MS. UCITHA GRAPHICS - cart.ebalbharati.incart.ebalbharati.in/BalBooks/pdfs/705020001.pdf · 2 k. 1...

N/PB/2017-18/10,000

MS. UCITHA GRAPHICS PRINTERS PVT. LTD.,NAVI MUMBAI

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Ap hk„s Mug¡ is`p„MX$u, lqf Aphp¡_¡ !Ap k©rô$A¡ ^qfep kp¡lpN ; lh¡ sp¡ lqf Aphp¡_¡ !Ap rhð hv$¡ R>¡ h^pdZu, lqf ! Aphp¡_¡ ;Aphu hp„Qp¡ Adpfp„ kp¥cpÁe ; lh¡ sp¡ lqf Aphp¡_¡ !

Ap Q„v$fhp¡ L$f¡ QÞv$_u, lqf ! Aphp¡_¡ ! h¡ep¯ spfrgep_p„ aŸg ; lh¡ sp¡ lqf Aphp¡_¡ ! âcy `p\fZp„ v$Ci â¡d_p„, lqf ! Aphp¡_¡ ; qv$g hpfu L$fui klº X|$g ; lh¡ sp¡ lqf Aphp¡_¡ !

Ap S>mdp„ EOX¡$ `p¡eZp„, lqf ! Aphp¡_¡ !A¡hp EOX¡$ l¥ep_p cph ; lh¡ sp¡ lqf Aphp¡_¡ !Ap dp\¡ de„L$_p¡ drZ s`¡, lqf ! Aphp¡_¡ ;A¡hp Aphp¡ Æh_drZ dph ! lh¡ sp¡ lqf Aphp¡_¡ !

Ap QÞv$_u cfu R>¡ smphX$u, lqf ! Aphp¡_¡ ! aŸgqX$e¡ bp„^u R>¡ `pS> ; lh¡ sp¡ lqf Aphp¡_¡ ! Ap Apkp¡`pgh_¡ R>p„eX¡$, lqf Aphp¡_¡ ; d_dl¡fpdZ dlpfpS> ! lh¡ sp¡ lqf ! Aphp¡_¡ !

- Þlp“pgpg

1. âp\®_p

t h¾$sy„X$ dlpL$pe k|e® L$p¡qV$ kdâc

r“rh®Â“„ Ly$fy d¡ v$ ¡h, kh®¡ L$pe® ¡jy kh®v$p...

""Nyê$f b°ûp, Nyê$f rhóÏ, Nyê$f v$¡hp¡ dl¡íhfp:

Nyê$f kpnps ‘fb°û, sõd¥ îu Nyfyh¡ “d:''

""ep v$¡hu kh® c|s¡jy, rhÛp ê$‘¡Z k„[õ’sp:

“dõsõe¥, “dõsõe¥, “dõsõe¥ “dp¡ “d:''

ïgp¡L$p¡“y„ ‘W$“ L$fuA¡.

2

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$rhspdp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡

1) kp¡ - .................... 2) vy$r_ep$ - .......................

3) d‚ - .................... 4) Q„Ö - .......................

5) `pm - .................... 6) L$dm - .......................

k. 2 _uQ¡ Ap`¡gp iåv$p¡_u A„spnfu `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) lqf - qfhpS>, ............., ................

2) hk„s - ............., ..............., ...........

3) kp¡lpN - ............., ..............., ..........

k. 3 âL©$rs_y„ OV$L$ _ lp¡e s¡hp¡ iåv$ Sy>v$p¡ spfhp¡.

1) hk„s, ifv$, l¡d„s, kp¥cpÁe - .........., .........., ..........

2) qv$g, `p¡eZp„, de„L$, smph - .........., .........., ..........

3) S>m, aŸg, dlpfpS>, Apkp¡`pgh - .........., .........., ..........

4) Qp„v$_u, l¥ey „, spfrgep, dp¡fgp - .........., .........., ..........

k. 4 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ h‘fpsp„ AÞe Qpf-Qpf “pd gMp¡. v$p.s. k©rô$ - vy$r“ep, S>Ns, rhð, Apgd

1) S>m 2) Q„Ö 3) aŸg 4) qv$g

5) dl¡fpdZ 6) â¡d 7) lqf 8) dp’y„

k. 5 “d|“p âdpZ¡ âñ b“php¡. v$p.s. hk„s is ‘p„MX$uA¡ Mug¡ R>¡. (L¡$hu fus¡?) hk„s L¡$hu fus¡ Mug¡ R>¡?

1) Q„Ö Qp„v$“u ‘p’f¡ R>¡. (iy„?)

2) S>mdp„ ‘p¡eZp„ EOX¡$ R>¡. (¼ep„?)

3) smphX$u Qp„v$“u’u cfpe¡gu R>¡. (i¡“p’u?)

4) lqf c¼sp¡“p„ kp¥cpÁe hp„Q¡ R>¡. (L$p¡“p?)

t sdpfu d_`k„v$ L$p¡C`Z A¡L$ âp\®_p NpAp¡ A_¡ NhX$php¡.

t õhpÝepe t

3

k. 6 _uQ¡_u L$pìe`„[¼s `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) Ap rhð hv$¡ R>¡ .........................

2) .................. is`p„MX$u lqf Aphp¡_¡ !

3) Ap S>mdp„ ................................

4) ............. v$Ci â¡d_p, lqf Aphp¡_¡ !

k. 7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) hk„s ........ `p„MX$uA¡ Mug¡gu R>¡.

A) klõÓ b) is L$) v$iL$

2) spfpAp¡_¡ ..............“u D`dp„ Ap`¡gu R>¡.

A) h¡g b) am L$) aŸg

3) `pZudp„ ..........._p„ aŸg Mug¡ R>¡.

A) L$dm b) k|fS>dyMu L$) NgNp¡V$p¡

4) ............_p R>p„e¡ âcy_¡ bp¡gph¡ R>¡.

A) _pNfh¡g b) Apkp¡`pgh L$) `u`mp¡

5) rhð ................ hv$¡ R>¡.

A) kp¥cpÁe b) Apiuhp®v$ L$) h^pdZu

6) âcyA¡ ............ “p ‘p’fZp„ Apàep„ R¡.

A) â¡d b) dMdg L$) gpNZu

k. 8 kfMpdZu ey¼s iåv$ gMp¡.

1) aŸgX$p„ê$‘u ----

2) ---- ‘p’fÏ„

3) de„L$ê$‘u ----

4) ---- dl¡fpdZ

k. 9 A) Å¡X$Zu\u \sp„ A\®c¡v$ Ap¡mMp¡.

v$p.s. hpqf - `pZu ; hpfu - Myi \hy„

1) `prZ - ......... `pZu - .........

2) `yf - ............ `|f - ............

3) qv$_ - ........... v$u_ - ...........

4) kyf - ............ k|f - ............ 5) k|f - ........... i|f - ............

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b) "_y„' âÐee_y„ ep¡Áe ê$` gMp¡. v$p.s. l¥ep_p cph

1) spfrgep............... aŸg 2) de„L$.............dZu.

3) â¡d ............... ‘p’fÏ„ 2) Q„Ö$.............Qp„v$“u. L$) "Zu' âÐee gNphu cphhpQL$ _pd b_php¡. v$p.s. gpNhy„ - gpNZu 1) hphhy„ - ............. 2) L$p`hy„ - .............. 3) `S>hhy„ - ............ 4) L$dphy„ - ..............

k.10 Ap`¡gp iåv$p¡ rhi¡ b¡ b¡ hp¼ep¡ gMp¡. 1) hk„s 2) smph 3) rhð 4) Apkp¡`pgh

t

âL$ë` t

t kps qv$hk_u kps âp\®_pAp¡_u A¡L$ âp\®_p `y[õsL$p b_php¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$

± sÐks ± sÐks îu _pfpeZ s|, `yfyjp¡Ñd Nyfy s| ... ±

rkÙ-byÙ s|, õL„$v$ rh_peL$, krhsp `phL$ s|.

b°û dÝe¡$ s|, e‹ i[¼s s| ; Ciy-r`sp âcy s| : ... ±

fyÖ-rhóÏ s|, fpdL©$óZ s|, flud spAp¡ s|.

hpkyv$ ¡h Np¡-rhðê$` sy„, rQv$p_„v$ lqf s| ... ±

AqÜsue s|, AL$pg r_c®e, ApÐd-tgN rih s| ...

- rh_p¡bp cph¡

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t

`qfrQs A_¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ AphX$sp lp¡e s¡ ïgp¡L$p¡_y„ kd|l`W$_ L$fphhy„. R>Ì$p ^p¡fZdp„ iuMu

Ne¡gp R>¡ s¡ âp\®_p_u epv$ A`phhu. âp\®_p_y„ dlÒh kdÅhu âõsys âp\®_p iuMhp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ ArcdyM L$fhp. `R>u L$rhsp_p rhjehõsy_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ gOy âñp¡ `|R>u_¡ L$rhsp_¡ kfm cpjpdp„ kdÅhhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡. c¼sp¡ cNhp__¡ `p¡sp_p Of¡ bp¡gphhp rh_„su L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ `p¡s¡ iy„ iy„ L$fi¡ ? s¡_u hps L$f¡ R>¡. duW$p d^ S>¡hp bp¡f MhX$phhp fpd_u hpV$ Å¡su ibfu_y„ Dv$plfZ Ap`hy„.

âp\®_p ’su lp¡e R>¡, L$fhp“u “’u lp¡su.

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2. bufbg_p¡ v$uL$fp¡$

t Qpgp¡ hpsp® kp„cmuA¡. AL$bf bpv$ipl_p¡ v$fbpf - L$X$L$X$su W„$X$u_p qv$hkp¡ - fpÅ Üpfp Ål¡fps - ApMu fps _v$u_p

`pZudp„ Ecp fl¡hy„ - kp¡ kp¡_pdlp¡f_y„ C_pd - Nfub b°pûZ - v$uL$fu_p„ g‚ - ^__u S>ê$fs - Ål¡fps_p¡ õhuL$pf - ApMu fps _v$u_p `pZudp„ Ecp fl¡hy„ - khpf¡ fpÅ_p¡ âñ - b°pûZ_p¡ S>hpb - TfyMp_p v$uhp_y„ tQs_ - v$uhp¡ dpfu `pk¡ S> R>¡ A¡hp¡ rhQpf - C_pd Ap`hp_u _p - b°pûZ r_fpi - AÞepe - bufbg_p¡ bpv$ipl_¡ `pW$ cZphhp_p¡ r_Z®e - S>„Ngdp„ fpÅ kp\¡ riL$pf¡ S>hy„ - cp¡S>_ dpV¡$ MuQX$u b_phhu - hp„k_p ÓZ gpL$X$p„ - rhrQÓ Q|gp¡ - KQ¡ MuQX$u_y„ hpkZ - _uQ¡ ApN - kde rhshp¡ - bpv$ipl_u ûfS> M|V$hu - bufbg_p¡ S>hpb - Nfub b°pûZ_u hps - _p_L$X$p v$uhp\u v|$f Nfdu dm¡ - sp¡ ApV$gu _ÆL$ MuQX$u `pL$i¡ - bpv$ipl_¡ c|g kdÅC S>hu - b°pûZ_¡ bp¡gphhp¡ - C_pd Ap`hy„.

AL$bf bpv$ipl A_¡ bufbg_y„ _pd sp¡ sd¡ b^p ÅZp¡ R>p¡ S>. bufbg_u byqÙQpsyfu_u OZu hpsp¡ âQrgs R>¡. bufbg AÐe„s byqÙipmu s¡dS> S>bfp¡ Ap[õsL$ lsp¡. Cðfdp„ s¡ dp_sp¡ lsp¡ A_¡ s¡_u c[¼s L$fsp¡ lsp¡. s¡ AL$bf bpv$ipl_¡ `Z Cðf_¡ epv$ L$fhp A_¡ s¡_u c[¼s L$fhp_y„ OZuhpf L$l¡sp¡.

A¡L$hpf bufbg¡ Äepf¡ bpv$ipl_¡ L$üy„ Ðepf¡ bpv$ipl¡ s¡_¡ `|R¹>ey„ : "bufbg, sy„ Cðf_¡ epv$ L$fhp d_¡ hpf„hpf L$l¡ R>¡ sp¡ `l¡gp„ A¡ L$l¡ L¡$ Cðf L$ep„ fl¡ R>¡ ? s¡_p v$i®_ L¡$hu fus¡ \pe ? A_¡ s¡ iy„ L$f¡ R>¡ ?

AL$bf¡ A¡L$ kp\¡ ÓZ âñp¡ `|R¹>ep. ÓZ¡ M|b dyíL¡$g lsp. bufbg sfs s¡_p S>hpb _ Apù i¼ep¡. s¡ tQspdp„ `X$u Nep¡. s¡Z¡ L$üy„, "S>lp„`_pl ! Ap`_p âñp¡_p S>hpb dpV¡$ d_¡ kps qv$hk_p¡ kde Ap`p¡. kpsdp qv$hk¡ lº„ S>hpb Apùi.'

bpv$ipl¡ bufbg_¡ kps qv$hk_u dl¡sg Apù.

R> qv$hk sp¡ Å¡sÅ¡spdp„ `kpf \C Nep.

S>hpb dmsp¡ _lp¡sp¡. kpsdp qv$hk_y„ âcps EÁey„. bufbg tQspdp„ X|$bu Nep¡.

r`sp_¡ tQspdp„ X|$b¡gp Å¡C s¡_p _p_p v$uL$fpA¡ s¡_¡ `|R¹>ey„, : "r`spÆ ! Ap` i¡_u tQsp L$fp¡ R>p¡ ?'

bufbg¡ L$üy„ : "bpv$ipl¡ ÓZ âñp¡ `|R¹>ep R>¡, S>¡_p S>hpb dpf¡ Ap`hp_p R>¡ `Z lº„ Apù iLy„$ s¡d _\u.' "¼ep âñp¡?' bufbg_p v$uL$fpA¡ `|R¹>ey„. S>hpbdp„ bufbg¡ dp„X$u_¡ bû hps L$fu. A¡ kp„cmu _p_p¡ bpmL$ bp¡gu EW$ép¡: "Af¡ ! A¡_p S>hpbp¡ sp¡ kph kl¡gp R>¡, lº„ A¡_p S>hpb Apùi.'

bufbg¡ S>hpb ÅZhp_u BÃR>p L$fu Ðepf¡ v$uL$fpA¡ L$üy„, "r`spÆ, sd_¡ _rl, lº„ bpv$ipl_¡ S> S>hpb Apùi. d_¡ s¡d_u `pk¡ gC ÅAp¡.'

bufbg `p¡sp_p v$uL$fp_¡ AL$bf `pk¡ gC Nep¡ A_¡ bp¡ëep¡ : "`fhfqv$Npf ! Ap`_p ÓZ¡ âñp¡_p S>hpb Ap dpfp¡ v$uL$fp¡ Apì¡.'

AL$bf¡ Apòe®\u bpmL$ sfa Å¡ey„ A_¡

6

`|R¹>ey„ : "Ap _p_p¡ bpmL$ dpfp A^fp âñp¡_p S>hpb Apì¡ ? kpfy„. sp¡ d_¡ L$l¡ L¡$ Cðf¼ep„ fl¡ R>¡ ? A¡_p„ v$i®_ L¡$hu fus¡ \pe ?A_¡ s¡ iy„ L$f¡ R>¡ ?

bpmL¡$ L$üy„ : "bpv$ipl, Ap` cpfsdp„ _hp Apìep R>p¡. Ap`_¡ cpfsue k„õL©$rs_u ÅZ _\u. cpfs_u k„õL©$rsdp„ Äepf¡ L$p¡C Ap`Z¡ Ðep„ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ s¡_y„ õhpNs L$fhp_u â\p R>¡. `pZu Apù cp¡S>_ L$fphu `R>u hpsQus L$fhu Å¡CA¡. ku^p âñp¡ `|R>hp_p¡ qfhpS> cpfs_p¡ _\u.'

bpv$ipl cp¢W$p `X$u Nep. s¡Z¡ L$üy„: "bp¡g, iy„ gCi ?' bpmL¡$ L$üy„ : "d_¡ v|$^ aphi¡.'

bpv$ipl¡ A¡L$ àepgpdp„ v|$^ d„Npìey„, bpmL$_p lp\dp„ Apù_¡ L$üy„, "g¡, ù g¡ Å¡CA¡.'

bpmL¡$ àepgp¡ gC_¡ A„v$f Å¡hp dp„X$éy„. A„v$f Ap„Nmu _pMu L„$CL$ L$pY$hp gpÁep¡. bpv$ipl¡

_hpC `pdu_¡ `|R¹>ey„ : "Ap sy„ iy„ L$f¡ R>¡ ? v|$^ L¡$d ùsp¡ _\u?'

bpmL¡$ L$üy„ : "S>lp„`_pl ! d¢ kp„cþey„ R>¡ L¡$ v|$^dp„ dpMZ fl¡gy„ R>¡ `Z dpMZ sp¡ ¼ep„e¡ S>Zpsy„ S> _\u !'

AL$bf¡ lku_¡ L$üy„, : "sy„ lÆ _pv$p_ R>¡. s_¡ s¡ _rl kdÅe. dpMZ v|$^_u A„v$f S> R>¡. `Z s¡_¡ Å¡hy„ lp¡e sp¡ `l¡gp„ v$lu_p„Mu_¡ v|$^_¡ d¡mhhy„ `X¡$. v$l] b_u Nep `R>us¡_¡ kpfu fus¡ hgp¡hhy„ `X¡$ `R>u dpMZ D`fAph¡.'

bpmL¡$ L$üy„ : ""sp¡ kp„cmp¡ S>lp„`“pl! Ap`_p `l¡gp b¡ âñp¡_p S>hpb R>¡ L¡$, Cðf kh®Ó R>¡. S>Ns_p M|Z¡M|Zpdp„ s¡ fl¡ R>¡. `Z s¡d_y„ v$i®_ L$fhp Ap`Zp d__¡ hgp¡hhy„ `X¡$. sp¡ S> s¡d_p„ v$i®_ \pe.''

bpv$ipl¡ L$üy„ : "ipbpi ! s¢ dpfp b„_¡ âñp¡_p S>hpb sp¡ Apù v$u^p. dpfu i„L$p_y„ kdp^p_ \C Ney„. lh¡ ÓuÅ¡ âñ bpL$u füp¡. lh¡ A¡ L$l¡ L¡$ Cðf iy„ L$f¡ R>¡ ?'

bpmL¡$ `|R¹>ey„ : "Ap` âñ Nyfy b_u_¡ `|R>p¡ R>p¡ L¡$ rióe b_u_¡ ?' bpv$ipl¡ L$üy„:

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"rióe b_u_¡'.bpmL¡$ S>Zpìey„ : "sd¡ sp¡ L$dpg_p rióe

R>p¡ ! Nyfy _uQ¡ S>du_ D`f Ecp R>¡ _¡ rióe tklpk_ D`f b¡W$p R>¡ ?'

bpv$ipl ifdpC_¡ _uQ¡ Esfu Nep A_¡ bpmL$_¡ `p¡sp_u S>ÁepA¡ b¡kpX$ép¡ `R>u lp\ Å¡X$u_¡ `|R¹>ey„ : "lh¡ bsph, L¡$ Cðf iy„ L$f¡

R>¡ ?'bpmL¡$ lku_¡ S>Zpìeyy„ : "Cðf D`fhpmp_¡

_uQ¡ A_¡ _uQ¡hpmp_¡ D`f b¡kpX¡$ R>¡. Mf¡Mf Cðf_u gugp AL$m R>¡, s¡_y„ hZ®_ L$p¡C `Z L$fu iL¡$ Mfp¡?

- dyLy$Þv$ ipl

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$ ip¡^p¡. 1) Ahpf_hpf - ...................... 2) AOfp - ....................... 3) dyv$s - ...................... 4) hl¡d - ....................... 5) rhÛp\} - ...................... 6) âps:L$pg - ....................... 7) _hpC - ...................... 8) âZpgu - ....................... 9) _h_us - ...................... 10) AZkdSy> - ....................... 11) kyg¡l - ...................... 12) ârkÙ - .......................

t õhpÝepe t

8

k. 2 A’® bv$ëep hNf hp¼e“y„ “L$pfpÐdL$ hp¼edp„ ê$‘p„sf L$fp¡. 1) dpfp v$pv$p Ap[õsL$ R>¡. 2) khpf¡ k|e®“p¡ Dv$e ’pe R>¡. 3) dpfp¡ rdÓ ‘uY$ R>¡. 4) ‘h®spfp¡lZ L$fhy„ dyíL¡$g R>¡.

k. 3 _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡. 1) âQrgs$$ 2) byqÙipmu 3) Ap[õsL$ 4) c[¼s 5) v$i®_ 6) Apòe® 7) kdp^p_ 8) tklpk_

k. 4 "fpÅ' dpV¡$ âõsys `pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ gMp¡. A¡ D`fp„s sd¡ ÅZsp lp¡ s¡ b^p S> iåv$p¡ `Z gMp¡.

k. 5 ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡.

1) cp¢W$p `X$u S>hy„ A) Cðfdp„ dp_hy„ 2) Ap[õsL$ lp¡hy „ b) iftdvy$ \C S>hy„. 3) dl¡sg Ap`hu L$) M|bS> auL$f \hu. 4) tQspdp„ X|$bu S>hy„ X$) dyv$s Ap`hu.

t AL$bf-bufbg_p¡ sd_¡ AphX$sp¡ L$p¡C`Z A¡L$ âk„N hN®dp„ L$lp¡.

k.6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡. 1) bufbg S>bfp¡ ............ lsp¡. A) c¼s b) Ap[õsL$ L$) _p[õsL$ 2) bufbg¡ âñp¡_p S>hpb Ap`hp AL$bf bpv$ipl `pk¡ ........ qv$hk_p¡ kde dp„Áep¡. A) `p„Q b) _h L$) kps 3) cpfs_u k„õL©$rsdp„ L$p¡C Ap`Z¡ Ðep„ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ `l¡gp„ s¡_y „ .......... L$fhp_u â\p R>¡. A) õhpNs b) `pfMy L$) A`dp_ 4) AL$bf¡ bpmL$_¡ ........... L$üp¡. A) X$püp¡ b) _pv$p_ L$) byqÙipmu 5) Cðf_p v$i®_ L$fhp Ap`Zp ........_¡ hgp¡hhy„ `X¡$. A) ^_ b) s_ L$) d_

k.7 gMsp„ ’CA¡.

1) bufbg¡ AL$bf bpv$ipl“¡ ‘|R>¡gp âñp¡

9

2)

3) cpfsue k„õL©$rsdp„ õhpNs“u â’p

k.8 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ip¡û rh^p“p¡ ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :

1) bufbg ‘p¡sp“p v$uL$fp“¡ AL$bf ‘pk¡..........

(A) ÓZ âñp¡“p S>hpb Ap‘hp gC Nep¡.

(b) kpQp âñp¡“p S>hpb Ap‘hp gC Nep¡.

(L$) b^p âñp¡“p S>hpb Ap‘hp gC Nep¡.

2) Nyfy “uQ¡ S>du“ D‘f Ecp R>¡ “¡ ..........

(A) rióe kp¡ap D‘f b¡W$p R>¡?

(b) rióe tklpk“ D‘f b¡W$p R>¡?

(L$) rióe b¸ÞQ D‘f b¡W$p R>¡?

k.9 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ L$p¡Z L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?1) "Ap` âñ Nyfy b_u_¡ `|R>p¡ R>p¡ L¡$ rióe b_u_¡ ?'2) "`fhfqv$Npf ! Ap`_p ÓZ¡ âñp¡_p S>hpb Ap dpfp¡ v$uL$fp¡ Apì¡.'3) "r`spÆ ! Ap` i¡_u tQsp L$fp¡ R>p¡ ?'4) "Ap sy„ iy„ L$f¡ R>¡ ? v|$^ L¡$d ùsp¡ _\u ?'

k.10 rhi¡jZ ip¡û _uQ¡ guV$u v$p¡fp¡.1) AL$bf¡ ÓZ âñp¡ `|R¹>ep.2) kpsdp qv$hk_y„ âcps EÁey„.3) A¡_p S>hpbp¡ sp¡ kl¡gp R>¡.4) sy„ lÆ _pv$p_ R>¡.

k.11 `pW$dp„ Aphsp v$f¡L$ kh®_pdp¡ ip¡^p¡.

(Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 30 R>¡. A¡L$`Z kh®_pd_y„ `y_fphs®_ _ \hy„ Å¡CA¡.)

k.12 sdpfp Ofdp„ `|Å`pW$ A_¡ âp\®_p L¡$hu fus¡ \pe R>¡ s¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ 5 \u 7 hp¼ep¡dp„ gMp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t Ap‘¡gp ^d®_p âp\®_p õ\mp¡_p„ rQÓp¡, ^d®N°„\ A_¡ s¡_p k„õ\p`L$_u dprlsu kp\¡ kfk

c]s`ÓL$ s¥epf L$fp¡. tlvy$, S>¥_, Cõgpd, iuM, bp¥Ù, rÀõsu, `pfku

bufbg AL$bf bpv$ipl“¡ OZuhpf L$l¡sp

10


kp¥_y„ L$fp¡ L$ëepZ (fpN : L¡$v$pf A\hp `|qfep ^_pîu, su_spg)

kp¥_y „ L$fp¡ L$ëepZ, v$epmy âcy !

kp¥_y „ L$fp¡ L$ëepZ...

_f_pfu `iy`nu_u kp\¡,

ÆhS>„sy_y „ sdpd ....... v$epmy ........

S>N_p„ hpku kp¥ kyM cp¡Nh¡,

Ap_„v$ ¡ flu ApW¡$ Åd ... v$epmy ...

vy$r_epdp„ v$fv$ vy$L$pm `X¡$ _rl,

gX¡$ _rl L$p¡C Npd ... v$epmy ...

kh® S>N¡ kyMpL$pfu h^¡ _¡,

hmu h^¡ ^_^pÞe ... v$epmy ...

L$p¡C L$p¡C_y„ b|fy „ _ BÃR>¡,

kp¥_y „ CÃR>¡ L$ëepZ ... v$epmy ...

`p¡s`p¡sp_p ^d® âdpZ¡,

kh® cS>¡ cNhp_ ... v$epmy ...

Åv$hv$pk_p v$pk `p¡L$pf¡,

â¡d¡ L$fu `fZpd ... v$epmy ...

- Åv$hv$pk>

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s t iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gp dyØp_p Ap^pf¡ "bufbg_u MuQX$u'_u hpsp® L$üp `R>u bufbg_u QsyfpC s¡d S> s¡_p lpS>fS>hpbu`Zp_u hps L$fhu A_¡ kp\¡ AL$bf_p _hfÐ_p¡_u `Z rhõs©s QQp® L$fhu. âñp¡Ñf A_¡ QQp® Üpfp `pW$_y„ AÝee_-AÝep`_ L$fphsu hMs¡ bpmL$p¡_¡ kss kq¾$e fpMhp.

Ap`¡gp âL$ë` rhi¡ kdS> Ap`su hMs¡ ^d®âsuL$p¡_u `Z dprlsu S>ê$f S>Zpe sp¡ Ahíe Ap`hu.

AL$bf bufbg_p AÞe âk„Np¡_u S>¡d s¡_pgufpd_ A_¡ fpÅ L©$óZv$¡hfpe_p L$p¡C âk„Np¡ rhi¡ QQp® L$fu rhÛp\}Ap¡_p `|h®op__u QL$pkZu L$fu iL$pe A\hp s¡d_p op_dp„ h©qÙ `Z L$fu iL$pe. bufbg_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ `Z s¡_p S>¡hp¡ Qsyf A_¡ byqÙipmu R>¡ s¡\u "dp¡f_p„ IX$p„_¡ Qusfhp„ _ `X¡$' S>¡hu L$l¡hs kdÅhhp_p¡ `Z Ahíe âepk L$fhp¡.

S>¡ iuMhp dp„N¡ R>¡ s¡“¡ b^y„ S> AphX¡$ R>¡.

11

t D`¾$d t

t _uQ¡_u q¾$ep sd¡ l„d¡ip„, ¼epf¡L$ L$fp¡ R>p¡ L¡$ ¼epf¡e _\u L$fsp s¡ âdpZ¡ Mp_pdp„ L$fp¡.

1. lº„ fp¡S> fdhp S>sp„ `l¡gp„ A_¡ fdu_¡ Apìep `R>u lp\ ^p¡J Ry>„.

2. lº„ `pZu_u iuiudp„ h^¡gy„ `pZu h©np¡_¡ ùhX$phy„ Ry> „.

3. ùhp dpV¡$ Å¡CA¡ A¡V$gy„ S> `pZu àepgpdp„ gJ Ry>„.

4. v$f AW$hpqX$e¡ A¡L$ qv$hk lº„ h^¡gp _M L$p`y„ Ry> „.

5. blpf\u Apìep `R>u lº„ dpfp lp\-`N ^p¡J Ry>„.

6. lº„ Aß_p¡ bNpX$ L$fsp¡ _\u.7. fps¡ k|sp `l¡gp„ v$p„s Oku, lp\-`N ^p¡J

Ry>„.8. lº„ L$Qfp`¡V$u_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fy „ Ry> „.9. lº„ dpfy „ `qfkf õhÃR> fpMy„ Ry> „.10. ùhp_p `pZu_p _m `pk¡ lº„ N„v$L$u L$fsp¡

_\u.11. lº„ _p¡V$byL$_p„ `p_p„ apX$sp¡ _\u.12. hN®dp„ h^¡gp Qp¡L$_p¡ c|½$p¡ lº „ L$v$u L$fsp¡

_\u.13. lº„ dpfp hN®_p„ c]srQÓp¡ bv$gphy„ Ry> „.14. lº„ Ål¡f S>ÁepA¡ \|„L$sp¡ _\u A_¡ s¡ S>Áep

bNpX$sp¡ _\u.15. lº„ DL$pm¡gy„ `pZu ùJ Ry>„.16. lº„ dpfp Of s\p ipmp_u hõsyAp¡_u kpQhZu

L$fy „ Ry> „.17. lº„ r_erds fus¡ ep¡N L$fy „ Ry> „.18. dpfp hN®rinL$ A_¡ rhjerinL¡$ Ap`¡gu

Apop_y„ lº „ `pg_ L$fy „ Ry> „.

q¾$ep¾$d l„d¡ip„ ¼epf¡L$ ¼epf¡e _rl

12

t rhi¡jZ_p âL$pf t

Ap`Z¡ iuMu Nep R>uA¡.

1) NyZhpQL$ rhi¡jZ 2) k„¿ephpQL$ rhi¡jZ A“¡3) ‘qfdpZhpQL$ rhi¡jZ / âdpZhpQL$ rhi¡jZ. lh¡ AÞe âL$pf rhi¡ iuMuiy„.

l _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡.

1) ¼ep¡ R>p¡L$fp¡ ApS>¡ N¡flpS>f R>¡ ?

2) s_¡ L¡$hu `¡_ Å¡CA¡ R>¡ ?

3) L$p¡_p¡ cpC ApW$dp ^p¡fZdp„ cZ¡ R>¡ ?

l lh¡ D`f_p„ hp¼ep¡_p S>hpb Ap`p¡.

1) Dd¡i ApS>¡ N¡flpS>f R>¡.

2) d_¡ `pL®$f `¡_ Å¡CA¡ R>¡.

3) cfs_p¡ cpC ApW$dp ^p¡fZdp„ cZ¡ R>¡.

l epv$ fpMp¡ : ¼ey„, L¡$hy „, L$p¡_y „, i¡_y„, L$iy„ S>¡hp âñp¡ `|R>hp\u S>¡ S>hpb dm¡ R>¡ s¡_¡ âñhpQL$rhi¡jZ L$l¡hpe R>¡.

l L$rhspdp„ epv$ fpMp¡.

`v$p¡ L$p¡_u A_¡ ip_u hmu A¡ L$p¡Z _¡ A¡ iy„

b^p„ âñp\®_p„ ê$`p¡ lh¡ lº„ Ap¡mMu gJ Ry>„.

Sy>Ap¡ âñp\®_p„ ê$`p¡ L$v$u A¡ kh®_pdp¡ R>¡.

rhi¡jZ A¡ b_¡ Ðepf¡ _l] iy„ Ap¡mMp¡ A¡_¡ ?

L$l¡ iu i[¼s R>¡ spfu ? X$fph¡ L$pm sy„ L$p¡“¡ ?

rhi¡jZ i[¼s“y„ iu R>¡ L$f¡ k„op - h^pfp¡ s¡

X$fph¡ L$pm sy„ L$p¡_¡ ? d_¡ ? _p lº„ _\u X$fsp¡.

Al] L$p¡_¡ d_¡ L$pS>¡ h^pfp¡ Ðep„ _\u \psp¡.


1) Ap Qp¡`X$u v$ãsfdp„ d|L. $ LC Qp¡`X$u ?

2) `¡gp„ bl¡_ NrZs“p„ rirnL$p R>¡. ¼ep„ bl¡_ ?

l epv$ fpMp¡ : A¡, Ap, `¡gp¡, `¡gu, `¡gp, `¡gy„, s¡ hN¡f¡ ìe[¼s L¡$ `v$p\® v$ip®h¡ R>¡. s¡\u s¡_¡v$i®L$ rhi¡jZ L$l¡hpe R>¡.

13


A¡ äp¡L$ dyS>_¡ blº Nd¡, `à`p A`php¡ A¡ d_¡,

A¡ S> `v$ v$ip®hsy„ S>¡ hõsy_¡ b„_¡ õ\m¡.

A¡ äp¡L$ - Ðep„ v$i®L$ rhi¡jZ "A¡' rhi¡jZ äp¡L$$_y „

Ap`p¡ d_¡ A¡ Ðep„ S> `v$ A¡ kh®_pd b_u S>sy„.


1) S>¡V$gp `¥kp bQphip¡ s¡V$gu bQs \i¡.

2) S>¡hu kfL$pf s¡hu âÅ.

3) S>¡hy „ L$fp¡ s¡hy „ cfp¡.

l epv$ fpMp¡ : S>¡V$gy „...s¡V$gy „, S>¡hy „...s¡hy „, S>¡_y „...s¡_y „, S>¡...s¡ hN¡f¡ A¡L$buÅ_u A`¡npA¡ Aph¡ R>¡. hmu A¡ _pd_p„ tgN, hQ_ âdpZ¡ bv$gpe R>¡. s¡_¡ kp`¡n rhi¡jZ L$l¡hpe R>¡.


A`¡np A¡L$buÅ_u `v$p¡ S>¡ fpMsp„ r_Ðe¡

NZp¡ kp`¡n s¡ b„_¡, Al] kp`¡n R>¡ S>¡...s¡.

ggpV¡$ S>¡ gMpey„ s¡ L$v$u rdÕep _\u \psy„,

fX$u_¡ L¡$ lku_¡ L¡$ b^y„e¡ cp¡Nhu g¡hy„.

S>¡ dpZk¡ b|fy „ L$ey ¯ s¡ `p`_p„ am cp¡Nh¡,

S>¡...s¡ Al] kp`¡n R>¡ b„_¡ rhi¡jZ R>¡ Mf¡.

t õhpÝepe t

l “uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡dp„\u rhi¡jZ ip¡^u s¡_p âL$pf gMp¡.

1) `¡gy„ rQÓ v$uhpg `f ip¡c¡ R>¡.

2) hp¡V$f `pL®$dp„ Ad_¡ M|b dÅ `X$u.

3) dp¡f_p„ gp„bp„ A_¡ f„Nb¡f„Nu `]R>p„ d_¡ Nd¡ R>¡.

4) cpfsdp„ ¼ep¡ ^p¡^ kp¥’u dp¡V$p¡ R>¡ ?

5) L„$CL$ ÆhS>„sy s¡_¡ L$fX$u Ney„ R>¡.

6) S>¡hp¡ âñ R>¡ s¡hp¡ s¡_p¡ S>hpb R>¡.

7) `p„Qdp ^p¡fZ_p„ bpmL$p¡ _pV$L$ cS>hi¡.

8) A¡L$kp¡ ArNepf ê$r`ep_p¡ Qp„v$gp¡ L$fp¡.

14

õhÃR> r_d®g õaŸrs®v$peL$ S>g_p¡ drldp ÅZÅ¡,

S>¡ S>g¡ Apàey„ Æh_ A¡_u dlÑp dpZÅ¡,

S>m_u MmMm k„`rÑ ^fsu sZp¡ iZNpf R>¡,

l¡ dpZkp¡ `pZu bQphp¡ `©Õhu_p¡ `p¡L$pf R>¡.

3. S>gi[¼s Nus

t Qpgp¡ r_funZ L$fuA¡.

(fpN : Ad v$¡i_u Ap Ape®fdZu)

15

S>g rh_p_u tS>v$Nu rhQpfÅ¡ c¢L$pf R>¡,

Æh, S>„sy, h©n, dp_h, S>g Æh_ ^bL$pf R>¡,

S>g kv$p iusg hl¡ c|sg sZp¡ Ap^pf R>¡,


sm \ep kpÅ amu M¡su _¡ X¡$fu ^d^du,

v|$^_u ¾$p„rs \C DÛp¡N_u Apip amu,

`iy^_ rhL$õep vy$L$pmp¡ S>g \L$u lv$ `pf R>¡,


S>g DNpX¡$ AÞ_ S>g v$e¡ ^_, s_-d_ spS>Nu,

R>¡ dasdp„ kph s¡\u iy„ h¡¡X$ahy„ hpS>bu,

"kp„C' L$l¡ S>g k„`rÑ _p kpQh¡ r^½$pf R>¡,


- kp„Cfpd v$h¡

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$ ip¡^p¡.1) kpa - ...................... 2) dlÒh - .......................3) S>du_ - ...................... 4) rdgL$s - .......................5) Aps®_pv$ - ...................... 6) W„Xy „ $ - .......................7) A_ph©rô$ - ...................... 8) _afs - .......................

k. 2 _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.v$p.s. ^fsu-`pZu\u ^fsu kd©Ù A_¡ fkpm b_¡.

1) r_d®g$$ 2) k„`rÑ 3) Apip 4) iusg

5) tS>v$Nu 6) Ap^pf 7) drldp 8) das

k. 3 _uQ¡_p iåv$kd|l dpV¡$ A¡L$ iåv$ Ap`p¡. sdpfp¡ S>hpb L$p¦kdp„\u `k„v$ L$fp¡.

(Adf, õhÃR>, h¡X$ahy„, AkÐe, r_d®g, AõhÃR>, iusg, Ai¼e)

1) S>¡ kpa lp¡e R>¡ s¡- ................. 2) S>¡dp„ d¡g _\u s¡ - ................

3) S>¡ W„$Xy „ $ R>¡ s¡ - .................. 4) S>¡ _L$pdu fus¡ h`fpe s¡ -..........

