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M.Sc. ZOOLOGYSCHEME OF EXAMINATION

FIRST YEARPaper Paper Title Hours Marks

I Biology of Invertebrates 3 100

II Biology of Chordates 3 100

III Molecular Cell Biology andGenetics 3 100

IV Biochemistry & Biophysics 3 100

V Microbiology & Basic Conceptsin Biotechnology 3 100

VI Biostatistics & Computerapplications in biology 3 100

Lab Course - I (Practicals coveringTheory Papers I, II & VI) - Biology ofInvertebrates, Biology ofChordates, Biostatistics andComputer Applications in Biology. 6 200

Lab Course - II (Practicals coveringTheory Papers III, IV & V) -Molecular Cell Biology andGenetics, Biochemistry andBiophysics, Microbiology andBasic Concepts in Biotechnology. 6 200

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SECOND YEAR

Paper Paper Title Hours Marks

VII Environment Biology & Evolution 3 100VIII Animal Physiology 3 100IX Developmental Biology 3 100X Immunology 3 100XI Fishery Biology, Aquaculture and

farm management 3 100XII Research Methodology 3 100

Lab Course - III (Practicals coveringTheory Papers VII, VIII & IX) -Environmental Biology,Animal Physiology, DevelopmentalBiology. 6 200

Lab Course - IV (Practicals coveringTheory Papers X & XI) -Immunology, Fishery Biology,Aquaculture and FarmManagement. 6 200

Total Marks = 20 x 100 = 2000

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INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONM.Sc. DEGREE COURSE IN ZOOLOGY

SYLLABUSFIRST YEAR

PAPER I - BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATESUNIT I

Broad classification of the Animal Kingdom - Principlesinvolved.

Protozoa

Polymorphism in Protozoa, Reproduction and feedingin Protozoa.

Origin and evolution of Metazoa - theroeis.Symmetry and its significance in animal organization.

Porifera

1. Interrelationship between different classes.2. Deep sea sponges3. Fresh water spongers.4. Phylum - Mesozoa

Coelenterata

Origin and evolution, Reproduction in Coelentrates.

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Ctenophora

Structural peculiarities and affinities.

Interrelation between the radiate phyla (coelenterate)

UNIT II

Origin of Bilateria

Importance of Rhabdocoela as a stem group. Originand evolutionary trends in coelom formation.

Theories on origin of metamerism.

Platyhelminthes : Functional morphology and adaptivebiology for parasitic mode of life.

Annelida : Interrelation between different classes ofAnnelida. Archiannelida, Morphological features.

Arthropoda : Phylogeny of Arthropoda, Xiphosura -structure and affinities. Crustaucea.

Mollusca : Mollscan phylogeny, Monoplacophora,Torsion in Gastropoda, Foot in Mollusca.

Echinodermata : Phylogeny and evolution, Coelom andCoelomocytes, Water Vascular System.

UNIT III - MINOR PHLYA

Structural peculiarities and affinities of :

Nemertinea, Gastrotricha, Rotifera, Kinorhyncha,Nemotomorpha, Acanthocephala, Pogonophora,Sipunculida, Echiurida, Priapulida, Tardigrada,Pentastomida, Entoprocta, Phoronida, Ectoprotca,Brachiopoda and Lophophorates :

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Functional Morphology

Invertebrates fossils : Trilobites, Brachiopoda,Cephalopoda and Echinodermata.

Text Books

1. Barnes. Invertebrate Zoology. Toppan International Co.,

2. Barrington, E.J.W. 1969. Invertebrate Structure andfunctions. English Language Book Society.

REFERENCE

1. Hyman L.H. The Invertebrata, Vol. I to VI.

2. Carter, G.S.A. General Zoology of Invertebrates,(Sidewick and Jackson Ltd., London).

3. Borradile, L.A. The Invertebrata. Cambridge UniversityPress.

4. R.L. Kotpal : Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata,Helminthes, Annelida, Anthropoda, Mollusca,Echinodermata and Minor Phyla. Rastogi Publications.

5. Moore, R.C. Lalicker, C.S. and Fisher, A.G. InvertebrateFossils, Mc. Graw Hill Book Co., New York.

6. Gardinar, M.S. 1972 Biology of the Invertebrates, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.

PAPER II - BIOLOGY OF CHORDATES

UNIT I - TAXONOMY

Principles of taxonomy :

Nomenclature : Binomial, Trinomial nomenclature

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Suffix as for super family name (oidea), family name(idea), use of suffixed ‘i’, òrum’, àe’, àrum’, ènsis’and ìensis’.

Tautonyms, Synonyms and Homonyms.

New trends in taxonomy : Ecological approach,Ethological approach, Cytological approach,Biochemical approach and Numerical taxonomy.

Taxonomic keys : Indented, Simple non-BracketGrouped type, combination, Pictorial, Branching type,Circular and Box-type.

UNIT II : PROCHORDATE PHYLOGENY

Ostracoderms : Silurian and Devonian Ostracoderms.Evolutionary position of the Ostracoderms

Plocoderms : Origin of Jaws - Placoderms as ancient“experiments” in the evoluton of the jawed vertebrates.

Structural peculiarities of Cyclostomata.

UNIT III

Chondrichthyes : Fossil history of chondrichthyes,tendencies in Elasmobranch evolution.

Actinopterygii : Origin and evolution, Adaptive radiationof bony fishes.

Amphibia : Evolution of Amphibia. Adaptive radiationin Amphibia.

UNIT IV

Reptilia : Evoluton of Reptilia. Saurischian andOrnithischian Dinosaurs - Rhynocephalia - Adaptiveradiation of Reptiles.

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Aves : Fossil history of birds. Palate in birds. Birds asglorified reptiles, Adapative radiation in birds.

Mammals : Evolution of Mammals, Structuralpeculiarities of Prototheria, Matetheria and Eutheria -Aquatic mammals. Study of wild life fauna of India,endangered animals and conservation methods.

UNIT - V COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Origin of cleidoic egg. Origin and evolution of thevertebrate integumentary system, origin and evolutionof paired fins and limbs. Urinogenital system, heart andaortic arches and brain of vertebrates. Jaw suspensionin vertebrates. Origin and evolution of middle ear andinner ear. Ear ossciles.

Text Books

1. Waterman, A.J. 1971. Chordata Structure and Function.Macmillan Co. London.

2. Romer, A.S. 1972 Vetebrate Body.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Young, J.F. 1950. Life of Vetebrates. Clarendon Press.Oxford.

2. Colbert, E.H. 1955. Evoluton of the Vertebrates. JohnWiley and Sons Inc. New York.

3. Holstead. The Pattern of Vertebrate Evolution. Freemanand Co. San Francisco. U.S.A.

4. R.L. Kotpal. The Birds. Rastogi Publications.

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5. Hobart M. Smith. Evolution of Chordate structure, Holt,Rinehart and Winston. Inc. New York.

6. V.C. Kapoor. Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy.Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.

PAPER III - MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY &GENETICS

UNIT - I : STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF CELL &CELL ORGANELLES

Plama membrane - Composition and structure -Membrane associated receptors - Membrane transport -Membrane Potentials - Extracellular space - cell adhesion -Intercellular recognition - Intercellular junctions.

