda SeevsoT. rac Seexeba universitetebs, ukve arsebul umaRles saswavleblebSi feradkanianebi ar daiSvebodnen, maTTvis Seiqmna axali universitetebi.

davaleba

kiTxva

l Cven miCveulebi varT qarTul tolerantobaze saubars, axla „axali“ ucxoelebi gvyavs (Savkanianebi, samxreT-aRmosavleT azielebi, Cinelebi, Turqebi...), rogoria sazogadoebis damokidebuleba maT mimarT?

l rasizmi da qsenofobia _ ara mxolod istoriuli fenomenebi, aramed yoveldRiurobis nawilia. klasSi moawyeT situaciuri TamaSi: „me ar var rasisti, magram...“ (transportiT mgzavrobisas Sens gverdiT dajda Savkaniani, sxva eTnikuri an religiuri jgufis warmomadgeneli damaxasiaTebeli CacmulobiT da a.S.).

51. istoriis gakveTilebi

188 msoflio kultura

ana franki ebraeli gogona iyo. igi 1929 wels daibada germaniaSi, mainis frankfurtSi. 1933 wels, xelisuflebaSi nacional-socialistebi movidnen. maTi antisemituri politikis gamo, frankebis ojaxi holandiaSi, emigraciaSi wavida. 1940 wels, germaniis mier holandiis okupirebis Semdeg, ebraelebis devna holandiaSic daiwyo, amitom 1942 wels frankebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, saidumlo TavSesafarSi gadasuliyvnen sacxovreblad da ase aecilebinaT Tavidan mosalodneli saSiSroeba. magram 1944 wels nacistebma TavSesafari aRmoaCines da misi mcxovrebni sxvadasxva sakoncentracio banakSi gadaiyvanes. 1945 wels ana franki bergen-belsenis banakSi tifiT gardaicvala.

dRiuri, romelSic gogona TavSesafarSi cxovrebas aRwerda, meore msoflio omis Semdeg maleve gamoica. mas Semdeg ana frankis dRiuri yvela Taobis sakiTxavi wigni gaxda.

fragmenti ana frankis dRiuridan

„Cven ebraelebi varT da amitom 1933 wels, rogorc emigrantebi, holandiaSi wamovediT... sxvebiviT Cvenc ar gamogvelia sadardebeli cxovrebaSi. 1940 wlidan ... jer omi dagvatyda Tavs, mere kapitulacia, ... axla ki daiwyo Cveni sacodaoba. diqtatoris2 brZanebas brZaneba mosdevda. gansakuTrebiT ebraelTa mdgomareoba gauaresda. ebraelebs unda etarebinaT yviTeli varskvlavi, CaebarebinaT velosipedebi, ekrZalebodaT tramvaiT mgzavroba, avtomobilze xom laparakic zedmetia. raimes yidva mxolod samidan xuTamde SeeZloT _ isic mxolod ebraelTa savaWroebSi. saRamos rva saaTis Semdeg ara marto quCaSi gamosvlis, aramed baRSi da aivanze gaCerebis uflebac aRar hqondaT. ebraelebs aukrZales Teatrsa da kinoSi siaruli, verc sxva gasarTob adgilebSi Sedgamdnen fexs. maT ekrZalebodaT curva, CogburTisa da hokeis TamaSi, saerTod sportis yvela saxeoba. ebraelebs aRar hqondaT ufleba qristianebs swveodnen... amieridan mTeli Cveni cxovreba amgvari Zaldatanebis qveS moeqca.“


2 igulisxmeba adolf hitleri, germaniis kancleri 1933-45 wlebSi

ana franki

18952. eTnocentrizmi

eTnocentrizmi 52

arsebobs aseTi Zveli xumroba: erTi samxedro piri filosofosTa wreSi moxvda. usmina maT kamaTs uzogades sakiTxebze da Tqva: „Tu aseTi Wkvianebi xarT, mwyobriT ratom ar dadixarT?...“