5) S>¡ dfsy„ _\u s¡ - .................. 6) S>¡ N„vy „ $ R>¡ s¡ - ................7) S>¡ kÐe _\u s¡ - .................. 8) S>¡ i¼e _\u s¡ - ................

k. 4 iåv$_u A„spnfu `|fu L$fp¡. (Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 10 iåv$p¡_u kp„L$m b_php¡.)

drldp - dpsp - ........ - ........ - ........ - ........ - ........ - ........

t õhpÝepe t

‘pZu“¡ gu^¡ ’e¡gu âNrs

k. 5 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ _hp iåv$ b_php¡.Dv$p. õaŸrs® - õaŸrs®v$peL$1) Apfpd - ...................... 2) â¡fZp - .......................3) i[¼s - ...................... 4) ip„rs - .......................

k.6 gMsp„ iuMuA¡.1) ^fsu_p¡ iZNpf :2) Ap“p rh“p“u tS>v$Nu c¢L$pf :3) h¡X$ahu _ Å¡CA¡ s¡ hõsy :4) L$rh Ap`Z_¡ Ap k„v$ ¡ip¡ Ap`¡ R>¡ :

k. 7 ep¡Áe `ep®e `k„v$ L$fu_¡ gMp¡.1) S>g\u Ap`Z_¡ ............ dm¡ R>¡.

A) Æh_ b) ^_$ L$) d_ X$) s_2) S>g ........... _p¡ Ap^pf R>¡.

A) _c b) c|sg L$) b°ûp„X$ X$) k„kpf 3) `pZu bQphp¡ A¡ `p¡L$pf ............. _p¡ R>¡.

A) ApL$pi b) kdyÖ L$) `©Õhu X$) dp“h4) `pZu_¡ gu^¡ .......... _u Apip amu.

A) bNuQp b) DÛp¡N L$) AÞ_ X$) k„`rÑ

k. 8 rhQpfu“¡ gMuA¡.1) Adpfp¡ Æh“ ^bL$pf ‘pZu

2)

k. 9 L$pìedp„ S>g dpV¡$ h`fpe¡gp„ Sy>v$ „pSy>v$p„ b^p„ S> rhi¡jZp¡ gMp¡.

k. 10 "Å¡ `pZu _ lp¡e sp¡' rhi¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ 7\u 8 hp¼ep¡ gMp¡.

t `pZu bQphhp dpV¡$ sd¡ iy„ iy„ L$fip¡ ? s¡ L$lp¡.t `pZu bQphhp_u S>¡V$gu S>ê$f R>¡ s¡V$gu S>ê$f buSy>„ iy„ iy„ bQphhp_u R>¡ ? s¡ L$lp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t "`ep®hfZ bQphhp_p„ k|Óp¡' L$pX®$bp¡X®$ D`f gMp¡. s¡_¡ gNsp„ rQÓp¡ CÞV$f_¡V$ D`f\u ip¡^p¡ A_¡ s¡_u râÞV$ApDV$ gC k|Óp¡_u kpd¡ Qp¢V$pX$p¡ A_¡ hN®dp„ V$]NpX$p¡.

16

17


S>g drldp S>g S>g sg c|sg kfg r_d®g S>g

MgMg `fhs A„N Tf¡,

R>¡ Akg _uf ve¡ L¦$L$ L$dg ag

kL$g k©[óV$_¡ Ly$ig L$f¡.

s„y O|„V$ Mfgdp„ AL$g_¡ `g`g

S>g Åmhhp V$kg L$f¡,

l¡ dp_h S>g_¡ bQph Aph sy„,

AV$g b_u_¡ eÐ_ L$f¡.

MV$`V$ sy„ R>p¡X$ âNV$ byqÙ L$f,

S>g k„L$V$ sy„ ùv$e ^f¡,

R>¡ rbL$V$ ê$` sy„ Q¡s_¡ TV$`V$,

T`V$ L$fu L$fL$kf L$f¡.

S>grb_ R>¡ T„TV$ OZu c]kV$ R>¡ r_L$V$,

f¡ _V$MV$ S>fp X$f¡,

l¡ dp_h, S>g_¡ bQph Aph sy„,

AV$g b_u_¡ eÐ_ L$f¡.

t AÝep‘“ k„L¡$s

t

iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gp rQÓ_y„ bpfuL$pC\u r_funZ L$fphhy„ `R>u s¡_p rhi¡ âñp¡ `|R>u_¡ `pZudp„ L¡$V$gu âQ„X$ i[¼s R>¡ s¡_p¡ õ`ô$ ¿epg Ap`hp¡. Ðepf `R>u L$pìe kdÅhsp `l¡gp„ ÓZ\u Qpf hMs kd|lNp_ L$fphhp\u L$pìe_p¡ kpfp„i rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ kdÅC S>i¡. Ðepf `R>u _p_p _p_p âñp¡_u dv$v$\u L$rhsp kdÅhhu. hÃQ¡ hÃQ¡ `pZu rhi¡ rhõs©s QQp® Üpfp rhÛp\}-Ap¡ `pk¡\u dprlsu d¡mhhu A_¡ S>ê$f gpN¡ Ðep„ h^pfp_u dprlsu Ap`hu. `pZu rkhpe_p AÞe âpL©$rsL$ k„kp^_p¡_p k„fnZ A_¡ k„h^®_ dpV¡$ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ â¡qfs L$fhp A¡V$gy„ S> _rl s¡ bpbs_u S>_ÅN©rs dpV¡$ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ DÐkprls `Z L$fhp S>ê$fu R>¡. `pZu rhi¡_p¡ h¥opr_L$ ×rô$L$p¡Z rhL$kphhp_p¡ `Z l¡sy`|h®L$ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡.

âpL©$rsL$ k„kp^_p¡_y „ k„fnZ A_¡ k„h^®_ Ap`Ï„ â\d L$s®ìe R>¡.

18

lpqv$®L$ : d¡lºg, sy„ sp¡ g¡k_ L$fhp b¡ku Nep¡. Qg _¡ fdhp ; b^p S> spfu fpl Sy>A¡ R>¡.

d¡lºg : Ap g¡k_ `|fy„ \C Åe A¡V$g¡ ip„rs _¡!

lpqv$®L$ : Af¡ hpl ! spfu _p¡V$_p„ `p_p„ L¡$hp„ dõs R>¡, gukp„ gukp„ l„... lh¡ d_¡ Mbf `X$u L¡$ kpl¡b L$ped spfu _p¡V$ S> ¼gpkdp„ L¡$d bsphsp li¡?

d¡lºg : dpfu _p¡V$dp„ gukp„ `p_p„ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ L„$C kpl¡b ¼gpkdp„ _\u bsphsp. `Z dpfp Anf kpfp R>¡ A“¡ _p¡V$dp„ lº„

R>¡L$R>pL$ _\u L$fsp¡ _¡ A¡V$g¡ kpl¡b b^p_¡ bsph¡ R>¡.

lpqv$®L$ : lp. `Z gukp„ A_¡ kfk `p_p„ lp¡e sp¡ Anf kfk S> Aph¡ _¡! gMhp_u `Z dÅ Aph¡.

d¡lºg : gukp„ `p_p„ lp¡e A¡V$g¡ Anf kfk Aph¡ A¡hy„ _ lp¡e !

kp¡_g : Af¡ lpqv$®L$, s_¡ Ap d¡lºg_¡ bp¡gphhp dp¡L$ëep¡ A_¡ sy„ Al] S> b¡ku `X$ép¡. b^p rcëgy `Z _½$u \C Nep R>¡. b^p„ sdpfu hpV$ Sy>A¡ R>¡.

d¡lºg : Å¡ _¡ kp¡_y. sy„ S> L$l¡ A¡_¡, Ap dpfu hps kdS>sp¡ S> _\u.

4. kpfp Anft hp„Qp¡. Mfpb Anf A^|fu L¡$mhZu_u r_ip_u R>¡. ky„v$f Anfp¡ A¡ lp\_y„ Of¡Ï„ R>¡. kpfp Anfp¡\u ky„v$f âcph `pX$u iL$pe.

19

kp¡_g : L¡$d iy„ ’ey„ ?

d¡lºg : A¡ d_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ dpfu _p¡V$dp„ `p_p„ gukp„ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ dpfp Anf kfk Aph¡ R>¡ A¡hy„ s¡ L„$C lp¡sy„ li¡ ?

kp¡_g : _p epf, A¡hy„ sp¡ _ lp¡e. Å¡ _¡, dpfp `à`p dpfp dpV¡$ dp¢Ou dp¢Ou _p¡V$ ¼ep„ gph¡ R>¡ ?

lpqv$®L$ : dpfp `à`p_¡ sp¡ L$lº„ Ry>„ sp¡e _\u gphsp.

fp^p : A¡hu b^u sp¡ `à`p_¡ Mbf `X¡$ S> _¡! S>¡ Ap`Zp L$pd_y„ lp¡e A¡ dp¢O„y lp¡e sp¡ `Z gph¡ A“¡ L$pd_y„ _p lp¡e sp¡ _p `Z gph¡ ; A¡dp„ iy„ ?

lpqv$®L$ : `Z, A¡V$g¡ sp¡ dpfp Anf kpfp _\u Aphsp.

kp¡_g : A¡hy„ L$iy„ _rl. dpfp Anf sp¡ Nd¡ s¡_p `f gMy„ `Z kfk Aph¡ R>¡.

fp^p : A¡ sp¡ sy„ kfk, kpfu bpµg`¡_\u gM¡ R>¡, A¡_p gu^¡.

^hg : `Z spfp `à`p sp¡ L$l¡sp lsp L¡$ spfp Anf blº N„v$p R>¡.

Aifa : dpfp Aåby sp¡ A¡d S> L$l¡ L¡$ L$gd\u gMuA¡ sp¡ S> Anf kfk Aph¡.

d¡lºg : Ap L$gd hmu iy„ R>¡ ?

Aifa : A¡L$ Ås_u `¡_ S> L$l¡hpe.

^hg : A¡dp„ iplu L¡$ fuqag L¡$hu fus¡ cfpe?

Aifa : L$gddp„ fuqag _p _„Mpe A_¡ A¡dp„ iplu `Z _rl cfhp_u.

^hg-lpqv$®L$ : sp¡ `R>u ?

Aifa : L$gd_¡ v$hpsdp„ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ MqX$epdp„ bp¡mhp_u A_¡ A¡_p\u gMhp_y„.

lpqv$®L$ : sp¡ sp¡ hpf¡ OX$uA¡ MqX$epdp„ bp¡ýep

S> L$fhy„ `X¡$ !

Aifa : lpõsp¡, `Z A¡_p\u gMpZ blº S> kfk Aph¡.

^hg : A¡_p L$fsp„ Ap`Zu bpµg`¡_ kpfu. _rl iplu cfhp_u dp\pL|$V$ L¡$ _p lp\ N„v$p \pe. fuqag Mgpk \pe A¡V$g¡ bv$gu L$pY$hp_u... bk.

kp¡_g : `Z A¡_p\u sp¡ Anf N„v$p Aph¡!

d¡lºg : dpfp Anf sp¡ bpµg`¡_\u `Z kpfp Aph¡ R>¡.

lpqv$®L$ : spfp Anf sp¡ Apd `Z kfk R>¡. lº„ sp¡ `¡[Þkg\u gMy„ L¡$ bpµg`¡_\u - Anf kpfp Aphsp S> _\u.

fp^p : A¡_p¡ A\® A¡ S> L¡$ `¡[Þkg - bpµg`¡_ - S>¡ aphsy„ lp¡e A¡_p\u gMhp_y„. Anf kpfp lp¡e sp¡ Nd¡ s¡_p\u gMp¡ Anf kpfp S> Aph¡ A_¡ Mfpb lp¡e sp¡ Mfpb.

lpqv$®L$ : `Z Mfpb Anf_¡ gu^¡ L¡$V$gu sL$gua \pe R>¡ !

^hg : L¡$d ?

lpqv$®L$ : dpfp kpl¡b L$l¡sp lsp L¡$ dpfp Anf Mfpb R>¡ A¡V$g¡ dpfp dpL®$k L$`pC Åe R>¡. lº„ iy„ gMy„ Ry>„ s¡ S> s¡d_¡ Mbf `X$su _\u.

fp^p : Af¡, A¡_p gu^¡ sp¡ L¡$hu NfbX$ \su lp¡e R>¡ ! dpfu dçdu blpfNpd NC Ðepf¡ dpfp„ ap¡CA¡ dpfu dp¡V$u bl¡__¡ L$pNmdp„ g¿ey„ "dpV$gy„ bfpbf kpa L$fÅ¡, Ap¡V$gp bfpbf hpmÅ¡' A_¡ Ad_¡ A¡hy„ h„Qpey„ "QpV$gy„ bfpbf kpa L$fÅ¡, Qp¡V$gp¡ bfpbf hpmÅ¡.'

20

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$ ip¡^p¡.

1) kp\u - .................... 2) gdZpT]L$ - .......................

3) Np¡V$pmp¡ - .................... 4) v$`®Z - .......................

5) âeÐ_ - .................... 6) ìy - .......................

7) spgud - .................... 8) dfp¡X$ - .......................

s¡ dpfu bl¡_ sp¡ rbQpfu fp¡S> fp¡S> QpV$gp kpa L$ep® L$f¡ A_¡ V|„$L$p hpmdp„ Qp¡V$gp¡ hpmhp_u L$p¡rii L$ep® L$f¡. rbQpfu A¡hu L„$V$pmu NC L¡$ hps _rl.

Aifa : Mbf `X$u Ðepf¡ blº lõep„ lip¡, _rl?

fp^p : lpõsp¡, `Z L$p¡C hpf Ap¡X$_y„ Qp¡X$ h¡sfpC Åe sp¡ ?

lpqv$®L$ : d¢ A¡L$hpf kp„cþey„ lsy„ L¡$ A¡L$ S>Z¡ NpdX¡$ L$pNmdp„ g¿ey„ L¡$ "Y$p¡f_¡ bfpbf QpfÅ¡.' A“¡ Ðep„ A¡hy„ h„Qpey„ L¡$ Y$p¡f“¡ bfpbf dpfÅ¡.' s¡ A¡dp„ rbQpfp„ Y$p¡f dpf MpC-MpC_¡ A^d|Ap \C Nep„.

d¡lºg : A¡V$gp dpV¡$ sp¡ Np„ûÆA¡ L$üy„ R>¡ L¡$ Mfpb Anfp¡ A¡ A^|fu L¡$mhZu_u r_ip_u R>¡.

lpqv$®L$ : `Z N„v$p Anf ky^pfhp lp¡e sp¡ iy„ L$fhp_y„ ?

kp¡_g : dpfp„ v$pv$u A¡hy„ L$l¡sp„ lsp„ L¡$ khpf¡ hl¡gp EW$u_¡ W„$X$p `pZudp„ lp\ _pMu v$¡hp_p A_¡ lp\ W$fu Åe `R>u A¡hp lp\¡ ûd¡ ûd¡ kfk fus¡ gMhp_y„.

fp^p : dpfp v$pv$p A¡hy„ L$l¡sp L¡$ A¡d_p S>dp_pdp„ `pV$gu `f cu_u dpV$u

`p\fu_¡ kfk hmp„L$hpmp Anf gMu_¡ dpV$u_¡ k|L$php v$¡sp. A_¡ `R>u A¡ Anf_u A„v$f g¿ep L$fhp_y„ ; `Z lh¡ ApS>_p S>dp_pdp„ L$p¡Z Aphy„ b^y„ L$f¡ ?

^hg : `Z Ap`Z¡ _p_p lsp _¡ kyg¡M__u _p¡V$dp„ gMsp lsp A¡hu fus¡ sp¡ gMpe _¡!

Aifa : dpfp¡ cpC _p_p¡ lsp¡ Ðepf¡ dpfp AåbyA¡ blº rQÓp¡ v$p¡fph¡gp„. L$v$pQ A¡_p\u Anf_p hmp„L$ kfk ’sp li¡ sy„ `Z hsy®m-A^®hsy®mhpmp„, Ecu-ApX$u-Óp„ku guV$uhpmp„ rQÓp¡ v$p¡fu Å¡ _¡ !

lpqv$®L$ : Af¡, lº„ sp¡ A¡L$qX$ep bNqX$ep_u S>¡d Anf O|„V$hp `Z s¥epf Ry>„. L„$CL$ sp¡ L$fhy„ S> `X$i¡ _¡ ! N„v$p Anf_u sp¡ d_¡ blº ifd Aph¡ R>¡ !

d¡lºg : ûfS> fpMu_¡ kss âeÐ_ L$fui sp¡ Qp¡½$k kam \Ci !

kp¡_g : lh¡ hpsp¡_p„ hX$p„ S> L$fhp„ R>¡ L¡$ fdhpe¡¡ S>hy„ R>¡ ? d¡lºg, lpqv$®L$, fp^p, ^hg, Aifa : lp... Qpgp¡... Qpgp¡... S>gv$u L$fp¡. `R>u A„^pfy„ \C S>i¡.

- t`L$u ipl

t õhpÝepe t

21

k. 2 A’® bv$gpe “rl s¡ fus¡ hp¼e“y„ ê$‘p„sf L$fp¡.

1) cpjZ V|„ $Ly „ $ lp¡e sp¡ kp„cm“pf L„$V$pm¡ “rl.

2) NV$f“y„ ‘pZu N„vy$ „ lp¡e R>¡. 3) kp¡e AZuv$pf lp¡e sp¡ L$‘X$p„ kuhu iL$pe. 4) ApS>¡ L$p¡C hõsy kp¢Ou dmsu “’u.

k. 3 "ApZ' gNpX$u _hp¡ iåv$ b_php¡. s¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ Dèp¡N L$fp¡. v$p.s. gMhy„ - gMpZ d_¡ Q„`L$dp„ Aphsy„ gMpZ hp„Qhy„ Nd¡ R>¡.

1) v$pbhy„$ 2) M¢Qhy„ 3) ^p¡hy „ 4) cp„Nhy„$ 5) _uQy„ 6) `p¡gy „

k. 4 A¡L$S> iåv$_p Sy>v$pSy>v$p k„v$c£ \sp A\® gMp¡. v$p.s. hpm - L¡$i A_¡ hpm - hpmhp_u qL$ep

1) cf$ 2) Mf 3) rhi¡j 4) hpX$u 5) fpN 6) dpg

k. 5 ê$qY$âep¡N A_¡ s¡_p A\®_u Å¡X$u b_php¡.

1) Ap¡X$_y „ Qp¡X$ \hy„ A) _L$pdu hpsp¡ L$fhu

2) A^d|D \hy„ b) \pL$u Ähy„

3) hpsp¡_p„ hX$p„ L$fhp„ L$) kph K^y$ L¡$ rhrQÓ \hy„

4) L„$V$pmu Ähy„ X$) _L$pdu fL$TL$ L$fhu

5) dp\pL|$V$ L$fhu B) AX$^p df¡gp S>¡hp \hy„

k. 6 Np„ûÆ rhi¡ AÐepf kyûdp„ S>¡ iuMu Nep R>p¡ s¡_p Ap^pf¡ v$f¡L$ S>Z Qpf-`p„Q hp¼ep¡ L$lp¡.

k. 7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu_¡ _uQ¡_p„ rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) kpl¡b d¡lºg_u _p¡V$ ¼gpkdp„ b^p_¡ bsphsp L$pfZ L¡$ ... A) s¡_p Anf kpfp “lp¡sp. b) s¡“y„ gMpZ kpfy„ lsy„. L$) s¡_p Anf kpfp lsp A_¡ s¡ R>¡L$R>pL$ L$fsp¡ _lp¡sp¡.

2) _p¡V$_p„ `p_p„ gukp„ lp¡e sp¡ ... A) Anf kpfp S> Aph¡. b) Anf kpfp S> Aph¡ A¡hy„ _ lp¡e. L$) Anf Nd¡ A¡hp Aph¡.

22

3) fp^p“p ds¡ kp¡“g“p Anf kpfp Aph¡ R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$........... A) s¡ kpfu fus¡ gM¡ R>¡. b) s¡ kpfu ‘¡[Þkg’u gM¡ R>¡. L$) s¡ kpfu bp¸g‘¡“’u gM¡ R>¡. 4) Np„^uÆA¡ Anfp¡ rhi¡ L$üy„ lsy„ L¡$................ A) ky„v$f Anfp¡ ìe[¼sÒh r“Mpf¡ R>¡. b) Mfpb Anf ìe[¼sÒh“¡ bNpX¡$ R>¡. L$) Mfpb Anfp¡ A¡ A^|fu$$L¡$mhZu“u r“ip“u R>¡. 5) rdÓp¡ hÃQ¡ QQp® ’su lsu L¡$ .... A) hpsp¡“p„ hX$p„ L¡$hu fus¡ L$fhp„? b) N„v$p Anf L¡$hu fus¡ ky^pfhp? L$) fdsp¡ L¡$hu fus¡ fdhu? 6) Anf Mfpb lp¡e sp¡ ... A) `funpdp„ dpL®$k¹$ L$`pC Åe R>¡. b) L$p¡C `Z hp„Qu iL¡$ _rl. L$) kpfp¡ âcph `pX$u iL$pe _rl.

k. 8 Mp¡V$p„ hp¼ep¡ ky^pfu_¡ afu\u gMp¡.

1) _p¡V$byL$_p„ `p_p„ kpfp„ lp¡e sp¡ kpfp Anf Aph¡.

2) bpµg`¡_\u gMuA¡ sp¡ Anf kpfp Aph¡.

3) L$gd_¡ MqX$epdp„ cf¡gu ipludp„ bp¡mhu `X¡$.

4) Mfpb Anf lp¡e sp¡ NfbX$ Ecu \pe R>¡.

k.9 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ L$p¡Z bp¡g¡ R>¡ ? L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?

1) "N„v$p Anf_u d_¡ sp¡ blº ifd Aph¡ R>¡.'

2) "Af¡ A¡_p gu^¡ sp¡ L¡$hu NfbX$ \su lp¡e R>¡.'

3) "L¡$d iy„ \ey„ ?'

k.10 ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒp¡ d|L$p¡.

1) Ap L$gd hmu iy„ R>¡

2) dpV$gy„ bfpbf kpa L$fÅ¡ Ap¡V$gp¡ bfpbf hpmÅ¡

3) sy„ `Z hsy®mhpmp„ A^®hsy®mhpmp„ ApX$u Ecu Óp„ku guV$uhpmp„ rQÓp¡ v$p¡fu Å¡ _¡

k.11 q¾$ep`v$_p ^psy_¡ "hp_y„' gNphu L©$v$ „s_y„ ê$` b_php¡.

v$p.s. gMhy„ - gMhp_y„

1) L$pY$hy „ 2) bp¡mhy„ 3) hpmhy„ 4) v$¡hy „ 5) L$fhy„ 6) `|R>hy„

23

k.12 Mfpb Anf_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ecu \su NfbX$ L¡$ fd|S> hZ®hp¡.

v$p.s. Npe_¡ QpfÅ¡ - Npe_¡ dpfÅ¡

1) d¢ sd_¡ dfhp bp¡gpìep. sd¡ dfhp Apìep _rl.

("f' _¡ bv$g¡ "m' d|L$u_¡ hp¼ep¡ afu gMp¡.)

2) kbL$p¡ kÞdrs v$¡ cNhp_. ("k' _¡ bv$g¡ "i' d|L$u hp¼e b_phu_¡ hp„Qp¡.)

3) MpCMpC“¡ ÅX$p ’C Nep. (">S' _u S>ÁepA¡ "T' d|L$u hpQ„hp\u L¡$hu NfbX$ \pe.)

4) X$p¡kpA¡ Ap`¡gu kgpl Ad|ëe lsu. ("X$p¡' _u S>ÁepA¡ "Y$p¡' d|L$u hp„QuA¡ sp¡ ?)

k. 13 "`¡_ A_¡ _p¡V$byL$ kpfp lp¡e sp¡ Anf kpfp Aph¡ :

sdpfy „ iy„ dp_hy„ R>¡ ? 4 \u 5 hp¼ep¡dp„ gMp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t ky„v$fg¡M_, õhs„Óg¡M_ A_¡ îysg¡M_ - Ap ÓZ¡e rhi¡ A¡L$ A¡L$ `p_p„“p¡ QpV®$ L$fp¡.

îysg¡M_ dpV¡$_p¡ `qfÃR>¡v$ sdpfp hN®rinL$ `k„v$ L$fi¡ A_¡ bp¡gu_¡ sd_¡ gMphi¡.


L¡$guN°pau - A¡L$ L$gp rdÓp¡, OZp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ L¡$guN°pau iuMsp sd¡ kp„cþey„ li¡. L$v$pQ s¡ kp„cmu_¡ A_¡ Å¡C_¡ sd¡ "Af¡ hpl !' A\hp sp¡ "L¡$V$gy „ kfk ! L¡$ `R>u "hpD A¡d bp¡gu Nep lip¡ Mfy„ _¡ ? `Z sd¡ s¡_p rhi¡ L„$C ÅZp¡ R>p¡ Mfp„ ?

L¡$guN°pau A¡V$g¡ iy„ ? L¡$guN°pau A¡V$g¡ k„yv$fg¡M_. Ap L$gp_u ip¡^ v$kdu kv$udp„ \C lsu A_¡ kdep„sf¡ s¡dp„ `qfhs®_ \sy„ füy„ R>¡. s¡_p âL$pf _uQ¡ âdpZ¡ R>¡.

1) `pòpÐe L¡$guN°pau 2) `|h® A¡riepC L¡$guN°pau

3) v$rnZ A¡riepC L¡$guN°pau 4) CõgprdL$ L¡$guN°pau

L¡$guN°pau iuMhp iy„ iy„ Å¡CA¡ ? 1) X²$p ¡INbyL$ 2) N°pa `¡`f 3) L¡$guN°pau_u `¡_

4) b°i 5) kpfp âL$pf_u iplu

24

s¡_p¡ Dèp¡N ip¡ ? Ap L$gp_p¡ Dèp¡N kS>®_pÐdL$ L$gpdp„ \pe R>¡. v$p.s. `yõsL$_u X$uTpC_, rQŒp¡, âsuL$p¡, dyÖpg¡M, g‚`rÓL$p, Apd„ÓZ`rÓL$p, S>Þdqv$hk L¡$ A¡hp âk„Np¡_p Arc_„v$_ L$pX®$ hN¡f¡ b_phhpdp„ \pe R>¡. sdpfp k„NZL$dp„ Dèp¡Nu "ap¡ÞV$' A¡ L¡$guN°pau S> R>¡.

L¡$guN°pau\u \sp apev$p 1) Ap L$gp Arcìe[¼s_y„ âcphipmu dpÝed R>¡. 2) kS>®_i[¼s_p¡ rhL$pk L$f¡ R>¡. 3) Ap`Zpdp„ ip„rs, õhõ\sp A_¡ A¡L$pN°sp_p NyZp¡ Mugh¡ R>¡. 4) kp¦v$e®×rô$ rhL$k¡ R>¡. sp¡ rdÓp¡ S>ê$f\u Ap L$gp sd¡ `Z iuMÅ¡ lp¢ ! iuMip¡ _¡ ?


Ap L©$rs_y„ AÝep`_ L$fphsp `l¡gp„ ky„v$f Anf_y„ dlÒh kdÅhhy„. hN®dp„ S>¡d_p Anf ky„v$f lp¡e s¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_p _pd_p¡ Dëg¡M L$fhp¡. S>¡d_p Anf kpfp _ lp¡e s¡d_¡ `pW$_p AÝee_ `l¡gp„ S> kL$pfpÐdL$ fus¡ â¡fZp Ap`hu. `pW$_p AÝee_ `R>u kyg¡M_ õ`^p®_y„ Apep¡S>_ L$fhy„. ky„v$f Anf dpV¡$ AphíeL$ bpbsp¡_y„ âpÐernL$ rinL¡$ `p¡s¡ L$pmp `pqV$ep D`f L$fu bsphhy„. L¡$guN°pau iuMhp dpV¡$ â¡fZp Ap`hu.

lõspnf A¡ "õh' _u Ap¡mM R>¡.

25

t D`¾$d tA) t d_¡ Ap¡mMp¡. 1) kÐehpv$u `p„X$h - 2) IÖ_¡ L$hQLy„ $X$m v$p_dp„ Ap`_pf - 3) gh A_¡ Ly$i_u dpsp - 4) NZ`rs_u bl¡_ - 5) L©$óZ-kyv$pdp_p Nyfy - 6) d„v$p¡v$fu_p `rs - 7) kìekpQu `p„X$h - 8) dlpcpfs_p fQresp - 9) kÐehpv$u fpÅ - 10) NZ`rs_p cpC - 11) edfpÅ `pk¡\u d©s `rs_¡ `pR>p¡ gph_pf õÓu - 12) dlpcpfs gM_pf grlep - 13) Nyfyv$rnZpdp„ S>dZp¡ A„N|W$p¡ L$pù Ap`_pf - 14) rÓL$pmop_u `p„X$h - 15) lp¡mu_p Ar‚dp„\u l¡dM¡d ENfu S>_pf bpmL$ - 16) fpd_¡ A¡W$p„ bp¡f MhX$ph_pf cugX$u - 17) DÑf qv$ip_p¡ ArhQm spfp¡ - 18) fpdk¡sy bp„^hpdp„ Dèp¡Nu _p_y„ âpZu - 19) Ly „ $cL$Z®_u bl¡_ - 20) `p„X$hp¡ A_¡ L$p¥fhp¡_p r`spdl -

b) t f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$ S>hpb Aph¡ s¡hu fus¡ âñ b_php¡. âñ b_phhp L$p¦kdp„_p iåv$p¡_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fp¡. 1) Th¡fQ„v$ d¡OpZu_¡ fpô²$ue ipef_y„ rbfyv$ dþey„ R>¡.

2) AÐepf kyûdp„ `fdhufQ¾$ a¼s 21 S>Z_¡ dþep R>¡.

3) ù.hu.k]^yA¡ C.k. 2016 Ap¡[ëdr`L$dp„ â\d fS>sQ„ÖL$ d¡mìep¡.

4) rhð èp®hfZ qv$_ 5 S|>_¡ Aph¡ R>¡.

5) v$f `p„Q hj£ gp¡L$kcp_u Q|„V$Zu \pe R>¡.

6) _ftkl dl¡sp, dufp„bpC A_¡ AMp¡ dÝeeyN_p L$rh R>¡.

7) v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s ApÐdrhðpk ^fphsu lp¡hu Å¡CA¡.

8) Ap„sffpóV²$ue drlgp qv$hk C.k. 1975\u DS>hpe R>¡.

9) Mp„X$ A_¡ Np¡m i¡fX$udp„\u b_¡ R>¡.

10) Ad¡ ipmpdp„ bkdp„ AphuA¡ R>uA¡.

(i¡_y„, L¡$hu fus¡, L¡$V$gp„, i¡dp„\u, L$p¡Z¡, ¼epf\u, ¼epf¡, L¡$hu, L¡$V$gp, L$p¡Z L$p¡Z)

26

5. lp¡ f„Nfrkep

t Qpgp¡ fpk fduA¡.

gp¡L$Nus

lp¡ f„Nfrkep ! L$ep„ fdu Apìep fpk Å¡ ?Ap„MgX$u fpsu _¡ DÅNfp¡ L$ep„ f¡ L$u^p¡ ... ApS> Ad¡ Áep'sp kp¡_uX$p_¡ lpV$ Å¡, (2)

Ap TpgT|dZp hlp¡fsp„ _¡, hlpZgp„ hplu Nep„ ... lp¡ f„N ...ApS> Ad¡ Áep'sp drZepfp_¡ lpV$ Å¡, (2)

Ap Q|X$gX$p¡ Dsfphsp„hlpZgp„ hplu Nep„ ... lp¡ f„N ... ApS> Ad¡ Áep'sp L$ky„bu_¡ lpV$ Å¡ (2)

Ap Q|„v$gX$u hlp¡fsp„ _¡, hlpZgp„ hplu Nep„ ... lp¡ f„N ... ApS> Ad¡ Áep'sp dp¡QuX$p_¡ lpV$ Å¡ (2)

Ap dp¡S>qX$ey„ d|ghsp„ _¡hlpZgp„ hplu Nep„ ... lp¡ f„N ...

27

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$rhspdp„ h`fpe¡gp iåvp¡ ip¡^p¡.

1) Qny - ...................... 2) gpg - .......................

3) gV$L$rZey„- ...................... 4) ÅNfZ - .......................

5) vy$L$p_ - ...................... 6) QyX$Nf - .......................

7) Ap¡Y$Zu - ...................... 8) `fp¡qY$ey „ - .......................

k. 2 _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_¡ iåv$L$p¡i_p ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡.

Ap„MgX$u, DÅNfp¡, T|dZp„, drZepfp¡, hlpZgp„, ApS>, fpk, dp¡S>qX$ey „

k. 3 _d|_p âdpZ¡ iåv$ gMp¡. v$p.s. Ap„M - Ap„MgX$u 1) fps 2) hpv$m 3) _]v$f 4) hps 5) Q„|v$X$u 6) hp„kmu

k. 4 iy„ L$l¡ip¡ ? S>hpb L$p¦kdp„’u ‘k„v$ L$fp¡. (drZepfp¡, ÅNfZ, hlp¡fhy„, fpk) 1) ApMu fps DÅNfp¡ L$fuA¡ s¡“¡ - 2) bÅfdp„’u Mfuv$hy „ s¡“¡ - 3) õÓu-‘yfyjp¡ v$p„qX$ep’u Np¡m afu“¡ fd¡ s¡“¡ - 4) Q|X$gp Dspf¡ s¡ L$pfuNf“¡ -

t sdpfp `qfkfdp„ DS>hpsp _hfprÓ_p DÐkh rhi¡ hps L$fp¡.

t sd_¡ Ndsy„ L$p¡C `Z A¡L$ gp¡L$Nus A\hp Nfbp¡ NpC k„cmphp¡.

k. 5 _uQ¡_u `„[¼sAp¡_¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡. 1) Ap dp¡S>qX$ey „ d|ghsp„ _¡ ... 2) Ap TpgT|dZp„ hlp¡fsp„ _¡ ... 3) ApS> Ad¡ Áep'sp L$ky„bu_¡ lpV$ Å¡ ... 4) Ap Q|X$gX$p¡ Dsfphsp„ hlpZgp„ hplu Nep ...

k. 6 kdÆ“¡ gMuA¡.

1) hMs husu Nep¡ A¡d v$ip®hsu `„[¼s gMp¡.

2) f„NfrkepA¡ dp¡Qu_u vy$L$p_¡\u MfuÛy„

3) Tpg-T|dZp„ Ap_u vy$L$p_¡\u Mfuv$pe R>¡

4) Q|„v$X$u Ap_u vy$L$p_¡ dm¡ R>¡

t õhpÝepe t

28

k. 7 ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡. 1) kp¡_uX$p¡ ---- 2) drZepfp¡ ---- 3) L$ky„bu ---- 4) dp¡QuX$p¡ ----

k. 8 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fp¡. 1) f„Nfrkep ............ fdu_¡ Apìep R>¡. L$) Nfbp¡ M) fpk N) q¾$L¡$V$ 2) Q|X$gp¡ ........... b_phsp¡ lsp¡. L$) dp¡Qu M) kp¡_u N) drZepfp¡ 3) DÅNfp¡ L$fhp\u Ap„M ........ \C NC. L$) gpg M) `umu N) dp¡V$u

k. 9 _d|_p âdpZ¡ gMp¡. `R>u s¡_y „ crhóeL$pm_y„ ê$` gMp¡.

v$p.s. Áep'sp - Nep lsp S>i¡

1) gpìep'sp - ....... ....... ......... 2) Apìep'sp - ....... ....... ......... 3) ÅÎep'sp - ....... ....... ......... 4) dpÎep'sp - ....... ....... ......... 5) S>çep'sp - ....... ....... .........

t Ap L$rhsp_p¡ kpf V| „ $L$dp„ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

t âL$ë‘ tt 5 \u 7 gp¡L$Nusp¡ V$lºL$p¡ X$p¡V$ L$p¡d_u h¡bkpCV$ D`f\u d¡mhu_¡ gp¡L$Nusp¡_p¡ A¡L$ _p_L$X$p¡

k„N°l s¥epf L$fp¡.


L¡$kqfep¡ f„N L¡$kqfep¡ f„N s_¡ gpÁep¡ Aëep Nfbp,

L¡$kqfep¡ f„N s_¡ gpÁep¡ f¡ gp¡g... - V¡$L$

Apkp¡_p _hfprÓ Apìep Aëep Nfbp,

Apkp¡_p _hfprÓ Apìep f¡ gp¡g.

TuZp„ TuZp„ Årmep„ d|L$pìep„ Aëep Nfbp,

TuZp„ TuZp„ Årmep„ d|L$pìep„ f¡ gp¡g.

29

L„$Ly$_p kpr\ep `yfpìep Aëep Nfbp,

L„$Ly$_p kpr\ep `yfpìep f¡ gp¡g.

L$p¡_p L$p¡_p dp\¡ aep£ Aëep Nfbp,

L$p¡_p L$p¡_p dp\¡ aep£ f¡ gp¡g.

_p_u b¡_X$u_p dp\¡ aep£ Aëep Nfbp,

_p_u b¡_X$u_p dp\¡ aep£ f¡ gp¡g.

L¡$kqfep¡ f„N s_¡ gpÁep¡ Aëep Nfbp,

L¡$kqfep¡ f„N s_¡ gpÁep¡ f¡ gp¡g.

O|dsp¡ O|dsp¡ Apìep¡ Aëep Nfbp,

O|dsp¡ O|dsp¡ Apìep¡ f¡ gp¡g.

afsp¡ Apfpkyf Apìep¡ Aëep Nfbp,

afsp¡ Apfpkyf Apìep¡ f¡ gp¡g.

A„bpdpA¡ s_¡ h^pìep¡ Aëep Nfbp,

A„bpdpA¡ s_¡ h^pìep¡ f¡ gp¡g.

L¡$kqfep¡ f„N s_¡ gpÁep¡ Aëep Nfbp,

L¡$kqfep¡ f„N s_¡ gpÁep¡ f¡ gp¡g.

- gp¡L$Nus


iê$Apsdp„ Ap`Zp `pf„`qfL$ gp¡L$_©Ðep¡, gp¡L$Nusp¡ s¡dS> gp¡L$kprlÐe rhi¡ AR>X$sp¡ `qfQe

Ap`hp¡. Nfbp A_¡ fpk hÃQ¡_p¡ saphs kdÅhhp¡. Nfbp¡ dpspÆ_u c[¼s kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡g R>¡

Äepf¡ fpk L©$óZc[¼s kp\¡ k„L$mpe¡g R>¡. v$p„qX$epfpk fdsu hMs¡ `f„`fpNs `„rQep_u fds_p¡

¿epg Ap‘hp¡. hN®dp„ iê$Apsdp„ fpk fdpX$su hMs¡ `„rQep fdpX$hp BÃR>_ue fl¡i¡. `f„`fpNs

v$p„qX$ep A_¡ hs®dp_ `qf[õ\rsdp„ fdpsp v$p„qX$ep_p¡ ¿epg rhÛp\}Ap¡ kp\¡ QQp® L$fsp„ L$fsp„

Ap`hp¡.