Lysosomes - Peroxisomes.

Mitochondria - energetics - Control of Cellular respiration- Biogenesis and mitochondrial replication.

Nuclear - cytoplasmic interactions.

Structure and function of Chromatin - Organisation ofNucleosomes - Euchromatin and heterochromatin - Unusualchromosomes (Polytene and lampbrush) - Mechanism ofchromosome formation.

Nuclear transplantation - Cell fusion : homokaryons andheterokaryons - Cytoplasts and karyoplasts.

UNIT - II : CELL DIVISION AND CELL CYCLE

Cell Cycles - its components G0 - G1 transition - Spindleorganization - Chromosome movements - Regulation of celldivision in normal and malignant cell synchronization of celldivision.

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Cancer Cell : Differences between normal and cancercell - Membrane and biochemical changes in cancer cell -Nuclear and chromosome changes - Tumour Viruses -Oncogenes - Environmental factors inducing cancer -Hormones in relation to cancer - Characteristics of cancercells. Theories of carcinogenesis.

UNIT - III

1. Molecular structrure of DNA and RNA - Replication,theories, Gene concept - Fine structrure of the gene -one gene one polypeptide concept.

2. Identificaiton of DNA and RNA as the genetic material.

3. Microbial Genetics - Conjugation, transformation andtransduction and sexduction.

4. Chromosome mapping in prokaryotes (Virus, Bacteria)and eukaryotes (Neurospora, Drosophilla and Man).

UNIT- IV : INFORMATIONAL MACROMOLECULES ANDTRANSFER

Chemistry of DNA - Polymorphism of DNA - Mechanismand enzymology of DNA replication - DNA repairmechanisms.

Chemistry of RNA - Different types of RNA and theirfunctions Mechanism of enzymology of RNA replication.

Information transfer in Prokaryotes; Information transferin Eukaryotes Transcription - Promotors - Initiators andterminators - Transduction RNA processing - Trimming ofintrons and splicing of exons

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UNIT - V

Enzyme regulation of gene action. Gene regulation ofgene action - Operon concept - GAL and LAC Operonsystem. Evidence of regulation of gene action.

Genes and metabolism. Inborn errors of metabolism inMan (With Reference / Books to protein, carbohydrates, Iipidand nucleic acid metabolism).

Radiation Genetics

TEXT BOOKS

1. De Robertis, E.D.F. and De Robertis. E.M.F., 1981. Cellsand Molecular Biology. Saunder International Edition.

REFERENCE / BOOKS

1. Brachet, J. and Mirsky. A.E. 1967. The cell (all volumes).II Edition, Academic Press, New York.

2. Howland, J.L. 1973. Cell Physiology. Mac MillanPublishing Co.

3. De Witt, 1977. Biology of the cell : An evolutionaryapproach. Saunders Company.

4. Wilson, G.B. and Morrison, J.H., 1967. Cytology. IIEdition. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.

5. Avers, C.J., 1976. Cell Biology. D. Can NostrandCompany, New York.

6. Korenberg. A., 1974. DNA replication. W.H. Freemanand Company. San Francisco.

7. Ambrose, E.J. and Dorothy, M.E., 1979. Cell Biololgy. IIEdition. The English Language. Book Society.

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8. Albert. B and Watson. J.D., 1990. Molecular Biology ofthe Cell. Garland Publishing. London .

9. Darnell. J., Lodish, H. and Baltimore, D., 1992. MolecularCell Biology. Scientific American Books.

10. Watson. J.D. 1980. Molecular Biology of the Gene, W.A.Benjamin and Company, New York.

11. Sinnot. E.W., Dunn. L.C., Dobzansky, T.H. 1958.Principles of Genetics, McGraw Hill Co., New York.

12. Burns, G.W. 1969, The Science of Genetics, theMacMillan Company, New York.

13. Levine, R.P., 1968, The Science, Holt Reinhart &Winston, New York.

14. Ayala, F.J. & Kieger, J.A. Jr., 1980, Modern Genetics,The Benjamin Publishing Co. Inc.

15. Levine, L. 1970, Paper on Genetics, C.V. Mosby Co.St. Louis.

16. Curs Sten 1973, Principle of human genetics, W.H.Freeman and Co.,

17. Curs Sten 1973, Principle of human genetics, W.H.Freeman and Co.,

18. Market, C.L. Fd., 1974, Isozymes, Vol. I-IV, AcademicPress, New York.

19. Market, C.L. & Ursprung, 1973, Development genetics,Prentice Hall.

20. Gardner, Principles of Genetics, Wiley Private Limited,New Delhi.

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PAPER IV - BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS

UNIT - I : WATER

Water - Biological importance, pH and Acid - Basebalance. Henderson Hasselbach equation. Buffers -biological importance, Acidosis, Alkalosis. Electrolyte andwater balance.

UNIT - II : BIOMOLECULES

Amino acids - structure, classification and function.Peptides - peptide bonds, Stereochemistry of peptide,biological roles.

Protein - structure, classification, Properties of protein -Deamination, transamination, transmethylation.

Enzymes - general properties, function, classification,nomenclature. Enzyme kinetics - Factors affecting enzymeaction, Mechanism of enzyme action, Enzyme regulation.

UNIT-III : BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM OFCARBOHYDRATE AND LIPIDS

Carbohydrate - structure, classification and biologicalsignificance.

METABOLISM :

1. Glycogenesis, 2. Glycogenolysis, 3. Glyconeogensis,4. Glycosis, 5. Embden - Meyerhof pathway, 6. Hexose monophosphate shunt.

Bioenergetics - Role of ATP, Biological Oxidation,Respiratory Chain and Oxidative phosphorlation.

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Lipids - structure and classification. Lipids of biologicalsignificance, Biosynthesis and Oxidation of Fatty Acids.Energetics.

UNIT - IV : STRUCTURE OF BIOMOLECULES

Electron configuration of an atom. Bonds - Covalentbond, Hydrogen bond, Disulphide bond, Peptide bonds.Forces between molecules - Electrostatic force, Van derWaal’s forces - hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

UNIT-V : THERMODYNAMICS AND BIOLOGICALOXIDATION

Laws of Thermodynamics - Concept of free energy andentropy - Exergoinc and Endergoinc reactions. Rate ofreactions - Effect of sunlight and temperature on reactions -Energy of Activ ation - Arthenius expression.

Diffusion - Fick’s Laws, constant laws. Osmotic gradient,Osmotic coefficient - Gibbs - Donnan equilibrium.

Oxidation and reduction reactions - Redox potentials inbiological system, High energy phosphate group -Bioluminescence.

UNIT - VI : PHOTOBIOPHYSICS PRINCIPLES APPLIEDTO PHYSIOLOGY

Delayed effects of radiation - Ageing, reduction in lifespan, cancer.

Effects of radiation on macromolecules. Radioactiveisotopes - Measurements - GM tubes, Liquid Scintillationcounters.

Autoradiography.

Biophysical aspects of vision, nerve coordination andmuscle contraction.

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REFERENCE / BOOKS

1. Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Maynes, P.A., and Rodwell,V.w. 1998. Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition, McGrawHill, New York.

