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The history of Sea Power is largely, The history of Sea Power is largely, though by no means solely, a narrative though by no means solely, a narrative of contests between nations, of mutual of contests between nations, of mutual rivalries, of violence frequently rivalries, of violence frequently culminating in war. The profound culminating in war. The profound influence of sea commerce upon the influence of sea commerce upon the wealth and strength of countries was wealth and strength of countries was clearly seen long before the true clearly seen long before the true principles which governed its growth principles which governed its growth and prosperity were detected. To and prosperity were detected. To secure to one’s own people a secure to one’s own people a disproportionate share of such disproportionate share of such benefits, every effort was made to benefits, every effort was made to exclude others, either by the peaceful exclude others, either by the peaceful legislative methods of monopoly or legislative methods of monopoly or prohibitory regulations, or, when these prohibitory regulations, or, when these failed, by direct violence. failed, by direct violence.

A. T. Mahan, A. T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power The Influence of Sea Power Upon HistoryUpon History (1890), 1. (1890), 1.

The war navy of the United States has had The war navy of the United States has had many, the merchant navy few, many, the merchant navy few, historians. Yet the two services are historians. Yet the two services are joined by an intimate relationship: they joined by an intimate relationship: they are indispensable the one to the other; are indispensable the one to the other; they have the same brave, vigorous they have the same brave, vigorous traditions, and for many years they were traditions, and for many years they were cherished with equal pride by the people cherished with equal pride by the people of the nation whose flag they bore to of the nation whose flag they bore to victory. Now our war fleet, after a period victory. Now our war fleet, after a period of neglect and decline, has again grown of neglect and decline, has again grown strong and prosperous, while our strong and prosperous, while our merchant fleet on the high seas has merchant fleet on the high seas has shrunk to a mere shadow of its ancient shrunk to a mere shadow of its ancient greatness. It is in the firm belief that the greatness. It is in the firm belief that the renaissance of the merchant navy also renaissance of the merchant navy also will come. will come.

Winthrop L. Marvin, Winthrop L. Marvin, The American Merchant The American Merchant Marine: Its History and Romance from Marine: Its History and Romance from 1620 to 19021620 to 1902 (1902), vii. (1902), vii.

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SEALIFTSEALIFT1898 vs. PRESENT

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Merchant Marine Act of 1936 Merchant Marine Act of 1936 It is necessary for the national defense and development of its foreign and It is necessary for the national defense and development of its foreign and

domestic commerce that the United States shall have a merchant marinedomestic commerce that the United States shall have a merchant marine

(a)(a) sufficient to carry its domestic water-borne commerce and a substantial sufficient to carry its domestic water-borne commerce and a substantial portion of the water-borne export and import foreign commerce of the portion of the water-borne export and import foreign commerce of the United States and to provide shipping service on all routes essential for United States and to provide shipping service on all routes essential for maintaining the flow of such domestic and foreign water-borne maintaining the flow of such domestic and foreign water-borne commerce at all times, commerce at all times,

(b)(b) capable of serving as a naval and military auxiliary in time of war or capable of serving as a naval and military auxiliary in time of war or national emergency, national emergency,

(c)(c) owned and operated under the United States flag by citizens of the owned and operated under the United States flag by citizens of the United States insofar as may be practicable, and United States insofar as may be practicable, and

(d)(d) composed of the best-equipped, safest, and most suitable types of composed of the best-equipped, safest, and most suitable types of vessels, constructed in the United States and manned with a trained and vessels, constructed in the United States and manned with a trained and efficient citizen personnel. efficient citizen personnel.

It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States to foster the It is hereby declared to be the policy of the United States to foster the development and encourage the maintenance of such a merchant development and encourage the maintenance of such a merchant marinemarine..

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The United States Merchant Marine at WarThe United States Merchant Marine at War (1946) (1946)

““The United States was a The United States was a member of a fighting member of a fighting team of United team of United Nations that won the Nations that won the greatest war in greatest war in history. There were history. There were three major players three major players who represented the who represented the United States on that United States on that team: Our fighting team: Our fighting forces overseas, the forces overseas, the production army here production army here at home, and the link at home, and the link between them—the between them—the United States United States Merchant Marine.”Merchant Marine.”