Ap`Zu k„õL©$rs A¡ S> Ap`Zp¡ hpfkp¡.

30

6. gp¡lu rh_p_u kNpC

t Qpgp¡ QQp® L$fuA¡. `p¡sp_p `qfhpfS>_p¡ bpbs - Ofdp„ kp\¡ fl¡sp Ly$Vy„$buS>_p¡ bpbs - Ly$Vy„$buS>_p¡_u Afk`fk

afS> bpbs - dpspr`sp_u k„sp_p¡ âÐe¡_u ddsp - bpmL$p¡_u dpspr`sp sfa_u gpNZu - Ofdp„ k„`_y„ hpsphfZ Åmhhp S>ê$fu bpbsp¡ - A¡ bpbsp¡_p Acph\u X$lp¡mpC S>sy„ hpsphfZ - hpsphfZ X$lp¡mphp_p„ L$pfZp¡ - Afk`fk vy$cpsu gpNZuAp¡ - `qfZpd.

qL$i_cpC _pd_p A¡L$ M¡X|$s, s¡d_u `Ð_u, A¡L$ `yÓu A_¡ b¡ `yÓp¡ kp\¡ hX$p¡v$fp _ÆL$_p A¡L$ _p_L$X$p Npddp„ fl¡sp lsp. ‘rs-`Ð_u `p¡sp_p M¡sfdp„ ApL$fu dS|>fu L$fsp. Npd_p hX$ugp¡ Aphu ApL$fu dS|>fu L$fhp bpbs s¡d“¡ V$p¡L$sp Ðepf¡ s¡Ap¡ lku“¡ S>hpb Ap‘sp L¡$, "v$uL$fpAp¡ cZuNZu_¡ \pm¡ `X¡$ `R>u r_fp„s S> R>¡ “¡ ! s¡d_¡ kpfy„ crhóe dm¡ A¡V$g¡ Ap dS|>fu L$fuA¡ R>uA¡.

blº dl¡“s ‘R>u qL$i_cpC Apr\®L$ fus¡ kÝ^f \sp Nep. b„“¡ v$uL$fpAp¡_¡ il¡fdp„ bp¡qX¯$N õL|$gdp„ A_¡ v$uL$fu_¡ Npd_u kfL$pfu ipmpdp„ cZhp d|¼ep„. v$uL$fu dp¡V$u ’sp„ s¡_¡ kpfy„ Of A“¡ hf Å¡C_¡ kpkf¡ hmphu.

b„_¡ v$uL$fpAp¡ DÃQ Aæepk `|Z® L$ep® ‘R>u il¡f“u A¡L$ _pdp„qL$s Mp_Nu L„$`“udp„ KQp `Npf_u _p¡L$fuA¡ gpNu Nep. lh¡¡ Npdgp¡L$p¡“¡ qL$i_cpC_u Cjp® \hp gpNu s¡Ap¡ L$l¡sp L¡$, "lh¡ sp¡ S>gkp R>¡. M¡sfdp„ L$pd L$fhp“y„ b„^ L$fu v$¡. ‘Z qL$i“cpC rhQpfsp L¡$ "A¡L$hpf b„“¡“¡ `fZphu v$J s¡d_p dpV¡$ Of b_phu v$J `R>u lqfcS>_ L$fui.'

qL$i_cpC_p b„_¡ v$uL$fp_p g‚ _½$u \ep. s¡d“u ‘Ð“uAp¡“¡ fl¡hpdp„ ANhX$ “p ‘X¡$ A“¡ bÞ“¡ v$uL$fp“¡ Agpev$p ê$d dm¡ A¡ dpV¡$ qL$i“cpCA¡ Æh“cf“u bQsd|X$u L$pQp dL$p““¡ ‘pLy„$ b_phhpdp„ MQ} _p„Mu lsu. s¡’u

v$uL$fpAp¡“p g‚ hMs¡ \p¡X$u S>du_ h¡Qhu ‘X$u A“¡ DR>u_p `¥kp ‘Z g¡hp ‘X$ép.

lh¡ qL$i_cpC_¡ r_fp„s ’i¡ s¡d b^p„“¡ gpNsy„ lsy„ ‘Z b^p“u ^pfZp Mp¡V$u `X$u. b„“¡“u hlºAp¡ TOX$pMp¡f Aphu. s¡’u Ofdp„ fp¡S>“p¡ L$L$mpV$ iê$ \ep¡. qL$i_cpC Ap„M ApX$p L$p“ L$fsp ‘Z s¡d“u ‘Ð“u dpV¡$ A¡ Ópk Akü b“u Nep¡.

A¡L$ qv$hk qL$i_cpC_u `Ð_u_y„ ùv$e AQp_L$ b„^ `X$u Ney„. s¡Ap¡ A¡L$gp \C Nep. hlºAp¡ s¡d“u kp’¡ ‘Z L$p¡C_¡ L$p¡C blp“¡ bpMX$ép L$fsu, OZuhpf Mphp ‘Z “ Ap‘su. qL$i“cpC“u v$uL$fu“¡ Äepf¡ Ap hps“u Mbf ‘X$u Ðepf¡ s¡ v$p¡X$u“¡ Aphu. r‘sp“¡ ‘p¡sp“p Of¡ Aphhp M|b rh“„su L$fu ‘Z qL$i“cpC dpÞep “rl. cu“u Ap„M¡ s¡dZ¡ A¡V$gy„ S> L$üy„ L¡$, ""b¡V$p, Ap Ofdp„ spfu dp“p„ k„cpfZp„ R>¡. d“¡ buS>¡ ¼ep„e “lu aph¡. sy„ dpfu tQsp L$fsu “rl.'' v$uL$fuA¡ cpC-cpcuAp¡“¡ kdÅhhp“u L$p¡rii L$fu. A„s¡ r“fpi ’C s¡ hugp dp¡Y¡$ ‘pR>u afu NC.

dp“rkL$ Ópk A“¡ c|M“p L$pfZ¡ A¡L$ hMs qL$i_cpC b¡lp¡i ’C Nep. ‘R>u sp¡ L„$V$pmu“¡ s¡Ap¡ Of R>p¡X$u“¡ Qpgu “uL$þep. Npd“p ‘pv$f¡ Aph¡gp M„X¡$f S>¡hp bkõV¡$ÞX$dp„ s¡Ap¡ fl¡hp gpÁep. “püp-^p¡ep rh“p d¡gp„ L$‘X$p„ kp’¡

31

qv$hkp¡ kyû ‘X$u fl¡sp. L$p¡C S>dhp“y„ Ap‘¡ sp¡ MpC g¡sp, “rlsf c|¿ep ‘X$u fl¡sp. gp¡L$p¡ s¡“¡ dpV¡$ L$l¡hp gpÁep L¡$, "qL$ir“ep¡ Np„X$p¡ ’C Nep¡ R>¡.'

’p¡X$p„ hjp£ ‘l¡gp„ Npd R>p¡X$u“¡ cpNu Ne¡gp¡ A¡L$ eyhp“ kph®S>r“L$ L$pe®¾$ddp„ lpS>fu Ap‘hp A¡ S> Npddp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡. s¡Z¡ OZp k„Oj® ‘R>u “ÆL$“p il¡fdp„ A¡L$ a¡¼V$fu iê$ L$fu lsu. L$p¡CA¡ s¡“¡ qL$i“cpC“u hps L$fu s¡’u s¡ s¡d“¡ dmhp Apìep¡. qL$i“cpC“u lpgs Å¡C“¡ s¡ eyhp““y„ ùv$e Öhu EW$éy„. s¡Z¡ s¡d“¡ ‘pZu ‘pey„, MhX$pìey„ A“¡ s¡d“¡ ‘p¡sp“u kp’¡ gC S>hp“u hps L$fu.

qL$i_cpC“u Ap„Mp¡ R>gL$pC NC s¡dZ¡ eyhp““¡ L$üy„ L¡$, "lº„ das“p fp¡V$gp “rl MpC iLy„$. d“¡ L$pd Ap‘S>¡. A¡ ifs¡ S> spfu kp’¡ Aphy„.' qL$i“cpC“u Mydpfu lÆ AL$b„^ lsu.

Npd“p gp¡L$p¡A¡ eyhp““¡ “p ‘pX$u. ‘Z ‘¡gp¡ eyhp“ sp¡ Npdgp¡L$p¡“u hZdpNu kgpl AhNZu“¡ qL$i“cpC“¡ ‘p¡sp“u kp’¡ gC S>

Nep¡. qL$i“cpC s¡“u a¡¼V$fu“p N¡õV$ lpDkdp„ fl¡sp A“¡ ûd¡ûd¡ L$pd ‘Z L$fhp gpÁep. afu A¡L$hpf s¡Ap¡ kpdpÞe Æh“ Æhsp ’C Nep.

Npddp„ hpsp¡ ’hp gpNu s¡’u qL$i“cpC“p v$uL$fpAp¡ Aõhõ’ ’hp gpÁep. r‘sp“¡ Of¡ ‘pR>p gphhp v$p¡X$u Nep A“¡ L$üy„, "sd¡ Ap fus¡ L$p¡C“u a¡¼V$fudp„ ‘X$ép flp¡ sp¡ Adpfy„ “pL$ L$‘pe.'

qL$i“cpCA¡ v$uL$fpAp¡“¡ kpa iåv$p¡dp„ “p ‘pX$u v$uû. ‘R>u ‘p¡sp“¡ Apifp¡ Ap‘“pf eyhp““¡ c¡V$u“¡ ^°ykL¡$ ^y°kL¡$ fX$u ‘X$ép A“¡ L$üy„ L¡$, "dpfp kNp v$uL$fpAp¡A¡ d“¡ sfR>p¡X$ép¡ Äepf¡ sy„ ‘pfL$p¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ dpfu dv$v$¡ Apìep¡.' eyhp“¡ L$üy„ L¡$, "sd¡ dp“u gp¡ L¡$ lº„ sdpfp¡ v$uL$fp¡ S> Ry>„.'

qL$i“cpC Nv¹$Nv¹$ ’C Nep A“¡ L$üy„ L¡$, "b¡V$p, dpf¡ spfu dpau dpNhu R>¡.' eyhp_¡ L$pfZ ‘|R>sp„ S>hpbdp„ L$üy„ L¡$, "sy„ Of R>p¡X$u cpNu Nep¡ Ðepf¡ lº„ bp¡ëep¡ lsp¡ L¡$, "L$p¡C ‘V$phpmp sfuL¡$ ‘Z s“¡ “p¡L$fu “rl Ap‘¡. ApS>¡ lº„

32

spfu a¡¼V$fudp„ “p¡L$fu L$fy„ Ry>„.'eyhp_¡ L$üy„, "Myv$ dpfp r`sp_¡ `Z dpfp

D`f rhðpk _lp¡sp¡. ApMp Npd“¡ ‘Z “lp¡sp¡ s¡’u sd¡ bp¡ëep s¡“u dpau dp„Nhp“u S>ê$f “’u.'

OZuhpf A¡hy„ b“sy„ lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ b^p„ kNp„ hlpgp„ lp¡sp„ “’u A“¡ hlpgp„ lp¡e A¡ kNp„

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåvp¡$ ip¡^p¡.

1) kMs - ...................... 2) õhprcdp“ - .......................

3) â¿eps - ...................... 4) b¡Q¡“ - .......................

5) L$rS>ep - ...................... 6) ‘qf[õ’rs - .......................

7) d|X$u - ...................... 8) Adp“s - .......................

k. 2 A’® bv$ëep hNf “uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡“¡ lL$pfpÐdL$ b“php¡.

1) fp¡Nu ifufdp„ d“ õhõ’ fl¡sy„ “’u.$

2) âv|$jZ“u dpÓp NpdX$p„dp„ h^pf¡ lp¡su “’u.

3) cZsf A“¡ k„õL$pf’u Æh“ bfbpv$ ’sy„ “’u.

4) Npd“p L|$hpAp¡ ìe[¼sNs lp¡sp “’u.

5) rihpÆ ‘p¡sp“p kp’uAp¡ D‘f Arhðpk fpMsp “lp¡sp.

k. 3 ê$qY$âep¡Np¡ A“¡ s¡“p A’®“¡ ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡.

A) ê$qY$âep¡Np¡ A’®

1) ’pm¡ ‘X$hy„ A) h^y Mfpb [õ’rsdp„ d|L$phy „

2) Ap„M ApX$p L$p“ L$fhp b) r“fpi ’C ‘pR>p afhy„

3) hugp dp¡Y¡$ ‘pRy>„ afhy„ L$) Ýep“ “ Ap‘hy„

4) Dgdp„’u Q|gdp„ ‘X$hy„ X$) ìeh[õ’s fus¡ Np¡W$hpC S>hy„

b) 1) aV$L$p¡ ‘X$hp¡ A) v$ep D‘S>hu

2) “pL$ L$‘phy„ b) dpÞesp Mp¡V$u ‘X$hu

3) ùv$e Öhu EW$hy„ L$) “yL$kp“ ’hy„

4) ^pfZp K^u ‘X$hu X$) Apbê$ S>hu

lp¡sp„ “’u ! ApS>¡ sd“¡ v$uL$fp¡ dmu Nep¡ A“¡ d“¡ bp‘p ?

kNp v$uL$fpAp¡A¡ gp¡lu_u kNpC c|gu qL$i“cpC“u tS>v$Nu bfbpv$ L$fu, `Z gp¡lu rh_p_u kNpCA¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ eyhp“¡ s¡d_¡ _hÆh_ Apàey„.

- Apiy `V¡$g

t õhpÝepe t

33

k. 4 "hZdpÁey„' A¡V$g¡ dpÁep hNf“y„. “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“¡ "hZ' gNphu “hp¡ iåv$ b“php¡. s¡“p¡ hp¼edp„ D‘ep¡N L$fp¡. v$p.s. dpÁey„ - hZdpÁey„ OZp hZdpNu kgpl Ap‘sp lp¡e R>¡.

1) gp¡cu 2) L$üy„ 3) “p¡sey¯

k. 5 A) "L$pm„y'“y „ ep¡Áe ê$‘ d|L$u “hp¡ iåv$ b“pìep ‘R>u s¡“p¡ hp¼edp„ D‘ep¡N L$fp¡.

1) “pÏ„ 2) Qp¡f 3) fps 4) L$pd

b) Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ â¡fL$ê$‘ b“php¡. v$p.s. hpmhy„ - hmphhy„

1) hp„Qhy„ 2) Ap‘hy„ 3) kp„cmhy„ 4) ÅZhy„

k. 6 ‘¥kp“p rhr“de dpV¡$ Sy>v$p„Sy>v$p„ n¡Ó¡ Sy>v$pSy>v$p iåv$ h‘fpe R>¡. S>¡d L¡$ “p¡L$fu“p dl¡“spZp ê$‘¡ A‘psp ‘¥kp“¡ "‘Npf' L$l¡ R>¡.

“uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡“¡ Ýep“dp„ fpMu L$p¦kdp„“p iåv$p¡dp„’u ep¡Áe iåv$ Mpgu S>Áepdp„ gMp¡. (“ap¡, au, Qp„v$gp¡, ghpS>d, ìepS>, v$„X$) 1) ipmp, L$pµg¡S>dp„ cfhpdp„ Aphsp ‘¥kp ................ 2) hs®dp“‘Ó, kpdreL$ r“erds d¡mhhp A‘psp ‘¥kp ........... 3) N¡fL$pev$¡kf L$pe® dpV¡$ kÅ ê$‘¡ cfpsp ‘¥kp ......................... 4) Qp¡½$k dyv$s dpV¡$ fpM¡gu d|X$u ‘f A‘psp ‘¥kp .................. 5) ^„^pdp„ dpg h¡Qpsp dmsp„ fp¡L$pZ L$fsp„ h^pfp“p ‘¥kp .......... 6) iyc âk„N¡ ‘fbuqX$epdp„ d|L$u A‘psp ‘¥kp ..........................

t qL$i“cpC, s¡d“u ‘Ð“u, ‘yÓu, b¡ v$uL$fp, b¡ hlºAp¡, eyhp“ A“¡ 5 ’u 6 Npdgp¡L$p¡ S>¡V$gp„ ‘pÓp¡ b“u“¡ Ap ‘pW$“y„ “pV$éuL$fZ hN®dp„ L$fp¡. “pV$L$“p k„hpv$p¡ (Sy>v$pSy>v$p ‘pÓp¡“p) sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ s¥epf L$fp¡.

k. 7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu “uQ¡“p„ rh^p“p¡ ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

1) qL$i“cpC“¡ A“¡ s¡d“p ‘Ð“u ..........dp„ ApL$fu dS|>fu L$fsp„.

A) L$pfMp“p b) a¡¼V$fu L$) M¡sf

2) qL$i“cpC“p b„“¡ v$uL$fp .......... L„$‘“udp„ KQp ‘Npf“u “p¡L$fuA¡ gpNu Nep.

A) Mp“Nu b) kfL$pfu L$) klL$pfu 3) ‘p¡sp“u.................R>p¡X$u v$uL$fu“p O¡f S>hy„ qL$i“cpCA¡ “L$pey ¯. A) tQsp b) Mydpfu L$) “p¡L$fu 4) $vuL$fpAp¡“u hlºAp¡ .................. lsu. A) TOX$pMp¡f b) dl¡“sy L$) Apr’®L$ fus¡ kÙf 5) S>hpbv$pfu ‘|fu L$ep® ‘R>u qL$i“cpC“¡ .......... L$fhp“u BÃR>p lsu. A) epÓp b) L$’p L$) lqfcS>“ 6) qL$i“cpCA¡ ‘pLy „ $ dL$p“ b“phhpdp„ Æh“cf“u ....... MQ} “p„Mu. A) L$dpZu b) bQs L$) rdgL$s

34

k. 8 Apd L¡$d?1) Npdgp¡L$p¡“u ^pfZp K^u ‘X$u. L$pfZ L¡$ ......................2) TOX$p kpd¡ qL$i“cpC Ap„M ApX$p L$p“ L$fsp L$pfZ L¡$ .....................3) qL$i“cpC Of R>p¡X$u“¡ “uL$mu Nep. L$pfZ L¡$ ........................4) ‘p¡sp“¡ Apifp¡ Ap‘“pf eyhp““¡ c¡V$u“¡ qL$i“cpC ^°|kL¡$ ^°|kL¡$ fX$u ‘X$ép.

L$pfZ L¡$ .......................5) Npdgp¡L$p¡ ¡ qL$i“cpC“u Bóep® L$fsp„. L$pfZ L¡$.......................

k. 9 ""gp¡lu“u kNpCA¡ qS>„v$Nu bfbpv$ L$fu ‘Z gp¡lu rh“p“u kNpCA¡ “hÆh“ Apàey„'' õ‘óV$ L$fp¡.

t ""qL$i“cpC v$uL$fu“p Of¡ Nep„ lp¡s, sp¡ Ap ‘pW$“p¡ A„s AgN lp¡s?'' - hN®dp„ QQp® L$fp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t i¼e lp¡e sp¡ rinL$ kp’¡ A’hp Of“p hX$ug kp’¡ A¡L$pv$p h©Ùpîd“u dygpL$ps¡ ÅAp¡. ‘R>u A¡ dygpL$ps“p¡ Al¡hpg s¥epf L$fp¡.


A¡L$ v$uL$fp¡ Nydpìep¡, A¡L$kp¡ Qp¡ep®ku v$uL$fp d¡mìep !

2008dp„ NyS>fps Np¥Z k¡hp ‘k„v$Nu d„X$m“u ‘funpdp„ DÑuZ® ’C“¡ A¡L$ eyhp“ ‘p¡guk kb-CÞõ‘¡¼V$f sfuL¡$ ‘k„v$ ’ep¡. s¡ ‘„Qdlpg“p¡ hs“u lsp¡. AÐe„s Nfub Ly$Vy „ $bdp„’u Aphsp Ap eyhp““y„ “pd lsy„ d“y Nfprkep. s¡“u dpsp A“¡ ÓZ bl¡“p¡“u s¡“p D‘f S>hpbv$pfu lsu. s¡“p b¡Qdp„ Ly$g 185 eyhp“ lsp. kb-CÞõ‘¡¼V$f sfuL¡$ ‘k„v$ ’ep ‘R>u d“y“¡ spgud dpV¡$ Np„^u“Nf “ÆL$ L$fpC [õ’s NyS>fps ‘p¡guk AL$pv$dudp„ dp¡L$gpep¡. Ðep„ s¡“u AÞe spguduAp¡ kp’¡ v$p¡õsu b„^pC NC. d“y“¡ A¡L$ hMs k|“d|“ b¡W¡$gp¡ Å¡C“¡ s¡“p spgudu rdÓp¡A¡ s¡“¡ ‘|R¹>ey „, "iy„ ’ey„ ? L¡$d Apd Dv$pk R>¡ ?' d“yA¡ ‘p¡sp“u dpsp“u ùv$e“u budpfu A“¡ ‘p¡sp“p Ly$Vy „ $b“u Apr’®L$ [õ’rs rhi¡ dp„X$u“¡ hps L$fu. s¡“p b^p spgudu rdÓp¡ A¡ kp„cmu“¡ s¡“u dpsp“u kpfhpf dpV¡$ s¡“¡ dv$v$ L$fhp s¥epf ’C Nep. d“y“u Ap„Mdp„ TmTrmep„ Aphu Nep„. s¡Z¡ b^p rdÓp¡“p¡ Apcpf dpÞep¡. ’p¡X$p qv$hkdp„ S> DÑfpeZ“u b¡ qv$hk“u fÅ Aphu Ðepf¡ d“y dpsp“¡ A“¡ bl¡“p¡“¡ dmhp dp¡V$fkpCL$g ‘f ‘p¡sp“p Npd S>hp “uL$þep¡. dpsp“u kpfhpf dpV¡$ ‘¥kp“u ìehõ’p ’C NC lp¡hp’u s¡“p d“dp„ A“¡fp¡ DÐkpl lsp¡. fõspdp„ bk“p b¡v$fL$pf X²$pChf¡ AX$a¡V$dp„ gu^p¡. bk “uQ¡ L$QX$pC S>hp“¡ L$pfZ¡ s¡“y„ AL$pm¡ d©Ðey ’ey„. s¡“p d©Ðey“p kdpQpf kp„cmu s¡“p ‘qfhpf D‘f sp¡ ÅZ¡ huS>mu ÓpV$L$u. A¡L$ bk X²$pChf“u b¡v$fL$pfu“¡ L$pfZ¡ d“y“p Nfub Ly$Vy „ $b“p¡ A¡L$dpÓ klpfp¡ R>u“hpC Nep¡ lsp¡.

35

d“y“u A„rsdrhr^dp„ lpS>f fl¡gp s¡“p rdÓp¡“¡ ‘Z M|b S> ApOps gpÁep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ d“y“p ‘qfhpf“p kæep¡“p Ql¡fp D‘f “p¡^pfp‘Zp“u gpNZu Å¡C “½$u L$fu gu^y„ L¡$ Ap ‘qfhpf“p¡ dpmp¡ Ap‘Z¡ rhMphp v$¡hp¡ “’u. s¡dZ¡ Ap Ly$Vy „ $b“u S>hpbv$pfu D‘pX$u guû. v$f¡L¡$ ‘p¡sp“u ndsp âdpZ¡ apmp¡ Ap‘u ÓZ¡L$ gpM ê$r‘ep c¡Np L$fu d“y“u dpsp“p lp’dp„ Apàep. A“¡ L$üy„, "sd¡ L$p¡C ‘Z hps¡ d|„Tpsp “rl sdpfp¡ A¡L$ v$uL$fp¡ Nep¡, ‘Z 184 v$uL$fp lÆ b¡W$p R>¡. d“y“u dpsp A“¡ bl¡“p¡ kS>m Ap„M¡ d“y“p Ap rdÓp¡“¡ Å¡C S> füp„.

d“y Nfprkep“p d©Ðey“¡ ApW$ hj® husu Nep„ R>¡ ‘Z s¡“p Ly$Vy „ $b“u S>hpbv$pfu g¡“pfp rdÓp¡“u Dódpdp„ lÆ Ap¡V$ Aphu “’u. s¡Ap¡ NyS>fps“p Sy>v$pSy>v$p rhõspfp¡dp„ ‘p¡guk Ar^L$pfu sfuL¡$ afS> bÅhu füp R>¡, R>sp„ ApS>¡ ‘Z s¡Ap¡ d“y“p ‘qfhpf kp’¡ kNp v$uL$fp“u S>¡d Ecp fl¡ R>¡.

d“y“u A¡L$ bl¡““p g‚ hMs¡ s¡“p 184 cpCAp¡¡ ‘p¡sp“u kNu bl¡““p gÁ“ lp¡e s¡hp DdmL$p’u MX¡$‘N¡ Ecp füp lsp. d“y“u dpsp A“¡ bl¡“p¡ d“y“¡ epv$ L$fu“¡ fX$ép„ A“¡ kp’¡ d“y“p v$p¡õsp¡“p r“:õhp’® â¡d A“¡ lŸ„a¡ ‘Z s¡d“¡ fX$pìep„. ‘pfL$p gp¡L$p¡ ‘p¡suL$p ’C“¡ s¡d“u dv$v$ ¡ Apìep lsp.

Äepf¡ bû qv$ipAp¡ b„^ ’C Åe Ðepf¡ S>¡d“u kp’¡ gp¡lu“u kNpC “ lp¡e A¡hu ìe[¼sAp¡ ‘pk¡’u AZ^pfu dv$v$ dmu fl¡su lp¡e R>¡.

- Apiy ‘V¡$g


iê$Apsdp„ Ap‘¡gp dyØpAp¡“¡ Ap^pf¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“p ‘p¡sp“p ‘qfhpf k„b„û d„sìep¡ ÅZhp

dpV¡$ QQp® L$fhu. QQp®dp„ âÐe¡L$ rhÛp’}“¡ klcpNu b“phhp. dpspr‘sp“p r“:õhp’® õ“¡l“u hpsp¡

bpmL$“p d“dp„ Dv$plfZp¡ Üpfp ×Y$ L$fphhu. kp’¡ kp’¡ A¡L$ k„sp“ sfuL¡$ dpspr‘sp âÐe¡“p„

L$s®ìep¡ sfa klS>sp’u A„Nyrgr“v$£i L$fhp¡.

‘pW$ iuMhhp dpV¡$ “p“p “p“p âñp¡ ‘|R>u DÑf d¡mhhp kp’¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“p ‘p¡sp“p„ d„sìep¡

S>ê$f’u dp„Nhp„. ‘pW$“p g¡ML$“u L$V$pf“¡ hs®dp“‘Ódp„ hp„Qhp dpV¡$ â¡fZp Ap‘hu.

"v$uL$fu“p Of¡ fl¡hpe “l]' kdpS>“u âQrgs dpÞesp ‘peprhfp¡û R>¡, s¡ Mpk L$l¡hy„. gp¡lu“u

kNpC “ lp¡hp R>sp„ ‘Z qL$i“cpC“¡ dv$v$ L$f“pf eyhp“ rhi¡“u QQp® L$fsu hMs¡ dp“hsp“p

d|ëe“y„ ‘fp¡n fus¡ Apfp¡‘Z L$fu s¡Ap¡ A’p®s¹ rhÛp’}Ap¡ dp“hsp v$ip®hhp L¡$hp„ L¡$hp„ L$pep£ L$fu

iL¡$ s¡ bpbs ‘Z QQp® L$fhu.$

dp“hsp dp“hu L$fsp„ î¡›$ R>¡.

36

t D`¾$d t

1) ApX$pAhmp Anfp¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hu A\®`|Z® iåv$ b_php¡.

1) `y g L$p A fu

2) rc A d N

3) S> `„ N A _p¡

4) sp h hp Z f

5) X$p„ f O f O

D`f_p A\®`|Z® iåv$p¡ b_pìep `R>u f„Nu_ Qp¡fkdp„ Aphsp Anfp¡_¡ `k„v$ L$fp¡, s¡_¡ ¾$dbÙ gMp¡.

dm¡gu L$l¡hs_p¡ A\® kdÆ_¡ hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.

2) 1) b„ f bp¡ v$ fu

2) L$ h g \p _

3) \ d Ap hy„

4) _p s¡ d gu fp

5) hy„ L$p f a h

6) Ó n A e `p

7) m Mp d Ï„ A

8) Å hy„ k d h

dm¡gu L$l¡hs_p¡ A\® kdÆ_¡ hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.

37

dp¡f A¡_y„ `Ngy„ d|L¡$ _¡ dp^h dgL¡$ `R>u edy_pÆ gpNZuA¡ R>gL¡$ ... L¡$ dp¡f A¡_y„ `Ngy„ d|L¡$ _¡ íepd dgL¡$. `fcps¡ `r_lpfu Qpg¡ Dsphmu _¡ L$p„L$fu_u buL¡$ lp¡ lp„amu, Npep¡_u MfuAp¡ e¡ ^|rmep Np¡Ly$rmep_¡ L$fsu Nygpg¡ b¡bpL$mu ; dp¡f A¡_u L$uL$uAp¡ _p¢^¡ _¡ dp^h dgL¡$ `R>u edy_pÆ h¡Nugp„ R>gL¡$ ... L¡$ dp¡f ... R>pi_¡ hgp¡Z¡ iu hps L$fu R>d R>dL¡$ Np¡`uA¡ _ L$p„C A¡_¡ kp„cmu, dpMZ g¡hp„ R>¡ TV$ A¡_¡ sp¡ spfhu_¡ R>gL$phu v$¡hu R>¡ sp„kmu ; dp¡f A¡_y„ `]Ry>„ afL¡$ _¡ dp^h dgL¡$ `R>u edy_pÆ b¡ L$p„W¡$ R>gL¡$ ... L¡$ dp¡f

...- dl¡i ipl

7. dp¡f A¡_y„ `Ngy„ d|L¡$ _¡

t L$lp¡ Å¡CA¡. Ap`Zp `„MuAp¡ - Ap`Zu _v$uAp¡ - Ap`Zp„ su\®õ\mp¡ - L©$óZ_p„ AÞe _pdp¡ - L©$óZ_u râe hõsy -

t Qpgp¡ NpCA¡. Th¡fQ„v$ d¡OpZu_y„ "d_ dp¡f b_u ’_NpV$ L$f¡'

Nus_y„ kd|lNp_

38

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp iåvp¡$ ip¡^p¡. 1) L©$óZ - ...................... 2) QfZ - ....................... 3) khpf - ...................... 4) deyf - ....................... 5) s¾$$ - ...................... 6) _h_us - ....................... 7) `]R>$ - ...................... 8) L$ptgv$u - .......................k. 2 ‘fcps - âcps s¡hu fus¡ “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$“p âdprZs iåv$ gMp¡. 1) ‘fZpd - .................... 2) kdf’ - ....................... 3) õhpf’ - .................... 4) qL$f‘p - ....................... 5) ‘v$pf’ - .................... 6) suf’ - ....................... 7) ‘fcy - .................... 8) ‘fhs - .......................k. 3 L$pìedp„\u âpkey¼s iåv$ ip¡^p¡.k. 4 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ rhi¡jZ b_php¡ : v$p.s. h¡N - h¡Nugy„ 1) fk 2) dp¡S> 3) Nds 4) lW$k. 5 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ "....._y„' ep¡Áe ê$` gMp¡. v$p. s. Npep¡_u Mfu 1) dp¡f.... `u„Ry> „ 2) dp¡f... L$uL$u 3) edy_pÆ... h¡N 4) L©$óZ... hp„kmu 5) dp¡f... `Ngp„ 6) Np¡Ly$m... Np¡hpmk. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` ip¡^u `„[¼s `|Z® L$fp¡. 1) dp¡f A¡_y„ `Ngy„ d|L¡$ _¡ ............. L$) dp^h dgL¡$ M) l¥ey „ lgL¡$ N) huS>gX$u QdL¡$ 2) `fcps¡ `r_lpfu ............. L$) flu hp„kmu kp„cmu M) Qpg¡ Dsphmu N) R>¡ lp„amu _¡ ap„amu 3) R>pi_¡ hgp¡Z¡ iu ............. L$) hps \C ^d^d L¡$$ M) Ådu NC fdTV$ L¡$ N) hps L$fu R>d R>d L¡$ 4) Npep¡“u MfuAp¡ A¡ ^|rmep Np¡Ly$rmep“¡ ............. L$) L$fsu L„$Ly$X¡$ b¡bpL$mu M) L$fsu Abug¡ b¡bpL$mu N) L$fsu Nygpg¡ b¡bpL$mu

t õhpÝepe t

39

k. 7 gMu“¡ bsphp¡.$

1) gpNZu’u R>gL$“pf

2) R>pi_p hgp¡Zp\u Ap spfhu g¡hpe

3) ‘]Ry> afL$ph“pf

4) b¡ L$p„W¡ $ R>gL$“pf

k. 8 _uQ¡_p_p¡ Dèp¡N gMp¡.

1) dpMZ 2) Nygpg 3) R>pi

k. 9 ip’u bÞey„ ?

1) `r_lpfu lp„amu \pe R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ ..........

2) Npep¡ b¡bpL$mu b_¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ ............

k. 10 dp¡f_¡ Å¡C_¡ sd_¡ \e¡gu A_yc|rs sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ hZ®hp¡.

t hN®_p rhÛp\}Ap¡_p b¡ S|>\ `pX$p¡. A¡L$ S|>\ NpdX$p„ rhi¡ A_¡ A¡L$ S|>\ il¡f rhi¡ L$l¡i¡. b„_¡ S|>\ A¡L$kfMp dyØp D`f hpsp¡ L$fi¡. hpsp¡ L$fhp _uQ¡_p dyØp_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fp¡.

1) âcps 2) hpsphfZ 3) `„Mu 4) ìy 5) _v$u 6) d„qv$f$

t âL$ë‘ t

t L©$óZ_u hp„kmu_y„ dp¡f‘]R>hpmy„ ApL$j®L$ rQÓ v$p¡fp¡. s¡_u _uQ¡ 3\u 4 hp¼ep¡ gMp¡.


dp¡fr`ÃR>_u fÅC Ap¡Y$u

sd¡ k|Ap¡_¡ íepd

Ad_¡ \pe `R>u Apfpd...

dyfgu_p k|f_p„ Ap¡iuL$p„

fpMp¡ AX$M¡ - `X$M¡

sd¡ _]v$dp„ L¡$hp gpNp¡

Å¡hp_¡ Æh hgM¡

fps `R>u sp¡ fpsfpZu \C

çl¡L$u EW¡$ Apd...

Ad¡ sdpfp k`_pdp„ sp¡

40

_½$u S> Aphu QX$uiy„

Ap„M Mp¡gu_¡ Å¡ip¡ Ðepf¡

Ad¡ S> _S>f¡ `X$iy„

r_Öp-s„Öp-ÅN©rsdp„

Tmlmcep£ v$dpd... - kyf¡i v$gpg


iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gp„ _pdp¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡ `pk¡\u L$Y$phhp„. s¡dp„\u L$pìedp„ Dëg¡M \ep¡ R>¡ s¡ _pdp¡_y„ dlÒh L$lu_¡ `R>u d¡OpZu_p Ars âQrgs L$pìe_p kd|lNp_ Üpfp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ rhjeprcdyM L$fhp.

L$pìe_p AÝep‘_ `l¡gp„ b¡ \u ÓZ hMs âõsys Erd®L$pìe_y„ kd|lNp_ L$fphhy„. âñp¡, QQp® Üpfp L$pìe_p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk kp^hp¡.

edy_p _v$u_y„ buSy>„ _pd L$prgÞv$u R>¡ s¡_y„ õ`óV$uL$fZ L$fhy„. NpdX$p„ A_¡ il¡f_p âcps_y„ Ly$v$fsu hpsphfZ L¡$hy„ lp¡e s¡ bpbs QQp® Üpfp h^pf¡ dprlsu Ap`hu.

`r_lpfu_u, Np¡Ly$m_p k„Ýep kde_p hpsphfZ_u, hgp¡Zp_u k„¼ë`_p rinL¡$ iåv$rQÓ_u dv$v$\u õ`ô$ L$fhu. L©$óZ_p i¼e s¡V$gp h^pf¡ _pdp¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡ `pk¡\u L$Y$phhp kp\¡ rinL¡$ `Z h^pf¡ _pdp¡ Ap`hp„.

âL©$rs A¡ S> `fd¡ðf

41

8. qa[ëX„$N_u dÅ

t gp¡, `L$X$p¡.

Apd sp¡ d_¡ q¾$L¡$V$_p¡ blº ip¡M. lp’dp„

b¡V$ Oydphu_¡ Qp¡ÁNp-R>½$p dpfhp_u A_p¡Mu dÅ

R>¡. A¡hy„ bpµtgN_y„e R>¡. lp\dp„ bp¡g fdpX$sp„

fdpX$sp„ L$p¡C AS>b Av$p\u Qpghy„, `R>u v$p¡X$u_¡

kpd¡ fdsp M¡gpX$u sfa kdkdphu_¡ bpµtgN

L$fhu A_¡ `R>u ÅZ¡ L„$C L$ey¯ S> _\u A¡d

r_f`¡n cph¡ Å¡C fl¡hy„ A¡ b^p_u hps S>

Sy>v$u R>¡. `Z q¾$L¡$V$_u Mfu dÅ sp¡ qa[ëX„$N

L$fhpdp„ R>¡.

q¾$L¡$V$dp„ d_¡ Ndsu hõsy dpÓ qa[ëX„$N

S> R>¡. q¾$L¡$V$dp„ A_¡ Æh_dp„-M¡gpX$uAp¡_p b¡

dy¿e hN® S> lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ hN®_p M¡gpX$uAp¡_u

_S>f kv$p b¡V$ D`f S> lp¡e R>¡. Qp¡ÁNp A_¡

R>½$p_p„ S> A¡ õhà_p„ Å¡sp lp¡e R>¡. Äepf¡

Äepf¡ L$p¡CL$ ApDV$ \pe R>¡ Ðepf¡ `p¡sp_p¡

hpfp¡ Aphhp_u ApipA¡ A¡d_y„ l¥ey„ _pQu EW¡$

R>¡ ; `Z Lµ$àV$_ L$p¡C ÓuÅ_¡ b¡V$ `L$X$ph¡ R>¡,

A¡V$g¡ A¡ `pR>p¡ vy$:M_p v$qfepdp„ X|$bu Åe

R>¡! qa[ëX„$N A¡ A¡d_¡ d_ kÅ R>¡. bµqV„$N

S> A¡d_¡ d_ Æh__p¡ Mfp¡ glphp¡ R>¡. A_¡

A¡ glphp_u fpl Å¡hpdp„ s\p A¡ dþep `R>u

A¡dp„\u ^pfu dp¡S> _ d¡mhu iL$hp_p ip¡L$dp„

S> A¡d_y„ bpL$u_y„ Æh_ `kpf \pe R>¡.