2. Hames, B.D., Hoopa, N.M. and Houghton, J.D. 1998.Instant notes in Biochemistry, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi.

3. Jain, J.L. 2001. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S,Chandra & Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

4. Vasudevan, D.M. and Sreekumar. S, 2000. Text ofBiochemistry for Medical students. Jaypee Brothers,Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi.

5. Rama Rao, A.V.S.S. 1986. Text of Biochemistry. L.K. &S Publishers. A.P.

6. Ambika, S. 1990. Fundamentals of Biochemistry forMedical Students, Published by the author.

7. Bose, S. 1982. Elementary Biophysics. Jyoth Books.

8. Burns, D.M. & MacDonald, S.G.g. 1979. Physics forBiology and Premedical students. ELBS and Addisson- Wesley Publishers Ltd., London.

9. Casey, E.J. 1962. Biophysics concepts and Mechanism.Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

10. Das, D. 1982. Biophysica and Biophysical Chemistry.Academic Publishers. New Delhi.

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11. Epstein, H.T. 1963. Elementary Biophysics selectedtopics. Addison - Wesley Publishing Company Inc.London.

12. Palanichamy, S and Shanmugavelu, M. 1991. Principlesof Biophysics. Palani Paramount Publi cation, T.N.

PAPER V - MICROBIOLOGY & BASIC CONCEPTSIN BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT - I

History and scope of Microbiology - Milestones inMicrobiology

UNIT - II

Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - Morphology- Ultra structure of bacteria, fungi and Viruses - Classificationof microbes - Phenotypic and taxonomic characters -Principles of classification - taxonomic structure - DNAanalysis, Ribosomal RNA analysis - Numerical taxonomy -Molecular taxonomy - Methods of microbial identification.

UNIT - III

Sterilization : Principles - dry heat, moist heat, filtration,Tyndauisation, pasteurization, Radiaion - disinfection -Antimicrobial chemotherapy - Antibiotics - source -Classification - Mode of action - Antimicrobial resistance -Tests for senstivity to antimicrobial agents and its qualitycontrol.

UNIT - IV

Culture techniques - media preparation - preservationof cultures - Aerobic and anaerobic culture techniques - Wet

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mount - Hanging drop - staining methods - dyes - simple -differential and special staining techniques - acid fast stain,spore stain, capsule stain, staining for pure and mixedcultures.

UNIT- V

Environmental microbiology - Microbial ecology, role ofmicro organisms in the productivity of ecosystems -Interactions between microorganisms, and with plants andanimals - microbes and biodeterioration - microbes in wastetreatment. Microbiology of soil, water and air.

UNIT - VI

Medical microbiology - Pathogenic microbes of bacterial,viral, fungal and protozoan diseases - cure, control andprevention.

UNIT - VII

Industrial microbiology - Industrial uses of microbes -fermentation products - bioconversions - bioremediation.Products of industrial microbiology - Penicillin, fuel, ethanol,vinegar, vitamin B12, citric acid, glutamic acid, protease etc.Food and Diary microbiology - Microbes in food - Role ofmicrobes in food production; Dairy and non-dairy products -fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. Pharmaceuticals(antibiotics, vaccines etc.,)

UNIT - VIII

Biotechnology - Definition - Scope and importance -Historical background - Global impact of biotechnology -Biotechnology in India - Achievements of biotechnology -prevention and misuse of biotechnology - Bioinformatics.

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UNIT - IX : RECOMBINATION DNA TECHNOLOGY

Gene cloning - the basic steps - various types ofrestriction enzymes - ligases linker and adaptors - cDNA -transformation - Selection of recombination - Hybridizationtechniques - Chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides.

Gene probe - molecular finger printing (DNA fingerprinting) - RFLP - the PCR techniques - Genomic library -Blotting techniques - Southern blotting - Northern & Westernblotting.

UNIT- X : GENE CLONING VECTORS

Plasmid biology - cloning vector based on E. coli PBR322 and bacteriophage. Cloning vector for yeast. Cloningvector for Agro bacterium tumefaciens. Cloning vector formammalian cells - Simian virus 40 - Gene transfertechnology - Particle bombardment - Micro injectiontechniques.

UNIT - XI : PLANT AND ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Plant tissues culture techniques - cell fusion - protoplastfusion - gene for disease resistance - salt tolerant varieties.Transgenic plants - Nitrogen fixation.

Cell culture - Organ culture - Whole embryo culture -Embryo transfer - In Vitro fertilization (IBF) technology - Dolly- In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in human.Transgenic animal. Human gene therapy.

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UNIT-XII : MICROBIAL & ENVIRONMENTALBIOTECHNOLOGY

Fermentation - bioreactor - Microbial products - Primary& Secondary metabolites - enzymes technology - single cellprotein (SCP).

Bioremediation - bioremediation of hydrocarbons -Industrial wastes - Heavy metals - Xenobiotics - bioleaching- biomining.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Purohit, S.S. and S.K. Mathur, (1999), Biotechnology :Fundamentals and Application. Agro Botanica, NewDelhi. ISBN. 81-87167-10b

REFERENCE / BOOKS

1. Alan scragg. (1999), Environmental Biotechnology, LongMann Publication. ISBN. 0582 276829.

2. R.C. Dubey, (2001) A text book of biotechnology,Rajendra Ravindra Printer. New Delhi. ISBN. 81-219-09 16-3.

3. T.A. Brown Gene cloning and DNA analysis. Blackwellscience, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX20EL.

4. Gene cloning - T.A. Brown.

5. Principles of Gene Manipulation - Old & Primorse.

6. Vectors - A survey of Molecular cloning vectors and theiruses - Raymond Rodriguez and David T. Denhard.

7. From Genes of clones - Introduction to Gene Technology- Errst - L. Winnacker.

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8. Gene Expression technology Methods in Enzymology(vol. 185) - ed David V. Goeddel.

9. Methods in Gene Biotechnology - William’s Wu MichaelJ.Welsh, Peter B. Kaufrmar, Helen H. Zhang.

10. Maximizing Gene Expression - WILLIAM Rezmikff,Lamy Gold.

11. Microbiology - Concepts and Applications, Pelczer MJ,Chan ECS, King NR, Mc Graw-Hill, Jnc. Ny.

12. Microbiology, Prescott LM. Haley JO, Klecin DA, WCBPublishers, Sydney.

13. Microbiology, Davis BD, Dulbecco R, Eisen HN,Gihsbercs HS, Harpet & Row, Publishers, Singapore.

14. Principle of Microbiology, 1997, RM atlas., WCBPublishers.

PAPER VI - BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTERAPPLICATIONS

UNIT - I : COLLECTION OF DATA

Definition of statiscial population and sample in biologicalstudies.

Variables - qualitative and quantitative; discrete andcontinuous

Derived variables - rates, ratios, percentages and indices

Accuracy and precision of recorded data - implied limitsnumbers of significant digits - rounding of data.

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Units of measurement - abbreviations of common unitsof measurements - expression of very large or small numbersas an index of ten.