Cvenma gmirma, romelic, cxadia, WkuiT ar gamoirCeoda, egocentrizmi gamoavlina. es sityva laTinuridan warmodgeba: „ego“ niSnavs „me“, xolo centri yvelam iciT, ra aris. egocentruls uwodeben adamians, romelic sakuTar faseulobebs, midrekilebebs, warmodgenebs Tu rwmenas miiCnevs erTaderT sworad da yvelasaTvis aucileblad. Cveni anekdotis personaJi darwmunebuli iyo, rom is, rasac TviTon Tvlida saSur da, albaT, Znel saqmed, sxvebisTvisac aseTi unda yofiliyo. anekdoti anekdotad, magram egocentrul gamonaTqvamebs xSirad gaigonebT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi: „ver gavige, rogor SeiZleba iyo vegetarianeli...“; „eg mTlad kargad ver aris, markebs agrovebs da sxva araferi ainteresebs...“; „amxela wigns ra gakiTxebs!“ da a.S.

egocentrizmis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens eTnocentrizmi (berZ. „eTnos“ _ tomi, xalxi) _ roca sakuTari kulturis wesebi da normebi sworad da „WeSmaritad“ miiCneva, yvelaferi gansxvavebuli ki _ arasworad.

gaxsovs franc boasis „kulturis saTvale“? sxva kulturas adamianebi afaseben sakuTari kulturis gadasaxedidan, romelsac nimuSad, sazomad miiCneven. sxva kulturis adamianebs ki „sakuTari saTvale“, sakuTari faseulobebi, Sexedulebebi da normebi aqvT.

adamianebs sjeraT, rom swored maT kulturaSi arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi, Sexedulebebi, zne-Cveulebebi aris marTebuli da zneobrivi. amitom gansxvavebuli faseulobani aRiqmeba rogorc ucnauri, naklebzneobrivi, CamorCenili da veluric ki.

eTnocentrizmis magaliTebi mravlad SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT msoflio istoriaSi.

eTnocentrizmi niSnavs sakuTari kulturis miCnevas sxvebze aRmatebulad, sxva kulturebis da xalxebis qcevis Tu warmodgenebis Sefasebas sakuTari kulturis poziciidan.

Zveli berZnebis mier kacobriobis dayofa elinebad da barbarosebad swored eTnocentrizmis gamoxatuleba iyo. berZnebi gamarTlebulad da sworad mxolod sakuTari cxovrebis wess miiCnevdnen, danarCeni samyaro ki maTTvis barbarosul, aracivilizebul, erTgvarovan sivrces warmoadgenda. eTnocentrizmis gamoxatuleba iyo aseve evropeli misionerebis damokidebuleba amerikis adgilobrivi mosaxleobisadmi. misionerebis mizani iyo „swori“ rwmenis, zneobis, codnis, gemovnebis gavrceleba axladaRmoCenil kontinentze, romelic miiCneoda „primitiulad“ da „CamorCenilad“.

190 msoflio kultura

eTnocentrizmis magaliTebi Tanamedrove samyaroSic bevria. erTi kulturis warmomadgenels SeiZleba uCveulod da miuReblad moeCvenos sxva kulturaSi arsebuli dakrZalvis wesi: zogierT sazogadoebaSi micvalebuls gardacvalebis dResve krZalaven, sxvagan ki datirebis mravaldRiani rituali aqvT. SefasebiTi damokidebuleba mJRavndeba samosisadmic. mraval adamianSi Rimils iwvevs Sotlandiur kiltSi gamowyobili mamakaci.

ormagi eTnocentrizmis magaliTi

iaponuri kulturisadmi miZRvnil mecadineobaze leqtorma studentebs uambo, rom iaponiaSi Zalze mkacri wesebi arsebobs saCuqrebTan dakavSirebiT. Tu erTma iaponelma meores raime aCuqa, aucilebelia sapasuxo saCuqari, magram zustad igive safasuris! ufro Zvirfasi sapasuxo saCuqari Zalian damamcirebeli da Seuracxmyofelia _ iTvleba, rom am gziT Sen ambob: „me Senze magari da mdidari var! Sen mxolod iaffasiani nivTebis yidvis Sno gaqvs!“

moulodnelad erTma studentma, zazam, Sublze ikra xeli da wamoiZaxa: „axla mivxvdi, rac moxda!“ gamoirkva, rom saerTaSoriso sazafxulo banakSi yofnisas zaza daumegobrda iaponel gogonas, romelmac wamosvlis wina dRes mas iaponuri suveniri aCuqa. zazam „qarTuli raindoba“ gamoiCina, fuli isesxa da ganSorebis dRes gogonas Zvirfasi saCuqari miarTva. amis mere ki moxda is, rasac leqtori yveboda _ gogonam zazasTan yovelgvari urTierToba gawyvita, dabloka misi telefoni da el-fosta, anu CaTvala, rom zazam mas ganzrax miayena Seuracxyofa.

araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom ar mogvwons da miuReblad vTvliT imas, rac gansxvavebulia da ucxoa CvenTvis. ubralod, unda gvaxsovdes rom, rac normaluria CvenTvis, swored is SeiZleba gaugebari iyos sxvisTvis. amitom, azrsmoklebulia mcdeloba, Cveni Sexeduleba „sworisa“ da „arasworis“, „kargisa“ da „cudis“, „lamazisa“ da „uSnos“ Sesaxeb gadavitanoT sxva kulturaze da es gansxvavebebi sakuTari upiratesobis dasasabuTeblad gamoviyenoT.

mweralma bernard Soum (1856-1950) ki eTnocentrizmi ase Seafasa: „barbarosi isaa, visac sakuTari tomis wesebi bunebis kanonebi hgonia“.

barnard Sou

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akiremas tomSi gavrcelebuli rituali

akiremas tomis yvela wevri yoveldRiurad asrulebs piris rituals. igi Sedgeba pirSi Roris jagris konis swrafi da daJinebuli moZraobebisagan. am ritualis garda, es adamianebi weliwadSi orjer midian wminda piris kacTan. es ukanaskneli flobs STambeWdavi raodenobis gansakuTrebul mowyobilobebs _ burRebs, qlibebs, marwuxebs da saxvretebs. am sagnebis gamoyeneba piridan boroti Zalebis gamodevnis dros adamianis warmoudgenel tanjvas iwvevs. wminda piris kaci muStrebis kbilebSi avadmyofobisagan warmoqmnil naxvretebs am mowyobilobaTa saSualebiT kidev ufro afarToebs, Semdeg ki am xvrelebSi jadosnur masalebs debs. Tuki kbilebze bunebrivad gaCenili xvrelebi ar arsebobs, maSin wminda piris kaci erTi an ramdenime kbilis mozrdil nawilis amtvrevs zebunebrivi nivTierebebis Casadebad. muStrebis azriT, mkurnalobis mizani avadmyofobis SeCerebaa. am ritualis Zalze wminda da tradiciuli xasiaTi naTelia iqidanac, rom adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi kvlav da kvlav, wlidan wlamde dadian wminda piris kacTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi kbilebi xrwnas ganagrZobs.

nawyveti horas m. maineris statiidan „sxeulis rituali akiremas tomSi“


kiTxva

diskusia

l imsjele zazasa da iaponeli gogonas qcevaze. romeli maTgani moiqca arasworad? ram gamoiwvia gaugebroba? rogor SeiZleboda misi Tavidan acileba?

l arsebobs Tu ara „piris rituali“ da „wminda piris kaci“ Sens kulturaSi? Tu arsebobs, aRwere msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi. axla waikiTxe akirema marjvnidan marcxniv. imsjele, ris Cveneba scada amerikelma mecnierma horas m. mainerma?

52. eTnocentrizmi

192 msoflio kultura

eTnorelativizmi53amboben, rom gemovnebaze ar daoben. SeiZleba, raRac

mogvwondes an ar mogvwondes _ rogorc sakuTar, aseve sxva kulturaSi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom rac Cven gvxiblavs, aucileblad unda moswondes sxvasac da, miT umetes, rac CvenTvis gaugebari an miuRebelia, is calsaxad cudi, uvargisi, ugemovnebo an „CamorCenilia“. magaliTad, sufris etiketi gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi. zogan miRebulia saerTo TefSidan xeliT Wama da gansakuTrebul pativad iTvleba, Tu maspinZeli stumars sakuTari xeliT miarTmevs pirvel lukmas. zogan sufris yvela wevrs sakuTari TefSi da dana-Cangali aqvs da, yuradRebis niSnad, maspinZeli araerTxel da daJinebiT sTavazobs stumars TiToeul kerZs. sxvagan sufris wevrebi ramdenime kovziT, CangliT, daniTa da WiqiT arian „aRWurvili“, kerZebis Tanmimdevroba da TiToeuli stumrisaTvis gankuTvnili ulufa ki imTaviTve gansazRvrulia. romeli wesi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ukeTesad da, Sesabamisad, yvelasaTvis savaldebulod?