Äepf¡ buÅ¡ gOydsu_p¡ hN® R>¡-qa[ëX„$N

â¡duAp¡_p¡. lº„ A¡ hN®dp„ Ry>„. d_¡ Myi L$fhp_u

v$p_s\u A¡L$ S>Z¡ L$l¡gy„ L¡$ qagk|a_¡ l„d¡ip„

qa[ëX„$N S> Nd¡ R>¡. bµqV„$N L¡$ bpµtgN _l].

L$v$pQ A¡_u hps Mfu `Z lp¡e ! L$pfZ Ap

dpephu k„kpf A_¡ A¡dp„ fdpsu Ap dpephu

q¾$L¡$V$_u fds rhi¡ tQs_ L$fhp_u S>¡hu sL$

qaëX$fp¡_¡ lp¡e R>¡ A¡hu L$p¡C_¡e _\u lp¡su.

`Z qa[ëX„$N-qa[ëX„$Ndp„e a¡f lp¡e R>¡. v$f

hMs¡ "A¡ bp¡g Apìep¡, A¡ L¡$Q Apìep¡' A¡d

bp¡g¡bp¡g¡ ðpk AÝ^f \C S>sp¡ lp¡e sp¡ A¡hp

õhcphhpmpA¡ qa[ëX„$N L$fhp L$fsp„ kfL$kdp„

v$p¡fX$p„ `f Qpghp_p¡ M¡g L$fhp Ähy„ h^y kpfy„.

42

qa[ëX„$N_p¡ kpQp¡ Ap_„v$ d¡mhhp sdpfpdp„

Dv$pfsp_p¡ kv¹$NyZ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡. fd_pfp¡ rbQpfp¡

b¡Qpf f_ h^pf¡ gC Nep¡ sp¡e iy„ ; _ gC

Nep¡ sp¡e iy„ ; A¡L$pv$ Lµ$Q TX$àep¡ sp¡e iy„ ; _ TX$àep¡ sp¡e iy„ ; A„s¡ sp¡ q¾$L¡$V$f dpÓ_¡ V¡$ÞV$ c¡Np L¡$ g„Q c¡Np S> \hp_y„ R>¡ _¡? A¡hu õhõ\ ×rô$ fpM_pf S> qa[ëX„$N_u dÅ cp¡Nhu ÅZ¡ R>¡. A¡L$ S>dp_pdp„, _p_`Zdp„ Äepf¡ lº„ q¾$L¡$V$_p¡ M¡gpX$u lsp¡ Ðepf¡, dpf¡ “¡ Lµ$àV$__¡ Ap A„N¡ OZp¡ dsc¡v$ \sp¡.

"sd¡ Al] Ecp flp¡', k|fS>_p¡ sX$L$p¡ dp¢ D`f Aph¡ A_¡ bpµg `Z h^pf¡ Aph¡ A¡hu qaëX$_p hQgp cpN_u A¡L$pv$ S>Áep bsphu_¡ Lµ$àV$_ kpl¡b d_¡ L$l¡sp.

"A¡_p L$fsp„ sd¡ S> Al] Ecp flp¡ sp¡ ?' lº„ â¡d\u k|Q_ L$fsp¡, A_¡ Dv$pfsp\u Dd¡fsp¡, "d_¡ sp¡ Ðep„ kpd¡_u bpSy>A¡-R>¡L$ R>¡X¡$ bpDÞX$fu `pk¡ Ecp¡ fpMip¡ sp¡e lº„ hp„^p¡ _rl gJ lp¢ ?'

Lµ$àV$_ rbQpfp¡ "_p, _p, sd¡ Al] S> Ecp flp¡.' A¡d L$lu_¡ buÅ_¡ k|Q_pAp¡ Ap`hp S>sp¡ A¡V$g¡ lº„ d¡v$p__¡ `¡g¡ R>¡X¡$ Ec¡gp

L$p¡C rdÓ Å¡X¡$ S>Ns_u Akpfsp rhi¡ hpsp®gp` L$fhp E`X$u S>sp¡.

\p¡X$u hpf¡ buÅAp¡_¡ Np¡W$hu Lµ$àV$_ d|mõ\p_¡ `pR>p¡ Aphsp¡, Ðepf¡ d_¡ Np¡W$h¡gp¡ A¡ S>ÁepA¡ lº„ _ lp¢J A¡V$g¡ A¡_¡ _hpC gpNsu. rbQpfp¡ cgp¡ cp¡mp¡ dpZk! A¡V$gy„ _ kdS>¡ L¡$ Ap S>Nsdp„ Äep„ ^fsuL„$`p¡_¡ gu^¡ eyN¡eyN¡ S>m Ðep„ õ\m A_¡ õ\m Ðep„ S>m \C Åe R>¡, dp¡V$p„dp¡V$p„ _Nfp¡ A×íe \C Åe R>¡ Ðep„ dpfp S>¡hp¡ A¡L$ _pQuT dpZk k„Å¡Nphips `l¡gp„_u S>ÁepA¡\u A×íe \C Åe A¡dp„ _hpC iu ?

Nd¡ s¡d `Z A¡_u Å¡X¡$ hpV$pOpV$p¡_¡ `qfZpd¡ L„$V$pmu_¡ R>¡ëgp¡ v$ph Ap`hp_u ifs¡ A¡ d_¡ d¡v$p__¡ R>¡L$ R>¡X¡$ qa[ëX„$N_y„ L$pd kp¢`hp L$b|g \sp¡, `Z s¡e bbX$sp¡ bbX$sp¡ ! kpQy„ `|R>p¡ sp¡ dpf¡ A_¡ Lµ$àV$_p¡_¡ `l¡g¡\u g¡Zpv$¡Zu S> _\u.

L$p¡L$ hpf lº„ qa[ëX„$N L$fsp¡ lp¡J A_¡ A¡ L$fsp„ L$fsp„ L$p¡C Å¡X¡$hpmp qaëX$f_u lµV$_¡ spL$u_¡ L$p„L$fp dpfsp¡ lp¡J Ðep„ A¡L$pv$ bpµg TX$`\u dpfu `pk¡\u `kpf \C Åe! lh¡ Aph¡ hMs¡ Lµ$àV$_ M|b R>¡X$pC `X¡$. A¡ L$l¡: "sd¡ bpµg fp¡¼ep¡

43

L¡$d _l] ?' `Z Ap_y„ sp¡ cpC, A¡hy„ R>¡ _¡ L¡$ bpµg Aph¡ Ðepf¡ Ap`Zp S>¡hp rhQpfiug dpZk_y„ Ýep_ lp¡e buÅ rhQpfdp„. bpµg Aph¡ Ðepf¡ A¡ rhQpfp¡_¡ dNS>_p A¡ rhje_p Mp_pdp„ cfu v$¡hp, Mp_y„ b„^ L$fu, spmy„ dpfu _hu L|„$Qu ip¡û, dNS>_y„ q¾$L¡$V$hpmy„ Mp_y„ DOpX$uA¡ Ðep„ kyûdp„ bpµg kX$kX$pV$ `kpf \C `Z Nep¡ lp¡e. lh¡ sd¡ S> L$lp¡, Aphp k„Å¡Np¡dp„ A¡ bpµg fp¡L$hp¡ `Z L¡$d L$fu_¡ ? A_¡ bpµg _ fp¡L$ep bpbs sp¡ W$uL$ `Z A¡ bpDÞX$fuA¡ `lp¢Qu Nep `R>u S>¡ r_fp„s\u lº„ ûd¡ `Ng¡ A¡ g¡hp S>sp¡ s¡ Å¡C_¡ L¡$àV$_p¡_¡ M|b Nyõkp¡ Aphsp¡. dpfu dpÞesp A¡hu R>¡ L¡$ `pk¡\u `kpf \C Ne¡gp bpµg `pR>m v$p¡X$_pfp¡ dpZk Nydph¡gu sL$ `pR>m v$p¡X$“pf S>¡hp¡ d|fM gpN¡ R>¡. Ney„ s¡ cg¡ Ney„, c|sL$pm_¡ bv$g¡ Ap`Z¡ crhóe sfa ×[óV$ fpMhu Å¡CA¡. lh¡\u Aph_pfp aV$L$pAp¡_p¡ Ap`Z¡ rhQpf L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡, g¡hpC Ne¡gp Qp¡ÁNp_p¡ _rl, A¡hu cph_p lº„ fpMu iL$sp¡, L¡$àV$_p¡ _ fpMu iL$sp, _¡ A¡dp„ S> bû D`pr^ Ecu \su.

A“¡ Ap sp¡ W$uL$ `Z q¾$L¡$V$_u fds_u A¡L$ dp¡V$u _bmpC A¡ R>¡ L¡$ A¡dp„ qaëX$fp¡_p fpÄe_u lv$p¡ _½$u L$f¡gu _\u lp¡su. AdyL$ bpµg Aph¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap`Zu lv$dp„ R>¡ L¡$ buÅ L$p¡C qaëX$f_u lv$dp„, A¡_¡ Ap`Z¡ fp¡L$hp¡ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ buÅ L$p¡CA¡, A¡ L¡$d Mbf `X¡$ ? dpfp `|fsp¡ sp¡ l„d¡ip„ A¡ âñ Ecp¡ fl¡sp¡ L¡$ bpµg L$p¡_u lv$dp„ R>¡ ? OÏ„Mfy„ Ad¡ kp¥ Ap bpbsdp„ Dv$pf fl¡sp _¡ l„d¡ip„ Adpfpdp„_p¡ v$f¡L$ S>Z A¡d S> L$l¡sp¡ L¡$ "bpµg dpfu lv$dp„ _rl `Z `¡gp Å¡X¡$_p_u lv$dp„ R>¡.' R>¡hV¡$ Lµ$àV$_ Aphu_¡ A¡ bpµg L$p¡Z¡ gC Aphhp¡ A¡ W$fphsp¡. Å¡L¡$ OZu hpf L$p¡C DÐkplu cpCAp¡ dpfu lv$dp„

Aphu_¡ `Z bpµg gC S>sp ; `Z lº„ sp¡ L$v$u A¡_p¡ rhfp¡^ L$fsp¡ S> _rl ; cg¡_¡ A¡ rbQpfp fdhp_p¡ glphp¡ g¡, Ap`Z¡ k„Ly$rQs dp_k sp¡ L$v$u fpMhy„ S> _rl. `Z Aph¡ hMs¡e `pR>p¡ Lµ$àV$_ Aphu_¡ ^p„V$p `pX$u S>sp¡ L¡$ "bpµg sdpfu `pk¡\u Nep¡ sp¡e sd¡ L¡$d _ fp¡¼ep¡ _¡ R>¡L$ `¡gp_¡ Aphu_¡ gC S>hp¡ `X$ép¡ ?'

fds_¡ R>¡L$ A„s¡ A„v$fA„v$f A¡L$buÅ sfa L$p„L$fp a¢L$u bpµtgN_u â¡[¼V$k L$fsp„ L$fsp„ dpfp S>¡hp qa[ëX„$N-â¡duAp¡_p¡ bµqV„$N L$fhp_p¡ hpfp¡ Aphsp¡. lº„ aV$L$p gNphsp¡, kfk gNphsp¡, `Z dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ sp¡ lº„ S>¡ Dv$pfsp buÅ bµV¹$kd¡_p¡ âÐe¡ fpMsp¡ s¡ A¡ gp¡L$p¡ qaëX$k® sfuL¡$ dpfp âÐe¡ _ fpMsp. A¡L$pv$ kfk aV$L$p¡ gNphu, lº„ b„ku^pfu L©$óZL$_¥ep_u S>¡d A¡L$ `N_u ApNm buÅ¡ `N fpMu, bµV$_¡ V¡$L¡$ Av$p\u Ecp¡ flu, NN_dp„ AÝ^f S>sp bpµg_¡ _ufMu füp¡ lp¡J Ðep„ A¡ bpµg_p¡ L¡$Q \C Åe ! d¢ S>¡ fd_pf_p k„¿epb„^ L¡$Q Nydphu A¡_u bµV¹$kd¡_ sfuL¡$_u tS>v$Nu A_¡L$ hpf g„bphu Apù lp¡e s¡ S> dpfp A¡ bpµg_p¡ L¡$Q L$fu g¡sp¡ ! dp_hÅs_y„ Ap rhðpkOpsu`Ï„ Å¡C dpfy„ d_ `Z cp„Nu S>sy„ A_¡ lº„ bµV$ gC_¡ V¡$ÞV$dp„ `pR>p¡ Aphsp¡ fl¡sp¡.

Ap fus¡ R>ÁNp gNphu_¡ d¢ q¾$L¡$V$_p¡ S>¡ L„$C Ap_„v$ âpàs L$ep£ R>¡, L¡$ L$prsg bpµtgN L$fu_¡ buÅ_¡ M¡fhu _p¿ep_p¡ vy$ô$ k„sp¡j `Z S>¡ L„$C d¡mìep¡ R>¡ s¡_p L$fsp„ qaëX$f sfuL¡$ S> h^y rhiyÙ Ap_„v$ d¡mìep¡ R>¡. d_¡ sp¡ gpN¡ R>¡ L¡$ q¾$L¡$V$dp„ s¡dS> Æh_dp„ bµV¹$kd¡_ sfuL¡$ AÝ^f ðpk¡ Æhhp L$fsp„ `Z r_fp„s¡ qa[ëX„$N L$fsp„ L$fsp„, fçep R>sp„ _rl fdhpdp„, f„Npep rh_p Å¡C iL$hpdp„ A¡L$ A_p¡Mu dÅ R>¡, A¡L$ Ap¡f Ap_„v$ R>¡.

- bLy$g rÓ`pW$u

44

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ L$ep iåvp¡ h`fpep R>¡ s¡ ip¡^p¡ :

1) R>V$p - ...................... 2) h©rÑ - ......................

3) kpQu - ...................... 4) afL$ - .......................

5) hpV$pOpV$ - ...................... 6) L$dÅ¡fu - .......................

7) kudp - ...................... 8) Qphu - .......................

k. 2 A’® bv$ëep hNf hp¼e“¡ kL$pfpÐdL$ A’hp “L$pfpÐdL$ b“php¡.

1) ‘ep®hfZ iyÙ fl¡ sp¡ âv|$jZ ’sy„ “’u.

2) k|e®‘|Ó L$Z® Dv$pf qv$g“p¡ lsp¡.

3) Ap‘Zp¡ v$ ¡i õhs„Ó R>¡.

4) dlpcpfs Ap^yr“L$ L$’p “’u.

k. 3 _uQ¡_p ê$qY$âep¡Np¡_p A\® ip¡^p¡. iåv$L$p¡i“p¡ D‘ep¡N L$fp¡.

1) l¥ey„ _pQu EW$hy„ 2) glphp¡ g¡hp¡

3) g¡Zpv$¡Zu _ lp¡hu 4) R>¡X$pC `X$hy„

5) d_ cp„Nu Ähy„ 6) M¡fhu _p„Mhy„

k. 4 q¾$L¡$V$ A¡ d¡v$p_u fds R>¡. Aphu d¡v$p_u fdsp¡_p Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>p 10 _pd gMp¡.

k. 5 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ gMp¡. `R>u hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡.

v$p.s. L$v$ue - L$v$u `Z

Ap`Z¡ L$v$ue Apop_y„ Dëg„O_ _ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡.

1) ¼epf¡e 2) L$iue

3) L¡$hy „e 4) L¡$V$gy „e

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` ip¡^u_¡ rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) q¾$L¡$V$_u Mfu dÅ sp¡ .............

L$) f_ L$fhpdp„ R>¡.

M) bp¡tgN L$fhpdp„ R>¡.

N) qa[ëX„$N L$fhpdp„ R>¡.

2) bp¡g `pR>m v$p¡X$_pfp_¡ g¡ML$ ............. kp\¡ kfMph¡ R>¡.

L$) Nydph¡gu sL$ `pR>m v$p¡X$_pfp

M) Mp¡hpe¡gu hõsy `pR>m v$p¡X$_pfp

t õhpÝepe t

45

N) v$p¡X$õ`^p®dp„ Æshp dpV¡$ v$p¡X$_pfp

3) g¡ML$_p dsp_ykpf Æh_dp„ A_¡ q¾$L¡$V$dp„ Æhhy„ `X¡$ R>¡.

L$) ip„rs`|h®L$ M) AÝ^f ðpk¡ N) Ap_„v$`|h®L$

k. 7 rhQpfu“¡ gMuA¡.

1) qaëX$f_¡ Aphy„ tQs_ L$fhp_u sL$ dm¡

2) Ap Ås_u ×rô$ fpM_pf qa[ëX„$N_u dÅ cp¡Nhu ÅZ¡ R>¡

3) q¾$L¡$V$_u fds_u kp¥\u dp¡V$u _bmpC

4) Lµ$àV$_ g¡ML$ D`f R>¡X$pC ‘X$hp“y„ L$pfZ

k. 8 ‘pW$ hp„Qu“¡ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡. 1) q¾$L¡$V$_u Mfu dÅ ............... L$fhpdp„ R>¡. 2) .......... qaëX$fp¡_¡ hpf„hpf k|Q_p Ap`¡. 3) .......... dpZk_y„ Ýep_ AÞe rhQpfp¡dp„ S> lp¡e R>¡. 4) .......... k„kpfdp„ fdpsu ....... q¾$L¡$V$_u fds rhi¡_y„ tQs_ L$fhp_u sL$ qaëX$fp¡_¡ dm¡ R>¡.

k. 9 i¡_u dÅ Aph¡ ? 1) b¡V$kd¡_ sfuL¡$ .......... 2) bp¡gf sfuL¡$ ............. 3) qaëX$f sfuL¡$ ............. 4) Lµ$àV$_ sfuL¡$ ............. 5) rhL¡$V$L$u`f sfuL¡$ ........ 6) Aç‘pef sfuL¡$..............

k. 10 _d|_pâdpZ¡ q¾$ep`v$_y „ ep¡Áe ê$` gMp¡. v$p.s. lº„ â¡d\u k|Q_ L$fsp¡. (L$fhy„)

1) s¡ Dv$pfsp\u v$p_ ............... (Ap`hy„)

2) lº„ qa[ëX„$N .......... (L$fhy„) A_¡ (bbX$hy„) ...............

3) s¡ Qp¡½$p-R>½$p kfk ........... (aV$L$pfhy„)

4) s¡Ap¡_p¡ b¡qV„$N L$fhp_p¡ hpfp¡ R>¡ëg¡ ......... (Aphhy„)

k. 11 _d|_pâdpZ¡ b¡ iåv$p¡ Å¡X$u_¡ _hp¡ iåv$ b_php¡.

A) v$p.s. d_k¹ + h©rÑ = d_p¡h©rÑ$

1) fS>k¹ + NyZ = .................... 2) d_k¹ + lf = ......................

3) s`k¹ + h_ = ..................... 4) d_k¹ + v$ip = ....................

46

b) v$p.s. r_f¹ + fh = _ufh

1) r_f¹ + fp¡Nu = ...............

2) r_f¹ + fS> = ................

3) r_f¹ + fk = ................

4) r_f¹ + ê$` = ................

(epv$ fpMp¡ : `l¡gp iåv$_p¡ A„Ðepnf A_¡ `R>u_p iåv$_p¡ â\dpnf b„_¡ "f' Aphsp lp¡e Ðepf¡ s¡_p\u b_sp _hp iåv$_p¡ â\d Anf v$uO® b_¡ R>¡.)

t dl¡ÞÖtkl ^p¡_u_p _¡s©Òhdp„ d¡mh¡gp "hëX®$L$`'_u dprlsu d¡mhu_¡ 6\u 7 hp¼ep¡dp„ gMp¡.

t q¾$L¡$V$_u fds rhi¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ 7 \u 8 hp¼ep¡dp„ L$lp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t fpóV²$ue fds "lp¡L$u' A“¡ âpv¡riL$ fds "L$åbX$u' (lºsysysy) _p r_edp¡ rhi¡ r_edphgu b“php¡.


v$u‘p drgL$ Æh__u _p_u _p_u sL$guap¡_u kpd¡ lpf dp_u g¡hp_¡ bv$g¡ Æh_dp„ _hu iê$Aps L$fhu Å¡CA¡. Nd¡ s¡ `qf[õ\rs lp¡e sp¡ `Z s¡dp„\u dpN® L$pY$u iL$pe R>¡, k`_p Å¡C iL$pe R>¡. Ap hp¼e_¡ kp\®L$ L$f_pf R>¡, qfep¡ `¡fpAp¡[ëdr`L$ (ipfuqfL$ fus¡ And lp¡e s¡hp A¡Õg¡V$) 2016dp„ Tmlmsu kamsp d¡mh_pf â\d cpfsue _pfu v$u`p drgL$.

45 hj}e v$u‘p drgL$ b¡ v$uL$fuAp¡_u dpsp R>¡ `¡fpàg¡rS>L$ (gL$hpN°õs) bÞep bpv$ s¡Ap¡A¡ õ`p¡V®$ ¹khyd_ sfuL¡$ _hp¡ Qugp¡ Qpsep£. 36 hj®¡ s¡dZ¡ fds_p n¡Ódp„ âh¡i L$ep£. L$fp¡X$fÄS|>_u Np„W$ \hp_¡ gu^¡ 17 hj®dp„ 31 hpf iõÓq¾$ep L$fphu Q|¼ep„ R>¡. 183 V$p„L$pAp¡“u r_ip_u s¡d_p ifuf `f R>¡.

s¡dZ¡ 17000 qL$du_p¡ âhpk bpCL$ `f L$ep£ R>¡. i|Þe Ap¡[¼kS>_dp„ rldpgedp„ 18000 auV$ ky^u s¡Ap¡ `lp¢Ãep„ lsp„. C.k. 2016dp„ qfep¡-X$u-Å_¡fp¡dp„ \e¡gu `¡fpAp¡rg[ç`L$dp„ Np¡mpa¢L$dp„ s¡dZ¡ fS>s Q„ÖL$ d¡mìep¡ R>¡. Ap Ähg„s kamsp v$f¡L$ cpfsue dpV¡$ â¡fZpê$` R>¡.

L$p¡Z L$l¡ R>¡ cpfs fdsNdsdp„ `pR>m R>¡? Å¡ ipfuqfL$ And ìe[¼s Ap KQpCA¡ `lp¢Qu iL¡$ sp¡ Ýe¡e_¡ hf¡gp, spgudbÝ^ A_¡ kdr`®s knd sp¡ iy„ _ L$fu iL¡$?

47


v$X$p¡ f]N, X$ui A“¡ hp¡gubp¡g S>¡hu fdsp¡ iê$Apsdp„ fdpX$u s¡d“u râe fds rhi¡ ‘|R>hy„. fpóV²$ue fds A“¡ Ap„sffpô²$ue fds rhi¡ QQp® L$fhu. q¾$L¡$V$ gNcN b^p S> bpmL$p¡“u râe fds lp¡hp’u rhÛp’}Ap¡ QQp®dp„ kq¾$e cpN g¡i¡. Ap lpõeL©$rs lp¡hp’u s¡“p AÝep‘“dp„ rhÛp’}Ap¡ ‘Z S>ê$f Ap“„qv$s ’i¡. “p“p âñp¡ ‘|R>u rhÛp’}Ap¡“u ApL$g“i[¼s“u L$kp¡V$u L$fhu. q¾$L¡$V$“u fds“p dy¿e ‘pkp bp¡tgN, b¡qV„$N, qaëX$]N, rhL¡$V$qL$‘]N rhi¡“u dprlsu rhÛp’}Ap¡ ‘pk¡’u S> L$Y$phhu. Ap fds“u gp¡L$râesp“u QQp® kp’¡ v$f¡L$“p ìe[¼sNs fk“u dprlsu ÅZhp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$fhp¡. gp¡L$râe q¾$L¡$V$fp¡, s¡d“p Üpfp õ’pr‘s rh¾$dp¡ rhi¡ ‘Z QQp® L$fu iL$pe. q¾$L¡$V$“u fdsdp„ M¡gqv$gu“u cph“p“u AphíeL$sp D‘f âL$pi ‘pX$hp¡.

lkp¡, lku iL$pe s¡V$gy„ lÆ kde R>¡ S>fp,

gp¡ lku, ‘Z lkhp kdu “ b“phip¡ tS>v$Nu.

48

t D‘¾$d t

dlp“ycphp¡“p qL$õkp

rhð rh¿eps rQÓL$pf ‘pågp¡ r‘L$pkp¡A¡ rdÓp¡“¡ S>dhp dpV¡$ Of¡ bp¡gpìep lsp. ApSy>bpSy> “S>f a¡fhu“¡ A¡L$ rdÓ¡ khpg L$ep£, ""v$p¡õs, spfy „ A¡L¡$e rQÓ L¡$d Ap Ap¡fX$pdp„ “’u? ‘p¡sp“p„ S> rQÓp¡ ‘k„v$ “’u.

r‘L$pkp¡A¡ A¡L$v$d W$phLy „ $ dp¡Yy „ $ fpMu S>hpb Apàep¡. "rQÓp¡ Nd¡ sp¡ R>¡ ‘Z A¡V$gp„ b^p„ dp¢Op„ R>¡ L¡$ d“¡ ‘fhX$sp„ “’u.

***

õhpdu rhh¡L$p“„v$“¡ õhv$¡i, õh^d® A“¡ õhh” dpV¡$ M|b Np¥fh lsy„. Ad¡qfL$p Nep Ðepf¡ ‘Z ‘f„‘fpNs cNhp„ h”p¡ ‘l¡ep¯ lsp„.

A¡L$ cpjZdp„ s¡Ap¡ Nep, Ðepf¡ cNhp„ L$‘X$p„ kp’¡ ‘Ndp„ rhv$¡iu ‘NfMp„ ‘l¡ep¯ lsp„. Ap Å¡C“¡ A¡L$ ‘fv$¡iu drlgpA¡ dl¡Ï„ dpey¯. ""v$¡iu hõÓp¡ ‘l¡fhp“p¡ ApN°l fpMp¡ R>p¡ sp¡ ‘R>u rhv$¡iu ‘NfMp„ ip dpV¡$? g¡idpÓ d|„Tphp“¡ bv$g¡ õhpdu rhh¡L$p“„v$ ¡ dd®h¡^L$ S>hpb Apàep¡, ""A„N°¡Å¡“¡ cpfsdp„ s¡d“y„ õ’p“ bsphu v$¡hp dpV¡$.''

***

rhðrh¿eps Ad¡qfL$“ g¡ML$ dpL®$ V¹$h¡C““y„ A¡L$ kph “p“L$X$p Npddp„ cpjZ lsy„. s¡Ap¡ khpf¡ v$pY$u L$fphhp dpV¡$ ‘lp¢Qu Nep.

hpm„v$ ¡ hpsQus“u iê$Aps L$fu gu^p bpv$ ’p¡X$u bX$pi dpfu. ApS>¡ Ap‘Zp Npddp„ dpL®$ V¹$h¡C““y„ cpjZ R>¡. sd¡ V$p„L$Z¡ Apìep¡ R>p¡, sp¡ qV$qL$V$ Mfuv$u? dpL®$ V¹$h¡C“¡ “p ‘pX$u. sp¡ hpm„v$ ¡ L$üy„, ""b^u qV$qL$V$ h¡QpC NC R>¡. lh¡ sdpf¡ Ecp flu“¡ kp„cmhy„ ‘X$i¡.'' dpL®$ V¹$h¡C“ dp¡Yy „ $ bNpX$u“¡ bp¡ëep, ""v$f hMs¡ Ap dpZk cpjZ Ap‘sp¡ lp¡e Ðepf¡ dpf¡ Ecp fl¡hp“p¡ S> hpfp¡ Aph¡ R>¡?''

***

ApTpv$u ‘|h£ “pdp„qL$s ^pfpip”u dp¡sugpg “l¡fy ‘f rQX$pC“¡ A¡L$ Þepep^ui¡ khpg L$ep£, ""d“¡ kdÅ¡ R>p¡ iy„ sd¡, rdõV$f “l¡fy?''

‘|f¡‘|fp rhh¡L$ kp’¡ dp¡sugpgÆA¡ S>hpb Apàep¡, ""lº„ sp¡ Ap‘ “pdv$pfîu“¡ kÄS>“ kdSy>„ Ry> „. Ap‘“¡ ep¡Áe “ gpNsy„ lp¡e sp¡ dpfp¡ Arcâpe bv$gu “pMy„.''

49

t Qpgp¡ NpCA¡h©n rhi¡“u L$p¡C A¡L$ L$rhsp.

9. h©np¡

L$p¡CL$ fps¡ hfksp„ hpv$m¡ ^p¡hpe R>¡ h©np¡

khpf¡ b„^ hjp® _¡ Sy>Ap¡ ! sX$L$pe R>¡ h©np¡

R|>`p¡ Aakp¡k sp¡ R>¡ kp¥ küp L$fsu ^fp-dp_¡

_\u v$fL$pf \psu sp¡e¡ dp¡V$p„ \pe R>¡ h©np¡'

S>fp kfMy„ `uhpX$éy„ `pZu iy„ Apv$d_p bÃQp„A¡ !

Æh_ ApMy„ A_N®m ApifpAp¡ ‘pe R>¡ h©np¡

lh¡ kdÄep¡, Mf¡Mf sy„ hk„sp¡_p¡ S> R>¡ `ep®e

sy„ Äep„ `Z lp¡e, spfu Qp¡sfa v$¡Mpe R>¡ h©np¡

‘h“ lmh¡L$’u hpC füp¡ R>¡ Qp„v$“u kp’¡

“ufh“¡ L$p“dp„ ApR>p õhf¡ k„cmpe R>¡ h©np¡

cg¡_¡ M|b S>„Nu lp¡ A¡ L$v$dp„ kp¥ qv$ipA¡\u

d|„Ny„ v$¡_pf_p Mp¡mpdp„ L¡$hp„ dpe R>¡ h©np¡ !

il¡f lº„ `pR>p¡ Aphy„, Npd R>p¡X$u, Äep„ rhQpfp¡dp„ ;

sfs dpfu _S>f kpd¡\u Ap¡Tg \pe R>¡ h©np¡.

- ip¡rcs v$¡kpB

50

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp iåvp¡$ ip¡^p¡.

1) qv$gNufu - ...................... 2) dp_h - .......................

3) Arsie - ...................... 4) kdp_p\} - .......................

5) A×íe - ...................... 6) d|L$ - .......................

7) dp¡Vy „ $ - ...................... 8) ip„s - .......................

k. 2 Dv$plfZ dyS>b q¾$ep`v$_y „ ê$` bv$gp¡. A) v$p.s. ^p¡hy „ - ^p¡hpe

1) Å¡hy„ 2) Mphy„ 3) Nphy„ 4) g¡hy„

5) v$¡hy „ 6) L$l¡hy „ 7) ùhy„ 8) buhy„

b) v$p.s. v$¡Mhy„ - v$¡Mpe

1) kp„cmhy„ 2) Ap`hy„ 3) hp„Qhy„ 4) _pQhy„

5) L$fhy„ 6) gMh„y 7) b¡khy„ 8) sfhy„

L$) v$p.s. ùhy„ - ùhX$phhy„

1) Mphy„ 2) Nphy„ „ 3) g¡hy„ 4) v$¡hy „ 5) Å¡hy„

k. 3 _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ Dèp¡N L$fp¡.

1) Aakp¡k 2) v$fL$pf 3) Qp¡sfa 4) hk„s

5) Qp„v$_u 6) õhf 7) Ap¡Tg 8) Mp¡mp¡

k. 4 iåv$L$p¡i_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fu_¡ _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_p A¡L$ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ èp®e hpQu iåv$p¡ gMp¡.

v$p. s. fps - fprÓ, fS>_u, r_ip, rhcphfu, eprd_u

1) h©n 2) ^fp 3) `pZu 4) `h_ 5) õhf

k. 5 "Ap`Ï„ Of b_phhp `„MuAp¡_p„ Of _ sp¡X$pe' Ap rhje D`f hN®dp„ k„hpv$ fS|> L$fp¡.

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` ip¡û `„[¼s `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) khpf¡ b„^ hjp®_¡ Sy>Ap¡ ......

L$) sX$L$pe R>¡ h©np¡ M) R>gL$pe R>¡ h©np¡

N) dgL$pe R>¡ h©np¡

2) sy„ Äep„ `Z lp¡e ...............

L$) spfu A¡L$ sfa \C Åe R>¡ h©np¡ M) spfu Qp¡sfa v$¡Mpe R>¡ h©np¡

N) spfu A„v$f ENu Åe R>¡ h©np¡

t õhpÝepe t

51

3) sfs dpfu _S>f kpd¡\u .............. L$) `kpf \pe R>¡ h©np¡ M) v$p¡X$u Åe R>¡ h©np¡ N) Ap¡Tg \pe R>¡ h©np¡

k. 7 _uQ¡_p A\® v$ip®hsu L$pìe`„[¼s gMp¡. 1) h©np¡_p L$`php\u ^fsu_¡ kl_ L$fhy„ `X¡$ R>¡. 2) \p¡Xy „ $ k]Q_ L$fu DR>¡f¡gp„ h©np¡ Ap`Zp D`f A_¡L$ D`L$pfp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. 3) rhipm L$v$ ^fphsp„ h©np¡ ‘©Õhu_p Mp¡mpdp„ buS>ê$`¡ kdpC Åe R>¡.

k. 8 kdÆ“¡ gMuA¡. 1) h©np¡“¡ ‘pZu ‘uhX$ph“pf .............................

2) hk„sp¡“p¡ ‘ep®e .............................

3) h©np¡“¡ ^p¡“pf .............................

4) h©np¡“y „ L$v$ .............................

k. 9 L$pìe_p Ap^pf¡ h©np¡_p k„v$c£ S>hpb gMp¡. 1) hfksp„ hpv$m¡ - .................. 2) ApR>p õhf¡ - ................. 3) k|fS>_p sp`¡ - .................. 4) `©Õhu_p Mp¡m¡ - ................. 5) ApMy„ Æh_ - .................. 6) _S>f kpd¡\u - ................. (k„cmpe, ^p¡hpe, ApifpAp¡ `pe, Ap¡Tg \pe, kdpe, sX$L$pe)

k. 10 "il¡fdp„\u Ap¡R>p„ \sp„ S>sp„ h©np¡' rhje D`f 5\u 7 hp¼ep¡ gMp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t t Apk`pk\u D`gå^ `p„v$X$p„ c¡Np„ L$fu ky„v$f L$p¡gpS>hL®$ L$fu ApL$j®L$ L©$rs s¥epf L$fp¡.

lº„ hp„Qy„ .... sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡$ Ap h©n sZp¡ k„v$ ¡ip¡ Æh_dp„ Dspfu g¡Å¡ Tugu_¡ sp` S>Ns_p R>p„ep¡ buÅ_¡ v$¡Å¡ ! .......... Ap h©n r_S>_y„ _p L$p¡C `fpey„

iusm \C h©n R>hpey„ dpfy „ dpfy „ R>p¡X$u_¡ ..... S>N bpN kÅhu v$¡Å¡ ! ..... Ap h©n X$pmu Å¡ fM¡ L$`pi¡ afu Dv$pf \C L$p¡mpi¡ Ü¡jp¡_¡ v$a_phu_¡

Op Dv$pf \C_¡ kl¡Å¡ ...... Ap h©n

52


iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gu kyQ“p dyS>b L$pìe_y„ kd|ldp„ Np_ L$fpìep `R>u âõsys L$pìe S>¡ NTg R>¡ s¡ iuMhp rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ sÐ`f L$fhp. âõsys L$rhsp_¡ NTg_p õhê$`¡ â\d hpf S> `qfQe L$fphhp_p¡ lp¡hp\u v$f¡L¡$ v$f¡L$ guV$u_¡ kfm cpjpdp„ kdÅhhu. Ap`¡gp õhpÝepep¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ S>ê$fu dprlsu L$pìe kdÅhsu hMs¡ Ahíe Ap`hu.

L$pìedp„ Aphsp iåv$p¡_p A¡L$ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ kdp_p\} iåv$p¡ S>ê$f Ap`hp. s¡ ip¡^hp dpV¡$ Dèp¡Nu iåv$L$p¡i rhi¡ rhõs©s kdS> Apù s¡_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fhp dpV¡$_u â¡fZp Ap`hu. h©np¡_p dlÒh rhi¡ kpd|rlL$ QQp® L$fhu. s¡_p apev$pAp¡ S>Zphhp. s¡_p¡ _pi \hp\u Ecp \_pfp k„L$V$\u AhNs L$fhp. h©ÿppfp¡`Z dpV¡$ â¡fZp Ap`hu.

Å¡ Qplp¡ S>Nsdp„ Ad_, sp¡ L$fp¡ h©nv$¡hsp_¡ _d_

A¡L$buÅ“u dv$v$ L$fuA¡,Æh“ Apkp“ b“phuA¡.

D‘f“y„ rQÓ Å¡C sdpfp„ rdÓp¡ L¡$ Of“p„ kv$õep¡“¡ s¡dp„“u hpsp® L$lp¡.

53

dpZk“u S>ê$qfeps S>¡V$gu Ap¡R>u A¡V$gu s¡“u õhs„Ósp h^pf¡. A“¡ S>¡V$gy„ V¡$Þi“ Ap¡Ry>„ A¡V$gu r“fp„s h^pf¡ A“¡ kyM h^pf¡.

‘f„sy S>ê$qfeps bpbsdp„ dep®v$p “½$u L$fhp“y„ blº A^fy„ R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$ b^p dpV¡$ s¡ A¡L$kfMu lp¡C iL$su “’u. Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ dp¡V$fL$pf dp¡V$‘ A“¡ g¼Tfu NZpe R>¡, Äepf¡ IÁg¡ÞX$-Ad¡qfL$p S>¡hp v$¡ip¡dp„ s¡ kpdpÞe dS|>f L¡$ ¼gpL®$ dpV¡$ ‘Z S>ê$qfeps“u hõsy NZpe R>¡. õ’m A“¡ L$pm dpV¡$ S>ê$qfeps ìep¿ep rcÞ“-rcÞ“ ’i¡, A¡ S> fus¡ v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s âdpZ¡ ‘Z s¡ afsu fl¡i¡. s¡’u ‘p¡sp“u S>ê$qfeps dpV¡$“u kpQu dep®v$p ìe[¼s ‘p¡s¡ S> “½$u L$fu iL$i¡. A“¡ S>¡V$gp âdpZdp„ s¡ s¡“¡ Ap¡R>u L$fu iL$i¡ s¡V$gp âdpZdp„ s¡“¡ ‘p¡sp“¡ S> gpc ’i¡.