UNIT-II : CLASSIFICATION AND PRESENTATION OFDATA

Types of classification : Qualitative and quantitative

Qualitative classification - Chronological, geographicaletc. and continuous frequently distributions.

Diagrammatic and graphical representations of data -Bar diagrams (simple, multiple and subdivided) - Pie diagram- Cartogram

Frequency diagram : histograms, frequency polygon andfrequency curve Line graphs.

UNIT - III : DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Measures of central tendency; Arithmetic mean -definition - computation for different types of data (ungroupedand discrete and continuous frequency distributions) - othermeasures such as median, mode, geometric mean,harmonic mean and weighted averages may be defined -computation not required. Measures of dispersion; standarddeviations - definition - computation for different types ofdata (ungrouped and discrete and continuous frequencydistributions) - Properties - Interpretation. Definition of othermeasures such as range, quartile deviation, decile rangeand mean deviation may be defined (computation notrequired).

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UNIT - IV : INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Probability; Basic Principles - apriori and aposterioriprobabilities - addition and multiplication rules of probability- conditional probability.

Patterns of probability distributions : definition -properties - uses - standard errors (standard error of themean to be stressed) computation - properties - used -estimation of population parameters from sample statistics- confidence intervals - determination of sample size.Hypothesis testing - Null hypothesis - levels of significance- degrees of freedom - types I and types II errors.

Test of significance : Chi-square test for goodness offit, homogeneity and association between attributes (problemrelating to Genetics, patterns of distribution etc. to be workedout).

Tests of significance for large sample - comparison ofsample mean with population mean - comparison of two-sample mean.

UNIT - V : CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

Correlation : definition and types - simple, multiple,partial, linear, nonlinear, mutual, cause and effect, etc.

Uses of scatter diagram and correlation graph in thestudy of correlation between two variables.

Computation of Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of correlation- testing its significance - Interpretation Regression analysis: derivation of regression equations between two variables -regression coefficient - construction of regression lines -properties - applications.

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UNIT - VI : POPULATION STATISTICS

Vital statistics - natality and mortality rates

Population estimation - population growth

UNIT - VII : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Introduction to computers structure and application andcomparisons of micro, mini, mainframe and super computers- computer Hardware : CPU and other peripheral devicessuch as input, output auxiliary storage, printer etc. devices.

Computer software : Programming languages (BASIC,FORTRAN, PASCAL and C)

Popular commercial software : Salient features andapplications of dBase/Lotus and WordStar/MS-WORD.

Use of computer for statistical analysis - usage of anyone statistical program (e.g. Excel)

Introduction to Bio-informatics, Medical transcription,internet - Definition - World web, E-mail - Definition, Uses.

TEXT BOOKS

1. Gurumani, N. (2003) Biostatistics. Tamilnadu BookHouse.

REFERENCE / BOOKS

1. Milton, J.S. (1992) Statistical Methods in Biological andHealth Sciences. McGraw - Hill Inc., New York.

2. Schefler, W.C. (1968) Statistics for biological sciences.Addision - Wesley Publication Co., London.

3. Snedecor, G.W. and Cocharn, W.G. (1967) StatisticalMethods. Oxford & IBH Publication Co., New Delhi.

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4. Spiegel, M.R. (1981) Theory and problems of statistics,Schaum’s Outline series McGraw-Hill International BookCo., Singapore.

5. Pillai, R.S.N. and Bagawathi, V. (1989), Statistics. Theoryand Practice (For B.Com., and B.A., (Eco) classes) S.Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Stansfield, W.D. (1986) Theory and Problems ofgenetics (including 600 problems). Schaum’s outlineseries. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

7. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1969) Biometry. Theprinciples and Practice of Statistics in BiologicalResearch.W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.

8. Pillai, R.S.N. and Bagawathi, V. (1987) PracticalStatistics (For B.Com. And B.A. Students) S. Chand &Co. (Pvt.) Ltd., New York.

9. Mahajan, B.K. (1984). Methods in Biostatistics forMedical students and Research works. Smt. InduMahajan, New Delhi.

10. Kalicharan, N. (1988). An Introduction to ComputerStudies. Cambridge University Press.

11. S.P. Gupta (1988). An easy approach to Statistics.Chand & Co.

LAB COURSE I(INVERTEBRATES, CHORDATS, BIOSTATISTICS AND

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGY)

BIOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES

UNIT - I

1. Identification and study of selected Protozoans andHelminthes of medical importance.

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2. Identification and study of section of certain animals fromCoelenterata, Aschelminthes and Annelida tounderstand the evolution of different types of coelom.

3. Identification and study of larval from all major phyla ofInvertebrates.

4. Identification and study of types of minor phyla.

5. Identification and study of Invertebrate fossils (slidesand specimens)

UNIT - II

1. Dissection of digestive system of Gryllotalpa, Pila, Sepia/ Loligo.

2. Dissection of nervous system of Prawn, Crab,Gryllotalpa, Pila, and Sepia / Loligo.

3. Dissection of reproductive system of Gryllotalpa andPila.

UNIT - III

1. MOUNTING OF

a) Appendages of Prawn

b) Gnathochilarium of Millipede

c) Sting of Honey bee

d) Pedicellaria of Sea urchin

e) Aristotle’s lantern of Sea urchin

2. Study of prepared slides of mouth parts of Honey bee,Housefly, Thrips, Mosquito, Bed bug and Butterfly torelate structure and type.

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Partical record to be submitted during the Universitypractical examination.

BIOLOGY OF CHORDATES

UNIT - I

1. Study of the following specimens to bring out theiraffinities;

a) Amphioxus

b) Balanoglossus

c) Ascidian

d) Peteromyzon

2. Study of the following specimens with Reference to theiradaptive features for their respective modes of life :

a) Echeneis

b) Ichthyophis / Uraeotphlus

c) Hyla

d) Draco

e) Pigeon

f) Bat

3. Study of the following skull types with Reference / Booksto jaw suspensions :

a) Fish

b) Frog

c) Calotes

d) Rat / Rabbit

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UNIT - II

1. Dissection and mounting of internal ear of Frog.

2. Dissection of aortic arches in Shark, Teleost, Frog andCalotes.

3. Demonstration of aortic arches in Rat.

4. Dissection and display of portal system of Shark , Frogand Calotes.

5. Demonstration of Portal system of Rat.

6. Dissection and display Vth, VIIth, IXth and Xth cranialnerves of Shark and Frog.

7. Dissection and display of sympathetic nervous systemof Frog.

8. Dissection and display of urinogential system of Shark,Frog and Calotes.

9. Demonstration or urinogenitial system of Rat.

BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

(Use of scientific electronic calculator must be insistedupon - use of such calculators in theory and practicalexaminations to be permitted - use of computers, if availableor accessible, may be encouraged)

1. Collection, Classification and presentation of datarelating to continuous and a discrete variable; obtainingdescriptive measures for the collected data (eachstudent shall collect separate primary data - a sampleof at least 50 - such as length, weight etc. of fish, frogor any other animal, classify the data - frequency

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distribution etc - graphically represent them - and obtaindescriptive measures such as mean, standard deviation,standard error, coefficient of variation etc. for thecollected data.