US merchant fleet 12/7/41 1,340 dry cargo ships and tankers

US merchant fleet 9/2/45 4,221 dry cargo ships and tankers (75% Liberty ships)

Large US merchant ships sunk 733

Cargo Delivered overseas 12/7/41 to 9/2/45

Dry cargo 203,500,000 Long Tons

Liquid cargo 64,700,000 Long Tons

Average delivery rate 1945 17,000,000 pounds of cargo every hour

Personnel transported overseas 7,300,000

Customers 75% Army and Navy; 25% Allies

Cargo carried overseas Ammunition, airplanes, aviation fuel, explosives, tanks, trucks, medicines, landing craft, locomotives, food. In 1944, just from West Coast ports, 2,727 airplanes, 993 boats, 296 amphibious craft, 1,223 vehicles were shipped as deck cargo.

Cargo to U.S. 12/7/41 to 9/2/45

Dry cargo 70,500,000 Long Tons

Liquid cargo 35,000,000 Long Tons

Imports carried Bauxite (to make aluminum), copper, nitrates, manganese, wool, petroleum products, sisal.

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Military Sea Transportation Service Military Sea Transportation Service August 2, 1949August 2, 1949

The Military Sea Transportation The Military Sea Transportation Service is established in order to Service is established in order to provide, under one authority, provide, under one authority, control, operation and control, operation and administration of ocean administration of ocean transportation for personnel, transportation for personnel, material, mail, and other cargoes material, mail, and other cargoes for all agencies or departments of for all agencies or departments of the National Military Establishment the National Military Establishment and as authorized or directed for and as authorized or directed for other government agencies or other government agencies or departments of the United states departments of the United states subject to established priorities. subject to established priorities.

William M. CallaghanCommander, MSTS 1949 -1952

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Military Sea Transportation Service 1949Military Sea Transportation Service 1949

TroopshipsTroopships TankersTankersFreighters

USS Gen. A. E. AndersonUSS Gen Wm. A. MannUSS Gen H. W. ButnerUSS Gen Wm. MitchellUSS Gen G. M. RandallUSS Gen J. Breckinridge

USNS Gen Daniel I. SultanUSNS Gen Hugh J. GaffeyUSNS Gen Alexander M. PatchUSNS Gen Simon B. BucknerUSNS Gen Edwin D. PatrickUSNS Gen Nelson M. WalkerUSNS Gen Maurice RoseUSNS Gen William O. Darby

P2

C3

USS President AdamsUSS President JacksonUSS Thomas Jefferson

USNS Frederick FunstonUSNS James O’HaraUSNS David C. ShanksUSNS Fred C. AinsworthUSNS George W. GoethalsUSNS Henry Gibson

C4

USNS Gen R. L. HowzeUSNS Gen W. M. BlackUSNS Gen S. D. SturgisUSNS Gen C. G. MortonUSNS Gen R. E. CallanUSNS Gen M. B. StewartUSNS Gen A. W. GreelyUSNS Gen C. H. MuirUSNS Gen H. B. FreemanUSNS Gen H. F. HodgesUSNS Gen Harry Taylor USNS Gen W. F. Hase

USNS Gen E. T. CollinsUSNS Gen M. L. HerseyUSNS Gen J. H. McRaeUSNS Gen Mason M. PatrickUSNS Gen W. C. LangfittUSNS Gen R. M. BlatchfordUSNS Gen A. W. BrewsterUSNS Gen D. E. AultmanUSNS Gen C. C. BallouUSNS Gen W. G. HannUSNS Gen Stuart Heintzelmann

C2

USNS Pvt. Elden H. JohnsonUSNS Pvt. William H. ThomasUSNS Sgt. Charles E. Mower

VC2

USNS Pvt. Joe P. Martinez

USNS Sgt. Jonah E. KelleyUSNS Sgt. George D. KeathleyUSNS Sgt. Joseph E. Mueller

C1-M

C2

USS TitaniaUSS OberonUSS AndromedaUSS ThubanUSS VirgoUSS Achernar

USS AlshainUSS CharaUSS DiphdaUSS LeoUSS MuliphenUSS Oglethorpe

VC2

USNS Greenville VictoryUSNS Haiti VictoryUSNS Kingsport VictoryUSNS Pvt. John R. TowleUSNS Pvt. Francis A. McGrawUSNS Sgt. Andrew Miller

USNS Bald EagleUSNS Blue JacketUSNS Golden Eagle

USNS Sgt. Archer T. GammonUSNS Sgt. Morris E. CrainUSNS Lt. James E. RobinsonUSNS Pvt. Joseph F. MerrellUSNS Sgt Jack J. Pendleton

