Mscict ns&i telecom fundamentals
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Barcelona School of ManagementMaster of Science in IT Strategic Management – MSCIT
Networking Services & Infrastructures
1.- Telecom Fundamentals
[email protected] September 2014
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Network Infrastructures and Internet Technologies1.- Telecom fundamentalsIndex
Signals
Frequency domain & spectrum
Transmission
Modulation
Multiplexing
Transmission media
Switching: circuit & packet
Architectural layers: OSI & TCP/IP
Protocols
Standardization bodies
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSignals
Analog
Digital
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSignal parameters
Amplitude
Frequency
Wavelength
Phase
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFrequency domain
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSpectrum, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency
Frequency Bands
VHF
UHF
Microwave
Infrared
Visible
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAcoustic spectrum
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTransmission & channels Transmission modes
Simplex
Half duplex
Full duplex
Digital aggregation
Bit
Byte
Frame
Packet
Cell
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTransmission parameters
Transmission parameters Asynchronous & Synchronous
Attenuation,
Noise,
Delay,
Results Analog degradation
Digital errors
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresChannel parameters Chanel parameters
Fourier analysis – Frequency domain
Spectrum – Bandwidth
Data rate – Bandwidth
Channel capacity, Nyquist Bandwidth (without noise)
For binary signals, the data rate that can be supported by B Hz is 2B bps
With multilevel signaling, the Nyquist formula becomes: C = 2B log2M
Shannon Capacity (with noise)
SNRdb=10 log10 (signal/noise)
Capacity C = B log2(1+SNR)
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAddition of frequencies
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresModulation
Analog & Digital Amplitude, Frequency & Phase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresModulation
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAnalogical modulation
AM Amplitude Modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation
FM Frequency Modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation
PM Phase Modulation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_modulation
QAM Quadrature AM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAmplitude and Frequency Analogical modulation
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDigital modulation
ASK Amplitude Shift Keying
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying
PSK Phase Shift Keying
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying
Digital QAM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDigital modulation
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresQAM two-bit (PSK)
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresQAM three-bit (ASK + PSK)
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresQAM four-bit (ASK + PSK)
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMultiplexing
TDM & FDM
TDM Time Divison Multiplexing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTime Division Multiplexing
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFrequency Division Multiplexing
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSynchronous TDM
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAsynchronous TDM – ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSynchronous TDM vs ATM
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresPlesyochronous TDM multiplexing - PDH
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSynchronous TDM multiplexing - SDH
Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSDH Hierarchies
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSDH Synchronous Ring
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAsynchronous vs. Synchronous multiplexing
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMultiplexing (other)
OFDM Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
CDMA Code Division MA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access
DWDM- Dense wavelength multiplexing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOFDM - Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
OFDM is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies (used in adsl & 4G)
A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data on several parallel data streams or channels.
Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOFDM
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCDMA – Code Division Multiple Access
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCDMA
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDWDM – (Dense) Wave length multiplexing
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTDM vs. WDM
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTDM vs. WDM vs. OFDM
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMixed TDM & OFDM
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTransmission media
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCupper pair cable
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTwisted-pair cupper standards
Class A: link/channel up to 100 kHz using Category 1 cable/connectors
Class B: link/channel up to 1 MHz using Category 2 cable/connectors
Class C: link/channel up to 16 MHz using Category 3 cable/connectors
Class D: link/channel up to 100 MHz using Category 5e cable/connectors
Class E: link/channel up to 250 MHz using Category 6 cable/connectors
Class EA: link/channel up to 500 MHz using Category 6A cable/connectors (Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
Class F: link/channel up to 600 MHz using Category 7 cable/connectors
Class FA: link/channel up to 1000 MHz using Category 7A cable/connectors (Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)
Class I: link/channel up to between 1600 MHz and 2000 MHz using Category 8.1 cable/connectors (specification under development)
Class II: link/channel up to between 1600 MHz and 2000 MHz using Category 8.2 cable/connectors (specification under development)
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCoaxial cupper cable
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber. Refraction and total reflexion
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber - types
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber – refraction index
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber windows
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSwitching (and Routing)
Circuit switching
Packet switching Datagrams Virtual circuit
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSwitching
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCircuit switching
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresPacket switching (datagram & virtual circuit)
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDatagram
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresVirtual circuit
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresVirtual circuit process
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MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructures
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresArchitectural Layers
OSI Model
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
TCP/IP Stack
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI (open systems interconnection) Layers
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI functions
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI communication
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI Network
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI Model vs. TCP/IP Stack
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI vs. TCP/IP vs. Ethernet models
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork protocol functions (at different layers)
Establishing and closing connections Addressing Sequencing Data error control Flow control
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork protocol meaning
Layer 2: Local link, with local meaning (many circuits a t a time)
Layer 3: Local link with end to end meaning (only one circuit)
Layer 4: End to end communication (one circuit)
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresVirtual circuit establishing and closing
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection & correction
Detection and retransmission used in communications Correction used in memory writing
Always with redundancy Parity check
Polynomial check with CRC (cyclic redundancy check)
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection & correction. Example
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection. CRC generation
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFlow control
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFlow control at diferent levels
Can be at
Layer 2: All the channels in the link , when this layer 2 has congestion
Layer 3: a channel in the link (because other “distant layer 2” may have congestion that affects this circuit)
Layer 4: end to end congestion
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresStandardization Bodies (1)
UIT – ITU
http://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx ISO
http://www.iso.org/iso/home.html IEEE
https://www.ieee.org/index.html 3GPP
http://www.3gpp.org/
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresStandardization Bodies (2) ETSI European
http://www.etsi.org/
FCC USA
http://www.fcc.gov/
OFCOM UK
http://www.ofcom.org.uk/
ISOC Internet Society
http://www.internetsociety.org/
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MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetworks ….
Types: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, Topologies: Star, Bus, Ring, Tree, Mesh, Signals: Voice, Data, TV, Sensors, Fixed services, mobile services,
…..to be continued…..