2. Problems relating to probability - genetics - and patternsof distribution (fitting and testing goodness of fit ofBinomial, normal distribution).

3. Problems relating to test of significance (Chi - Squaretest, and t-test)

4. Problems relating to correlation and regression.

5. Demonstration of computers and accessories - theirusage - students may be encouraged to use computers,if available, for the above exercises.

Practical records to be submitted to the UniversityPractical Examination.

LAB COURSE II(BIO CHEMSITRY, MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY AND

GENETICS, BIOPHYSICS, BIOSTATISTICS ANDCOMPUTER APPLICATIONS)

BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS

1. Buffer preparation and determination of pH -Demonstration.

2. Enzyme kinetics - any one enzyme (Salivary amylase)Maltose standards, influence of enzyme concentration,time course, pH, Temperature, Substrate concentration- (Lineweaver Burk Plot) on enzyme activity.

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3. Qualitative analysis of urine - protein, glucose, ketoneand acetone bodies.

4. Chromatography : Determination of amino acids in bodyfluids and tissues of Frog.

5. Quantitative estimation of glucose, protein, cholesterol,urea and creatinine in the serum of chick / goat.

6. Principles and application of Spectrophotometry orColorimetry, Electrophoresis, Centrifuge,Chromatography.

GENETICS

1. Preparation of culture medium. Culture of Drosophila -Methods of maintenance. Sex identification of at leastfour mutants.

2. Identification of blood groups - A, B, AB, O and Rh andreasons for a particular blood group in child.

3. Mounting of salivary glands or Drosophila larve orChironomous larva. Analysis of banding pattern.

4. Localization of Barr body in the Buccal smear -squamous epithelial cells. (Smear to be made and thepresence or absence of Barr body to be reported givingreasons).

5. Karyotyping using human metaphase chromosomeplates (Giemsa stained) - eye karyotyping. Identificationof syndromes (Down, Klinefelter and Turner) fromkaryotype photographs showing clinical features of eachsyndrome case.

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6. Problems relating to the application of binomial theoremin population genetics with Reference to P.T.C. Earlobeattachement etc.

7. Observation of simple Medelian traits in Man -Identification of color blindness using color charts.Population analysis of color blindness - Visit to primaryschool.

CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UNIT - I : CYTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

Microscopoy - Optical and electron Microscopy - Phasecontrast microscopy - interference microscopy - Dark field,Polarization, Flourescence and X-ray microscopy.

Micrometry - measurements using occular and stagemicrometers - measurements of cells from any preparedslide.

UNIT - II : HISTOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES

Fixation - Chemcial fixation - Freezing, Drying - Staining- Conventional and cytochemical

Histochemical localization of DNA, Proteins andCarbohydrates, RNA, lipids

Vital staining - Buccal and semen stained with methyleneblue.

UNIT - III : STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS

Blood Cells - differential count in Man and insecthemoclymph.

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UNIT - IVChromosome preparation - Preparation of Fish

chromosomes from any tissue - Chromosome preparationprocedure. Preparation of meiotic chromosomes from fixedgrasshopper testis or any other insects like gryllotalpa.

UNIT-V : MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES(DEMONSTRATION ONLY)

Centrifuge, Isolation of DNA from Liver - Isolation ofRNA - Denaturation of DNA - measurment byspectrophotometry - Isolation and analysis of proteins -electrophoresis.MICROBIOLOGY

Microscopic observation and identification of microorganisms.1. Types of Bacteria, fungus and algae from the prepared

slides / photogrphs from the book.2. Collection and Identification of fungus Bread mould /

Coconut mould.3. Identification of parasitic protozoan (e.g. : Plasmodium,

Entamoea, Trypanosoma, Leishmania donovani)4. Identification of bacteria - Staining methods - Gram

positive and Gram negative bacteria.5. Demonstration of :

a) Isolation of single colonies streale plate and serialdilution.

b) Enumeration of micro organisms spread plate andpour plate methods.

c) Preparation techniques of culture medium forbacterial growth.

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SECOND YEARPAPER VII - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

AND EVOLUTIONUNIT - I : ECOSYSTEM :

Review of concept of ecosystem - Natural and Man-made ecosystem, with examples. Energy flow - Tropicstructure and levels - Pyramids, food chain and food web -ecological efficiencies, and productivity and itsmeasurement.

UNIT - II : COMMUNITY

Definition, nature and flux of energy throughcommunities. Influence of competition, predation anddisturbances- Community succession - Homeostasis.

UNIT - III : POPULATION

Structure and distribution - Growth curves and pyramids- Groups, natality, mortality - Density indices, life study tables- Factors affecting population growth - Carrying capacity -Production regulation and human population control.

UNIT- IV : BIOLOGICAL CYCLES

Complete and incomplete biogeochemical cycles -Sedimentary cycle - Recycle pathway of elements - Cyclingof non-essential elements and organic nutrients.

UNIT - V : HABITAT ECOLOGY

Major Biomass, Adaptations with reference to physico-chemical features of environmental of coastal ecosystems.

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UNIT - VI : RESOURCES ECOLOGY

Renewable and non-renewable resources - Animalresources. Conventional and non-conventional energysources.

UNIT - VII : ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ANDMANAGEMENT

Principles of conservation - Rain water harvesting - Soilhealth and fauna - Inputs in agricultural Biosphere reserves- Wildlife conservation and management - biodiversity -Germplam conservation and cyopreservation.

Environmental pollution and its biological effects. Air,Water, soil and noise pollution. Biological indicators and theirrole in environmental mointoring.

Problems of urbanization - Sewage, soil waste andindustrial waste disposal and management.

Social forestry - tribal welfare.

Text Books

1. Odum, E.P. (1983). Basic Ecology. Saunder’s CollegePublishing, New York.

REFERENCE / BOOKS

1. Odum, E.P. System Ecology - An Introduction Joh Wileyand Son’s, New York.

2. Berwer. A. (1988). The Science of Ecology. Saunder’sCollege Publishing.

3. Bandopadhyay, J. (1985). India’s Environment Crisis andresponse - Nataraj Publishers, Dehra Dun.

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4. Smith, R.L. (1986). Elements of Ecology, Harper andRow Publishers, New York.

5. Ismail, S.A. (1997). Vermicology, Biology of Earthworms- Orient Longman, Chennai.

6. APHA, Soli, J. Arceivala - 1998 - Wastewater treatmentfor pollution control - Second Ed. Tata McGraw HillPublication Company Ltd., New Delhi - ISBN-O-07-463002-4

UNIT - VIII : EVIDENCES

Evidences : The need for evidences for the fact ofevolution - Evidences from comparative anatomy,embryology, physiology and biochemistry - visual pigments,haemoglobin, protein sequences in phylogeny.

Biogeography : Platetectonics and continental drift -Evidences from systematics, evolutionary taxonomy -Evidences from palenotology - Evolutionary trends in fossils- types of fossils. Process of fossilization - Evolution ofhomeotherms - Evidences from genetics - gene andchromosome homology, hybridization, University of thegenetic code.

UNIT IX - MECHAMISM OF EVOLUTION

Mutationism - Views of De Vries and of R.B. Golschmidt;hopeful monsters - Inadequacies of mutationism.