C1-M

USNS Grommet ReeferUSNS Capt. Arlo L. OlsenUSNS Col. William J. O’BrienUSNS Pvt. John F. Thorson

USNS Sgt. George PetersonUSNS Short SpliceUSNS LaurentiaUSNS Pvt. Frank J. Petrarca

EC2USNS Albert M. Boe USNS Cardinal O’Connell

FSUSNS T-AKL 15USNS T-AKL 16USNS T-AKL 17USNS T-AKL 18USNS T-AKL 19USNS T-AKL 20USNS T-AKL 21

USNS T-AKL 22USNS T-AKL 23USNS T-AKL 24USNS T-AKL 25USNS T-AKL 26USNS T-AKL 27USNS T-AKL 28USNS T-AKL 29

USNS T-AKL 30USNS T-AKL 31USNS T-AKL 32USNS T-AKL 33USNS T-AKL 34USNS T-AKL 35USNS T-AKL 36

TugsUSNS T-ATA 239USNS T-ATA 240USNS Col. T. E. Clifford Jr.USNS Sgt. Clarence W. FossUSNS Pvt. Gabriel ChavezUSNS Sgt. Fred N. ColemanUSNS T-YTB 746

Landing CraftUSNS T-LST 742USNS T-LST 802USNS T-LST 883USNS T-LST 898USNS T-LST 975USNS T-LST 1048

USNS T-LST 694USNS T-LST 1010USNS T-LSU 1362USNS T-LSU 1460

T3

USS ChikaskiaUSS AucillaUSS Marias

USS ManateeUSS NantahalaUSS Severn

USS TalugaUSS ChipolaUSS Tolovna

T2USS KennebecUSS MerrimackUSS KankakeeUSS MattaponiUSS MonongahelaUSS TappahannockUSS NechesUSNS SuamicoUSNS TallulahUSNS PecosUSNS CacheUSNS MillicomaUSNS SaugatuckUSNS SchuylkillUSNS CossatotUSNS ChepachetUSNS CowanesqueUSNS EscambiaUSNS KennebagoUSNS CahabaUSNS MascomaUSNS OklawahaUSNS PamansetUSNS SebecUSNS TomahawkUSNS SoubarissenUSNS AnacostiaUSNS CaneyUSNS TamalpaisUSNS CohoctonUSNS Shawnee Trail

USNS Mission BuenaventuraUSNS Mission CapistranoUSNS Mission CarmelUSNS Mission De PalaUSNS Mission DoloresUSNS Mission LoretoUSNS Mission Los AngelesUSNS Mission PurisimaUSNS Mission San AntonioUSNS Mission San CarlosUSNS Mission San DiegoUSNS Mission San FernandoUSNS Mission San FranciscoUSNS Mission San GabrielUSNS Mission San JoseUSNS Mission San JuanUSNS Mission San Luis ObispoUSNS Mission San Luis ReyUSNS Mission San MiguelUSNS Mission San RafaelUSNS Mission Santa BarbaraUSNS Mission Santa ClaraUSNS Mission Santa CruzUSNS Mission Santa YnezUSNS Mission SolanoUSNS Mission SoledadUSNS Mission Santa AnaUSNS Cedar WoodsUSNS Muir Woods USNS Pioneer ValleyUSNS Sappa Creek

T1

USNS PeconicUSNS TontiUSNS KernUSNS Wabash

USNS SusquehannaUSNS OntonagonUSNS Rincon

Fuel Barges

USNS T-YO 242USNS T-YO 243USNS T-YO 244

Korean War 1950-1953

Breakbulk, Containerization, & Roll-on/Roll-off

Mariner class 1952

SS Ideal X 1956

USNS Comet 1956

Vietnam War 1950-1975

Sealift Renaissance

Floating Forward Depot 1963Fast Deployment

Logistic Ships 1968Ready Reserve Force 1977

Afloat Prepositioning Force 1980

Fast Sealift Ships 1982

The Mobility Requirement Study

Large Medium Speed Ro/ros MPF Enhancement

RRF Expansion Maritime Security Program

Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement

Twenty-first Century MSCJoint High Speed Vessel

Afloat Forward Staging Base Mobile Landing Platform

Dry Cargo/Ammunition

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