me-20 saukunis Sua xanebSi franc boasi da misi mowafeebi ruT benediqti, melvil herskovici da margaret midi aRniSnavdnen, rom adre mkvlevrebi yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen kulturuli

Taviseburebebis ganmapirobebel faqtorebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini „kulturis aisbergis“ mxolod xiluli nawilis kvleviT kmayofildebodnen, romelsac sakuTari kulturis „saTvaliT“ SeiaraRebulni akvirdebodnen. maTi eTnocentristuli xedva gulisxmobda dasavluri kulturis aRiarebas etalonad, romelic yvela danarCenisaTvis misabaZi unda yofiliyo.

eTnocentrizmis sapirispirod, Camoyalibda axali Tval-sazrisi _ eTnorelativizmi. romlis Tanaxmad, Tu vTvliT, rom Cveni rwmena-warmodgenebi, qceva, normebi, samyaros aRqma Cveni kulturiT aris gansazRvruli, maSin vaRiarebT imasac, rom sxvaTa Sexedulebebi, warmodgenebi da msoflmxedveloba maTi kulturiT aris ganpirobebuli. eTnorelativizmis sinonimuri

ing. relative _ SedarebiTi, SefardebiTi

margaret midi

me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebisaTvis mecnierebs daugrovdaT monacemebi, romlebic cxadyofda, rom dedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi adamianTa jgufebi sruliad gansxvavebuli wesiT cxovrobdnen, gansxvavebulad aRiqvamdnen samyaros, sxvadasxva warmodgena hqondaT sikeTesa da borotebaze, dasaSvebsa da akrZalulze, silamazesa da simaxinjeze. TandaTan Camoyalibda Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmad, kulturebi arian gansxvavebuli, da ara ukeTesi an uaresi, ganviTarebuli an CamorCenili.

eTnorelativizmi _ Sexeduleba, romelic emyareba yvela kulturis Tanabari mniSvnelobis aRiarebas.

melvil herskovici

ruT benediqti

193

eTnorelativizmi gulisxmobs sami mTavari principis gacnobierebas:l erTi kulturis aR qma da gageba SeuZlebelia meore kulturasTan Sedarebis

gareSe;l erTi kulturis farglebSi arsebuli wesebi, zne-Cveulebani Tu Sexedulebebi

ar SeiZleba Sefasdes sxva kulturis wesebis, zne-Cveulebebis Tu warmodgenebis gadasaxedidan;

l konkretuli qceva, norma da Sexeduleba SeiZleba gavigoT da avxsnaT mxolod im kulturis farglebSi, romelSic is arsebobs. yoveli kultura rTuli sistemaa, romlis yvela detali erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli. CvenTvis „ucnauri“, „araswori“ wesi Tu tradicia savsebiT bunebrivia sxva kulturisaTvis. amgvari midgoma aadvilebs urTierTgagebas kulturebs Soris.

53. eTnorelativizmi

mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba termini kulturuli relativizmi.

modi, davfiqrdeT, arsebobs univer-saluri sazomi, romlis mixedviT SevafasebdiT, romeli kultura SeiZleba CaiTvalos etalonad da sxva kulturaTa Sefasebis safuZvlad?

kulturuli relativizmi _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, kulturis Taviseburebebis gaazreba da gageba SesaZlebelia mxolod missave farglebSi.

kiTxva

diskusia

l rogorc fiqrob, gulisxmobs Tu ara kulturuli relativizmi, rom sxva an Cveni sazogadoebis qcevebi (magaliTad, monoba, wameba savaraudo damnaSavisagan Cvenebis misaRebad da sxva) ar unda ganvsajoT moraluri TvalsazrisiT?

l veliT, rom Cveni kultura _ xuroTmoZRvreba, mravalxmiani simRera, mravalferovani samzareulo, stumarTmoyvareoba da sxva _ ucxoelTa interessa da aRfrTovanebas gamoiwvevs. warmoidgine, rom es ase ar moxda: stumari gulgrili darCa yovelive imis mimarT, riTac Cven ase viwonebT Tavs, xolo sufraze Tavazianad aRniSna, rom sacivi _ qarTuli samzareulos mSveneba _ gemrielia, Tumca mavnea janmrTelobisaTvis, radgan Termulad damuSavebul nigozs Seicavs. ras ifiqreb? rogor moiqcevi?

warmoidgine: centraluri aziis erT-erT qveyanaSi maspinZelma siamayiT gagacno sakuTari qveynis kulturuli RirsSesaniSnaobebi, Semdeg iurtaSi migipatiJa, sadac kumisiTa1 da cxenis xorciT damzadebuli gemrieli kerZiT gagimaspinZlda. ras ifiqreb? rogor moiqcevi?

imsjele am ori SemTxvevis Sesaxeb. Seni azriT, sad gadis zRvari eTnocentrizmsa da eTnorelativizms Soris?