Lamarckism - Life of Lamarck - Lamarkian postulates -Inadequacies of Lamarckism.

Natural selection - In nature and laboratory - Creativeaspects of natural selection - Modern Understanding ofselection, stabilizing and diversifying and directionalselection.

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Adaptation - Nature and types of adaptation - Adaptivetrends - Quantifying adaptation - Batesian and Mullerianmimicry and evolution.

Polymorphism - Transient and stable - Maintenance ofpolymorphism.

UNIT - X : GENETIC BASIS OF EVOLUTION

Mutations and their role in evolution - the neutralisthypothesis - population size and evolution - the role ofgenetic drift - Hybridization and evolution - The role ofpolyploidy, isolating mechanisms - pre mating, post mating- problems of the origin of isolating mechanism.

UNIT - XI : SPECIATION

Structure of species - Clones, peripheral population andperipheral isolates.

Genetics and Ecology of specifications : Mayer’s founderprinciples and genetic evolution in the peripheral isolates -Ecological opportunities for speciation.

UNIT - XII : ORIGIN OF HIGHER TAXA

Definition : Simpson’s definition of the higher taxa -Evidence for the origin of higher taxa from living forms -Evidences for the origin of higher taxa from the fossil record.

Mechanisms in the origin of higher taxs : Polyploidy -Deviation, Allometry - Caenogenesis followed by neoteny.

Modes of origin of highr taxa : 1) Mosaic mode.Connecting links between vertebrate classes, 2) Quantumevolution. Simpson’s adaptive grid.

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Rate of evolution : Horotely, Bradytely and Tachytely.Gradualism versus puncutated equilkibrium - Extinction andits causes.

UNIT - XIII : HUMAN EVOLUTION

Sociobiology : Definition and scope - selfish gene,altruism and kin selection - bioethics.

Text Books

2. P.A. Moody (1978). Introduction to Evolution. HarperInternational.

3. G.L. Stebbine (1979). Processes of Organic Evolution.Prentice Hall India, New Delhi.

4. E.O. Dodson (1990). Evolution. Reinhold, New York.

REFERENCE / BOOKS

7. D.S. Bendall (ed) (1983). Evolution from Molecules toMen. Cambridge University Press.

8. M. Grene (ed) (1983). Dimensions of Darwinism.Cambridge University Press.

9. E.C. Minkoff (1984). Evolutionary Biology. Addison-Wesley. London.

10. Montagu (ed) (1980). Sociobiology examined. OxfordUniversity Press.

PAPER VIII - ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT - I

Introduction, scope, significance of study and definitions& divisions.

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UNIT - II

Nutrition - nutrients - digestion and adsorption ofproteins, carbohydrates and lipids and role of gastrointestinalhormones in digestion.

UNIT - III

Respiration in Invertebrates and Vertebrates - physiologyof respiration in Man - respiratory pigments - BMR.

UNIT - IV

Circulation - types of hearts - physiology of cardiacmuscle - heart beat and its regulation - composition of bloodand coagulation.

UNIT - V

Excretion - exretion of metabolic waste products inrelation to the environment - physiology of excretion in Man,and hormonal control.

UNIT - VI

Iono - osmoregulation in Invertebrates (Protozoans,crustacean, insects) - osmoregulation in fishes, birds andterrestrial animals - horomonal control.

UNIT - VII

Neuro muscular co-ordination - muscle physiology andstructure and types of neurons - nervous system - molecularstructure and chemical composition of muscle fiber andphysiology of muscle contraction phsyilogies of musclecontraction - Transmission of nerve impulse - reflex action.

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UNIT - VIII

Chemical co-ordination - neurosecretions in insects,molluscs and crustaceans - endocrine glands in vertebrates- endocrine control of reproduction in vertebrates withReference to Man - endocrine related disease and disorderin Man.

UNIT - IX

Receptors - classification and function - mechanismsof hearing and physiology of vision in Man.

UNIT - X

Behavioural physiology - chronobiology (circadianrhythm Lunar periodicity, circannual rhythm) Behaviour(types - trophism, taxis, kinesis, reflex, learning) - migrationin birds and fishes - temperature regulation in poikilotherms,homeotherms and heterotherms - hibernation, aestivation -diapause.

REFERENCE / BOOKS

1. Hoar, W.S. (1968) : General and ComparativePhysiology, Prentice Hall.

2. Prosser, C.L. (1973) : Comparative Animal Phsyiology,3rd edn. W.B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia.

3. Wood, D.W. (1968) : Principles and Animal Physiology.

4. Bentley, (1971) : Endocrine and osmoregulation SpringerVerlag, N.Y.,

5. Palmen, J.D. Brown, J.R. and Hastings, J.W. (1970) :Biological clocks, AcademicPress, London.

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PAPER IX - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

UNIT - I : GAMETOGENESIS

History of Embryology - Ovists Vs Animalculist -Preformation and Epigenesis - Descriptive Embryology -Experimental Embryology - Molecular Embryology -gametogenesis : Growth of oocytes - Synthesis and storageof macromolecules in the oocytes - Nuclear activities duringoocytes growth. Hormonal and nervous control of ovulation.

UNIT - II : FERTILIZATION

Fertilization : polyspermy - Androgenesis - Egg activation- Electron microscopic and biochemical aspects - Fertility ofsperm and its in vitro fertilization - artificial fertilization -Chemodiffertiation.

UNIT - III : EARLY DEVELOPMENT

Gastrulation movements : role of egg cortex - Cellsurface in morphogenesis - Cell adhesion and cellcommunication. Chemotatic induced aggregation -Aggregation in sponges. Early development stage of fish.Experimental analysis in the early development ofEchinoderms, Amphibians and Birds.

UNIT - IV : ORGANOGENESIS

Organogenesis - formation of organ rudiments :Differentation and development of limb, thymus, spleen,salivary glands, heart and kidney in a mammal. Organiser :Inductive tissue interactions in developments.

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UNIT - V : GENES AND DEVELOPMENT

Nuclear transplantation. Cellular differentation andprotein synthesis. Differential activation. Developmentalgenetic defects. Role of cell death in development.Teratogenesis - Ageing, transgenics.

UNIT - VI : REGUALTION OF DEVELOPMENT

Metamorphosis - morphological and biochemicalchanges during amphibian metamorphosis - Hormonalcontrol of metamorphosis in amphibians - Neuro - endocrinecontrol of insect metamorphosis - Biochemistry andmechanism of action of hormones during meatmorphosis -Tissue reactivity in amphibian metamorphosis - Neotany.Malignant growth - Neoplasia - Teratoma - Gene activiationin neoplasia.

UNIT - VII : INVERTEBRATE EMBRYOLOGY

Early development - larval metamorphosis andorganogenesis in Nemathelminthes, Platyhelminthes,Anneilds, Crustaceans and Molluscs.

REFERENCE / BOOKS

1. Balinsky, B.L., 1981. An introduction to embryology,Saunders, Philadelphia.

2. Karp. G. and Berrill, N.J. 1981. Development, McGraw-Hill, New York.

3. Eber, J.D., 1970. Interacting system in Development,Holt Rein chart and Winston, Inc. New York and Chicago.

4. Grant, P., 1978. Biology of developing systems, HoitRein chart and Winston, Inc. New York and Chicago.

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5. Saunders, J.W. 1982. Developmental Biology. MacmillanCo., London.