’pµfp¡A¡ kyMu Æh“ Æhhp dpV¡$ L$üy„ R>¡ L¡$ Æh““¡ b“¡ A¡V$gy„ kpvy$„ b“php¡. A¡dp„’u

Ap„V$uO|„V$u, QpgpL$u, R>mL$‘V$, R>¡sft‘X$u v|$f L$fp¡. fl¡ZuL$fZu, hs®Z|„L$, ìhhlpf i¼e A¡V$gp„ kfm b“php¡. Ap^yr“L$ dp“hu dpV¡$ fp¡V$u L$dphp“u hps S> A¡V$gu AV$‘V$u b“u NC R>¡ L¡$, Æh““p buÅ dlÒh“p âñp¡ rhi¡ s¡ cpÁe¡ S> rhQpfu iL¡$ R>¡. s¡“u dp¡V$p cpN“u i[¼s ‘¥kp L$dphpdp„ h¡X$apC Åe R>¡. ‘qfZpd¡ Ap‘Zp eyNdp„ k¢L$X$p¡ A“¡ lÅfp¡ gM‘rsAp¡ lp¡hp R>sp„ kp¡¾¡$qV$k L¡$ A¡qfõV$p¡V$g cpÁe¡ S> A¡L$pv$ ‘¡v$p ’pe R>¡. ApCÞõV$pC“ S>¡hu L$p¡C rhc|rs S>Þd¡ R>¡, ‘Z A¡ gM‘rsAp¡dp„’u S>Þdsu “’u. Aphu ìe[¼sAp¡ ‘p¡sp“¡ S>¡“u S>ê$f “ lp¡e A¡hu hõsy õhuL$pfhp“p¡ CÞL$pf L$fsu lp¡e R>¡ A“¡ rb“S>ê$fu QuÅ¡ ‘pR>m L¡$ âñp¡ ‘pR>m ‘p¡sp“u tS>v$Nu bfbpv$ L$fsu “’u ÐepN L¡$ kpv$Nu A„v$f“u QuS> R>¡. s¡“p¡ v$¡Mph L$f“pfp ‘p¡sp“u Ås“¡ W$N¡ R>¡.

10. kpvy$„ Æh_ t Qpgp¡, hpsp¡ L$fuA¡.

54

ApS>“p¡ dpZk ‘p¡sp“u tS>v$Nu“p¡ dp¡V$p¡ cpN rb“S>ê$fu hõsyAp¡ c¡Nu L$fhpdp„ h¡X$au “pM¡ R>¡. ‘p¡sp“¡ ip“u S>ê$f R>¡ s¡“u Mbf s¡“¡ ¼epf¡e ‘X$su “’u. dpZk“u ‘pep“u S>ê$qfepsp¡ fp¡V$u, L$‘X$p„, dL$p““p¡ rhQpf L$fuA¡.

Mphp“u hps Aph¡ R>¡ Ðep„ dp¡V$pcpN¡ ‘p¡sp“¡ A“yL|$m lp¡e A¡ Mphp“p bv$g¡ buÅ gp¡L$p¡-‘p¡sp“p’u QqX$epsp gp¡L$p¡ S>¡ Mpsp lp¡e R>¡ s¡ Mphp“u L$p¡rii dpZk L$f¡ R>¡. ‘p¡sp“¡ “ aphsy„ lp¡e sp¡ ‘Z X$pCt“N V¡$bg L¡$ qäS> hkph¡ R>¡.

L$‘X$p„“u bpbsdp„ ‘Z buÅ dpZk“p¡ S> rhQpf dpZk L$f¡ R>¡. lº„ S>¡ ‘l¡fy„ Ry>„ s¡ buÅ“¡ L¡$hy„ gpNi¡ ? dpfp rhi¡ buÅ dpZkp¡ iy„ ^pfi¡ ? A¡hp âñp¡ s¡“¡ kspìep L$f¡ R>¡. kpfp Of“u õÓuAp¡ D“pmpdp„ rkÞ’¡qV$L$ ep“®“p„ L$‘X$p„ ‘l¡f¡ R>¡ A“¡ OZuhpf QpdX$u“p Ah“hp fp¡Np¡“p¡ cp¡N b“¡ R>¡. A„N°¡Å¡ Al]’u Nep ‘Z hpfkpdp„ A¡d“p W„$X$p âv$¡i“p¡ ‘p¡ipL$ Ap‘Z“¡ Ap‘sp Nep. D“pmp“p Nfd qv$hkp¡dp„ ‘Z L$p¡V$, ‘¡ÞV$, V$pC A“¡ “pCgp¡““p„ dp¡Å„“u N„v$u hpk Ap‘Z¡ R>p¡X$u iL$sp “’u.

dL$p““u hps ‘Z A¡hu S> rhrQÓ R>¡. v$f¡L$ ìe[¼s“p¡ õhcph rcÞ“ lp¡e R>¡ A¡ S> fus¡ s¡“u fl¡hp“u fus ‘Z rcÞ“ lp¡e R>¡. R>sp„ dpZk ‘p¡sp“¡ A“yL|$m lp¡e A¡hy„ dL$p“ bp„^hp“¡ bv$g¡ ‘p¡sp“p ‘pX$p¡iu L¡$ kNp„ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ kpfy„ dL$p“ bp„^hp“u L$p¡rii L$f¡ R>¡. dL$p“ b„^pìep ‘R>u s¡“¡ kÅh¡gy„ fpMhp dpV¡$ tS>v$Nu“p bpL$u“p qv$hkp¡ dpZk h¡X$au “pM¡ R>¡.

’p¡X$p„ hfk ‘l¡gp„ A¡L$ kdpQpf hp„Ãep lsp. Np„û rhQpfkfZu’u âcprhs ’e¡g rb°qV$i ApqL®$V¡$¼V$ gpµfu bµL$f¡ ky„v$f A“¡ V$L$pD dL$p“p¡ L¡$V$gu kõsu fus¡ b“phu iL$pe s¡ rÓh¡ÞÖddp„ bspìey„ lsy„. “prme¡fu“p„ ’X$ A“¡ f¡kp - ‘Õ’f, Q|“p¡, “rmep„, IV$p¡ A“¡ AÞe

õ’pr“L$ kpdN°udp„’u s¥epf L$fhpdp„ Aph¡g Ó¡huk Qp¡fk duV$f“p n¡Óam“p dL$p““u qL„$ds dpÓ v$p¡Y$¡L$ lÅf ê$r‘ep S> ’su lp¡e R>¡. s¡dp„ fl¡hp“p Ap¡fX$p D‘fp„s fkp¡Xy„$, ÅS>ê$, õV$p¡fê$d S>¡hu kNhX$p¡ ‘Z lp¡e R>¡.

‘„v$f¡L$ lÅf ê$q‘epdp„ sp¡ gNcN A¡L$ lÅf Qp¡fkduV$f S>¡hXy„$ dp¡Vy„$ dL$p“ b“phu iL$pe R>¡. s¡dp„ Qpf b¡X$ê$d, ÓZ bp’ê$d, A¡L$ b¡W$L$M„X$, fkp¡Xy„$ hN¡f¡ Aphu iL¡$ R>¡. ApS>¡ L$v$pQ Ap qL„$dsdp„ h^pfp¡ ’ep¡ li¡.

‘f„sy dpZk kNhX$hpmy„ dL$p“ BÃR>sp¡ “’u, s¡“p ‘p¡sp“p ‘pX$p¡iu L$fsp„ L¡$ kNp„ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ c‘L$pv$pf dL$p“ CÃR>¡ R>¡. A“¡ A¡ S> A¡“u b¡Q¡“u A“¡ vy$:M“y„ d|m L$pfZ R>¡.

Np„ûApîd Å¡C“¡ L$p¡C“¡ ‘Z “hpC gpN¡ L¡$, Aphp õ’m¡ Aphu [õ’rsdp„ flu“¡ cpfs“p¡ ‘fd ‘yfyj v$¡i“p A“¡ vy$r“ep“p fpS>L$pfZdp„ L$C fus¡ kq¾$e flu iL$sp¡ li¡? ApS>¡ A¡hu [õ’rsdp„ flu“¡ A¡L$ kpdpÞe Apµqakf A¡L$ kpdpÞe Apµqak Qgphhp“y„ ‘Z cpÁe¡ S> ‘k„v$ L$fi¡. Np„û Nep A“¡ Np„ûhpv$uAp¡A¡ Np„û“u kpv$Nu“y„ Mp¡rmey„ Ap¡Y$u fp¿ey„ ‘Z A„v$f BÃR>pAp¡ kmhmsu flu, ‘qfZpd¡ kpv$Nu“p v$„c“p¡ S>Þd ’ep¡.

kpv$Nu“u hps blº k|ÿd R>¡. s¡ A¡L$ ìe[¼sNs hps R>¡. s¡“p dpV¡$ L$p¡C kh®kpdpÞe r“ed b“phu iL$pe s¡d “’u. Np„û dpV¡$ S>¡ i¼e lp¡e A¡ buÅ dpV¡$ i¼e “ ‘Z lp¡e. A“¡ kpv$Nu A¡ sp¡ cpf Ap¡R>p¡ L$fhp“u hps R>¡. v$f¡L¡$ ‘p¡s¡ s¡ Ap¡R>p¡ L$fhp¡ ‘X¡$ R>¡. dpÓ kpv$pC“p A„Qmp “uQ¡ A¡ cpf Y$p„L$u v$¡hp’u L$ip¡ a¡f ‘X$u iL$sp¡ “’u. S>¡ dpZk ‘p¡sp“u BÃR>pAp¡ L$fsp„ ’p¡Xy„$ Ap¡Ry>„ õhuL$pf¡ R>¡ s¡ kpQp A’®dp„ kpv$u, kfm, kyMu tS>v$Nu rhsphu iL¡$ R>¡. s¡“¡ v$„c L$fhp“u S>ê$f ‘X$su “’u.

- dp¡lçdv$ dp„L$X$

55

k.1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ ‘pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv ip¡^p¡. 1) kudp - ...................... 2) kde - ....................... 3) d|mc|s - ...................... 4) QsyfpC - ....................... 5) spL$ps - ...................... 6) v$¡MpX$p¡ - ....................... 7) apev$p¡ - ...................... 8) ApTpv$u - .......................k.2 A’® “ bv$gpe s¡ fus¡ hp¼ep¡“¡ bv$gp¡. 1) ârsLy$m k„Å¡Np¡dp„ lpf “ dp“¡ s¡ S> i|fhuf. 2) c|g“p¡ õhuL$pf L$fhp¡ A¡ r“Mpgksp R>¡. 3) kÐL$d®’u l„d¡ip„ gpc ’pe. 4) ‘e®V$“dp„ S>hp“u dpfu BÃR>p lsu.k.3 “d|“p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b“php¡. A) c‘L$p¡ - c‘L$pv$pf b) S>ê$fu - rb“S>ê$fu 1) dp¡cp¡ - 1) A“ychu - 2) Cdp“ - 2) D‘ÅD - 3) AZu - 3) kfL$pfu - 4) ‘pZu - 4) D‘ep¡Nu -k.4 ‘pW$dp„ Aphsu dlp“ ìe[¼sAp¡“p„ “pd gMp¡.k.5 sdpfp Ofdp„ S>¡ S>¡ fpQfQugy„ R>¡. s¡“p„ “pd gMu s¡ S>ê$fu R>¡ L¡$ rb“S>ê$fu s¡

s¡“u kpd¡ gMp¡.k.6 "kpvy$ „ Æh“ - h¥chu Æh“' Ap rhje D‘f hN®dp„ b¡ S|>’ b“phu b„“¡ S|>’ ‘p¡s‘p¡sp“p rhQpfp¡ S>Zphu hpv$-rhhpv$ L$fp¡.k.7 Qpgp¡ gMuA¡. 1) dpZk“u ‘pep“u S>ê$qfepsp¡.

2) ’p¡fp¡“p ds¡ Æh“dp„’u v|$f L$fhp“u bpbsp¡.

3) hÃQ¡“u Mpgu S>Áepdp„ ‘pW$“p Ap^pf¡ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡.

S>ê$qfeps Ap¡R>u h^pf¡

Ap¡Ry> „ r“fp„s h^pf¡

t õhpÝepe t

56

4) gp¸fu b¡L$f¡ Of b“phhp dpV¡$ hp‘f¡gu kpdN°u

5) dpZk ‘p¡sp“u BÃR>p L$fsp„ Ap¡Ry> „ õhuL$pf¡ sp¡ Aphu tS>v$Nu rhsphu iL¡$.

k. 8 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu rh^p“ ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

1) Ap‘Z¡ Ðep„ dp¡V$fL$pf ...................

L$) dp¡V$‘ A“¡ gL$Tfu NZpe R>¡. M) Æh“ S>ê$qfeps“y„ kp^“ NZpe R>¡.

N) O¡f O¡f h‘fpsy„ kp^“ NZpe R>¡.

2) ‘p¡sp“¡ “ aphsy„ lp¡e sp¡ ‘Z X$pCt“N ...........

L$) V¡$bg A“¡ L$‘-fL$pbu Mfuv$¡ R>¡. M) V¡$bg A“¡ àg¡V$ hkph¡ R>¡.

N) V¡$bg L¡$ qäS> hkph¡ R>¡.

3) L$‘X$p„“u bpbsdp„ ‘Z .................

L$) ‘p¡sp“p dpZk“p¡ S> rhQpf L$f¡ R>¡. M) buÅ dpZkp¡“p¡ S> rhQpf L$f¡ R>¡.

N) dpÓ ‘p¡sp“p¡ S> rhQpf ’pe R>¡.

4) A„N°¡Å¡ Al]’u Nep ‘Z hpfkpdp„ ................

L$) W„$X$p âv$¡i“p¡ ‘p¡jpL$ Ap‘Z“¡ Ap‘sp Nep.

M) A¡d“p âv$¡i“p¡ Mp¡fpL$ Ap‘sp Nep. N) A¡d“p rhQpfp¡ Ap‘sp Nep.

k. 9 ApX$pAhmp iåv$p¡“¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hu A’®‘|Z® hp¼e b“php¡. 1) dpZk“u õhs„Ósp S>ê$qfeps A¡V$gu Ap¡R>u S>¡V$gu h^pf¡. 2) rcÞ“ õ’m A“¡ dpV¡$ S>ê$qfeps ’i¡ rcÞ“ ìep¿ep. 3) s¡“u i[¼s L$dphpdp„ ‘¥kp h¡X$apC dp¡V$p Åe cpN“u R>¡. 4) ÐepN A„v$f“u kpv$Nu L¡$ R>¡ QuS>. 5) hps A¡hu ‘Z rhrQÓ S> dL$p““u R>¡.

k. 10 L$p¡Z ?

1) Æh““¡ b“¡ A¡V$gy„ kpvy$ „ b“php¡ A¡d L$l¡“pf .............

2) ky„v$f A“¡ V$L$pD dL$p““¡ kõsu fus¡ b“ph“pf ............

3) Np„^u“u kpv$Nu“y„ Mp¡rmey„ Ap¡Y$u fpM“pf ....................

57

k. 11 "kpvy$ „ Æh“ DÃQ rhQpf' rhje D‘f 8 ’u 10 hp¼ep¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t dlpÐdp Np„^uÆ, rh“p¡bp cph¡, kfv$pf ‘V¡$g, frhÞÖ“p’ V$pNp¡f, k„s d^f V¡$f¡kp“p ap¡V$p gNpX$u s¡d“u “uQ¡ b¡-Qpf guV$uAp¡dp„ s¡d“p rhQpfp¡ gMu c]s‘ÓL$p¡ b“php¡.


fÐ“L$rZL$p

t âL©$rs“u Np¡v$dp„ S>hp dpV¡$ â’d ‘Ngy„ R>¡ kpv$pC.

t õhphg„b“ A“¡ kpv$Nu“p NyZp¡ dpZk“¡ kamsp“p riMf¡ ‘lp¢QpX¡$ R>¡.

t kpv$Nu d““¡ õhõ’ fpMhpdp„ dv$v$ê$‘ ’pe R>¡.

t k„sp¡j Ly$v$fsu v$p¡gs R>¡ Äepf¡ A¥ðe® L©$rÓd Nfubu R>¡.

t Ap‘Zu k„õL©$rs“p¡ Ap^pf kpv$pC A“¡ ÐepN ‘f fl¡gp¡ R>¡. s¡’u S> Ap‘Zu k„õL©$rs Ap‘Z“¡ k„‘|Z® krlóÏsp iuMhhp knd R>¡.

t kÐe“u i[¼s A“¡ kp¦v$e® kpv$pCdp„ R>¡.

t kpvy$ „ Æh“ DÃQ-rhQpf A¡ S> Æh““p¡ dlpd„Ó.

t k„sp¡ju ìe[¼s kpv$Nu“y„ dlÒh kdS>¡ R>¡.

t kpv$pC A¡ kv¹$h©rÑ R>¡. kv¹$h©rÑ A¡V$g¡ kpfu h©rÑ. h©rÑ A¡V$g¡ d““y„ hgZ.


iê$Apsdp„ Ap`Zp Æh““u dy¿e S>ê$qfepsp¡ rhi¡ hps L$fu AphíeL$ A“¡ A“phíeL$ bpbsp¡ hÃQ¡“p¡ saphs kdÅhhp“p¡ âeÐ“ L$fhp¡. A¡ fus¡ l¡syL$’“ õ‘óV$ L$fu rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ rhjeprcdyM L$fhp.

gOy âñp¡“u klpe’u ‘pW$“p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk kp^hp¡. kpv$pC“y„ dlÒh kdÅhhy„. Ap‘Z“¡ ka-msp d¡mhhp kpv$pC L¡$V$gu S>ê$fu R>¡ s¡ kpv$pC A‘“ph“pf Ap‘Zp dlp“ ‘yfyjp¡“¡ epv$ L$fphhp. s¡d“p„ Dv$plfZ D‘f’u bpmL$p¡“¡ â¡fZp Ap‘hu.

"cp¥rsL$ kd©qÙ' L$fsp„ "Ap„sqfL$ kd©qÙ'“y„ dlÒh A“¡L$NÏ„ d|ëehp“ R>¡.

cp¥rsL$ kd©qÙ“p¡ Arsf¡L$ - D‘pr^Ap¡ L$fph¡ A“¡L$

58

t L©$v$ „s t “uQ¡“p„ hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡.

1) `yg `f Qpgsy„ dpZk _ÆL$ Aph¡ Ðepf¡ v$ ¡Mpsy„.

2) s¡Ap¡ _p_`Zdp„ kp\¡ fd¡gp.

3) s¡Z¡ âñ `|R>hp_y„ V$pýey„.

4) Aph_pf cpC sdpfp L$pL$p_p v$uL$fp lsp.

5) i¡W$ `pR>p Aphu r_fp„s¡ b¡W$p.

D`f_p„ hp¼ep¡dp„ f¡Mp„qL$s L$f¡gp iåv$p¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ rhQpfp¡.

L$p¡Cdp„ s¡ q¾$ep`v$ sfuL¡$ R>¡. sp¡ L$p¡Cdp„ k„op sfuL¡$.

L$p¡Cdp„ rhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ R>¡ sp¡ L$p¡Cdp„ q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ `Z R>¡. $l epv$ fpMp¡ : 1) L©$v$ „s q¾$ep`v$ sfuL¡$ Aphu iL¡$. 2) q¾$ep`v$_¡ S>¡d L$sp® A_¡ L$d® lp¡e s¡d L©$v$ „s_¡ `Z L$sp® A_¡ L$d® lp¡C iL¡$. 3) L©$v$ „s k„op A_¡ rhi¡jZê$`¡ Aphu iL¡$. 4) L©$v$ „s q¾$eprhi¡jZ ê$`¡ lp¡C iL¡$.


L©$v$ „sp¡_u AS>b gugp q¾$ep`v$ S>¡d hs£ s¡,

L©$v$ „sp¡ sp¡ q¾$ep`v$ S>¡d L$sp® L$d® ^pf¡ R>¡.

hmu k„op, rhi¡jZ_p„ õhê$`p¡ gC cd¡ R>¡ s¡,

q¾$ep_u h©qÙ L$fhp_¡ L$v$u Aphu QX¡$ R>¡ s¡.

1) hs®dp“ L©$v$ „s - "s' âÐee

t q¾$ep‘v$ sfuL¡$ - Äepf¡ kyM Aphsy„ Ðepf¡ d“ “pQsy„.

k„op sfuL¡$ - Ndsp„“p¡ L$fuA¡ Nygpg

rhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - s“¡ Ndsp„ b^p„ L$pep£ lº „ L$fy „.

q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - “d“ L$fsp„ lº „ dp„Ny „ Ry> „, d“¡ kv¹$byqÙ A¡hu v$¡. 2) c|s L©$v$ „s - "e', "e¡g', "A¡g' âÐee

q¾$ep‘v$ sfuL¡$ - Apìep, lõep, “pÃep, fçep, fX$ép

k„op sfuL¡$ - "Ne¡gy„ epv$ gphu“¡ D‘pr^dp„ ‘X$p¡ ip“¡ ?

Ney„ ‘pRy>„ “rl Aph¡ “rl Ap hps iy„ dp“¡ ?'

rhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - "c¡Np„ ’e¡gp„ rhÑ“¡ ÐepNu Ähy„ L$p¡“¡ Nd¡ ? g¡ kp’dp„ A¡ ‘p¡V$gp„ “p L$p¡Z ‘pX¡$ R>¡ s“¡ ?

59

q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - ‘X$ép ‘X$ép ‘g„Ndp„ kfu rhQpf “]v$dp„ bÞep¡ rhQpf d|s® “¡ R>bu dmu R>¡ õhà“dp„

3) crhóe L©$v$ „s - "“pf' âÐee

q¾$ep‘v$ sfuL¡$ - Aph“pf lsp¡ A¡hy„ dp“u“¡ ÅNsu flu, âcps¡ b„kfu hpNu L$p¡C ¼ep„e lsy„ “l]

k„op sfuL¡$ - "cg¡ iõÓp¡ N°lu lp’¡ Al] gX$“pf Aph¡ R>¡,

rhr^“u h¾$sp L¡$hu “d“ L$f“pf aph¡ R>¡.

rhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ - fX$“pfp fqaL$p¡“¡ L$lº „ Ry> „ Aphhp“p¡ Ry> „. gX$“pfp rhfp¡^u“¡ L$lº „, “p c|ghp“p¡ Ry> „. q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡ - crhóeL©$v$ „s Aphsy„ “’u.

4) k„b„^L$ c|sL©$v$ „s - "C' L¡$ "C_¡' âÐee k„b„^L$ c|sL©$v$ „sp¡ dpÓ q¾$eprhi¡jZp¡ lp¡e R>¡. s¡ q¾$ep`v$, k„op L¡$ rhi¡jZ sfuL¡$ Aphu iL¡$ _rl. Aphu, lku, “pQu, fdu A„s¡ b^p Qpgu Nep. Aphu L$l¡ L¡$ Aphu“¡ sp¡e¡ ‘X¡$ R>¡ a¡f “p "C'“¡ A“¡ C âÐeep¡ k„b„^L$p¡“p Ap¡mMp¡. fpMp¡ kdS> sp¡ A¡V$gu A¡ R>¡ q¾$eprhi¡jZp¡.

5) rhÝe’® L©$v$ „s - "hy„' L¡$ "hp_y„' âÐee

q¾$ep‘v$ sfuL¡$ - “ buhy„ L$p¡C’u cpC.

k„op sfuL¡$ - dpfp S>hp’u Ap S>Ns“p¡ cpf iy„ OV$i¡ ?

“¡ Aphhp’u rhð L¡$fp¡ cpf iy„ h^i¡ ?

rhi¡jZ L¡$ q¾$eprhi¡jZ sfuL¡ rhÝe’® L©$v$ „s Aphsy„ “’u.

60

t õhpÝepe t

k. 1 L©$v$ „s_p âL$pfp¡_y „ hN}L$fZ L$fp¡.: fdpX$sp¡, Aph¡g, S>_pf, gMhu, MpC_¡, hNpX$_pf, afsp¡, hp„Qhp_u, bsph¡gy„, dmu_¡, M¡g_pfp, Å¡C_¡.

k. 2 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡dp„\u L©$v$ „s ip¡^u s¡_u _uQ¡ guV$u v$p¡fp¡. s¡_p¡ âL$pf S>Zphp¡.

1) dp¡f_¡ _pQsp¡ Å¡C_¡ d_¡ Ap_„v$ \sp¡.

2) Nyapdp„ S>_pf_p„ `Ngp„ v$ ¡Mpe R>¡ `pR>p„ Aph_pf_p„ _rl.

3) sdpf¡ S>¡ gMhy„ lp¡e s¡ gMp¡. 4) ApS>¡ dl¡dp_p¡ Aphhp_p R>¡.

5) sm¡gu `|fuAp¡ L$pQu R>¡. 6) sdpf¡ ¼ep„ S>hp_y„ R>¡ ?

7) bQph¡gp `¥kp crhóedp„ L$pddp„ Aphi¡.

8) kfL$kdp„ Å¡L$f b^p„_¡ lkphsp¡, dÅ L$fphsp¡.

9) Nfubp¡_¡ dv$v$ $Lf“pf L$p¡CL$ sp¡ lp¡e S> R>¡. 10) bpNdp„ b¡khp_p bp„L$X$p OZp R>¡.

rQÓhpsp®

61

11. OX$sf

S>hp_¡ ipmpdp„ d_ \_N_¡ dp¡f \C_¡ ;S>sp r_Ðe¡ âus¡ v$ãsf cfu kÄS> \C_¡ ; dm¡gp k„õL$pfp¡ kcf cfu dp_ue ddsp ; Dd¡fpsp„ A¡dp„ r_sr_s _hp„ cph - ndsp.cZu _p¡Mp-_p¡Mp rhje dmsu ×rô$ _hgu ;A_¡ ep¡N¡-Ýep_¡ L$kfs L$fu, L$pe L$khu. `R>u rQÑ¡ l¥e¡ d_ `f `X$u, cps Ddv$p ; Mf¡ rhÛp kp¡l¡ rh_ecf ìehlpf L$fsp„ !rhh¡L$ Ap_„v$¡ kdfk \i¡ Æh_-gugp ;kdpS>¡ Q]^¡gp r_ed, cfhp„ d|ëe _hgp„. c|„kpep c¡v$p¡ kp¥ ùv$e S>Nb„^yÒh cS>iy„ ; `iy, `„Mu h©np¡ klºe-kl-A[õsÒh fQiy„. DR>¡ep¯ dp bp`¡ `Z Ahf, sy„, su\® hfv$p ; V$L$u fl¡ spfu dp„ ! OX$sfâ\p, d„NgL$\p !

- âsp`tkl l. fpW$p¡X$

t Qpgp¡ hp„QuA¡.

rhÛp rh“e’u ip¡c¡ R>¡hky^¥h Ly$Vy$„bL$d¹rinZ n¡Ó“u âNrs A¡ v$¡i“u DÞ“rsQpqfÔe A¡ DÑd Of¡Ï„ R>¡.kÐe A¡ S> ‘fd¡ðf

62

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv ip¡^p¡.

1) l„d¡ip„ - ...................... 2) _S>f - .......................

3) ApQfZ - ...................... 4) ìepepd - .......................

5) î¡óW$ - ...................... 6) TpX$ - .......................

7) dphsf - ...................... 8) lepsu - .......................

k. 2 L$pìedp„\u âpkey¼s iåv$ ip¡û_¡ gMp¡.

k. 3 "sf' âÐee gNphu cphhpQL$ _pd b_php¡ `R>u s¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ Dèp¡N L$fp¡. v$p.s. OX$hy„ - OX$sf Æh“dp„ cZsf“u S>¡d OX$sf“u ‘Z AphíeL$sp R>¡. 1) QZhy„ - 2) cZhy„ - 3) L$mhy„ - 4) _X$hy„ - 5) S>X$hy „ - 6) Nmhy„ -

k. 4 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ L©$v$ „s b_php¡. (A) v$p.s. \hy„ - \C_¡

1) Ähy„ - 2) `|R>hy„ -

3) gMhy„ - 4) Å¡hy„ -

(b) Ap`¡gp q¾$ep`v$_p L©$v$ „s A_¡ rhi¡jZ_y„ ê$` gMp¡.

v$p.s. Q]^hy„ - Q]^¡gy„ - Q]^¡gp r_ed (q¾$ep`v$) (L©$v$ „s) (rhi¡jZ)

1) kp„cmhy„ - 2) hp„Qhy„ -

3) fQhy„ - 4) cS>hy„ -

k. 5 Å¡X$Zu ky^pfp¡. 1) k„kL$pf$ 2) hehlpf 3) b_^ysh 4) A„^kf^p 5) kp¦_ v$fe 6) ApÐdrhõhpk

k. 6 Ap`¡gp iåv$_p Anfp¡dp„\u A_¡L$ iåv$p¡ b_php¡.

1) _pNv$d_ 2) õdfZi[¼s

t sd¡ L$f¡gp„ kpfp„ L$pep£ rhi¡ hN®dp„ L$lp¡. lh¡ `R>u S>¡ L$fhp_p R>p¡ s¡_p rhi¡ ‘Z L$lp¡.

k. 7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` ip¡û `„[¼s `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) S>hp_¡ ipmpdp„ d_ .........

L$) \_N_¡ dp¡f \C_¡

M) \_N_¡ v$ãsf gC_¡

t õhpÝepe t

63

N) dpfy „ L$l¡ fp¡S> S>CA¡.

2) Dd¡fpsp„ A¡dp„ r_sr_s .........

L$) _hp„ op_ Ndsp„

M) _hp cph ndsp

N) _p `„Mu ìyAp¡

3) Mf¡ rhÛp kp¡l¡ .........

L$) r_ed`|h®L$ L$pd L$fsp„

M) r_Ðe v$asf sfa ×[óV$ L$fsp„

N) rh_ecf ìehlpf L$fsp„k.8 ApL©$rs ‘|Z® L$fp¡.

k. 9 hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡ A_¡ L$p¦kdp„ Ap`¡gp iåv$_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fu âñ b_php¡.

1) ìy, `„Mu A_¡ h©np¡ kp\¡ kl A[õsÒh fQiy„. (L$p¡_u)

2) ipmpdp„ Ähp dpV¡$ d_ \_N_¡ R>¡. (¼ep„?)

3) ep¡N, Ýep_ A_¡ L$kfs\u L$pep L$kpe R>¡ ? (iy„?)

4) Sy>v$pSy>v$p rhjep¡ cZhp\u _hu ×rô$ âpàs \pe R>¡. (L¡$hu?)

5) ipmp A¡ buSy>„ su\® R>¡ ? (L$p¡Z?)

k.10 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡_¡ crhóeL$pmdp„ a¡fhp¡ : Dv$p. ep¡N, Ýep_ A_¡ L$kfs\u L$pep L$kpe R>¡. S>hpb : ep¡N, Ýep_ A_¡ L$kfs\u L$pep L$kpi¡. 1) îÙpmyAp¡ cNhp__¡ cS>¡ R>¡. 2) Ad¡ bpmL$p¡_y „ OX$sf L$fuA¡ R>uA¡. 3) sd¡ rh_e\u bp¡gp¡ R>p¡. 4) ipmpdp„ d_ dp¡f_u S>¡d \_N_¡ R>¡.

Æh“gugp kdfk ’hp S>ê$fu

kl A[õsÐh fQ“pf

L$pep L$khp dpV¡$ Ap L$fhy„ ‘X¡$

1)

2)

3)

64

t sdpfu ipmpdp„ \su Sy>v$uSy>v$u âh©rÑAp¡ S>Zphsp¡ Al¡hpg gMp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t sdpfp rinL¡$ sd_¡ Ap`¡gu rQÌudp„ S>¡_y „ _pd R>¡. s¡_p kpfp NyZp¡ sd_¡ Ap`¡gp L$pNmdp„ gMp¡ A_¡ s¡ rdÓ_u `uW$ D`f Qp¢V$pX$p¡. v$f¡L$ bpmL$_y„ Ap L$pe® \C Nep `R>u v$f¡L$ bpmL$ ApNm Aphu K^p Ecp fl¡i¡ A_¡ s¡_p NyZp¡_y „ hp„Q_ hN®_p b^p rhÛp\}Ap¡ kd|ldp„ L$fi¡.

R>¡ëg¡ v$f¡L$ rhÛp\} `p¡sp_u `uW$ D`f gM¡gp `p¡sp_p NyZ_u rQÌu L$pY$u_¡ `p¡sp_u âp¡S>¡¼V$ byL$dp„ Qp¢V$pX$i¡.


Ap`Z¡ cfp¡k¡ Ap`Z¡ cfp¡k¡ Ap`Z¡ lpguA¡, lp¡ c¡fy dpfp, Ap`Z¡ cfp¡k¡ Ap`Z¡ lpguA¡... bm_¡ bplºdp„ cfu, l¥epdp„ lpd ^fu, kpNf dp¡Tpf¡ TyL$phuA¡ ; Ap`Zp hlpZ_p„ kY$ _¡ kyL$p__¡ Ap`Z¡ S> lp\¡ k„cpmuA¡. L$p¡Z f¡ Xy$bpX¡$ hmu L$p¡Z f¡ DNpf¡, L$p¡Z gC Åe kpd¡ `pf ? A¡_p¡ L$fh¥ep¡ L$p¡' Ap`Zu blpf _l], Ap`Z¡ S> Ap`Z¡ R>CA¡.

lp¡ c¡fy dpfp, Ap`Z¡ cfp¡k¡ Ap`Z¡ lpguA¡. - âl¹gpv `pf¡M$$


iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gp kyrhQpfp¡_y„ hp„Q_ L$fpìep `R>u Aphp kyrhQpfp¡dp„ Ry>`pe¡gp„ d|ëep¡ bpbs kq¾$e QQp® L$fhu. kv¹$NyZp¡ Mugh¡ s¡hp _p_p _p_p âk„Np¡ A“¡ hpsp® L$l¡hp A_¡ kycprjsp¡_¡ kd|ldp„ NhX$phhp„. bpmL$p¡_¡ âñp¡ `|R>u Sy>v$pSy>v$p k„õL$pfd|ëep¡_p _pd_u epv$u b_phfphu L$pmp `pqV$ep„ D`f _p¢^hu. Ðepf`R>u v$f¡L$ d|ëe rhi¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_p d„sìe ÅZhp. s¡_p S>s_ A_¡ k„h^®_ L$fhp â¡fZp Ap`hu.

õhpÝepep¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu S>ê$fu op_ A_¡ S>hpb gMhp_u kdS> Ap`hu. cZsf\u S>¡d rirns \hpe s¡d OX$sf\u qv$rns \hpe s¡ õ`óV$ L$fu _p_p _p_p âñp¡ Üpfp L$pìe_p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk kp^hp¡.

S>¡ kÐe bsph¡ A_¡ A¡_p¡ Adg `Z L$fph¡ s¡ S> kpQy„ rinZ.

65

12. `p„Q QdQu duWy„$ t Qpgp¡ lkuA¡.

frhhpf_p¡ qv$hk lsp¡. bÅf cfphp_u lsu. Of dpV¡$ S>ê$fu QuÅ¡ gphhp_u lsu. Of“p kps¡e bpmL$p¡_¡ bÅf Å¡hp S>hp_u CÃR>p `Z lsu. s¡\u v$pv$uA¡ v$pv$p_¡ L$üy„ L¡$, ""sd¡ R>p¡L$fp„Ap¡_¡ gC ÅAp¡.'' v$pv$p_¡ \ey„ L¡$ Aphu cuX$cpX$hpmu S>Áepdp„ lº„ A¡L$gp¡ b^p bpmL$p¡_¡ L¡$hu fus¡ gC ÅJ? v$pv$u_¡ `Z v$pv$p_u hps kpQu gpNu. s¡\u s¡dZ¡ v$pdy_¡ kp\¡ gC S>hp_y„ k|Q_ L$ey¯. v$pv$p_¡ s¡ k|Q_ Ndu Ney„. s¡\u v$pv$p s¥epf \C Nep. v$pdyA¡ bÅfdp„ Qpgu_¡ Ähp L$üy„ Ðepf¡ kMs sp`dp„ b¡ qL$gp¡duV$f Qpghp_y„ bpmL$p¡_¡ L„$V$pmpS>“L$ gpÁey„ s¡\u v$pdyA¡

bpmL$p¡_¡ fõspdp„ kfk dÅ_u hpsp® L$l¡hp_u gpgQ Ap`u.

hpsp®_y„ _pd `X$sp„ bpmL$p¡_p¡ DÐkpl h^u Nep¡ A_¡ b^p lp¢i¡lp„¡i¡ bÅf Å¡hp Qpgu _uL$þep. v$pdyA¡ hpsp® L$l¡hp_u iê$Aps L$fu.

A¡L$ hMs Nusp_p v$pv$pA¡ s¡_¡ b|d `pX$u_¡ bp¡gphu A_¡ L$üy„, ""khpf\u dpfy„ dp\y„ vy$:M¡ R>¡. sy„ dpfp dpV¡$ v$hp gC Aphui?''

Nusp v$hp g¡hp _uL$mu NC. fõspdp„ duW$pC_u vy$L$p_ Å¡C_¡ s¡_¡ duW$pC Mphp_y„ d_ \ey„. Ðep„S> s¡_u bl¡_`Zu Aphu. Nusp

66

c|gu NC L¡$ s¡ v$hp g¡hp _uL$mu R>¡. b„_¡ bl¡_`ZuAp¡A¡ hpsp¡_p sX$pL$p dpep¯, duW$pC Mp^u Ðep„ kp„S> `X$u NC A_¡ Nusp Of¡ Aphu. `Z v$pv$p_u v$hp gu^p hNf S>! s¡\u v$pv$pA¡ Nyõk¡ \C_¡ s¡_¡ L$üy„ L¡$, ""Nusp ! sy„ ¼epf¡ dp¡V$u \Ci ? Mf¡Mf c|gL$Zu Nusp `p¡s¡ ip dpV¡$ blpf NC lsu s¡ S> c|gu NC lsu.''

Mf¡Mf Nusp A¡hu _¡ A¡hu S> c|gL$Zu flu. `R>u s¡ spf `f\u L$`X$p„ g¡hp_p„ lp¡e L¡$ _p_u bl¡__¡ _põsp_p¡ X$åbp¡ Ap`hp_p¡ lp¡e ! s¡Z¡ NfbX$ L$f¡gu S> lp¡e. A¡L$ hMs sp¡ CõÓu L$fsp„ s¡_p r`sp_y„ Mduk bpmu _p¿ey„ lsy„.