1 kumisi - cxenis rZiT damzadebuli Txieri produqti.

194 msoflio kultura


adamianis uflebebi da kulturuli relativizmi

axal ambebSi sul ufro xSirad gvesmis imis Sesaxeb, rom mTel msoflioSi irRveva adamianTa uflebebi. SemTxvevebi uamravia, politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo dapatimrebiT dawyebuli da eTnikuri wmendiT damTavrebuli. Tumca, dasavleTis kritikul damokidebulebas am sakiTxisadmi msoflios sxva qveynebi uaryofiTad xvdebian da acxadeben, rom dasavleTma unda Sewyvitos adamianis uflebebze Tavisi subieqturi mosazrebebis sxvaTaTvis Tavs moxveva. iqneb marTebulia kulturuli relativizmis mkacri midgoma, romelic yvela kulturas TanabarmniSvnelovnad ganixilavs? aseT SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdeba adamianis uflebebis universaluri standartebis SemuSaveba.

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis miRebas (1948 wels) erTi saintereso istoria ukavSirdeba: deklaraciis ganxilvis dros mecnierTa erTma jgufma, kerZod, amerikis anTropologTa asociaciam melvil herskovicis xelmZRvanelobiT, warmoadgina sakuTari varianti, romlis mixedviTac, saWiro iyo im faqtisaTvis yuradRebis miqceva, rom yovel sazogadoebaSi Tavisufleba Taviseburad esmiT: „adamiani Tavisufalia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki mas SeuZlia icxovros Tavisuflebis im gagebiT, romelic mis sazogadoebaSia miRebuli“. maTi azriT, yvela kulturas sakuTari faseulobebi, Tavisuflebis Tu samarTlis „sakuTari“ gageba aqvs, amitom, Tu deklaracia daemyareboda Tavisuflebis dasavlur princips, igi ver iqneboda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli.

viciT, rom yvela kulturas Tavisi eTikuri normebi aqvs, magram es normebi erTnair Rirebulebebs ar eyrdnoba. magaliTad, kulturebi SesamCnevad gansxvavdeba umciresobaTa da qalTa uflebebis mixedviT. zogierT sazogadoebaSi colebs klaven, rodesac qmari gardaicvleba; sikvdiliT sjian, Tuki maT mamisadmi an Zmisadmi daumorCilebloba gamoavlines. rogori iqneba kulturuli relativizmis momxreTa midgoma amgvari faqtebis mimarT?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis araerTmniSvnelovnebis gamo, kulturul relativizms bevri kritikosi gamouCnda. maTi azriT, Tuki ar arsebobs moralis universaluri principebi, maSin arc tolerantobis principi SeiZleba iyos universaluri. da Tu tolerantoba aris universaluri principi, ratom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sxva msgavsi universaluri principebic?

19554.interkulturuli komunikacia. interkulturuli dialogi

interkulturuli komunikacia.interkulturuli dialogi

54

interkulturuli komunikacia sxva-da sxva kulturis warmomadge nelTa uSu alo urTierTobas gulisxmobs. Sen ukve ici, ramdenad mravalferovania kul turebi, ramdenad gansxvavdebian adamianebi CacmulobiT, qceviT, kvebis racioniT, sacxovrebeli garemoTi, Sexe-dulebebiT, erTisa da imave sagnis Tu movlenis aRqmiT. rogorc naxe, ar aris ioli sakuTarisagan radikalurad, an Tundac umniSvnelod gansxvavebuli warmod genebis da Sexedulebebis mqone adamianis gageba da miReba, miT ufro, rodesac cota, an sulac araferi viciT misi kulturis Sesaxeb.

modi, mokled SevajamoT, ra barierebis winaSe SeiZleba aRmovCndeT interkulturuli komunikaciis procesSi:

1. enobrivi gansxvaveba. enis Seswavla gacilebiT mets niSnavs, vidre, ubralod, leqsikisa da gramatikis dauflebas, unda viswavloT _ ra, rogor, rodis, sad da ratom vTqvaT. erTsa da imave sityvas, SeiZleba, sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes sxvadasxva situaciaSi.