6. Brachet J. 1974. Introduction to Molecular Embryology.The English Universities Press, London.

7. Nagabhushanam. R., and R. Sarojini. InvertebrateEmbryology. Oxford and IBA Publishing Co.

8. Gilbert, Scott. F. 1985. Developmental Biology. SinauerAssociation, Inc., Publishers.

9. Tyagi, Rajiv and A.N. Shukla, 2002. Development offishes, Jaya publishing house, New Delhi.

10. Raven, P. An outline of developmental physiology,Pergamon Press, New York.

11. Browder, W. 1984. Developmental Biology, SaundersCollege Publishing, Rinchert and Winston.

PAPER X - IMMUNOLOGY

UNIT - I : BASIC OF IMMUNOLOGY

Introduction - Historical perspective. Innate immunity(Non-specific), Adaptive immunity (Specific) - Humoralimmunity, Cell Mediated immunity.

UNIT - II : CELLS AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

Cells of Immune system - Haematopoiesis, Stem cells,Lymphoid cells, Mononuclear cells, Granulocytes, Mast cells,Dendritic cells.

Organs of Immune system - Primary lymphoid organsand Secondary lymphoid organs.

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UNIT - III : ANTIGENS

Antigens - Immunogenicity Vs Antigenicity, Haptens.Factors influencing Immunogenicity. Epitopes - B cell epitopeand T cell epitope.

UNIT - IV : ANTIBODIES

Immunoglobulin - structure, isotypes and biologicalfunction. Immune response & theories. Antigenicdeterminant on immunoglobulin - isotype, allotype andidiotype. B-cell receptor, immunoglobulin superfamily,Monoclonal antibody, Polyclonal antibody. Organization andexpression of immunoglobulin genes. Synthesis ofimmunoglobulin and disorders of immunoglobulin synthesis.

Antigen - Antibody interaction and immunodiagnostics.MHC - Restriction, Organization and inheritance of MHC,Antigen processing and presentation.

UNIT - V : MEDIATORS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

T cell receptor, cytokine, adhesion molecules,Complement, Hypersensitive reaction, Transplantationimmunology.

UNIT - VI : VACCINES

Vaccines - Principles and types of Vaccines - DNARecombinant Vaccine, Serum therapy.

REFERENCE / BOOKS

1. Roitt, I.M. 1994. Essential Immunology. BlackwellScientific, Oxform ISBN.

2. Richard, A Golds, Thomas J. Kindt & Barbara A.Osborne. 2000. Kuby - Immunology. Freeman and Co.New York.

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3. D.P. Stites, A.I. Terr and T.G. Parsloio. 1997. MedicalImmunology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

4. Janeway, C.A. and P. Travers. 1997. Immunobiology.Current Biology Ltd. London.

5. Paul, W.E. 1989. Fundamentals of Immunology. RaverPress. New York.

6. Srivastava, R., Ram, B.P. and Tyle, P. 1991. Molecularmechanism of Immune regulation. VCH Publishers, NewYork.

PAPER XI - (OPTIONAL) FISHERY BIOLOGY,AQUACULTURE

& FARM MANAGEMENT

FISHERY BIOLOGY, ACQUACULTURE AND FARMMANAGEMENT (OPTIONAL)

UNIT - I : BIONOMICS AND CLASSIFICATION

Study of habit, food, feeding, adaptations, growth,reproduction behaviour, fecundity and spawning of Indianmajor crops, three live fishes, three exotic fishes and sixeconomically important marine fishes.

Classification of the above fishes as in Day’s volumes,or in Munro’s volume or in FAO Publications.

UNIT - II : REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY

Role of hormones in reproduction - maturity stages -morphological and histological observation of gonads -Cryopreservation.

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UNIT - III : GROWTH STUDY

Age determination - length-weight relationship-factorsinfluencing growth - condition factor - tagging methods.

UNIT - IV : FISH GENETICS AND IMMUNOLOGY

Sex determination in fish - monosex production -hormonal and chromosomal methods - hybridizationtechniques in aqcaculture - fish immune system.

UNIT - V : FISH AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Diseases caused by fishes in man - prevention. Usesof fishes as biological control of diseases in man. Fish asfood for human health.

UNIT - VI : CAPTURE FISHERY OF INDIA

Fishery zones of India and the type of fishery in thesezones. At least six types of economically important marinepelagic fishes to be studied with regards their fishery andthe methods of capture.

Reservoir fishery

Preservation and processing. By-products.

UNIT - VII : FRESHWATER FISH AQUACULTURE

Types and ponds in the intensive aquaculture. Culturepond - site selection - soil quality - layout - inlet and outlet -formation of dykes and construction - neutralization pH -reducing seepage.

Source of water - water quality management inaquaculture - temperature - salinity - pH - O2 and O2 levels- nutrients - trace elements.

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Feed - formulated - conventional - artificial. Feed cost.Feeding methods.

Composite fish culture - paddy cum - fish culture -integrated fish culture - sewage water fish culture - racewayculture.

Control of parasites, predators and weeds in cultureponds.

Procurement of seed, transport, stocking, harvestingand marketing.

Fish farm implements - Sacchi disc - aerator - pHmeter - tools for hypophysation - feeding trays - gears.

Freshwater prawn culture.

UNIT - VIII : HATCHERY TECHNIQUES

Hatching technology for major carps - common - silvercarp - live fishes - trout. Induced breeding methods. Livefeed - Artemia, Rotifer, Diatoms and their culture. Prawndevelopmental stages - freshwater and marine prawnhatchery.

UNIT - IX : FISH DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Non-parasitic diseases and parasitic diseases -symptoms - prevention - treatment.

UNIT - X : AQUARIUM AND ORNAMENTAL FISHES

Acquarim tanks - maintenance - selection of ornamentalfishes.

Ornamental fish culture as cottage industry and its exportpotential.

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UNIT - XI : MARI CULTURE

Types of seaweeds - species suitable for culture -methods of culture - by products.

Prawn culture - extensive culture methods - intensiveculture methods - feeds and feeding management - diseasemanagements.

Pearl oyster culture - pearl production methods.

Mussel culture. Economic importance of Lobster, seaurchin and sea cucumber - their bye products.

CMFRI, CIBA, CIFRI and CIFE and its activities.

Brackish water fish culture.

REFERENCE / BOOKS

1. Baluyut, E.A. (1989) Aquaculture system and Practices.A selected review Publishing House, New Delhi.

2. Chondar, A. (1970) Handbook of breeding of Indianmajor carps by pituitary hormone injection. Agra SatisdhBook Enterprise.

3. Dash M.C. and Patnaik, P.N. (1994) Brackish waterculture. Palani paramount Publications, Palani, T.N.

4. Day, F. (1958). Fishes of India, Vol. I and Vol. II. WilliamSawson and Sons Ltd., London.

5. Jhingran, C.G. (1981). Fish and Fisheries of India.Hindustan Publishing Co., India.

6. Maheswari. K. (1993) Common fish disease and theircontrol. Institute of Fisheries Education, Powarkads(M.P.)

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7. Michael, B.N. and Singholka, B. (1985). FreshwaterPrawn Farming : A manual of culture of macrobrachiumrosenbergii. Daya publishing House, New Delhi.