A¡L$ hMs ipmpA¡\u Of¡ Aphu s¡Z¡ dçdu_¡ L$üy„ L¡$, ""dpfp hN®_p b^p„ S> rhÛp\}Ap¡ rinL$ kp\¡ âhpk¡ S>hp_p R>¡. dpV¡$ sy„ Adpfp b^p dpV¡$ k„cpf b_phu Ap`S>¡.''

buÅ qv$hk¡ khpf¡ s¡_u dçdu hl¡gu EW$u_¡ k„cpf b_phhp gpNu. v$pm bpau, s¡dp„ b^p„ ipL$cpÆ, L$p¡`fy„, b^p s¡Å_p dkpgp _p„¿ep. \p¡X$uhpfdp„ k„cpf_u kyN„^ Aphhp dp„X$u. lÆ ky^u k|s¡gu Nusp_¡ dçduA¡ DW$pX$u A_¡ L$üy„ L¡$, ""lº„ d„qv$f¡ ÅJ Ry>„, \p¡X$uhpf `R>u k„cpfdp„ `p„Q QdQu duWy„$ _pMu v$¡S>¡. Å¡S>¡ c|gu _ S>su lp¢ ? A_¡ lh¡ EW$ _¡ S>gv$u s¥epf \C Å.''

Nusp_u dçdu sp¡ d„qv$f¡ Ähp _uL$mu NC. s¡dZ¡ Nusp_¡ `p„Q QdQu duWy„$ _p„Mhp_y„ L$üy„ lsy„ s¡ Ap¡kfudp„ b¡W¡$gp Nusp_p v$pv$pA¡, fkp¡X$pdp„ L$pd L$fsp„ v$pv$uA¡, r_ipm¡ Ähp s¥epf \su bl¡_¡, v$psZ L$fsp„ s¡_p cpCA¡ s¡d S> L$`X$p„_¡ CõÓu L$fsp„ s¡_p r`spA¡ `Z kp„cmu lsu. Of_p„ b^p„S> Nusp_p c|gL$Zp õhcph\u `qfrQs lsp„.

b^p„“¡ s¡“p c|gL$Zp õhcph“p¡ ‘qfQe ’C Nep¡ lsp¡. R>sp„ b^p„ S> Nusp“¡ M|bS> Qplsp„ lsp„. s¡’u s¡Ap¡A¡ A¡d rhQpey¯ L¡$,

"Nusp duWy„$ “p„Msp c|gu S>i¡ A“¡ duW$p hNf“p¡ k„cpf MpC“¡ s¡“u bl¡“‘ZuAp¡ s¡“¡ MuS>hi¡. A¡“p L$fsp„ lº„ S> duWy„$ “p„Mu v$J.' Apd Nusp“p v$pv$u, v$pv$p, bl¡“, cpC A“¡ r‘sp b^pA¡ S> ‘p„Q‘p„Q QdQu duWy„$ k„cpfdp„ “p„Mu v$u^y„. Apòe® sp¡ A¡ hps“y„ lsy„ L¡$ c|gL$Zu Nusp“¡ k„cpfdp„ duWy„$ “p„Mhp“u hps epv$ lsu. s¡’u s¡Z¡ ‘Z ‘p„Q QdQu duWy„$ “p„¿ey„.

s¡ v$frdep“ s¡“u dçdu ‘pR>u Aphu NC. s¡dZ¡ A¡L$ dp¡V$p hpkZdp„ k„cpf cep£ A“¡ v$uL$fu“¡ âhpk¡ dp¡L$gu. âhpk“p õ’m¡ R>p¡L$fp„Ap¡A¡ M|b Ap“„v$ L$ep¤, fçep, O|çep, dÅ L$fu. L$L$X$u“¡ c|M gpNsp b^p„ S>dhp b¡W$p„. ’pmu ‘ufkpC Nep ‘R>u b^p„A¡ S>dhp“u iê$Aps L$fu. Äep„ ‘l¡gu QdQu dp¢dp„ d|L$u L¡$ "bp‘ f¡ ! ce„L$f ! Mpfy„ Mpfy„ Ek S>¡hy„ ! A¡d v$f¡L$ bp¡ghp gpÁep. NuspA¡ ‘Z QpMu Å¡ep¡ s¡“¡ ‘Z blºS> rhrQÓ gpÁey„. s¡“¡ âñ ’ep¡ L¡$ Ap NfbX$ L¡$hu fus¡ ’C ?

âhpk¡’u Of¡ Aphu NuspA¡ bfpX$u“¡ ‘|R¹>ey„ L¡$, iy„ sdpfpdp„’u L$p¡CA¡ duWy„$ “p„¿ey„ lsy„ ? v$pv$u, v$pv$p, bl¡“, cpC, ‘à‘p b^p„ S> A¡L$ kp’¡ bp¡gu EW$ép„ L¡$, "lp, d¢ “p„¿ey„ lsy„.' Nusp blº vy$:Mu ’C NC b^p„A¡ L$üy„ L¡$, "sy„ L$v$pQ c|gu S>Ci A¡d kdÆ“¡ Ad¡ “p„¿ey„ lsy„.' Nusp“u Ap„Mdp„ Ap„ky Aphu Nep„. s¡“u dçduA¡ s¡“p Ap„ky g|R¹>ep„ A“¡ kdÅìey„ L¡$, "epv$ L$fpìep hNf sy„ L$p¡C L$pd L$fu iL¡$ A¡hp¡ L$p¡C“¡ rhðpk S> “’u. lh¡ sy„ hQ“ Ap‘ L¡$, "sy„ v$f¡L$ L$pd L$pmÆ’u L$fui. sy„ S>hpbv$pf b“ui. ‘R>u Ad¡ b^p„ spfp L$pddp„ rhðpk fpMuiy„.' NuspA¡ dp’y„ lgpìey„. lh¡ s¡ A¡L$ S>hpbv$pf ìe[¼s b“u NC.

‘R>u A¡L$ qv$hk s¡Z¡ s¡“p rdÓp¡“¡ Of¡ bp¡gphu S>dpX$ép„. b^p„ s¡“u dçdu“p lp’“u õhpqv$óV$ fkp¡B S>du M|b Myi ’ep„.

67

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

1) âgp¡c_$ - ...................... 2) ^Ni - .......................

3) cfp¡kp¡ - ...................... 4) sëgu“$ - .......................

5) d_ - ...................... 6) kyhpk - .......................

7) dykpafu - ...................... 8) _hpC - .......................

k. 2 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ iåv$ b_php¡. v$p. s. L„$V$pmp¡ - L„$V$pmpS>_L$

1) vy$:M 2) ùX$p 3) k„sp¡j

4) Apòe® 5) A`dp_ 6) ce

k. 3 A’® bv$ëep hNf hp¼e“¡ “L$pfpÐdL$ b“php¡.

1) S>hpbv$pf rinL$ DÑd rinZ Ap‘u iL¡$.

2) L$pe® DÐkpl’u L$fuA¡ sp¡ v$u‘u DW¡$.

3) Ap‘Z¡ ‘qfrQsp¡“p¡ S> rhðpk L$fhp¡.

4) âp’®“p L$fhp’u d“ âkß ’pe R>¡.

k. 4 Å¡X$Zu ky^pfp¡.

1) kpv$uõV$ 2) ìe¼su 3) `furQs 4) ApkQfe$

k. 5 iåv$_u A„spnfu `|fu L$fp¡.

1) díNyg - gsp - ...... - ..... - ..... - .....

2) duW$pC - ..... - ..... - ..... - ..... - .....

3) âhpk - ..... - ..... - ..... - ..... - .....

4) rinL$ - ..... - ..... - ..... - ..... - .....

k„cpjZ

t sd¡ gu^¡gu dp¡g_u dygpL$ps rhi¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ fS|>Aps L$fp¡.

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` ip¡û rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) k„cpfdp„ b^pA¡ `p„Q QdQu ..........

A) duWy „ $ _p„¿ey„ b) dfQy„ _p„¿ey„ L$) aV$L$X$u _p„Mu

hpsp® ‘|fu ’C A“¡ b^p„ bÅfdp„ Aphu ‘lp¢Ãep„. bÅfdp„ dmsu bû hõsyAp¡dp„’u L„$CL$ Mfuv$hpdp„ díNyg b“u Nep„. ‘R>u M|bS>

âkÞ“ rQÑ¡ Myi ’sp„ ’sp„ Of¡ ‘pR>p„ Apìep„.

- ky^p d|rs®

t õhpÝepe t

68

2) frhhpf_u AW$hpqX$L$ bÅfdp„ v$pv$p kp\¡ .........

A) _h bpmL$p¡ Nep„ b) kps bpmL$p¡ Nep„ L$) `p„Q bpmL$p¡ Nep„

3) Nusp_p¡ õhcph ....... A) kpfp¡ lsp¡ b) dmsphX$p¡ lsp¡ L$) c|gL$Zp¡ lsp¡

4) NuspA¡ âhpkdp„ gC S>hp dpV¡$............ A) ’¡‘gp b“phhp L$üy„ b) k„cpf b“phhp L$üy„ L$) CX$gu b“phhp L$üy„

k. 7 gMsp„ ’CA¡.

1)

2)

3)

k. 8 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ L$p¡Z bp¡g¡ R>¡ ? L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?

1) ""sd¡ R>p¡L$fpAp¡_¡ gC ÅAp¡.'' 2) ""Nusp ! sy„ ¼epf¡ dp¡V$u \Ci ?''

3) ""lº„ d„qv$f¡ ÅJ Ry>„.'' 4) ""iy„ sdpfpdp„\u L$p¡CA¡ duWy „ $ _p„¿ey„ lsy„ ?''

k. 9 _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡_¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡.

1) b^p„_¡ k„cpf Mpfp¡ gpÁep¡. 2) Nusp A¡L$ S>hpbv$pf ìe[¼s b_u NC.

3) R>p¡L$fpAp¡ bÅf¡ S>hp _uL$þep. 4) Nusp“u dçduA¡ k„cpf b“pìep¡ R>¡.

k.10 ep¡Áe rhfpdrQŒ d|L$p¡.

1) khpf\u dpfy „ dp\y„ vy$:M¡ R>¡ sy„ dpfp dpV¡$ v$hp gC Aphui

2) Nusp sy„ ¼epf¡ dp¡V$u \Ci 3) Å¡S>¡ c|gu _ S>su lp¢

k.11 f¡Mp„qL$s iåv$p¡ Ap¡mMp¡.

1) Nusp c|gL$Zu lsu. 2) frhhpf¡ bÅf cfphp_u lsu.

k„cpfdp„ duWy „ $ “pM“pf

dçduA¡ Nusp ‘pk¡ dpN¡gy„ hQ“

k„cpfdp„ dçduA¡“pM¡gu QuÅ¡

69

3) sy„ ¼epf¡ dp¡V$u \Ci ? 4) v$pv$p Nusp D`f Nyõk¡ \ep.

t sdpfu ipmp“p„ `e®V$_dp„ sd¡ L¡$hu fus¡ Ap_„v$ L$ep£ ? s¡ sdpfp rdÓ_¡ `Ó gMu S>Zphp¡.

t âL$ë` t

t _uQ¡_p dyØp_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu k„cpf b_phhp_u fus gMp¡.

1) kpdN°u 2) fus 3) Ýep_dp„ fpMhp_u bpbsp¡ :

_p¢^ : D`f dyS>b k„cpf b_phu Ofdp„ CX$gu kp\¡ `ufkp¡.


lk_QpQp

lk_QpQpA¡ v$fÆ `pk¡ `µÞV$ kuhX$pìey„. `µÞV$ dp¡Vy „ $ \ey„. v$fÆ_¡ `pRy>„ Apàey„. lk_QpQp õhcph¡ c|gL$Zp. v$fÆ_¡ `µÞV$ b¡ Ap„Nm Ap¡Ry> „ L$fphhp_y„ L$l¡sp„ c|gu Nep. QpQu_¡ \ey„ gph lº„ v$fÆ_¡ L$lu Aphy„. s¡ v$fÆ_¡ L$lu Apìep. lk_QpQp_p v$uL$fp_¡ \ey„ gph, lº„ `Z v$fÆ_¡ b¡ Ap„Nm `µÞV$ Ap¡Ry> „ L$fhp_y„ L$lu Aphy„. s¡ `Z L$lu Apìep¡. lk_QpQp_u hlº ipL$ g¡hp NC s¡_¡ `Z \ey„, "gph, lº„ `Z v$fÆcpC_¡ L$l¡su Aphy„. s¡ `Z v$fÆ_¡ L$lu Aphu. R>¡ëg¡ lk_QpQp_¡ epv$ Apìey„ s¡ `Z b¡ Ap„Nm `µÞV$ Ap¡Ry> „ L$fhp_y„ L$lu Apìep. buS>¡ qv$hk¡ `µÞV$ lk_QpQpA¡ `l¡ey ¯. Ðepf¡ `µÞV$-bfdp¡X$p¡ (gp„bu QÍ$u) b_u Ney„ lsy„.


iê$Apsdp„ c|gL$Zp âp¡a¡kf rhi¡“p fd|Æ V|$QL$p L$l¡hp. rhÛp’}Ap¡¡ ‘pk¡’u ‘Z A¡hp V|$QL$pAp¡ L$l¡hX$phhp. Ap fus¡ hN®“y„ hpsphfZ Ap“„v$v$peL$ b“phhy„. ‘R>u ‘pW$“u ‘|h®c|rdL$pdp„ Ap‘¡gp rhjehõsy“¡ Ap^pf¡ âñp¡Ñf“u dv$v$’u d|m rhjehõsy sfa v$p¡fu S>hp. c|gL$Zp õhcph“¡ gu^¡ L¡$hu L¡$hu sL$guap¡ Ecu ’pe s¡“p D‘f rhõs©s QQp® L$fhu. Al] Nusp“p c|gL$Zp õhcph’u ‘qfrQs Of“p b^p gp¡L$p¡A¡ kpfu cph“p’u L$f¡gy„ L$pe® ‘Z L¡$V$gu dykubs “p¡sf¡ R>¡. A¡“p„ Dv$plfZ Üpfp hN®“p rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ A¡hp L$p¡C ’e¡gp A“ych rhi¡ hps L$fhp â¡qfs L$fhp. Mf¡Mf Å¡sp Ap L$p¡C lpõeL©$rs “’u. Apdp„’u Ap‘Z¡ kÅN fl¡hp“p¡, epv$i[¼s“p¡ kpQu qv$ipdp„ D‘ep¡N L$fhp“p¡ bp¡^ N°lZ L$fhp“p¡ R>¡. kp’¡ kp’¡ b¡S>hpbv$pfu cep® hs®“’u l„d¡ip„ v|$f fl¡hp“p¡ r“Z®e L$fhp“p¡ R>¡.

"Qp¡L$kpC'_p¡ NyZ L$pe®dp„ \su NfbX$_¡ AV$L$ph¡ R>¡.

70

t D‘¾$d t

hp„Qp¡, rhQpfp¡ A_¡ _½$u L$fp¡.

rdrlf, k„S>e A_¡ ^°yh ÓZ rdÓp¡ R>¡. s¡Ap¡dp„\u A¡L$ aC kp\¡, A¡L$ L$pL$p kp\¡ A_¡ A¡L$ `à`p kp\¡ d¡v$p_dp„ Åe R>¡. v$f¡L$ ¡ Nygpbu, ùmp A_¡ ka¡v$ f„N“p V$u iV®$ `l¡ep¯ R>¡. ÓZ¡e_u `pk¡ A¡L$ A¡L$ fds_y„ kp^_ R>¡. bp¡g, b¡V$ A_¡ õV$ç`.

t ApV$gu dprlsu D`f\u sdpf¡ ip¡^hp_y„ R>¡ L¡$

- ÓZ¡ rdÓp¡dp„\u L$p¡Z L$p¡_u kp\¡ Apìey„ lsy„ ?

- L$p¡Z¡ ¼ep f„N_y„ V$u iV®$ `l¡ey ¯ lsy„ ?

- L$p¡_u `pk¡ ¼ey„ fds_y„ kp^_ lsy„ ?

t S>hpb kl¡gpC\u ip¡û iL$pe s¡ dpV¡$ _uQ¡ L¡$V$guL$ QphuAp¡ Apù R>¡.

- rdrlf¡ ùmy„ V$u iV®$ `l¡e® y „ _\u s¡ s¡_p L$pL$p kp\¡ Apìep¡ R>¡.

- S>¡ aC kp\¡ Apìep¡ R>¡ s¡_u `pk¡ b¡V$ R>¡.

- S>¡_u `pk¡ õV$ç` R>¡ s¡Z¡ ka¡v$ V$u iV®$ `l¡e® y „ R>¡.

- S>¡Z¡ ùmy„ V$u iV®$ `l¡e® y „ R>¡ s¡ L$pL$p kp\¡ _\u Apìep¡ A_¡ s¡ ^°yh `Z _\u.

t S>hpb ip¡û _uQ¡_p¡ L$p¡W$p ¡ `|Z® L$fp¡.

rdÓp¡ V$u iV®$ L$p¡_u kp\¡ Apìep ? ¼ey„ kp^_ R>¡ ?

rdrlf

k„S>e

^°yh

71

13. h¡mp

Åe R>¡ h¡mp, Åe R>¡ h¡mpÅe R>¡ h¡mp R|>V$u,`m_u `pR>m `m_u kp„L$mA¡L$ _ L$X$u s|V$u ... Åe ...

fps _¡ qv$hk A¡L$buÅ_u `pR>m L$f¡ v$p¡X$, g¡i Q|L¡$ _p sp¡e L$v$ue¡ dmsp„ Å¡X$pÅ¡X$ ;

A¡L$d¡L$_p sgkpV¡$ `Z¼ep„e _ S>fu Ó|V$u ...... Åe .....

t L$lp¡. 1) sd¡ Qp¡’p ^p¡fZdp„ ¼ep hj£ lsp„? 2) v$kdp„ ^p¡fZdp„ ¼ep hj£ Aphip¡? 3) lpgdp„ L¡$V$gp hj®“p R>p¡?

72

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$pìedp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$ ip¡^p¡.

1) kde - ...................... 2) Mpdu - .......................

3) `yó` - ...................... 4) kyN„^ - .......................

5) c„X$pf - ...................... 6) Myëgp¡ - .......................

7) nZ - ...................... 8) L$v$pQ - .......................

k. 2 L$rhspdp„ CL$pfpÞs iåv$p¡ L¡$V$gp R>¡ ? s¡ NZp¡ A“¡ s¡“u epv$u b“php¡.

k. 3 A) L$pìedp„\u âpkhpmp iåv$p¡ ip¡^u_¡ gMp¡.

b) L$pìedp„_p Å¡X$iåv$p¡ gMp¡ s¡dp„ sd_¡ AphX$sp buÅ `Z Dd¡fp¡.

k. 4 fps `R>u qv$hk, qv$hk `R>u fps - kdeQ¾$

s¡d riepmp¡ `R>u D_pmp¡ A¡ .................... 1) `pZu_u hfpm ... hpv$mp„ ... hfkpv$ ....................... 2) IXy$ - Cem ... L$p¡i¡V$p¡ ... `s„rNey„ ....................... 3) bu - h_õ`rs ... aŸg ... am .......................

k. 5 "sp¡e' A¡V$g¡ "sp¡ `Z' A_¡ "sp¡e' A¡V$g¡ "`pZu'

Apd A¡L$S> iåv$_p Sy>v$pSy>v$p k„v$c®¡ Sy>v$p A\® \pe R>¡. s¡hu fus¡ _uQ¡_p iåv$p¡_p Sy>v$pSy>v$p A\® gMp¡.

1) a¡f 2) lgLy„ 3) _p¡V$

4) W$fhy„ 5) L$p„W$p ¡ 6) hpV$

7) bpSy> 8) hpf 9) L$pÏ„

Åe R>¡ h¡mp, Aphsu L$v$u `Z _ `pR>u A¡L$, ApS>_p aŸg_u ApS> dpZu gp¡ d_ cfu_¡ çl¢L$ !

`m_u cusf ipðsu_ufM¡ dm¡ S>X$ubyË$u ! Åe ...

Åe R>¡ h¡mp, Åe R>¡ h¡mp, Åe R>¡ h¡mp R|>V$u, dp¡L$mp¡ d¡ëep¡ L$pm - MÅ“p¡. AphX¡$ sp¡ ëep¡ g|„V$u ! ... Åe ...

t õhpÝepe t

73

k. 6 Å¡ kde \„cu Åe, OqX$epm AV$L$u Åe A_¡ k|fS> _ EN¡ sp¡ ... Ap rhi¡ ÓZ S|>\dp„ hN®dp„ QQp® L$fp¡.

k. 7 L$pìe`„[¼s `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) g¡i Q|L¡$ _p sp¡e ....... 2) `m_u cusf ........

3) ApS>_p aŸg_u ............ 4) dp¡L$mp¡ d¡ëep¡ ........

5) fps _¡ qv$hk ............

k. 8 gMp¡ Å¡CA¡.

1) $LhreÓuA¡ L$üy„ R>¡ L¡$.....................

(A) d“ cfu“¡ dpZu gp¡ .............

(b) AphX¡$ sp¡ g|„V$u gp¡................

2) L$hreÓu“y„ “pd ................

3) $Lrhsp“p¡ rhje...............

k. 9 _uQ¡_p A\® v$ip®hsu `„[¼s L$pìedp„\u ip¡û gMp¡.

1) fps `R>u qv$hk A_¡ qv$hk `R>u fps Apd Q¾$ Qpgsy„ fl¡ R>¡.

2) hs®dp_dp„ S> Æh_ Æhu g¡hy„.

3) kde_p MÅ_p_¡ g|„V$sp iuMu g¡hp_y„ R>¡.

k.10 L$p¦kdp„ Ap`¡gp iåv$_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fu_¡ _uQ¡“p A^p¡f¡rMs iåv$p¡ S>hpb Aph¡ A¡ fus¡ âñp¡ b“php¡. (i¡_p¡, ¼ep„\u, ¼epf¡, L$p¡Z¡, ¼ep„)

1) L$hreÓuA¡ L$pìedp„ kde_y„ sÒhop_ kdÅìey„ R>¡.

2) M¡gpX$uAp¡ q¾$L¡$V$ fdhp d¡v$p_ `f Åe R>¡.

3) b^pA¡ kde_p¡ kvy$èp¡N L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡.

4) lº„ Ap Adv$phpv$\u gpìep¡ Ry> „.

5) fp¡S> khpf¡ ìepepd L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡.

k.11 kdekf L$pe® L$fhp_p apev$p S>Zphp¡.

t

âL$ë‘ t

t ipmp_p hprj®L$p¡Ðkh dpV¡$ hpguAp¡_¡ k|Q_p Ap`hp_u R>¡. sdpfp hN®rinL$_u dv$v$\u s¡ k|Q_p s¥epf L$fp¡ `R>u _p¡qV$kbp¡X®$ `f Qp¢V$pX$p¡.

74


`„v$f S> rdr_V$

OZp gp¡L$p¡ b|dp¡ dpf¡ R>¡ L¡$, Ad_¡ kde dmsp¡ _\u `Z dp¡V$p„ dp¡V$p„ L$pd L$f_pfp A_¡L$ dpZkp¡ sp¡ _Æhp„ v$ ¡Mpsp„ L$pdp¡ L$fhp_u aºfkv$ d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡. S>¡Ap¡ `p¡sp_p L$pd_u A_¡ kde_u rhQpf`|h®L$_u ep¡S>_p L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ s¡ dyS>b Qpghp_u V¡$h `pX¡$ R>¡ s¡Ap¡ OZu D`pr^dp„\u bQu Åe R>¡.

`„v$f rdr_V$ S>¡V$gp V|$ „L$p kdedp„ dpZk iy„ iy„ L$fu iL¡$ s¡_p„ Dv$plfZp¡ Ap`Z¡ Å¡CA¡.

15 rdr_V$dp„ ...

t kpdpÞe TX$`¡ khp qL$gp¡duV$f Qpgu iL$pe, Äepf¡ kpeL$g D`f 3 qL$gp¡duV$f_y„ A„sf L$p`u iL$pe.

t kpdpÞe `yõsL$_p„ `p„Q `p_p„ hp„Qu iL$pe.

t Of_p„ Ap¡fX$p_u kapC L$fu iL$pe.

t `p¡sp_p„ L$`X$p„ ^p¡C iL$pe.

t ipL$cpÆ ky^pfu iL$pe.

t fp¡S>_u X$pefu gMu iL$pe.

t ifuf_¡ s„vy$fõs fpMhp Apk_p¡ L¡$ ìepepd L$fu iL$pe.

t d__¡ õhõ\ fpMhp âp\®_p, Ýep_ L¡$ tQs_ L$fu iL$pe.

- fOy_p\Æ _peL$


iê$Apsdp„ ‘|R>¡gp âñp¡_p Ap^pf¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ s¡d_p `p¡sp_p rhi¡ âñp¡ `|R>u_¡ kde_p Q¾$_u dprlsu Ap`u "h¡mp' L$rhsp_p AÝep`_ dpV¡$ rhjeprcdyM L$fhp.

S>¡d fps `R>u qv$hk A_¡ qv$hk `R>u fps_y„ kdeQ¾$ kss afsy„ fl¡ R>¡ A¡ kdÅhu hs®dp_dp„ Ap_„v$\u Æhhp_u hps L$fu R>¡. c|sL$pm_u epv$ L¡$ crhóe_u L$p¡C `Z Apip A`¡np fp¿ep hNf `pZu_p f¡gp_u S>¡d `kpf \sp kde_u qL„$ds ÅZhu A_¡ dpZhu.

kdeQ¾$_u kdS> Ap`hp kp\¡ õhpÝepep¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ S>gQ¾$, F>syQ¾$, Æh“Q¾$ A_¡ h_õ`rsQ¾$_u `Z kdS> Ap`hu.

fp¡S> khpf¡ A¡L$ _hp¡ rhQpf d_yóe_u fpl Å¡sp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

75

14. `rhÓ Ap„ky

t L$lp¡ Å¡CA¡. l hfkpv$_p Npfpdp„ sdpfp¡ `N `X$u Nep¡. sp¡ Npfp¡ v|$f L$fhp sd¡ iy„ L$fip¡ ?

l Of_¡ kpa fpMhp iy„ iy„ L$fhy„ Å¡CA¡ ?

l sdpfp Ap„NZp_¡ kpa k|\fy„ fpMhp iy„ L$fip¡ ?

l sdpfp `qfkf_¡ õhÃR> fpMhp sd¡ sdpfy „ ep¡Nv$p_ L¡$hu L¡$hu fus¡ Ap`ip¡ ?

l sdpfp„ L$`X$p„ D`f L$p¡C X$pO `X$u Nep„ lp¡e sp¡ sd¡ iy„ L$fip¡ ?

l s¡hu S> fus¡ d__¡ õhÃR>, kpa fpMhp, `rhÓ fpMhp sd¡ iy„ iy„ L$fu iL$p¡ ?

_p¢^ : kp_¡ NyfyÆ rgrMs d|m dfpW$u A_¡ s¡_p _V$hf v$h¡A¡ L$f¡gp NyS>fpsu A_yhpv$ "íepd_u dp' `yõsL$dp„\u âõsys âk„N g¡hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. sd¡ R>¡ëgp„ ÓZ hj®\u Ap `yõsL$_p A¡L$ A¡L$ âk„N iuMu füp„ R>p¡, sp¡ Ap âk„N iuMsp„ `l¡gp„ ApNm iuMu Ne¡gp b^p âk„Np¡_¡ epv$ L$fu gp¡.

_p_`Z\u b¡ hMs õ_p_ L$fhp_u d_¡ V¡$h `X$u R>¡. íepd¡ iê$ L$ey¯ : k„ÝepL$pm¡ lº„ fdhp S>sp¡. g„NX$u, k„spL|$L$X$u hN¡f¡ ÅsÅs_u fdsp¡ Ad¡ fdsp lsp. fdu_¡ Apìep¡ A¡V$g¡ lº„ _plhp_p¡. dp d_¡ `pZu E_y„ L$fu_¡ Ap`su. dp sp„bpLy„$X$udp„ `pZu gphu Ap`su A_¡ dpfy„ ifuf Qp¡msu. b¡ hMs õ_p_ L$fhp_u `Ùrs blº kpfu. fpÓ¡ k|sp„ `l¡gp„ õ_p_ L$ey¯ lp¡e sp¡ ifuf õhÃR>, r_d®m A_¡ lgLy„$ gpN¡ R>¡. K^sp„ `l¡gp„ Ap`Z¡ âp\®_p L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ s¡ d__y„ õ_p_. ifuf A_¡ d_ õhÃR> lp¡e sp¡ K^ L¡$hu OkOkpV$ Aph¡ ?

A¡L$ qv$hk l„d¡i âdpZ¡ lº„ fdu_¡ O¡f Apìep¡. `l¡fZ L$pY$éy„, Qp¡V$gu_¡ s¡g_u Ap„Nmu gNpX$u A_¡ _phrZep D`f S>C_¡ b¡W$p¡. _plhp_¡ dpV¡$ A¡L$ dp¡V$p¡ `\fp¡ lsp¡. _plhp_y„ `pZu rNgp¡X$u_p MpdZpdp„ S>sy„ lsy„. k„ÝepL$pm_y„ õ_p_ ; A¡_¡ blº `pZu Å¡Csy„ _\u. dpA¡

Oku_¡ ifuf Qp¡mu Apàey„. h^¡gp `pZu_¡ lº„ ifuf D`f f¡X$hp gpÁep¡. `pZu `|fy„ \ey„ A_¡ lº„ dp_¡ b|d dpfhp gpÁep¡.

""dp ! dpfy„ ifuf g|R>u Ap`, b^y„ `pZu \C füy„. d_¡ V$pY$ hpe R>¡. S>gv$u dpfy„ ifuf g|R>u Ap`.'' lº„ bfpX$p `pX$hp gpÁep¡. dpfp _p_`Zdp„ V$pµh¡g, `„rQep„ hN¡f¡ Adpfp Npddp„ blº Apìep„ _ lsp„. Of_p dp¡V$p `yfyjp¡ ^p¡rsey„ r_Qp¡hu_¡ s¡_p hX¡$ S> ifuf g|R>sp, A¡L$pv$ S|>_p¡ L$L$X$p¡ R>p¡L$fp„_p„ ifuf g|R>hp_¡ dpV¡$ lp¡e. k„ÝepL$pm¡ dp `p¡sp_p kpëgp_p R>¡X$p hX¡$ ¼epf¡L$ ¼epf¡L$ dpfy„ ifuf g|R>su.

dp Aphu, s¡Z¡ dpfy„ ifuf kpëgp_p R>¡X$p hsu g|R¹>ey„ A_¡ L$üy„ : ""Å, v$¡h_p„ aŸg Dspfu _pM.''

d¢ L$üy„, ""dpfp„ srmep„ cu_p„ R>¡, A¡_¡ dpV$u Qp¢V$i¡, dpfp„ srmep„ g|R>u _pM.''

""srmep„ cu_p„ R>¡ s¡\u iy„ \ey„ ? ip_p

76

hX¡$ g|Ry>„?'' dpA¡ L$üy„.""spfp¡ R>¡X$p¡ _phrZep

D`f `p\f, A¡_u D`f lº„ `N d|L$ui. s¡_p D`f `N g|R>u _pMui A_¡ `R>u L|$v$L$p¡ dpfui. d_¡ cu_p `N¡ dpV$u Qp¢V¡$ A¡ _\u Ndsy„. `p\f _¡ spfp¡ R>¡X$p¡.'' lº„ lW$ `L$X$u_¡ bp¡ëep¡.

""sy„ sp¡ sv¹$_ lW$ugp¡ R>¡, íepd. A¡L¡$L$ d|Mp®C ¼ep„\u iuMu gph¡ R>¡, L$p¡_¡

L¡$V$gp ÅN©s fluA¡ R>uA¡? d„qv$f_¡ f„NphuA¡ R>uA¡, `f„sy v$¡h_u Mbf g¡sp _\u. d_ d¡gy„ \pe R>¡ s¡\u fX$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ L$p¡C qv$hk ? `p¡sp_p d_ r_d®m _\u A¡d ÅZu_¡ fX$_pfp sp¡ L$p¡C cpÁehp_ rhfgp. s¡ `rhÓ Ap„ky Ap S>Nsdp„ v$¡Mpsp„ _\u. `l¡fhp_y„ _ lp¡e, Mphp_y„ _ lp¡e, `funpdp„ _p`pk \hpe L¡$ L$p¡C dfu Ney„ sp¡ Aphu_¡ b^p„ fX¡$ R>¡. Aphu buÆ kh® hpsp¡_¡ dpV¡$ Ap„ky_p lp¡S> Ap„Mp¡dp„ cf¡gp lp¡e R>¡. `f„sy lº„ lÆ iyÙ, r_ó`p` \sp¡ _\u A¡d kdÅsp„ L$p¡C sfaX¡$ R>¡ Mfy„ L¡$ ? lÆ dpfy„ d_ d¡gdp„ f„Npe¡gy„ R>¡ A¡d d_dp„ gphu_¡ L¡$V$gp„_¡ vy$:M \pe R>¡ ? dufp„bpCA¡ Npey„ R>¡ L¡$,

""A„kyh_ S>g k]Q k]Q â¡db¡rg bp¡C.''Ap„kyê$`u `pZu ‘pC `pC_¡, â¡d_u,

Cðfc[¼s_u h¡g d¢ ER>¡fu R>¡. Ap dufp„bpC_y„ QfZ lº„ L¡$V$gue hpf NZNZsp¡ lp¡J Ry>„. Ap„ky\u R>gp¡R>g cf¡gp ùv$edp„ S> c[¼sê$`u L$dm_p¡ S>Þd \pe R>¡ !

- kp“¡ NyfyÆ _V$hf v$h¡ (Ay“hpv$L$)

Mbf? lp„, g¡ `N d|L$.'' dpA¡ `p¡sp_p¡ R>¡X$p¡ _phrZep D`f `p\ep£. d¢ dpfp `N s¡_u D`f d|¼ep, bfpbf Qp¡¿Mp L$ep® A_¡ L|$v$L$p¡ dpep£. dp_p¡ kpëgp¡ cu_p¡ \ep¡, s¡_u d_¡ `fhp _ lsu. A¡_¡ \p¡X$p¡ S> s¡ hMs¡ bv$ghp_p¡ lsp¡? `Z bpmL$_p `N_¡ dpV$u Qp ¢V ¡ $ _rl, s¡_u lp¢i `|fu \pe A¡V$gp dpV¡$ s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_p¡ kpëgp¡ cu_p¡ L$ep¤ s¡ bpmL$ dpV¡$ iy„ _ L$f¡, iy„ L$óV$ kl_ _ L$f¡, iy„ _ Ap`¡?

lº„ Ofdp„ Nep¡ _¡ v$¡h_p„ aŸg Dspfhp gpÁep¡. dp Apfsu gC_¡ Aphu _¡ bp¡gu, ""íepd, `N_¡ dpV$u gpN¡ _rl A¡V$gp dpV¡$ QuhV$ fpM¡ R>¡, s¡ S> âdpZ¡ d__¡ d¡g _ gpN¡ s¡V$gp dpV¡$ QuhV$ fpMS>¡. v$¡h_¡ âp\®_p L$f L¡$ iyÙ byqÙ Ap`¡.''

rdÓp¡ ! L¡$V$gp ky„v$f iåv$ ! Ap`Zp„ ifuf A_¡ Ap`Zp„ L$`X$p„_¡ õhÃR> fpMhp dpV¡$ L¡$V$gu ^d`R>pX$ L$fuA¡ R>uA¡ ! L¡$V$gu L$pmÆ gCA¡ R>uA¡ ! L$`X$p„ õhÃR> fl¡ dpV¡$ ^p¡bu R>¡, b|V$ õhÃR> fl¡ dpV¡$ `p¡rgi L$f“pfp R>¡. ifuf¡ gNpX$hp_¡ kyMX$_p¡ kpby R>¡. ifuf_¡ s\p L$`X$p„_¡ d¡g “ gpN¡ s¡V$gp dpV¡$ klº“p âeÐ“p¡ R>¡. ‘f„sy d““¡ õhÃR> fpMhp dpV¡$ Ap`Z¡

77

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåv$ ip¡^p¡. 1) kpX$u - ...................... 2) Qp¡L$kpC - ....................... 3) A½$g - ...................... 4) Nfd - ....................... 5) Q„v$_$ - ...................... 6) `ph_ - ....................... 7) kÅN - ...................... 8) _kubv$pf - .......................

k. 2 _d|_p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b_php¡. s¡_p¡ hp¼edp„ D`ep¡N L$fp¡. v$p.s. `rhÓ - `rhÓsp

1) d„qv$fp¡_p hpsphfZdp„ `rhÓsp_p¡ A_ych \pe R>¡.

1) õhÃR> 2) r_d®m 3) _uX$f 4) ky„v$f

k. 3 _d|_p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b_php¡. v$p. s. cpÁe - cpÁehp_

1) bm 2) QpqfÔe 3) ^_ 4) Ly$m 5) NyZ 6) âop

k. 4 A’® bv$ëep hNf hp¼e“¡ “L$pfpÐdL$ b“php¡.

1) rhÛp’}Ap¡ “p‘pk ’pe sp¡ s¡d“u a¡f‘funp g¡hpe R>¡.

2) Qp¡f-g|„V$pfpAp¡ ‘p‘ L$f¡ R>¡.

3) N„Np “v$u ‘rhÓ R>¡.

4) ìe[¼s“p S>Þd hMs¡ Myiu ’pe R>¡.

k. 5 _uQ¡_p âÐee gNpX$u_¡ cphhpQL$ _pd b_php¡.

1) "ApC' 2) "`Z'

d|M® - d|Mp®C _p_y„ - _p_`Z

Qsyf - ............... dp¡Vy „ $ - .............

gyÃQy„ - ............... OfXy „ $ - .............

_bmy„ - .............. cp¡my„ $ - ...........

dS>b|s - ............. ipÏ„ - .............

k. 6 t sd¡ L$C L$C fdsp¡ fdp¡ R>p¡ ? s¡_p rhi¡ hN®dp„ hpsp¡ L$fp¡.

t Ofdp„ sdpfp dçdu_¡ L$ep„ L$ep„ L$pdp¡dp„ dv$v$ L$fp¡ R>p¡ ? s¡ hN®dp„ L$lp¡.

k. 7 hp¼e ‘|Z® L$fp¡ :- 1) d__y„ õ_p_ L$fhp Ap`Z¡ ....................................

2) Of_p dp¡V$p `yfyjp¡ “püp `R>u ....................................

3) g¡ML$_p `N¡ dpV$u _ Qp¢V¡$ s¡ dpV¡$ dpA¡ ....................................

4) Ap„ky’u R>gp¡R>g cf¡gp ùv$edp„ S> ....................................

t õhpÝepe t

78

k. 8 `pW$_p Ap^pf¡ _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ ep¡Áe ¾$ddp„ Np¡W$hp¡.

1) _phrZep `f S>C_¡ b¡W$p¡.

2) lº„ fdu_¡ O¡f Apìep¡.

3) dpA¡ ifuf g|R>u Apàey„.

4) `l¡fZ L$pY$éy „.