2. araverbaluri komunikaciis sfero, romelic moicavs Jestebs, pozas, mimikas da sxva saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac laparakis gareSe gamovxatavT, Tu ras vgrZnobT da ras vfiqrobT. Cveni kultura „gvaswavlis“ araverbalur komunikacias, romelic imdenad avtomaturia, rom masze iSviaTad vfiqrobT. magram „sxva“adamianma Seni Jestebi, mimika, Cacmuloba, fizikuri siaxlove an siSore, pirispir kontaqti (TvalebSi yureba), SeiZleba, sakuTari kulturidan gamomdinare axsnas da es sruliad gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes imisagan, ris Tqmac Sen gsurda.

3. stereotipebi _ ganzogadebuli, gamartivebuli da winaswar arsebuli warmodgena ama Tu im jgufis Tvisebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb.

4. eTnocentrizmi _ miswrafeba, SevafasoT sxva kultura rogorc kargi an cudi, Cveni sakuTari kulturidan gamomdinare.

196 msoflio kultura

Sen aseve ici, ra Sedegi SeiZleba gamoiRos kulturuli Tu rasobrivi gansxvavebebis safuZvelze erTi jgufis mier meoris uflebebis ugulebelyofam, erTis mier meoris arasrulfasovnad miCnevam. modi, vifiqroT imaze, ra alternativa SeiZleba hqondes Seuwynareblobis am ukidures gamoxatulebebs, ra mniSvneloba aqvs stereotipebis, rasizmis, qsenofobiis gadalaxvas imisaTvis, rom kulturulma mravalferovnebam Cveni cxovreba ufro saitereso gaxados da ar daamZimos is konfliqtebiTa da dapirispirebiT.

kulturulad mravalferovan msoflioSi sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs sxvadasxva xalxebsa da jgufebs Soris harmoniuli Tanacxovrebis uzrunvelyofas. amis miRwevis saSualebaa interkulturuli dialogi.

evropis sabWos gansazRvrebiT, interkulturuli dialogi aris procesi, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgenel individebsa da jgufebs Soris SexedulebaTa Ria, urTierTpativiscemaze dafuZnebul gaziarebas, rasac gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobisa da cxovrebis wesis gagebasa da gaazrebamde mivyavarT.

Tanamedrove msoflios calkeuli nawilebi sul ufro mWidrod ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. Tu adre garkveuli manZilis dafarvas Tveebs da wlebs andomebdnen, dRes amis gakeTeba saaTebSia SesaZlebeli. sainformacio teqnologiebi, migracia, turizmi, romelic individualuridan masobriv movlenad iqca, pirispir gvaxvedreben “sxvas”, romelic yvelganaa da masTan Sexvedris Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia. globalizacia, erTi mxriv, ganapirobebs sxvadasxva kulturis matarebelTa mWidro kontaqts, meore mxriv, mkafiod avlens gansxvavebebs. aseT viTarebaSi, interkulturul dialogs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.

interkulturuli dialogis problema gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mravalkulturuli da mravaleTnikuri qveynebisa da regionebisaTvis, sadac „sxvasTan“ kontaqti da masTan dialogi saukuneebis manZilze mimdinareobda da mTeli istoriis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqca. aseT regionTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, magaliTad, kavkasia, samxreT-aRmosavleT evropa, baltiis qveynebi, centraluri azia da sxva.

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Cven yvelas SegviZlia urTierToba sxva adamianebTan, rogorc ar unda gansxvavdebodnen isini Cvengan, SegviZlia viswavloT maTi gageba.

davaleba

1. dawere Tema: ”interkulturuli komunikaciisa da dialogis mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis”.

2. waikiTxe Sens mier pirvel gakveTilze Sesrulebuli ese. Secvlidi rames?

interkulturuli dialogis principebis daufleba saSualebas mogcems, gaiazro kulturaTaSorisi urTierTobis sirTuleebi da Seecado maT gadalaxvas; gaacnobiero, rom qcevis wesebi, urTierTobani, warmodgenebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxvagvaria; daayeno sakuTari Tavi „ucxo“ kulturis warmomadgenlis adgilze.

msoflio kultura

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