8. Paul Raj S.(Ed.) (1995) Shrimp farming Techniques,problems and solution. Palani Paramount Publications,Palani, T.N.

9. Paul Raj S. (Ed.) (1996) Aquaculture for 2000 A.D.Palani Paramount Publications, Palani, T.N.

10. Pillay, T.V.R. (1990). Aquaculture : Principles andPractices. Balackwell Scientific Publications Ltd.

11. Ponnuchammy, R. (1997). Practical guide to shrimpfarming. Palani Paramount Publications, Palani, T.N.

12. Post, G.M. (1983). Textbook of fish health. TFHpublication.

13. Sanatharam, R. (1990). Fisheries Science. DayaPublishing House, New Delhi.

14. Sinha, V.R.P. and Srinivastava, H.C. (1991). AquacultureProductivity. Oxford and IBH Publications Co., Ltd., NewDelhi.

15. Yadav, B.N. (1997). Fish and fisheries. Daya PublishingHouse, New Delhi.

16. FAO volumes for fish identification.

PAPER XII - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Concepts of Scientific Research - Scope - NullHypothesis.

2. a) Literature Collection - Primary, Secondary andtertiary sources - Bibilography.

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b) Use of internet facilities in literature collection - databases.

c) Reviews monographs - Text books - Reference /Books - Scientific Journals - News letters - etc.

3. Selection of Animals models - maintenance - CPCSEAregulations.

4. Analytical tools : Microscopes (Light, Phase,Fluorescence), PH meter, O2 Electrodes, Photometers:Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer (Single, double beamand double array Spectrophometer

5. Chromatographic techniques - paper - gel matrices (gelfiltration, lon-exchange, affinity and HPLC) - Thin layerchromatography.

6. Enzyme kinetics - Line weaver Burke plot - Vmax & Kmdeterminations.

7. Histology & Histochemical Methods (Proteins,carbohydrates and lipids) - Micrometry andphotomicrography.

8. Population Estimation - concepts Density - (Soil Fauna,aquatic fauna or terrestrial fauna).

9. Presentation of Data - Preparation and Manuscript(Thesis & Publications)

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ZOOL515 - LAB COURSE III - ENVIRONMENTALBIOLOGY, ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

1. Estimation of Aquatic - Primary productivity - Dark andLight bottle.

2. Estimation of Dissolved oxygen, Salinity, Nitrites,Phosphates, Calcium, Silicates and Alkanlity in watersamples.

3. Analysis of industrial effluent - TDS, TSS, BOD, (COD -Demonstration).

4. Estimation of Earthworm population - Demonstration.

5. Collection, isolation and identification of Plankton.

6. Study of sandy, muddy and rocky shore faune withspecial Reference fo their adaptation to the environment.

7. Animal Association - parasitism, mutualism andcommensalisms.

8. Visit to treatment Plantsa) Drinking water treatment plant - Kilpauk water

works.b) Effluent Treatment - CETP - Pallavaram.c) Sewage treatment - Koyambedu.

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

1. Estimation of RQ in Fish with Reference to temperature.

2. Oxygen Consumption in a terrestrial animal(Cockroach).

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3. Salt loss and salt gain in fish.

4. Estimation of Proteins, Carbohydrates and Lipids in thetissues of Frog.

5. Effect of Insulin and Adrenalin on Blood Glucose level.

6. Qualitative Urine test for pregnancy (B-hCG - Kit).

7. Estimation of Blood urea (DAM) and Cholesterol (ZAK’S)using commercially available kit.

8. Blood Clotting time, bleeding time, reoureaux formation,Preparation of haemin crystal, Estimation ofHaemoglobulin and ESR.

9. Principles and application of Sphygmomanometer,Kymograph, Electrophoresis, Haemoglobinometer,ESR.

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

1. Oogenesis and spermatogenesis - histochemical studiesin a mammal.

2. Different stages in development - Crustaceans (Crab/Prawn) - insects (Drosophila) - frog.

3. Demonstration : Experimental embryology - Woundhealing and cell aggregation in frog embryos.Regeneration in frog tadpoles.

4. Development of chick stage - Observation of living chickembryo and vital staining demonstration only - slideshowing C.S. of heart, kidney, lens and limb todemonstrate induction and organisation.

5. Slides showing the Uterus cycles in a mammal (Rat).

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6. Development of invertebrates - Eggs - cleavage -Gastrula - Study of larva forms Nauplius, Zoea, Veliger,Bipinnaria, Leptocephalus.

7. Developmental stages of fish.

LAB COURSE IV - IMMUNOLOGY, FISHERYBIOLOGY, AQUACULTURE AND FARM

MANAGEMENT

IMMUNOLOGY

1. Lymphoid organs anatomy - Rat.

Histology of Lymphoid organs - Thymus, Spleen, Bonemarrow, Lymph node.

2. Enumeration of lymphocytes and cells of Immumesystem - Human blood.

3. Haemagglutination - Qualitative analysis “ABO” bloodgroup.

4. Haemagglutination - Qualitative analysis -haemaggultination titration.

5. Preparation of Antigen - RBC - Demonstration.

6. Ouchterlony technique - Demonstration.

7. Immunoelectrophoresis - Demonstration.

Practical record to be sumitted to the University PracticalExamination.

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FISHERY BIOLOGY, AQUACULTURE AND FARMMANAGEMENT

1. Fish morphology - Morphometric characters - meristiccharacters - shark morphology.

2. Morphological modifications of fishes - body shape - inrelation to mode of living - ten species to be studied(e.g.) suker fish; Boleophthalmus.

3. Fish anatomy.

4. Identification of 15 economically important freshwater,marine and brackish water species belonging to differentfamilies - use of mammals - Day’s volumes - Munro’svolume - FAO publications.

5. Identification of cultivable prawns, commerciallyimportant invertebrates (Crabs, lobster, sea-urchin, sea-cucumber, pearl oyster, clams, Mytilus, Loligo and Sepia-cuttle fish), and sea weeds - their economicalimportance.

6. Fish - farm implements - Sacchi’s disc - pH meter - handcentrifuge - aerator - plankton nt - cast net - drag net -gill nt.

7. Age determination - scale method - study of length -weight relationship.

8. Observation of gonads - morphological and histological- GSL

9. Fish food organism - to be reported from stomachcontent of plankton feeders and carnivorous analysisof stomach content of plankton feeders and omnivorousfishes.

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10. Quantitative analysis of stomach content of planktonfeeders and omnivorous fishes.

11. Observation of gears and crafts - models or photographs- method of use.

12. Observation of fish parasites - preserve specimens andslide operation.

13. Observation of eggs and larva of fiehs, and larval stagesof prawn - collected from hatcheries.

14. Fish bye products.

15. Observation of pituitary gland in situ.

16. Visit to hatchery - aqua farms - fish landing centers -fishery institutes - report to be sumitted.

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