5) Qp¡V$gu_¡ s¡g_u Ap„Nmu gNpX$u.

k. 9 (A) _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡ L$p¡Z bp¡g¡ R>¡ ? L$p¡_¡ L$l¡ R>¡ ?

1) ""Å, v$¡h_p„ aŸg Dspfu _pM.''

2) ""d_¡ cu_p `N¡ dpV$u Qp ¢V ¡ $ A¡ _\u Ndsy„.''

3) ""d__¡ d¡g _ gpN¡ s¡V$gp dpV¡$ QuhV$ fpMS>¡.''

4) ""dp ! dpfy „ ifuf g|R>u Ap`.''

(b) ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fp¡.

1) Cðfc[¼s_u h¡g .......... ê$`u `pZu\u DR>f¡ R>¡.

1) N„NpS>m 2) Ap„ky 3) `fk¡hp 4) Mpsf

2) dp sp„bpLy „ $X$udp„ ............. gphu Ap`su.

1) `pZu 2) aŸg 3) Apfsu 4) âkpv$

3) ""A„kyh_ S>g k]Q k]Q â¡db¡rg bp¡C'' `„[¼s L$p¡Z¡ gM¡gu R>¡ ?

1) _ftkl¡ 2) íepd_u dpA¡ 3) dufp„bpCA¡ 4) g¡ML¡$

k. 10 (A) _uQ¡_p„ hp¼ep¡dp„ guV$u v$p¡f¡gp iåv$p¡ “pd, kh®“pd, rhi¡jZ L¡$ q¾$ep‘v$ R>¡ s¡ Ap¡mMp¡.

1) d_ d¡gy„ \pe R>¡ s¡\u fX$uA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$ L$p¡C qv$hk ?

2) s¡Z¡ íepd_y„ ifuf kpëgp_p R>¡X$p\u g|R>u Apàey„.

3) spfp¡ R>¡X$p¡ _phrZep D`f `p\f.

4) sy„ sp¡ sv$_ lW$ugp¡ R>¡, íepd.

(b) t `pW$dp„ Aphsp iåv$âep¡N (ê$qY$âep¡N) ip¡^u_¡ gMp¡.

t íepd_u dpA¡ i¡_u QuhV$ fpMhp_y„ L$üy„ s¡ rhi¡ 4\u 5 hp¼ep¡ sdpfp

iåv$p¡dp„ gMp¡.

t âõsys L©$rsdp„ L¡$hp„ Ap„ky_¡ `rhÓ L$üp„ R>¡ s¡ bpbs sdpfp rhQpfp¡ S>Zphp¡.

79

t âL$ë‘ tt sdpfu d_`k„v$ fds rhi¡ krQÓ dprlsu gM¡gy„ c]s`ÓL$ s¥epf L$fp¡.

t S>¡_p\u d_ `rhÓ A_¡ iyÙ \pe s¡hp„ L$pep£_u epv$u b_phu_¡ QpV®$ s¥epf L$fp¡. hN®dp„ gNpX$p¡.


õhs„Ósp A_¡ kudp bpmL$_¡ õhs„Ósp Ap`hpdp„ s¡_u i[¼sAp¡ Mug¡, s¡_p¡ kdsp¡g rhL$pk \pe A¡ l¡sy Ap`Zu kdn lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡.

bpmL$_¡ Äepf¡ L$p¡C hõsy ApùA¡ _l], L$p¡C L$pd L$fsp„ s¡_¡ AV$L$phuA¡, L$p¡C hps_u s¡_¡ _p `pX$uA¡, Ðepf¡ s¡_p¡ V| „ $L$p ¡ kÃQpC cf¡gp¡ Mygpkp¡ Ap`Z¡ Apù iL$uA¡. bpmL$_¡ klpe Apù_¡ `fphg„bu`Zpdp„\u s¡_¡ õhphg„bu`Zp sfa gC S>CA¡, sp¡ s¡_p âÐe¡ kpQp¡ â¡d v$ip®ìep¡ NZpe. bpmL$_¡ A¡hu õhs„Ósp _ ApùA¡ L¡$ A¡ _p_p¡ kfMp¡ kfdyMÐepf b_¡ A_¡ buÅ L$p¡C_p¡ rhQpf S> _ L$f¡.

õhs„Ósp\u bpmL$ `p¡sp_u A„v$f_p„ kpfp„ sÒhp¡_¡ rhL$kph¡ R>¡, A_¡ `qfZpd¡ `p¡sp_p„ dpbp` âkßsp A_ych¡ R>¡, s¡dp„ s¡d_p¡ `|f¡`|fp¡ V¡$L$p¡ R>¡, s¡ bpmL$ Sy>A¡ R>¡. kp\¡ kp\¡ s¡_¡ A¡hp¡ rhðpk `Z lp¡e R>¡ L¡$ `p¡s¡ L$p¡C c|g L$fi¡ sp¡ s¡_¡ fp¡L$_pf L$p¡CL$ R>¡. Aphu gpNZu bpmL$_¡ S> _rl, Ap`Z_¡ klº_¡ L¡$V$gu bû kgpdsu Ap`¡ R>¡ ! khpf¡ OqX$epm_y„ A¡gpd® hpNi¡, Ap`Z_¡ S>NpX$i¡ A_¡ Ap`Z¡ kdekf `lp¢Qu iL$iy„ - A¡hu Äepf¡ Mpsfu lp¡e Ðepf¡ Ap`Z¡ L¡$hp„ r_fp„s¡ Kû S>C iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ ! A¡ S> âdpZ¡ bpmL$_¡ `Z S>NpX$_pf L$p¡CL$ lp¡e, s¡_¡ c|gp¡dp„\u bQph_pf L$p¡CL$ lp¡e, sp¡ r_fp„s¡ s¡_p `f Ap^pf fpMu_¡ A¡ L¡$V$gy „ r_c®e b_u iL¡$ R>¡ ! L¡$V$gu kgpdsu A_ychu iL¡$ R>¡ !

- Qy_ucpC ipl


iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gp âñp¡ `|R>u_¡ âÐe¡L$ rhÛp\}Ap¡ `pk¡\u s¡d_p d„sìep¡ ÅZu g¡hp. s¡_p D`f\u âõsys L©$rs_p AÝep`_ dpV¡$ rhÛp\}Ap¡_¡ rhjeprcdyM L$fhp. ApNm_p ^p¡fZp¡dp„ iuMu Ne¡gp âk„Np¡_u epv$ A`phhu. "íepdQu ApC' `yõsL$_p¡ ¿epg Ap`hp¡. _p_p _p_p âñp¡, fp¡S>bfp¡S>_u OV$_pAp¡ õhÃR>sp Arcep__p dyØpAp¡ rhi¡ QQp® L$fu_¡ âõsys `pW$_p¡ ¾$rdL$ rhL$pk kp^hp¡. õhpÝepep¡dp„ Ap`¡gu rhrh^sp_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu S>ê$fu dpN®v$i®_ `pW$_p AÝep`_ hMs¡ S>ê$f Ap`hy„. "`rhÓ Ap„ky' iuj®L$_u e\p\®sp rinL¡$ M|bS> kfm cpjpdp„ kdÅhhp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡. `pW$dp„\u dmsp¡ k„v$ ¡ip¡ rhÛp\}Ap¡ kyû kfmsp\u `lp¢Q¡ s¡ fus¡ AÝep`_ L$fphsu hMs¡ L$pmÆ fpMhu.

‘„qX$sp¡ Ap„Æ “pM¡ R>¡ Äepf¡ k„sp¡ dp„Æ “pM¡ R>¡.

80

L¡$ kp r_ ep rd Tp® k lp L$ n

Mp¡ r_ C S> d¡$ _u O rg dp Z

N ep D$ fp `p tk d f â bp

d _¡ ey L$ ÞÖ nu$ h Öp L$p f

_u l v$u f¡ kp fp L$ tb i gu

`¡ hp rh d¡ fu L$p¡ d h ` L$

Æ g Ny R> Mp h _p¡ _$ vy$ L$p¡

r` rd ëMp tk O> Qu _ rc L$p¡ V$

Qu s dp$ kp¥ L$u gp$ ù A Z fp

rh ð _p \ Ap _„ v$ V$u D rh

t D‘¾$d t

_uQ¡_p iåv$Qp¡fkdp„ Ap`Zp v$¡i_p„ fdshufp¡_p„ _pd ApX$p„, Ecp„, Óp„kp„ Ry>`pe¡gp„ R>¡ s¡ ip¡^p¡. _pd ip¡^hp dpV¡$ Qphu_p¡ Dèp¡N L$fp¡.

Qphu :1) A¡L$ drlgp V¡$r_k M¡gpX$u

2) b¡X$rdÞV$_ M¡gpX$u

3) A¡L$ `yfyj bp¡¼kf

4) ãgpIN iuM

5) isf„S>_p¡ rhS>¡sp

6) L$p„õe Q„ÖL$ Æs_pfu

drlgp Ly$õsubpS>

7) A¡L$ drlgp bp¡¼kf

8) fpCag i|V$f

9) c|s`|h® b¡X$rdÞV$_ Q¡[çè_

10) cpfs_p¡ lpg_p¡ gp¡L$râe q¾$L¡$V$f

81

t Qpgp¡ d¡mp_p¡ dp_kâhpk L$fuA¡.Qff Qff dpfy„ QL$X$p¡m Qpg¡,

QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q] QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q] spg¡,

ApS>¡ fp¡L$X$p _¡ D^pf L$pg¡. Qff Qff

Ap¡ gpg a¢V$phpmp ! Ap¡ kp¡dpcpC_p kpmp !

Ap¡ L$fk_L$pL$p L$pmp ! Ap¡ c|fu b„X$uhpmp !

dpfy„ QL$X$p¡m Qpg¡, QpL$X¹$Qy„y„ Q]Q], QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q]. Qff Qff

AÝ^f `Ý^f, lhpdp„ kÝ^f, A¡_p¡ l]QL$p¡ lpg¡,

_p_p„ dp¡V$p„, kpfp„ Mp¡V$p„, b¡ku A„v$f çlpg¡ ;

Af¡ b¡ `¥kpdp„ bbgp¡ Å¡_¡ Apkdp_dp„ cpm¡.

QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q] spg¡. Qff Qff

QL$X$p¡m QY¡$, KQ¡ _uQ¡, Æhsf A¡hy„ QX$sy„ `X$sy„,

^X$udp„ D`f ... OX$udp„ _uQ¡ ... cpÁe A¡hy„ kp¥_y„ afsy„;

vy$:M c|gu_¡ kyM\u T|gp¡ _kub_u OV$dpm¡,

QpL$X¹$Qy„ Q]Q] QpL$X¹$Qy„y„ Q]Q] Qpg¡,

ApS>¡ fp¡L$X$p _¡ D^pf L$pg¡. Qff Qff

- Arh_pi ìepk

15. dpfy„ QL$X$p¡m$

82

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ L$rhspdp„ h‘fpe¡gp iåv$p¡ ip¡^p¡.

1) _Nv$ - ...................... 2) fpsp - .......................

3) hpv$mu - ...................... 4) `pOX$u - .......................

5) hpefp¡ - ...................... 6) Tygp¡ - .......................

7) sL$v$uf - ...................... 8) ApL$pi - .......................

k. 2 iåv$p¡_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu hp¼e b_php¡.

1) QL$X$p¡m 2) _kub 3) Æhsf 4) kyM

k. 3 "kp¡dpcpC_p kpmp' : kpmp-`Ð_u_p cpC.

Ap âdpZ¡ _uQ¡_u ìe[¼sAp¡ hÃQ¡ ip¡ k„b„^ R>¡ ? s¡ gMp¡.

1) `rs_p dp¡V$p cpB - ....................................

2) ‘Ð“u“p r‘sp - ....................................

3) ‘rs“u bl¡“ - .............................................

4) ‘rs“u bl¡““p ‘rs - ....................................

5) ‘Ð“u“u bl¡“ - ............................................

6) ‘Ð“u“u bl¡““p ‘rs - ...................................

k. 4 A’® bv$gpe “rl s¡hu fus¡ hp¼e b“php¡.

1) ^„^pdp„ ‘X$su ’pe Ðepf¡ “pku‘pk ’hy„ “rl.

2) hp¼ep¡ Mfp„ lp¡e sp¡ ky^pfu“¡ afu gMp¡ “rl.

3) ipL$cpÆ fp¡L$X$p’u S> Mfuv$pe R>¡.

4) Apfk“p¡ ‘Õ’f gukp¡ lp¡e R>¡.

k. 5 âpkhpmp iåv$p¡ gMp¡. v$p.s. Qpg¡ - spg¡

1) kpmp 2) AÝ^f 3) lpg¡ 4) ‘X$sy„

t sd¡ Å¡e¡gp d¡mp_y„ hZ®_ dp¥rML$ fus¡ fS|> L$fp¡.

t õhpÝepe t

83

k. 6 gMu“¡ bsphp¡.

A) QL$X$p¡mdp„ b¡khp Aph“pf

b) l]QL$pdp„ l]Q“pf

L$) .................... c|gu“¡; .................. ’u T|gp¡.

X$) QL$X$p¡m“u kfMpdZu ..............................

k. 7 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu Mpgu S>Áep `|fp¡.

1) dpfy„ QL$X$p¡m ............ ............. Qpg¡ R>¡.

A) Qff Qff b) aff aff L$) QpL$X$ QpL$X$

2) dpfy „ QL$X$p¡m lhpdp„ .............. fl¡ R>¡.

A) AÝ^f b) kÝ^f L$) `Ý^f

3) QL$X$p¡m_u S>¡d ........ `Z QX¡$ _¡ `X¡$ R>¡.

A) QZsf b) cZsf L$) Æhsf

4) b¡ `¥kpdp„ QL$X$p¡mdp„ b¡khp\u ........... v$¡Mpe R>¡.

A) Apkdp_ b) ^fsu L$) `pspm

k. 8 _uQ¡_p A\® bsphsu `„[¼sAp¡ gMp¡.

1) _p_p„ dp¡V$p„ kp¥ L$p¡C QL$X$p¡mdp„ b¡ku dÅ dpZ¡ R>¡.

2) QL$X$p¡m_u S>¡d Æh_ `Z ¼epf¡L$ D`f QX$sy„ v$ ¡Mpe sp¡ ¼epf¡L$ `X$sy„ v$¡Mpe R>¡.

k. 9 "d¡mp_u dp¡S>' rhi¡ 8 \u 10 guV$u_p¡ r_b„^ aL$fp `pX$u_¡ gMp¡.

t âL$ë` t

t QL$X$p¡m_y„ ky„v$f rQÓ v$p¡fu s¡dp„ f„N `|fp¡.

84


gp-‘fhp ! $Lp¡'L$ qv$“ Bv$ A“¡ L$p¡'L$ qv$“ fp¡Å, ER>m¡ “¡ ‘X¡$ “uQ¡ tS>v$Nu“p„ dp¡Å„.

L$p„C Aakp¡k “l], L$p„C “l] qaL$f, L$p¡C QuS> sZu “l] tS>v$Nudp„ rS>L$f. Aph¡ “¡ Åe A¡“p h¡W$hp lp bp¡Å? L$p¡'L$ qv$“ Cv$ A“¡ L$p¡'L$ qv$“ fp¡Å.

dp“ dm¡, dm¡ ^“-^p“, dm¡ kÑp, ‘p“ Qphu buÆ ‘m¡ Mphp ‘X¡$ MÑp. hpl cpM¡ L$p¡C ê$X$u Ap„M¡ h¡j cpmu, Apl “pL¡$ L$p¡C c„|X$u dp¢Y¡$ d¡i Y$pmu. fpd dpfp¡ ê$v$ ¡ lk¡, f„N “l] v|$Å: L$p¡'L$qv$“ Cv$ A“¡ L$p¡'L$ qv$“ fp¡Å.

lpëep L$f¡ vy$r“ep“u hZTpf Np„X$u, L$p¡Z b¡Wy „ $ fl¡ A¡“u kpd¡ duV$$ dp„X$u? v|$^ dm¡ hpV$dp„ L¡$ dm¡ T¡f ‘uhp, Ap‘Zp sp¡ r’f bm¡ Apsdp“p v$uhp. gp„bu gp„bu g¡MZ¡ Ðep„ “p¢^phu iu epv$u ! b¡e L$p¡f¡ Ap‘u S>hu dybpfL$bpv$u : O¡gp„ cg¡ O|Oh¡ Ap tS>v$Nu“p„ dp¡Å„, Aphp¡ sd¡ Cv$, A“¡ Aphp¡ sd¡ fp¡Å !

- dL$f„v$ v$h¡


iê$Apsdp„ Ap`¡gp d¡mp_p rQÓ_y„ bpfuL$pC\u r_funZ L$fhp L$l¡hy„ `R>u bpmL$p¡_¡ d¡mp_p dp_rkL$ âhpk¡ gC Ähp rinL¡$ rQÓ_y„ hZ®_ L$fsp„ hp¼ep¡ bp¡gsp S>C s¡ s¡ õ\m¡ gC Ähp Ðep„ iy„ iy„ lp¡e s¡_y„ hZ®_ L$fhy„. bpmL$p¡_¡ s¡_u A_yc|rs L$fhp L$l¡hy„.

Ðepf`R>u âõsys L©$rs_y„ gebÙ kd|lNp_ L$fphu hN®dp„ Ap_„v$v$peL$ hpsphfZ r_rd®s L$fhy„. L$pìe M|bS> kfm cpjpdp„ lp¡hp\u bpmL$p¡ õhe„ AÝee_ L$fu s¡ kdS>¡ s¡hp âeÐ_p¡ L$fu iL$pe. QL$X$p¡m_u dp_hÆh_ kp\¡ L$f¡gu kfMpdZu_¡ kfm cpjpdp„ kdÅhhu. Ap QL$X$p¡m_p Nus S>¡hp„ buÅ„ ÅZusp„ DÅZu_p„ Nusp¡_p¡ k„v$c® Ap`u rhi¡j op_ Ap`hy„. Ap L$pìe Ap`Z_¡ kv$pe Ap_„v$dp„ fl¡hp_u ky„v$f iuM Ap`¡ R>¡.

dp“hu“y„ Æh“ A¡V$g¡ [õds A“¡ Ap„ky hÃQ¡“y„ gp¡gL$ !

85

16. A¡L$dpÓ rhfgp¡

t Qpgp¡ v$ ¡i_u kyfnp_u hpsp¡ L$fuA¡. kyfnp dpV¡$_u ÓZ k¡_pAp¡ - hpeyv$m, _p¥L$pv$m, c|rdv$m - ÓZ¡e v$m rhi¡_u âp\rdL$

dprlsu - fpóV²$ue sl¡hpfp¡_p qv$hk¡ ÓZ¡e v$mp¡_u c|rdL$p - fpóV²$`rs_p lõs¡ A`psp ip¥e® `yfõL$pfp¡ - ip¥e® `yfõL$pf d¡mh_pf syL$pfpd Ap¢bm¡ A_¡ k„qv$` DÞ“u q¾$óZ_

L¡$fm_p A¡_p®Ly$gddp„ 1951_u `l¡gu ÅÞeyApfu _¡ kp¡dhpf¡ _pef `qfhpfdp„ _ugL$p„s__p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ lsp¡.

"A¡_S>¡'_p lºgpdZp _pd¡ ÅZusp \e¡gp _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef¡ cpfsue gíL$fdp„ b¡_d|_ rkqÙ d¡mhu R>¡, S>¡ ApS> ky^u sp¡ _ c|sp¡ _ crhóers R>¡.

_ugL$p„s__p¡ gíL$f kp\¡_p¡ â¡d blº _p_u Jdf¡ iê$ \C Nep¡ lsp¡. L$pTpLy$V$d_u k¥r_L$ õL|$gdp„ cZsf. dp¡r_V$f b_u_¡ ipmp R>p¡X$u `R>u 1967_p S|>_dp„ _¡i_g qX$a¡Þk AµL¡$X¡$dudp„ Nep. Ap_¡ gu^¡ hufsp, riõs A_¡ ip¥e®_p `pW$ M|b ÅZhp, kdS>hp A_¡ iuMhp dþep A¡d L$l¡hp_u S>ê$f _ `X¡$.

Å¡sÅ¡spdp„ A¡L$hukdy„ hj® b¡ku Ney„. X$p¡¼V$f, hL$ug, A¡[ÞS>r_ef, q¾$L¡$V$f L¡$ b¡ÞL$f S>¡hu L$pfqL$v$} L¡$ â¡d_p¡ rhQpf L$ep® hNf _ugL$p„s_ `p¡sp_p dpN£ S> ApNm hÝep. 1971_p S|>_dp„ 16du dfpW$p gpCV$ CÞaÞV²$udp„ Å¡X$pC Nep. Ap f¡rS>d¡ÞV$ A_¡ dfpW$pAp¡_p A¡L$ A¡L$ NyZ_p â¡ddp„ `X$u Nep _ugL$p„s_. Ap õ_¡l dpÓ ip[åv$L$ L¡$ v$¡MpX$p¡ _lp¡sp¡, Mfp qv$g_p¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ `p¡sp_p A¡L$_p A¡L$ v$uL$fp_y„ _pd fp¿ey„ lsy„ "rihpÆ'.

_ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef Av$_p k¥r_L$dp„\u L$_®g_p lp¡Øp ky^u `lp¢Ãep `Z

s¡Ap¡ blºrh^ ìe[¼sÒh_p õhpdu lsp. A¡L$ kpQp v$¡iâ¡du k¥r_L$ D`fp„s s¡Ap¡ ep¡N_p ip¡Mu_, âhpk-â¡du A_¡ L$Zp®V$L$u k„Nus_p QplL$ lsp. A¡L$v$d d©vy$cpju, k„r_óW$, kp¥_u v$fL$pf L$f_pfp A_¡ hufp¡_p huf A¡hp lsp "A¡_S>¡'. s¡Ap¡ `yZ¡ [õ\s Apd} CÞV¡$rgS>Þk õL|$g_p ârinL$ lsp. b¡ v$peL$p_u gíL$fu L$pfqL$v$}dp„ OZu S>hpbv$pfu kamsp`|h®L$ r_cphu ÅZu lsu.

1983dp„ L$_®g _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef rdTp¡fddp„ bmhpMp¡fp¡ kpd¡ A¡V$gp blpvy$fu`|h®L$ gX$ép L¡$ Ap Aârsd hufsp bv$g L$urs®Q¾$ A¡_pes \ey„ lsy„.

v$k¡L$ hj® bpv$ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ 1993dp„ s¡Ap¡ _pNpg¡ÞX$dp„ afS> bÅhsp lsp. kiõÓ _pN bmhpMp¡fp¡ kpd¡_u gX$sdp„ s¡Ap¡ AN°¡kf lsp. lp, 16du dfpW$p gpCV$ CÞaÞV²$u_¡ _pNpg¡ÞX$dp„ dp¡bpCg L$pDÞV$f CÞõeyS>®Þku Ap¡`f¡iÞkdp„

86

s¥_ps L$fpC lsu. Ap kde¡ L$_®g _pef_u bv$gu A_¡ bY$su A¡L$v$d lp\h¢sdp„ lsu, `Z A¡_p¡ rhQpf kyÙp„ L$ep£ _l]. 1993_u 20du qX$k¡çbf¡ khpf¡ bfpbf 8.40 L$gpL¡$ dp¡L$p¡ey„Ndpqfep_u fp¡X$ `f L$_®g _pef `p¡sp_p S>hp_p¡ kp\¡ cprhìe|l_u QQp® L$fu füp lsp. A¡ kde¡ A¡L$ kp¡ S>¡V$gp kiõÓ bmhpMp¡fp¡A¡ Ap¡tQsp¡ lºdgp¡ L$fu v$u^p¡.

AÅZu ^fsu A_¡ i[¼sipmu bmhpMp¡fp¡ R>sp„ L$_®g _pef g¡idpÓ ìer\s L¡$ Qrgs _ \ep. vy$íd_p¡_p A„^p^|„^ Np¡mubpf_¡ gu^¡ A¡L$ Sy>r_ef Apµqakf A_¡ s¡f S>hp_ OV$_põ\m¡ S> iluv$ \C Nep. Myv$ L$_®g _pef_¡ N„cuf CÅAp¡ \C lsu.

Ap b^p_u g¡idpÓ `fhp L$ep® hNf L$_®g _pef¡ `p¡sp_p gpÞk _peL$_¡ lºL$d L$ep£ L¡$ dpfp Mcp `f QX$u_¡ vy$íd_p¡ `f N°¡_¡X$p¡ a¢L$hp dp„X$p¡. S>fp L$ë`_p L$fu Sy>Ap¡... bv$gu-bY$su lp\h¢sdp„ R>¡, gp¡lu sfõep kiõÓ vy$íd_p¡_p„ ^pX$p„ kpd¡ R>¡, Qp¥v$ kp\uAp¡_u gpi _S>f¡ `X¡$ R>¡, Myv$ gp¡lugylpZ R>¡ R>sp„ Aphp¡ Ap¡X®$f ? A¡ kde¡ s¡dZ¡ `Ð_u d„Sy> L¡$ `yÓ rihpÆ_p¡ `mcf `Z rhQpf L$ep£ _l] lp¡e ?

L$_®g _pef_p Ap L$ë`_psus A_¡ Å¡fv$pf hmsp lºdgp\u vy$íd_p¡ A¡L$v$d õså^ \C Nep, Æh bQphhp R|>V$pR>hpep rhM¡fpC Nep. iÓyA¡ L$f¡gu nrZL$ `uR>¡lW$_p¡ L$_®g¡ `|f¡`|fp¡ gpc gC gu^p¡. s¡dZ¡ `p¡sp_p k¥r_L$p¡_¡ ìeh[õ\s Np¡W$hu

v$u^p, lºdgp dpV¡$ s¥epf L$fu v$u^p A_¡ ApN¡L|$Q iê$ L$fu v$u^u.

^pfZp blpf_p Ap ârs-Ap¾$dZ\u vy$íd_p¡ A¡L$v$d fOhpep \C Nep A_¡ Æh bQphhp dpV¡$ _pkcpN L$fhp dp„X$ép, `f„sy dfpW$p CÞaÞV²$uA¡ S>gv$u\u A¡d_p¡ L¡$X$p¡ _ d|¼ep¡. lsp¡Ðkpl \e¡gp vy$íd_p¡ v$¡Mpsp b„^ \ep A_¡ dfpW$p CÞaÞV²$uA¡ r_fp„s_p¡ ðpk gu^p¡, Ðepf¡ bmhpMp¡fp¡ `f_p lºdgp_u AN°-lfp¡m_u apeqf„N `p¡rTi_ `pk¡\u L$_®g _pef d©sphõ\pdp„ dmu Apìep.

`p¡sp_p kp\u S>hp_p¡_p Æh A_¡ v$¡i_u Apbê$ bQphhp dpV¡$ A_Þe `fp¾$d bÅhu_¡ A¡L$ huf ilpv$s_¡ hep£ lsp¡. L$_®g _pef_u kdep¡rQs rlçds hNf cpfs¡ dp¡V$u k„¿epdp„ S>hp_p¡ Nydphhp_p¡ hpfp¡ Apìep¡ lp¡s.

Ap DÐL©$ô$ i|fps_ s\p Akp^pfZ v$¡iâ¡d bv$g L$_®g _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef_¡ dfZp¡Ñf Aip¡L$Q¾$ A¡_pes L$fpep¡ lsp¡. L$urs®Q¾$ A_¡ Aip¡L$Q¾$ A¡hp b„_¡ A¡hpµX®$k d¡mh_pfp A¡L$ dpÓ cpfsue gíL$fu Ar^L$pfu A¡V$g¡ Ap`Zp L$_®g _pef. b¡spguk hj® dfhp_u Jdf _\u. `Z kpQp¡ k¥r_L$ ilpv$s dpV¡$ õ\m, kde, k„Å¡N, kNp L¡$ Jdf_p¡ ¼ep„ rhQpf L$f¡ R>¡ ?

ANrZs kgpd Aphp `yfyjp¡Ñd iluv$ L$_®g _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef_¡.

- âaºg ipl

k. 1 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡ dpV¡$ `pW$dp„ h`fpe¡gp iåvp¡$ ip¡^p¡.

1) â¿eps - ...................... 2) dpd|gu - .......................

3) kamsp - ...................... 4) r_fyÐkpl - .......................

5) v$„c - ...................... 6) lºdgp¡ - .......................

7) AQp_L$$ - ...................... 8) dykpafu - .......................

t õhpÝepe t

87

k. 2 ê$qY$âep¡N A_¡ s¡_p A\®_u Å¡X$u b_php¡.

ê$qY$âep¡Np¡ A\®

1) lp\h¢sdp„ lp¡hy „ A) Dsphm\u NcfpC Ähy„

2) L¡$X$p¡ _ d|L$hp¡ b) brgv$p_ Ap`hy„

3) fOhpep \hy„ L$) lpf dp_u `pR>m Mku Ähy„

4) ilpv$s_¡ hfhy„ X$) OÏ„ _ÆL$ lp¡hy „

5) ùR>¡lW$ L$fhu B) ùR>p¡ _ R>p¡X$hp¡

k. 3 Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ "sy„' âÐee gNphu _hp¡ iåv$ b_php¡. `R>u s¡ iåv$_p¡ hp¼edp„ Dèp¡N L$fp¡.v$p. s. ÅZhy„ - ÅZusy„.

s¡Ap¡ ÅZusu k„õ\pdp„ Å¡X$pep.1) Ap¡mMhy„ - 2) dp“hy„ -3) Ndhy„ - 4) `lp¢Qhy„ -

k. 4 "...Mp¡f A¡V$g¡ "..._u V¡$hhpmy„.' s¡ _pd_p A„s¡ Aph¡ R>¡.

Dv$p. sfuL¡$ bmhpMp¡f. _uQ¡_p iåv$_¡ "...Mp¡f' gNphu iåv$ b_php¡.

1) dõsu - 2) TOX$p -

3) b„X$ - 4) lºdgp -

5) O|kZ - 6) “L$g -

k. 5 _d|_p âdpZ¡ iåv$ b_php¡. v$p.s. Sy>hp_u - cfSy>hp_u

1) KO - 2) riepm¡ -

3) D_pm¡ - 4) Qp¡dpk¡ -

t "Ap`Zp fpóV²$ÝhS> rsf„Np_y„ dlÒh' A\hp sd¡ rsf„Np_u ip_ L¡$hu fus¡ Åmhip¡?

s¡_p rhi¡ sdpfp rhQpfp¡ S>Zphp¡.

k. 6 ep¡Áe rhL$ë` `k„v$ L$fu A^|fp„ rh^p_ `|Z® L$fp¡.

1) _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef¡ cpfsue gíL$fdp„ ................

L$) b¡_d|_ rkqÙ d¡mhu R>¡.

M) AqÜsue kamsp d¡mhu R>¡.

N) Ac|s`|h® _pd_p d¡mhu R>¡.

2) "A¡“S>¡' Av$_p k¥r_L$dp„\u ................

L$) g¡ãV¡$_ÞV$ S>_fg_p lp¡Øp kyû `lp¢Ãep.

M) L$_®g_p lp¡Øp kyû `lp¢Ãep.

N) rb°N¡qX$ef_p lp¡Øp kyû `lp¢Ãep.

88

3) rdTp¡fddp„ bmhpMp¡fp¡ kpd¡ blpvy$fu`|h®L$ gX$hp_¡ gu^¡ s¡d_¡ ................

L$) `Úîu_p¡ CëL$pb A¡_pes \ep¡.

M) Aip¡L$Q¾$ A¸hp¡X®$ A¡_pes \ep¡.

N) L$urs®Q¾$ A¡_pes \ep¡ lsp¡.

4) L$_®g _pef¡ `p¡sp_p gpÞk _peL$_¡ lºL$d L$ep£ L¡$ ................

L$) vy$íd_p¡ `f N°¡_¡X$p¡ a¢L$hp dp„X$p¡.

M) vy$íd_p¡ `f s|V$u `X$p¡.

N) vy$íd_p¡ `f apef]N L$fhp dp„X$p¡.

k. 7 rhQpfu“¡ gMuA¡.

1) vy$íd_p¡ õså^ ’hp“y„ L$pfZ ....................................

2) L$_®g _pef d©sphõ’pdp„ dmu Apìep“y„ õ’m....................................

3) A¡_S>¡ >S¡ õL|$g_p ârinL$ lsp s¡“y„ “pd ....................................

4) _ugL$p„s“_y„ S>Þd õ’m ....................................

k. 8 L$lp¡ L$p¡Z ?

1) A¡_S>¡_p lºgpdZp _pd¡ ÅZusp \ep -

2) _ugL$p„s__p¡ `yÓ -

3) _ugL$p„s__u `Ð_u -

4) S>hp_p¡ kp\¡ cprh ìe|l_u QQp®_p kde¡ Ap¡tQsp¡ lºdgp¡ L$f_pf -

k. 9 _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef_p k„v$c£ ep¡Áe kpg gMp¡.

1) s¡d_p¡ S>Þd \ep¡ -

2) s¡Ap¡ dfpW$p gpCV$ CÞaÞV²$udp„ Å¡X$pep -

3) s¡d_¡ L$urs®Q¾$ A¡_pes \ep¡ -

4) s¡Ap¡ _pNpg¡ÞX$dp„ afS> bÅhsp lsp -

5) s¡Ap¡ _¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¡L¡$X¡$dudp„ âh¡íep -

k. 10 (A) b¡ iåv$p¡_¡ c¡Np L$fu k„r^ L$fp¡. Dv$p. sfuL¡$ d©s + Ahõ\p = d©sphõ\p

1) qL$ip¡f + Ahõ\p 2) rhÛp + Aæepk

3) `yõsL$ + Apge 4) cpjp + A„sf

5) gpc + Agpc 6) hps + AphfZ

89

(b) b¡ iåv$p¡_p ê$`dp„ gMp¡. v$p.s. kdep¡rQs - kde + DrQs

1) `fp¡`L$pf - 2) `yfyjp¡Ñd -

3) Ap_„v$p¡rd® - 4) rhÛp¡`pk_p -

5) khp£v$e - 6) dfZp¡Ñf

k. 11 `pW$dp„ Aphsp L¡$V$gpL$ rhi¡j iåv$p¡ _uQ¡ Apàep R>¡. s¡d_y„ _pd, kh®_pd, rhi¡jZ A_¡ q¾$ep`v$dp„ hN}L$fZ L$fp¡.

cpfsue, rkÙ, cZsf, R>p¡X$u, s¡dZ¡, b¡_d|_, gíL$f, fp¿ey„, ip¡Mu_, s¡Ap¡, d©vy$cpju, r_cphu, `lp¢Ãep„, L$fpC, A¡_p¡, Ap¡tQsp¡, N„cuf, `p¡sp_p.

k. 12 "_ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef blºrh^ ìe[¼sÒh_p õhpdu lsp.' Ap hp¼e_¡ e\p\® L$fsp„ s¡d_pdp„ fl¡gp AÞe NyZp¡ s¡dS> s¡d_p ip¡M_¡ sdpfp iåv$p¡dp„ ìe¼s L$fp¡.

t âL$ë‘ t

t Ap`Zp v$¡i_p iluv$p¡_u sõhufp¡ c¡Nu L$fu A¡L$ L$pX®$`¡`fdp„ Qp¢V$pX$p¡ s¡_u _uQ¡ s¡d_p„ _pd gMp¡. s¡dp„\u S>¡d_¡ S>¡d_¡ `yfõL$pf L¡$ A¸hp¡X®$ dþep lp¡e s¡_p¡ `Z Dëg¡M L$fp¡.


_¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¡L¡$X¡$du_¡ Ap¡mMp¡

b¡_d|_ ip¥e® bv$g A`psp L$urs®Q¾$ A_¡ Aip¡L$Q¾$ S>¡hp båb¡ A¡hpµX®$ ¹k d¡mh_pfp

cpfs_p A¡L$dpÓ gíL$fu hufgp L$_®g _ugL$p„s_ S>eQ„Ö_ _pef _¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¡L¡$X¡$dudp„

Nep lp¡hp_y„ Ap`Z¡ D`fp¡¼s `pW$dp„ ÅÎey„.

Ap _¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¡L¡$X¡$du (A¡_X$uA¡) A¡V$g¡ L¡$ fpô²$ue fnp AL$pv$du_p¡ dyÖpg¡M "k¡hp

`fdp¡ ^d®:' R>¡. gíL$f_u ÓZ¡e k¡hp - lhpC v$m, _p¥L$pv$m A_¡ `pev$m_p S>hp_p¡_¡

k„ey¼s spgud Ap`_pfu rhð_u Ap A¡L$dpÓ A¡L¡$X¡$du `yZ¡_p MX$L$hpkgp _ÆL$ Aph¡gu

R>¡. `p¡s`p¡sp_u k¡hpdp„ Å¡X$psp ANpD_u spguddp„ S>sp„ `|h£ ÓZ¡e `p„M_p Dd¡v$hpfp¡ A¡_.

X$u.A¡.dp„ k„ey¼s spgud d¡mh¡ R>¡.

7015 A¡¼fdp„ `\fpe¡gp A¡L¡$X¡$du_p L¡$ç`k_p S>Þd_u hps fkâv$ R>¡. buÅ rhðeyÙ

v$frdep_ `|h® ApqäL$p_p kyv$p__¡ ApTpv$ L$fhp dpV¡$ cpfsue S>hp_p¡A¡ Ap`¡gp brgv$p_

âÐe¡ Apcpf_u gpNZu ìe¼s L$fhp kyv$p_ kfL$pf¡ A¡L$ gpM X$p¡gf_u c¡V$ 1941dp„ cpfs_p

Nh_®f S>_fg gp¡X®$ gu_hu\Np¡_¡ Ap`u lsu. A¡ fL$ddp„\u b_¡gu _¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¡L¡$X¡$du_y„

Dv¹$OpV$_ 1995_u 16du ÅÞeyApfuA¡ sÐL$pgu_ hX$pâ^p_ S>hplfgpg _¡lfyA¡ L$ey ¯ lsy„.

90

A¡_.X$u.A¡.dp„ Å¡X$php BÃRy>L$ Dd¡v$hpfp¡_u `k„v$Nu ey.ù.A¡k.ku. (eyr_e_ `[ågL$ krh®k

L$rdi_)_u g¡rMs `funp Üpfp \pe R>¡. Ðepfbpv$ ipfuqfL$-kpdprS>L$ L$p¥iëe D`fp„s dp_k ipõÓue `funp A_¡ V$udhL®$ S>¡hp dpdgp_p kdph¡i krls_p rhõs©s CÞV$fìey bpv$ A„rsd

`k„v$Nu \pe R>¡. v$2 hj£ gNcN 4.2 gpM rhÛp\} g¡rMs `funpdp„ b¡k¡ R>¡. Apdp„\u

dpÓ 6100 CÞV$fìey kyû `lp¢Q¡ R>¡. Apdp„\u lhpCv$m dpV¡$ 70, _p¥L$pv$m dpV¡$ 42 A“¡

`pev$m dpV¡$ 208 Dd¡v$hpf ÅÞeyApfu A_¡ Sy>gpCdp„ iê$ \sp„ kÓdp„ Aæepk L$f¡ R>¡.

Al]\u kamsp`|h®L$ ApNm h^_pfp Dd¡v$hpfp¡_¡ `p¡s`p¡sp_u `k„v$Nu_u gíL$fu `p„Mdp„ A¡L$

hj®_u spgud dpV¡$ dp¡L$gpe R>¡.

A¡_.X$u.A¡._y„ dlÒh iåv$dp„ hZ®hhy„ dyíL¡$g R>¡. lpg_u gíL$f_u ÓZ¡e `p„M_p hX$p

A¡_.X$u.A¡._p c|s`|h® rhÛp\} R>¡. Al]_p rhÛp\}Ap¡ õhs„Ósp bpv$ dp¡V$pcpN_p dlÒh_p

eyÙdp„ gX$u Q|¼ep R>¡. Ap A¡L¡$X¡$du_p hufgpdp„ ÓZ `fdhufQ¾$ rhS>¡sp A_¡ _h Aip¡L$Q¾$

rhS>¡sp R>¡.

_¡i_g qX$a¡Þk A¡L¡$X¡$du_u h^y rhNs dpV¡$ Sy>Ap¡

h¡bkpCV$ : nda.nic.in - âaºg ipl


v$¡i_u kyfnp bpbs_u hpsp¡ L$ep® `R>u âõsys kÐeOV$_p rhi¡ cphhplu A_¡ Sy>õkpey¼s fus¡ hpsp® L$l¡hu. S>ê$f gpN¡ Ðep„ rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ v$¡iv$pT DÐ`ß L$fhp L¡$ ÅN©s L$fhp â¡fZp Ap`hu. AÐepf kyûdp„ rhÛp\}Ap¡ S>¡ S>¡ i|fhufp¡ rhi¡ cZu Nep R>¡ s¡d_p rhi¡_u hpsp¡ epv$ L$fphu rhÛp\}Ap¡dp„ `Z v$¡ic[¼s_u gpNZu S>NpX$hp_p¡ âeÐ_ L$fhp¡. bpmL$p¡dp„ gíL$fdp„ Å¡X$php“p„ rhQpfp¡ Aph¡ s¡hp âeÐ“ L$fhp„. ^p¡fZ 6dp„ cZu Ne¡g `fdhufQ¾$ rhS>¡sp - Ap`Zp huf`yfyjp¡_u epv$ A`phhu.

""L$p¡C A¡d L$l¡ L¡$, ""lº„ dp¡s’u X$fsp¡ “’usp¡ A¡ S|>Wy „ $ bp¡g¡ R>¡ L$p„ sp¡ A¡ NyfMp¡ R>¡.'' - qaëX$ dpi®g S>“fg dpZL¡$i

92

rdÓp¡,

Al] Ap`¡gp„ ÓZ¡e L$pìep¡ hp„Ãep„ “¡ sd_¡ dÅ `X$u L¡$ _rl ?

sd¡ ÅZp¡ R>p¡ L¡$ Ap L$pìep¡ sdpfp„ S>¡hp„ bpmL$p¡A¡ S> g¿ep„ R>¡.

sd¡ `Z Aphp„ L$pìep¡ gMu iL$p¡ R>p¡. sp¡ sd_¡ Ndsp„ L$p¡C`Z rhje D`f ApS>\u S>

gMhp_y„ iê$ L$fu v$p¡. d|„ThZ \pe sp¡ hN®rinL$ sd_¡ dv$v$ L$fhp s¥epf S> R>¡. sp¡ TX$`u gp¡

Ap sL$_¡ !

A¡L$X$p\u v$kX$p¡

93

cprjL$ kdS>q¾$eprhi¡jZ

t r“funZ L$fp¡.

QX$hp“u q¾$ep ’pe R>¡. ENhp“u q¾$ep

¼ep„ ? ¼epf¡ ?

TpX$ D‘f khpf¡

v$p¡X$hp“u q¾$ep Ap‘hp - g¡hp“u q¾$ep

L¡$hu fus¡ ? ¼epf¡ ?

TX$‘’u / ^ud¡^ud¡ ‘l¡gp„ - ‘R>u

S>dhp“u q¾$ep

L¡$V$gy „ ?

’p¡Xy „ $ - h^pf¡

94

l hp¼ep¡ hp„Qp¡.

1) Dd¡i TpX$ D‘f QX$ép¡.

2) k|fS> khpf¡ EN¡ R>¡.

3) R>p¡L$fp¡ TX$‘’u v$p¡X¡$ R>¡.

4) vy$L$p“v$pf dpg Ap‘¡ ‘R>u N°plL$ ‘¥kp Ap‘¡ R>¡.

5) bpmL$p¡ S>dhpdp„ ’p¡Xy „ $ S> Mpe R>¡.

l D‘f“p„ hp¼ep¡dp„ guV$u v$p¡f¡gp iåv$p¡ q¾$ep“p A’®dp„ h^pfp¡ L$f¡ R>¡.

: ApV$gy„ epv$ fpMp¡ :

q¾$ep“p A’®dp„ h^pfp¡ L$f“pf iåv$“¡ "q¾$eprhi¡jZ' L$l¡hpe R>¡.

l l„d¡ip„ epv$ fpMp¡. ""b“u kp’u q¾$ep‘v$“y„ h^pfp¡ A’®“y„ L$fsy„,

q¾$ep“y„ A¡ rhi¡jZ R>¡ rhi¡jZ’u S>fp Sy>vy$ „.''

l Qpgp¡ dlphfp¡ L$fuA¡.

q¾$ep rhi¡jZ ip¡^u “uQ¡ guV$u v$p¡fp¡.

1) L$pg¡ rds¡i hl¡gp¡ S>hp“p¡ R>¡. ...........................................

2) NZ‘rsA¡ TX$‘’u g¿ey„ “¡ rinL$ Å¡sp füp. ..........................................

3) d„qv$fdp„ Å¡fÅ¡f’u Tpgf hpNsu lsu. ...........................................

4) lpõe L$gpL$pfp¡ M|b lkph¡ R>¡. ...........................................

5) k„qv$‘ ldZp„ Aphhp¡ Å¡CA¡. ...........................................

q¾$eprhi¡jZ“p âL$pf 1) epv$ fpMp¡ : Ci D‘f, Ci “uQ¡, Ci v|$f “¡ “ÆL$dp„ R>¡ ; sd¡ Äep„ Äep„ Sy>Ap¡ Ðep„ Ðep„ Cðf“p¡ hpk R>¡.

Qphuê$‘ iåv$p¡

Al], “ÆL$, “uQ¡, D‘f, Ðep„, ‘pR>m, ‘pk¡, kpd¡ hN¡f¡.

l Dv$plfZp¡ : 1) Aip¡L$ L$rhsp Al] S> Npsp¡. 2) “ÆL$dp„ S> Nfd ‘pZu“p Ly „ $X$ R>¡. 3) Adpfu ipmp“u ‘pR>m fds“y„ dp¡Vy „ $ d¡v$p“ Aph¡gy„ R>¡. 4) rinL$ rhÛp’}Ap¡ ‘pk¡ Apìep.

õ’mhpQL$ q¾$eprhi¡jZ

95

2) epv$ fpMp¡. 1) kv$p A¡ kp’dp„ fl¡sp¡, L$v$u R|>V$p¡ “’u ‘X$sp¡ ; Sy>Ap¡ Äepf¡ dmp¡ Ðepf¡ r“f„sf A„sf¡ hksp¡. 2) l„d¡ip„ sy„ d“¡ Sy>A¡ “ÆL$’u r“Ðe “ufM¡ R>¡. lÅfp¡ Ap„M’u dpfu kv$p k„cpm fpM¡ R>¡.

l Qphuê$‘ iåv$p¡ : AÐepf¡, ¼epf¡, ldZp„, sfs, hpf„hpf hN¡f¡.

l Dv$plfZp¡ : 1) d¢ Ap hpsp® AÐepf¡ S> kp„cmu. 2) kyr“sp hpf„hpf c|gu Åe R>¡. 3) ap¡“ L$fsp„ ‘p¡guk AL$õdps õ’m¡ sfs Aphu NC. 4) Ap‘Z¡ l„d¡ip„ kpQy„ bp¡ghy„ Å¡CA¡.

L$pmhpQL$ (kdehpQL$) q¾$eprhi¡jZ

3) epv$ fpMp¡ : A¡L$v$d sy„ dp“ Ap d“ fpl “p bsgphi¡,

b„v$Nu s„y L$f Myv$p“u, fpl A¡ v$ip®hi¡.

l Qphuê$‘ iåv$p¡ : L¡$d, S>¡d, Apd, A¡d, A¡L$v$d, kX$kX$pV$, ^X$p^X$.

l Dv$plfZp¡ : 1) ^fsuL„$‘“p¡ Ap„QL$p¡ Aphsp„ dL$p“p¡ ^X$p^X$ ‘X$hp gpìep„. 2) kps“p V$L$p¡fp kp„cmu lº„ A¡L$v$d ÅNu NC. 3) hfkpv$ Tfdf hfksp¡ lsp¡. 4) dpfu kph “ÆL$’u dp¡V$f kX$kX$pV$ Qpgu NC.

furshpQL$ q¾$eprhi¡jZ

4) epv$ fpMp¡ : Myv$p ApNm “¡ ‘pR>m R>¡, Myv$p ‘l¡gp„ “¡ R>¡ëg¡ R>¡.

“l] Mpgu S>Áep L$p¡C Mf¡Mf op“ sp¡ Ap R>¡.

l Qphuê$‘ iåv$p¡ : ApNm, ‘pR>m, ‘l¡gp„, ‘R>u hN¡f¡.

l Dv$plfZp¡ : 1) lº„ ApNm “uL$mu NC, bp ‘pR>m flu Nep„. 2) ‘p’®“¡ S>hp v$p¡, s¡“p ‘R>u sdpfp¡ hpfp¡. 3) sy„ L¡$d b^p“u ‘pR>m flu Nep¡ ? 4) “p“p„ bpmL$p¡“¡ ‘l¡gp„ S>dpX$u gp¡.

¾$dhpQL$ q¾$eprhi¡jZ

96

5) epv$ fpMp¡ : fM¡ c|gp¡ ‘X¡$ Å¡ sy„ S>ê$f A¡ dpN® v$ip®h¡ L©$‘p A¡“u kss hfk¡ sy„ Å¡ A¡ dpN® ‘f Qpg¡.

l Qphuê$‘ iåv$p¡ : S>ê$f, Ahíe, Mf¡Mf, fM¡¡, ÅZ¡, L$v$pQ hN¡f¡.

l Dv$plfZp¡ :

v s¡Ap¡ L$v$pQ Qpëep Nep li¡.

v Np„^u kpl¡b sdpfu kp’¡ Ahíe Aphi¡.

v Ap ×íe Mf¡Mf M|b kfk R>¡.

v sdpfy „ L$pd A¡ S>ê$f L$fu Ap‘i¡.

r“òehpQL$ q¾$eprhi¡jZ (k„cph“phpQL$)

6) epv$ fpMp¡ : cg¡ ‘p‘p¡ L$ep¯ TpTp„, âcy sp¡ ‘rss‘ph“ R>¡, sd¡ ‘õspC“¡ ‘pR>p afp¡ sp¡ Apîe¡ g¡ R>¡.

l Qphuê$‘ iåv$p¡ : W$uL$, hpfy, cg¡, lp, kpfy.

l Dv$plfZp¡ :

v lp, L$pg¡ lº „ kdekf Aphui.

v W$uL$ R>¡. d“¡ A¡ Qpgi¡.

v cg¡ Ðepf¡, Ap hMs¡ sdpfp Of¡ L$pe®¾$d fpMuA¡.

v kpfy - sdpfu hps Ad“¡ d„S|>f R>¡.

õhuL$pfhpQL$ q¾$eprhi¡jZ

7) epv$ fpMp¡ : “ bp¡gp¡ L$p¡C“y„ b|fy „, “ Ap‘p¡ Ópk L$p¡C“¡, “ vy$chp¡ L$p¡C“y„ l¥ey „,

Mf¡ A¡ ‘yÎe dp¡Vy „ $ R>¡.

l Qphuê$‘ iåv$p¡ : “, dp, “p, “rl, “’u hN¡f¡.

l Dv$plfZp¡ :

v Al] dpfp’u “ fl¡hpe.

v d¢ L$p¡C Mp¡Vy „ $ L$pd L$ey ¯ “’u.

v fdsp„ fdsp„ Aæepk L$fpe “rl.

v qL$ip¡f, gsp“¡ dpf dp. s¡ fX$i¡.

“L$pfhpQL$ q¾$eprhi¡jZ

97

8) epv$ fpMp¡ : M|b kdÅhy„ R>sp„ d“ L¡$d sy„ dp“¡ “rl ? v$v$ ® Ap‘u Åe s¡“¡ L¡$d sy„ c|g¡ “rl ?

l Qphuê$‘ iåv$p¡ : M|b, S>fp, ’p¡Xy „ $, OÏ„, Ap¡Ry> „, Arsie, cf‘|f, A^|fy „ hN¡f¡.

l Dv$plfZp¡ :

1) fpdcpCA¡ S>fpe Mp^y„ “rl.

2) Adpfp Of¡ M|b sygku ’pe R>¡.

3) A^|fp¡ OX$p¡ R>gL$pe R>¡.

4) kfp¡hfdp„ cf‘|f ‘pZu R>¡.

‘qfdpZhpQL$ q¾$eprhi¡jZ

rinL$rdÓp¡,

Ap hj£ A“y¾$drZL$pdp„ v$f¡L$ L©$rs“p AÝee“ dpV¡$ A‘¡rns r‘qfeX$ v$ip®hhp“p¡ “|s“ ArcNd A‘“pìep¡ R>¡ s¡ Ap‘ kp¥ “½$u AphL$pfip¡.

Al] Ap‘¡gu r‘qfeX$“u hl¢QZu k„‘|Z® [õ’rsõ’p‘L$ R>¡ R>sp„ v$f¡L$ L©$rs“y„ AÝee“ Ap¡R>p r‘qfeX$dp„ ‘|fy „ “ L$fhp“p¡ ApN°l Ahíe fpMhp¡.

D‘¾$d dpV¡$ b¡ r‘qfeX$ Ap‘¡gp R>¡. s¡’u A¡hp S> AÞe D‘¾$d rinL$ ‘p¡sp“u L$ë‘L$sp’u L$fphu iL$i¡ A“¡ rhÛp’}Ap¡“¡ Ås¡ s¥epf L$fhp“u â¡fZp ‘Z Ap‘u iL$i¡.

cprjL$ kdS>“¡ apmh¡gp r‘qfeX$dp„ ANpD iuMu Ne¡gp rhjep¡“y „ ‘y“fphs®“ ‘Z L$fphu iL$pe. A“¡ r‘qfeX$ Ap¡R>p ‘X¡$ sp¡ L$rhsp“p r‘qfeXdp„’u gC ‘Z iL$pe.

"lº„ hp„Qy„........ sd¡ ‘Z hp„Qp¡' “p¡ AgN rhcpN “ lp¡hp R>sp„ s¡“¡ dpV¡$ AgN r‘qfeX apmh¡gp R>¡. s¡“p âñp¡Ñfp¡ ‘Z L$fphhp“p “’u R>sp„ s¡“y „ S> hp„Q“ L$fphhy„ AphíeL$ R>¡. s¡ hp„Qu“¡ s¡Ap¡ kdÆ iL¡$ s¡ dpV¡$ rinL¡$ dpN®v$i®L$“u c|rdL$p bÅhhp“u R>¡.

98

1. lqf Aphp¡_¡ (âp\®_p) Þlp_pgpg$ : L$rh Þlp_pgpg_p¡ S>Þd 1877dp„ Adv$phpv$dp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ fkkcf L$pìep¡

A“¡ rh`yg kprlÐe kS>®_ Üpfp NyS>fpsu kprlÐe_¡ kd©Ý^ L$ey® R>¡. L$pìe, Brslpk A_¡ sÒhop__p¡ rÓh¡Zu k„Nd s¡d_p kS>®__¡ Ap¡S>k A`£ R>¡. L$pìep¡, _pV$L$p¡, _hgL$\p, rhh¡Q_, QqfÓ hN¡f¡ kprlÐeõhê$`p¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ `p¡sp_u ApNhu ârscp v$ip®hu R>¡. s¡dZ¡ S>¡ L„$C kÄey¯ s¡ DÃQ L$p¡qV$“y„ R>¡. Ap rkhpe s¡Ap¡ fpS>L$p¡V$_p _peb v$uhp_ A_¡ L¡$mhZuL$pf lsp, hmu s¡dZ¡$ fpS>Ly$dpf L$p¡g¡S>_p AÝep`L$ sfuL¡$ L$pe® L$ey¯ lsy„.

"Þlp_p Þlp_p fpk', "L¡$V$gp„L$ L$pìep¡', "CÞvy$Ly$dpf', "S>ep S>eÞs' A¡d_u ârkÝ^ L©$rsAp¡ R>¡.

L$rh-g¡ML$ ‘qfQe

2. bufbg_p¡ v$uL$fp¡ dyLy„$v$ ipl$ : dyLy$Þv$ âpZÆh_v$pk ipl_p¡ S>Þd 1923dp„ Adv$phpv$_p ri_p¡fdp „\ep¡ lsp¡.

s¡Ap¡ _p¡_d¡qV²$L$ lsp. `ÓL$pfÒh_p n¡Ódp„ s¡dZ¡ "_hQ¡s_', "L$spf g¡M_', "kdcph', "NyS>fps', "dy„bC kdpQpf'_p k„`pv$L$ sfuL¡$ L$pd L$ey¯ lsy„. Ly$kyd âL$pi_ (Adv$phpv$)_p k„QpgL$ `v$_¡ s¡dZ¡ ip¡cpìey„ R>¡. "Æh_dp„ ApNm h^hy„ R>¡'_y„ b°¡Cg rgr`dp„ s¡dZ¡ k„‘pv$“ L$ey¯. s¡Ap¡ ^_Æ L$p_Æ kyhZ®Q„ÖL$\u kÞdpr_s \ep R>¡. s¡ D`fp„s S>erc¿My `yfõL$pf s¡dS> k„õL$pf `qfhpf_p `yfõL$pf `Z dþep R>¡.

kprlÐe_p n¡Ó¡ s¡dZ¡ r_b„^, _hrgL$p, k„`pv$_, lpõekprlÐedp„ A_p¡My„ âv$p_ L$ey¯ R>¡.

3. S>gi[¼s Nuskp„Cfpd v$h¡$ : kp¥fpô²$_p Åd_Nfdp„ C.k. 1977dp„ S>Þd¡gp kp„Cfpd v$h¡ NyS>fpsu hs®dp_`Ó

"rdX$X¡$' A_¡ "k„v$¡i'dp„ lpõeg¡ML$ sfuL$¡ g¡M“ L$f¡ R>¡. s¡d_u b¡ L$pµgdp¡ A_yL$d¡ "kp„Cfpd_y„ lpefpd' A_¡ "dõsu_p `yf' r_erds ârkÝ^ \pe R>¡. NyS>fps kfL$pf¡ s¡d_¡ "NyS>fps Np¥fh `yfõL$pf'\u _hpÄep R>¡. s¡d_p¡ â\d L$pìek„N°l "kp„Cfpd_p lksp Anf' R>¡. "f„N L$ky„bg NyS>fpsu' A_¡ "Anf_u Ap„Nrmey„ Tpgp¡' A¡ s¡d_p„ AÞe `yõsL$p¡ R>¡.

4. kpfp Anft`L$u ipl$ : t`L$ub¡_ ipl_p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1969dp„ Adv$phpv$dp„ ’ep¡ R>¡. "NyS>fpsu Ýhr_

ìehõ\p' A_¡ "NyS>fpsu L$p¡ifQ_p' rhi¡ A¡dZ¡ k„ip¡^_p¡ L$ep® R>¡. A¡daug, `u.Æ. qX$àgp¡dp B_ tgNrh[õV$¼k `u.A¡Q.X$u., NyS>fpsu Ýhr_ rhQpfZp“u ìehõ\p s¡dZ¡ L$fu lsu. 1998dp„ s¡Ap¡ Adv$phpv$“u A¡a.X$u.ApV®$k L$p¡g¡S>“p NyS>fpsu rhcpN“p AÝen lsp. cpjprhop“, L$p¡ifQ“p A“¡ Å¡X$Zu S>¡hp„ s¡d“p„ âL$pi“p¡ 1999dp„ âNV$ ’ep„ lsp„.

99

5. lp¡ f„Nfrkepgp¡L$Nus$ : gp¡L$p¡ Üpfp fQpe¡gy„, `p¡s`p¡sp_u k„õL©$rs_¡ rhrh^ Nusp¡ Üpfp âNV$ L$fsy„ Nus A¡V$g¡

gp¡L$Nus. Æh__p rhrh^ sb½¡$, rhrh^ âk„Np¡dp„ gp¡L$p¡_p dyMdp„\u kfu `X¡$gp iåv$p¡A¡ Nusp¡_y„ õ\p_ âpàs L$fu Ap`Zu `f„`fpNs dpÞesp A_¡ qfhpÅ¡ sl¡hpfp¡ s\p Ap`Zu k„õL©$rs_¡ Æh„ssp A`} R>¡. gp¡L$Nusdp„ cS>_p¡, lpgfX$p„, Nfbp, g‚Nusp¡, ip¥e®Nusp¡, F>syNusp¡ hN¡f¡_p¡ kdph¡i ’pe R>¡.

6. gp¡lu rh_p_u kNpCApiy `V¡$g : Arð“Ly$dpf fhÆcpC Mp„V$ s¡d_y„ d|m _pd R>¡. s¡d_p¡ S>Þd 1968dp„ \ep¡ R>¡.

NyS>fps_p Åd_Nf Æëgp_p Åd kpM`yf_p hs_u R>¡. s¡dZ¡ 38 `yõsL$p¡ g¿ep„ R>¡. s¡dS> A_¡L$ kdpQpf`Óp¡dp„ fu`p¡V®$f\u dp„X$u_¡ s„Óu sfuL¡$_u afS> bÅhu R>¡. kprlÐe n¡Ó¡ s¡dZ¡ V|„$L$u hpsp®Ap¡, _hgL$\pAp¡, âhpkhZ®_p¡, rhrh^ g¡Mp¡ s¡dS> lpõeg¡Mp¡ Üpfp `p¡sp_p¡ Ad|ëe apmp¡ Apàep¡ R>¡.

dlpfpô²$ fpÄe NyS>fpsu kprlÐe AL$pv$du_p kæe sfuL¡$ b¡ hMs afS> bÅhu Q|L$ep R>¡.

7. dp¡f A¡_y„ `Ngy„ d|L¡$_¡dl¡i ipl$ : dl¡i _p_pgpg ipl_p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1947dp„ dy„bCdp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡

kd`®Z (`prnL$) S>_i[¼s (v$¥r_L$)dp„ g¡M_L$pe® L$ey¯. bpgcpfsu L$pµg¡S>dp„ AÝep`L$ sfuL¡$ s¡dS> ApL$pihpZudp„ s¡Ap¡ L$pe®fs lsp. s¡d_p h¥rhÝekcf g¡M_dp„ L$pìep¡, _©Ðe_pqV$L$p, V|„$L$uhpsp®, r_b„^, g¡Mp¡, L$p¡gd_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡.

8. qaëX$]N_u dTpbLy$g rÓ`pW$u$ : rÓ`pW$u bLy$g `ÚdrZi„L$f (W$p¡W$ r_iprmep¡)_p¡ S>Þd 1928dp„ \ep¡ lsp¡.

s¡Ap¡ Adv$phpv$_u A¡Q.A¡g.L$pµdk® L$pµg¡S>_p âpÝep`L$ lsp. s¡Ap¡ ApL$pihpZu L$pe®¾$d kgplL$pf krdrs_p kæe lsp. s¡d_¡ Ly$dpfQ„ÖL$ s¡dS> Äep¡rsÞÖ v$h¡ `pqfsp¡rjL$ âpàs \ep lsp. s¡d_p„ ÓZ `yõsL$p¡ "kp¡dhpf_u khpf¡', "h¥Ly„$W$ _\u Åhy„' A_¡ "Öp¡ZpQpe®_y„ tklpk_' NyS>fps fpÄe Üpfp `yfõL©$s \ep„ R>¡.

100

10. kpvy$„ Æh_dp¡lçdv$ dp„L$X$$ : dp„L$X$ dp¡lçdv$ hgucpC_p¡ S>Þd 1928dp„ kp¥fpô²$dp„ Aph¡gp `prmepv$dp„

’ep¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ NyS>fps fpÄe `[ågL$ krh®k L$rdi_ (Adv$phpv$)_p kæe lsp. s¡dZ¡ NyS>fps kprlÐe AL$pv$du (Np„^u_Nf)dp„ AÝen_y„ `v$ ip¡cpìey„ lsy„. hs®dp“‘Óp¡dp„ s¡d“u r“erds L$p¡gd "L¡$rgX$p¡õL$p¡‘' Aphsu s¡ OZu gp¡L$râe lsu. s¡d“u Aphu L$p¡gdp¡“y„ k„L$g“ âNV$ L$fsp„ ‘yõsL$p¡ ‘Z âL$pris ’ep„ R>¡. NyS>fpsu kprlÐedp„ _hgL$\p, gOy_hg, _hrgL$p, tQs_ A_¡ bpmkprlÐedp„ s¡d_p¡ Ad|ëe apmp¡ R>¡.

11. OX$sfâsp`tkl l. fpW$p¡X$ : fpW$p¡X$ âsp`tkl lqftkl_p¡ S>Þd 1941dp„ kpbfL$p„W$pdp„ Aph¡gp h¼sp`yfdp„

\ep¡ lsp¡. s¡Ap¡ r_h©Ñ ApQpe® R>¡. k„õL$pf Aµhp¸X®$ s¡dS> rdqX$ep Aµhp¸X®$ s¡dZ¡ âpàs L$ep® R>¡. kprlÐe_p n¡Ó¡ s¡d_p¡ L$rhspk„N°l, gp¡L$hpsp® A_¡ hpsp®k„N°l fS|> \e¡gp R>¡.

12. `p„Q QdQu duWy„$ky^p d|rs® : ky^p d|rs®_p¡ S>Þd C.k. 1950dp„ L$Zp®V$L$_p iuNp¡_dp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡ L$çàeyV$f

kpeÞkdp„ A¡d.V¡$L$. L$ey¯ R>¡ A_¡ lpg CÞap¡rkk apDÞX¡$i__p Q¡f`k®_ R>¡. A„N°¡Æ A_¡ L$ßX$dp„ s¡dZ¡ rh`yg kprlÐe kS>®_ L$ey¯ R>¡. bpmkprlÐe_p A“yhpqv$s b¡ NyS>fpsu `yõsL$p¡ "dpf¡ sp¡ Qp„v$p¡ Å¡CA¡' A_¡ "kpQ_¡ _l] Ap„Q' M|b S> h„Qpep„ R>¡. kprlÐe dpV¡$ s¡d_¡ "Apf L¡$ _pfpeZ' Aµhp¡X®$ âpàs \ep¡ R>¡. s¡dS> 2006dp„ `Úîu Aµhp¡X®$\u kÞdpr_s \ep R>¡. L$ßX$ kprlÐedp„ DÐL©$ô$ âv$p_ bv$g L$Zp®V$L$ kfL$pf sfa\u "Attimabbe Award' âpàs \ep¡ R>¡.

9. h©np¡ip¡rcs v$¡kpC : ip¡rcs v$¡kpC_p¡ S>Þd 1956dp„ \ep¡ R>¡. NyS>fpsu NTgdp„ Apv$fZue õ\p_

^fphsp dp¡V$p NÅ_p L$rh R>¡. kss 40 hj®\u NTgdp„ s¡Ap¡_y„ Aârsd ep¡Nv$p_ R>¡.Av¹$c|s õdfZi[¼s_u v$¡_ ^fphsp L$rhîu_¡ Dvy$®dp„ Npgub\u duf A_¡ NyS>fpsudp„ _ftkl-

dufp„\u gC hs®dp_ A_¡L$p_¡L$ ipefp¡_u fQ_p A¡d_¡ L„$W$õ’ R>¡. s¡Ap¡ DÑd $Lnp_p k„QpgL$ R>¡. dyipefp A_¡ NTg_p L$pe®¾$d_¡ s¡dZ¡ `p¡sp_u NTgp¡ A_¡ ApNhu k„Qpg_ L$gp Üpfp A¡L$ Av¹$c|s KQpC A`} R>¡.

101

16. A¡L$ dpÓ rhfgp¡âaºg ipl : C.k. 1959dp„ S>Þd¡gp Ap g¡ML$ NyS>fpsu `ÓL$pf R>¡. NyS>fpsu AN°NÎe

hs®dp_`Óp¡dp„ s¡dZ¡ srmep\u V$p¡Q ky^u_u L$pdNufu bÅhu R>¡. gíL$fu S>hp_p¡ ‘f“u L$V$pf "eyÝ^L¡$kfu' A_¡ dp_hd__p Aæepk kdu A`fp^ L$\p_u gp¡L$râe î¡ZuAp¡_p g¡M_dp„ s¡d_y„ rhriô$ ep¡Nv$p_ R>¡ "×íed-A×íed', "eyÙL¡$kfu' A“¡ "kf“pdp„ tTv$pqv$gu“p„' spS>¡sfdp„ S> s¡d“p„ Ap ÓZ ‘yõsL$p¡ âL$pris ’ep R>¡. "AS>b-NS>b-L$kb' A_¡ "A¡L$ `V$fpZu-A¡L$ MV$`V$ fpZu' s¡d_p gM¡gp„ _pV$L$p¡ R>¡. "fS>_u', "h„i' A_¡ "õhà_qL$_pf¡' S>¡hu gp¡L$râe ^pfphprlL$ V$u.hu. î¡Zu_y„ g¡M_L$pe® `Z s¡dZ¡ L$f¡gy„ R>¡. sp¡ qaëd n¡Ó¡ "The white land'_y„ õ¼°uàV$g¡M_ L$ey¯ R>¡.

15. dpfy„ QL$X$p¡mArh_pi ìepk : ìepk Arh_pi ApZ„v$fpe_p¡ S>Þd 1912dp„ huk_Nfdp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡d_¡

`Úîu Aµhp¡X®$ âpàs \ep¡ R>¡. rk_¡dp n¡Ó¡ Nusp¡_y„ A`®Z A_¡ k„Nus qv$Áv$i®L$ NyS>fpsu k„Nus _pV$L$ AL$pv$du Üpfp Np¥fh `yfõL$pf âpàs \ep R>¡. s¡ D`fp„s L$rhsp s¡dS> _©Ðe_pqV$L$p_¡ s¡dZ¡ `p¡sp_u ApNhu i¥gu\u fS|> L$f¡gp R>¡. DÑd NusL$pf“u kp’¡ s¡Ap¡ î¡›$ õhfL$pf ‘Z R>¡. k¥L$p ‘R>u ‘Z s¡d“u fQ“pAp¡ spS>Nukcf S>Zpe R>¡. Nus, cS>“, Nfbp, fpk S>¡hp L$pìeõhê$‘dp„ fl¡gu “pfu k„h¡v$“p“¡ NÛê$‘ Ap‘hpdp„ s¡d“y„ ep¡Nv$p“ “p¢^‘pÓ R>¡.

13. h¡mpNusp `fuM : `fuM Nusp k|e®L$pÞscpC_p¡ S>Þd 1929dp„ cph_Nfdp„ \ep¡ lsp¡. s¡dZ¡

‘u.A¡Q.X$u. L$f¡g R>¡. k„Nus A“¡ rinZ s¡d“u râe âh©rÑ R>¡. s¡d“u L$rhsp "`|h}' NyS>fps kfL$pf Üpfp s¡dS> NyS>fpsu kprlÐe kcp Üpfp `yfõL©$s R>¡. "_hp¡ `gV$p¡' s¡d_u A_yhpqv$s L©$rs R>¡. NyS>fpsu kprlÐe ‘qfjv$ Üpfp s¡d“¡ k„õL$pf ‘pqfsp¡rjL$ âpàs ’e¡g R>¡.

14. `rhÓ Ap„kykp_¡ NyfyÆ/_V$hf v$h¡ : kp_¡ NyfyÆ dlpfpô²$_p M|bS> ÅZusp g¡ML$ R>¡. s¡ D`fp„s s¡Ap¡

kdpS> ky^pfL$, õhps„Ôe k¡_p_u A_¡ sÐhop_u `Z lsp. s¡d_u ApÐdL$\p "íepdQu ApC' `yõsL$_p¡ NyS>fpsu A_yhpv$ îu _V$hfgpg v$h¡A¡ L$ep£ R>¡. "íepdQu ApC' `yõsL$ A¡V$gy„ b^y ârkÝ^ bÞey„ L¡$ s¡_p D`f\u A¡L$ QgrQÓ b_phhpdp„ Apìe„y R>¡. Ap QgrQÓ_¡ khp£Ñd `yfõL$pf âpàs \ep¡ R>¡. Ap ‘yõsL$“y„ A¡L$ âL$fZ "c|sv$ep' Qp¡’p ^p¡fZdp„, "d|„Np„ aŸg' ‘p„Qdp ^p¡fZdp„ A“¡ R>Ì$p ^p¡fZdp„ "‘psm' Ap‘Z¡ iuMu Nep R>uA¡. lh¡ Ap hj£ kpsdp ^p¡fZdp„ Ap‘Z¡ "‘rhÓ Ap„ky'“y„ âL$fZ iuMuiy„.

102

dpN®v$i®L$ L©$rs ‘y[õsL$p

""gp¡lu rh“p“u kNpC!'' ‘pW$dp„’u “uQ¡“p NÛM„X$p¡“y „ Ýep“‘|h®L$ hp„Q“ L$ep® ‘R>u s¡“p Ap^pf¡ Al] Ap‘¡gu L©$rsAp¡ sdpfu kdS> âdpZ¡ L$fp¡ —&

NÛM„X$ -1 b„“¡ v$uL$fpAp¡ DÃQ Aæepk.................. ...lqfcS>“ L$fui.

NÛM„X$ - 2 qL$i“cpC“p b„“¡ v$uL$fp“p................... ‘¥kp ‘Z g¡hp ‘X$ép.

NÛM„X$ -3 lh¡ qL$i“cpC“¡ r“fp„s........................ A¡ Ópk Akü b“u Nep¡.

L©$rs 1 - Dv$plfZ âdpZ¡ hsy®mdp„ ep¡Áe iåv$ gMp¡.

Dv$plfZ A‘|Z® ‘|Z®

1) NpdXy„ $ A)

2) b) kü

3) Ål¡f $L$)

4) X$) S>du“

5) h¡Qhy„ B)

6) C) kNhX$

L©$rs - 2 L$lp¡ L$p¡Z 1) qL$i“cpC“u Bóep® L$f“pf 2) Æh“cf“u bQs dL$p“ b“phhpdp„ MQ} “p„M“pf 3) fp¡S>¡ fp¡S> Ofdp„ L$mL$pV$ L$f“pf

L©$rs - 3 ep¡Áe fus¡ Å¡X$p¡ (A) (b) 1) Ap„M ApX$p L$p“ L$fhp A) dpÞesp Mp¡V$u ‘X$hu. 2) Akü b“u S>hy„. b) kp„cmhp R>sp„ “ kp„cmhp“p¡ v$ ¡Mph L$fhp¡. 3) ^pfZp Mp¡V$u ‘X$hu L$) kl“ “ ’hy„.

103

L©$rs -4 L$lp¡ ¼ep„?

1) b„“¡ v$uL$fpAp¡ “p¡L$fuA¡ gpÁep.

2) NpdX$pAp¡A¡ qL$i“cpC“¡ L$pd b„^ L$fhp L$üy„.

3) hlºAp¡ TOX$pMp¡f lp¡hp’u fp¡S>“p¡ L$L$mpV$ iê$ ’ep¡.

L©$rs - 5 ep¡Áe rhL$ë‘ ‘k„v$ L$fu hp¼e afu’u gMp¡. 1) NpdX$pAp¡“¡ qL$i“cpC“u Cóep® ’hp gpNu L$pfZ L¡$.........

A) qL$i“cpC“¡ S>gkp ’C Nep lsp„.

b) qL$i“cpC“p v$uL$fpAp¡“¡ “pdp„qL$s L„$‘“udp„ “p¡L$fu dmu NC lsu.

L$) qL$i“cpCA¡ M¡sfdp„ S>hp“y„ b„^ L$fu v$u^y„ lsy„.

2) qL$i“cpCA¡ Æh“cf“u bQs d|X$u MQ} “p„Mu.

A) v$uL$fpAp¡“p g‚ L$fhpdp„

b) v$uL$fpAp¡ dpV¡$ Agpev$p dL$p“ Mfuv$hp„

L$) L$pQp dL$p““¡ ‘pLy „ $ b“phhpdp„

3) qL$i“cpC“u ‘Ð“u dpV¡$ Ópk Akü b“u Nep¡ L$pfZL¡$ -

A) b„“¡ hlºAp¡ DX$pD lsu.

b) Ofdp„ fp¡S> L$LmpV$$ ’sp¡.

L$) hlºAp¡ L$pdQp¡f lsu.

L©$rs - 6 “d|“pâdpZ¡ iåv$ b“phu bpSy>dp„ gMp¡.

1) TOX$pMp¡f2) .......................3) .......................4) .......................5) .......................6) .......................

TOX$p

Apv$dBóep®

QpX$u

$vNp

dõsu Mp¡f

104

L©$rs - 8 “uQ¡“p iåv$p¡“p A’® S>¡hp S> AÞe iåv$p¡ D‘f“p ‘qfÃR>¡v$dp„’u ip¡^p¡.

L©$rs - 9 “uQ¡“p hp¼ep¡“¡ blºhQ“dp„ a¡fhp¡.

1) $vuL$fp¡ il¡f“u Mp“Nu L„$‘“udp„ L$pd¡ gpÁep¡.

2) Æh“cf“u bQs’u ‘pLy „ $ dL$p“ b“pìey„.

3) v$uL$fp“y„ gÁ“ “½$u ’C Ney„,

L©$rs - 10 qL$i“cpC“y„ Ap„M ApX$p L$p“ L$fhp ‘pR>m“y„ L$pfZ S>Zphp¡.

“pdp„qL$s Agpevy$ „ Cóep® $LL$mpV$ ^pfZp

â¿eps ÅZusy„

Æh“qv$hkApeyóeS>Nsfpsrhð

Mp¡f

Æh“cf...............................................................................................................................................................................

L©$rs -7 “dy“pâdpZ¡ iåv$ b“php¡.

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